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Model Watershed Project
1. Model Watershed Project
1.1. Introduction
1.1.1 Implementing Agency
NGO **** is located at Himmatnagar of Sabarkantha district and is implementing a
programmes of watershed projects and other programmes for upliftment of people in the
area. The voluntary agency consists of professionals in the respective areas of
specialization and stay and move among the people for their day-to-day need of
assistance in the areas of health, education, women development, aquaculture, watershed
development and other programmes.
2. General Description of the watershed area
2.2.1 Location
AREA OF IMPLEMENTATION (District Details)
Sabarkantha district is located on the North-East part of Gujarat State and it lies between
North latitude 230 30’ and 24
0 34’ and East longitude 72
0 10’ & 73
0 36’. Is surrounded by
Aravali Hills and border of State of Rajasthan in the North and East, Panchmahal, Kaira
and Ahmedbad district is south, Banaskantha and Mehsana district in West. The area of
the district is 7390.28 sq.km. The district falls in agro-climatic zone IV –North Gujarat
characterized by rainfall ranging from 800 to 1000 mm. There are 1385 inhabited villages
and 18 uninhabited. The district is divided into 13 talukas viz., Baayad, Bhiloda,
dhansura, Himtnagar, Idar, Khedbrahma, Malpur, Meghraj, Modasa, Prantiz, Talod,
Vadali and Vijaynagar for the purpose of administrative convenience. District is well
connected by National Highways & Rail Network.
The district is industrially backward as there are only five major industries viz., sabar
dairy, and sabar cattle feed factory, Gujarat Abuja proteins and Tudor battery.
Out of the total population of 17.91 lakhs (1991 census0 89.5 % of population is rural and
the density of population is 238 per sq.km as against the state’s average of 210 per sq.km.
the population of scheduled Caste constitutes about 8.5 % and that of Scheduled Tribe
about 16.72 % of the district population. The main occupation of the district is agriculture
as about 72.45 % of work force of the district is engaged in agriculture work.
The basic details of the district and the map giving road network of the district are given
below.
Table 2.2.1 Basic details of the district
Details Quantity
Geographical Area (Sq.Km) 7390
No of blocks 13
No of villages 1383
Average Rainfall (mm) 690
Agriculture (net sown Area (ha)) 425759
Irrigated Area
(ha)
Net Irrigated area 193112
By Canals 43114
By wells 124103
By DTW 24339
Other sources 1556
Land Holding
pattern
Details No of
holdings
Area
(ha)
Less than 1 ha 51695 27770
1 to 2 ha 46793 68457
More than 2 ha 76545 338547
2.2.1 Map of Sabarkantha District
The watershed programme is going to be implemented in KhedBrahma taluka of
Sabarkantha district.
2.2.2 Climate
Rainfall
The rainfall in the sabarkantha district varies from 450 mm to 803 mm with an average of
690 mm. The map of annual rainfall of Gujarat is shown below
Temperatures
The maximum temperatures in the sabarkantha district vary from 27 to 31 degrees but
some times they touch as much as 45 degrees in hot weather, while the minimum
temperatures vary from 16 to 20. Occasionally, the minimum temperatures touch less
than 10 degrees.
2.2.3 Soils
The soils in Northern part of Sabarkantha district consists of rock outcrops associated
with shallow well drained loamy soils on sloppy hills and ridges on which only jawar /
makai etc can be grown with occasional cotton and ground nut. In the middle and
southern part of the district, well drained loamy soils where cotton, ground nut, wheat etc
can be grown.
The water holding capacity of the soils varies from place to place. However, they range
from 150 mm to 200 mm within a depth of 1m below ground level.
2.2.4 Hydrogeology of the area
The geological formations in the district are hard rock formations consisting of sandstone
and alluvial deposits of Sabarmati River. The hard rock formations cover more than two
thirds of the area, which are Vadali, dhansura, Khedbrahma, Idar, Mapur, bhiloda,
vijaynagar, Meghraj and Modasa talukas. The hard rock and alluvial formations occur in
bayad and partly in Prantiz and talod whereas sandstone and alluvial formation occur in
Himatnagrar and partly in Prantiz block.
The ground water occurs both in unconfined and confined states and the water levels are
normally in the range of 10 to 15 m below ground level (bgl) in hot weather while they
are in the range of 8 to 12 bgl in Kharif and Rabi season. The ground water potential of
the talukas was the scheme is going to be implemented as per the latest ground water
estimates as estimated by GWRDC and CGWB are given below.
Table2.2.4 Ground water and irrigation potential of the taluka where the scheme is going
to be implemented 1997(mcm/Year)
Details Khedbrahma
Gross groundwater draft 73.25
Utilisabe ground water
recharge 58.6
Total ground water draft 40.71
Ground water balance 17.89
Level of ground water
development 69.47
Category White
Irrigation potential
created (ha) 8850
Balance irrigation
potential (ha) 3889
Ultimate irrigation
potential (ha)
12739
2.2.5 Irrigation development in the area
There are a few minor and medium irrigation projects in the district namely; Sabarmati,
Hathmati, Harnav, vatrak, Meshow, vaidi, And Guhai which contribute gross irrigation
potential of 43114 ha. However, due to uneven rainfall the irrigation development due to
the above projects is very meager and the majority of irrigation of the order of 148442 ha
(76.87%) is done by ground water and only 23.12 % of the area is irrigated by surface
irrigation projects like canal, tanks and ponds etc.
2.2.6 Agriculture in the area
The Khedbrahma taluka of the Sabarkantha district is mainly agriculture based economy
especially rainfed crops of Jawar and Bajri with occasional wheat and cotton when
irrigation water is supplied.
2.2.7 Watershed Project Location & Area
The proposed watershed lies geographically between ------N latitude and -------E
longitude as per the SOI Toposheet No ---. It covers only village ------ in Sabarkantha
district. The watershed broadly falls under Sabarmati river basin.
The total area of the proposed watershed in 1100 ha including forest area. The details of
the watershed are as under.
Table2.2.7 Land use pattern of the Watershed
Sr.No Name
of the
village
Total area
of the
village(Ha)
Cultivated area
(ha)
Non cultivated area(ha) Area of
Waters
hed
(Ha)
Remarks
Irrigate
d area
Un
Irrigated
area
Forest
land
Culturable
waste
Area non
Available
for
cultivation
1 **** 1300 100 500 200 100 400 1100 200 ha of
the village
is out side
the
watershed
Fig 2.2.7 Drainage Map of Watershed Area
2.2.8 Shape
The proposed watershed is conical in shape and average length of watershed is 4.25 km
and average width is 2.5 kms. The average length and width ratio are 1.7.
2.2.9 Topography and drainage
The topography of this region is gently undulating to rolling, upland with high degree of
slope. Slopes range from 1% to 20 %. Due to steep slopes deep gully and presence of
many water courses. There is good drainage pattern developed in the area. The runoff is
drained through two seasonal nallas or rivulets and all the runoff goes waste from the
area. Soil being sandy loam, subsurface drainage is also very good and there is no
problem of water logging in any season during the year. The watershed forms part of
Sabarmati basin.
2.2.10 Natural vegetation
The vegetation is sparse due to various biotic factors ie, deforestation, overgrazing etc
which have destroyed the economic species and left with only little to account for.
2.2.11 Human Population
The population is rather sparse and is chiefly distributed around agricultural fields
cultivated for main crop of Jowar, Bajri and groundnut during Kharif season.
The population distribution of the village is given below.
Table 2.2.11 Population pattern of the watershed area
Sr.No Name of
Village
No of
families
Men Women Children
0-6 Years
Total
1 ***** 766 1379 1401 688 3832
Average size of family 5
Total cultivated area 600 ha
Cultivated area per family 0.78 ha
Cultivated area per person 0.15 ha
In the watershed area major communities are schedule tribal and a few belonging to
backward class and other. They are briefly given below
Details Male Female Total
Tribal 1400 1242 2642
Others 100 90 190
2.2.12 Cattle population
The cattle population in the area is given below
Table 2.2.12 Cattle population of the watershed
Buffaloes Cows Bullocks Goats Others Total
325 1165 1515 3595 1015 7615
2.2.13 Food, fodder and fuel Requirement
Because of poor yields due to primitive agriculture management practices, agriculture
does not meet the food and fodder requirement of the community. The requirement for a
family of 5 with one single cattle for 766 families is given below
Table.2.2.13 Food and Fodder requirement in the Watershed
Sr.No Description Required quantity
(kgs/day) Tonnes/Year
1 Food 3.5 978.565
2 Fuel 5 1397.95
3 Fodder 15 4193.85
2.2.14 Agriculture, Horticulture and Farm forestry
2.2.14.1 Agriculture
The major crops raised in the watershed area are as under
Kharif
Jawar, Bajri, Maize, Groundnut, Red gram
Rabi
Cotton, Wheat
Rainfed Agriculture
The project area receives rainfall of about 450 mm, which is not adequate for good
agriculture. As such, the crops grown are also mainly dry varieties. Out of 600 ha
cultivated, only 100 ha have assured irrigation through wells, the remaining depends on
rainfall. The cropping intensity is shown below
Table 2.2.14.1A. Cropping Area in the Watershed
Sr.No Cropping pattern Area (ha)
1 Occasional Cropping 50
2 Single cropping 450
3 Double cropping 100
Total 600
The main crops in Kharif and Rabi along with average yield are without irrigation and
with irrigation are given below.
Table 2.2.14.1B Per hectare with out irrigation (After discussing with farmers)
Per
hectare
with out
irrigation
(After
discussing
with
farmers)
Season
Crops Yield
rates
(qtls)
Price
per qtl.
(Rs)
Gross
Value of
Produce
(Rs)
Cost of
cultivation
Net
Income
(Rs) (Rs)
Kharif Groundnut 7 1250 8750 5000 3750
Do Hy.Bajri 9 250 2250 900 1350
Two
seasonal
Hy.Cotton
Table 2.2.14.1C Per hectare with irrigation (After discussing with farmers)
Season Crops Yield
rates
(qtls)
Price
per qtl.
(Rs)
Gross
Value of
Produce
(Rs)
Cost of
cultivation
(Rs)
Net
Income
(Rs)
No of
waterings
Depth of
waterings
Interval
between
waterings
(Days) Cm/watering
Kharif Groundnut 17 1250 21250 8500 12750 3 7.5 20
Do Hy.Bajri 18 250 4500 1800 2700 2 6 20
Rabi Wheat 25 700 17500 7000 10500 4 6 20
Two
seasonal
Hy.Cotton 25 1500 37500 15000 22500 4 7.5 20
2.2.14.2 Horticulture
Common fruit trees in the watershed area are Mango, Ber, Custard apple, Guava and
lemon.
3. Infrastructure
3.1 Electricity
In the tribal area, the farmers live near their fields due to which they are very scattered
and electrification becomes a problem. However, the village is electrified.
3.2 Banks
In the proposed area, both Co-operative banks, as well as Nationalised bank branches are
working and the credit requirements of the farmers can be taken care off.
3.3 Approach roads
The village has a good connectivity to the near by villages as well as to the taluka place.
However, the approach road to the village is inadequate.
3.4 Schools
Only two primary schools are working in the village. There is a need to increase the no of
primary schools as wells to provide one middle level school up to 10 th Standard. At
present students have to go to near by taluka place to study 10 to 12 th Standard
4. Problems in Watershed Area
4.1 Degradation
The watershed area has gently undulating to rolling topography, high slopes with
denuded land due to which it has caused serious soil erosion problem in cultivated land.
Productivity of land has decreased and most land has been transferred into non
productive land.
Degraded land can not meet the food and fuel requirements of the community . In order
to full fill their requirements they cut down the forest leading to soil erosion and
degradation further in forest area through various form of erosion.
4.2 Rainfed Agriculture and poor yields
The majority of agriculture land in the proposed watershed area is rainfed, which is very
erratic. The groundwater conditions in the area even though moderately good, as the
farmers are poor, they are not able to construct wells and exploit groundwater in the area.
4.4.3 Farm Management
The farmers practice traditional agriculture. They use implements like country plough
and are hardly aware of new improvements in equipment, hybrid seeds, fertilizer
application etc.
Farmers are generally small and marginal and lack resources for investment
4.4 Migration
Due to undulating topography, very limited area comes under irrigation. As people
depend on rainfed agriculture in highly degraded lands, the poor farmers are unable to
meet their requirements. As a sequel, they have to migrate to other places in search of
employment for their survival. Migration rate is very high in this area and almost all the
able bodies migrate to near by towns in the month of October or November and return
only after the rains.
4.5 Uncontrolled Grazing of land
The earmarked land for forestry has been overgrazed or is brought under cultivation. The
carrying capacity at present state is almost zero and consequently, it affects the
afforestation work. Predominantly live stock center farming systems reduce productivity
and increase grazing pressures on eroded and deforested land.
5 Proposed Action Plan
5.1 Training and Awareness Camps
Awareness and capacity building programmes
Exposure visits
5.2 Erosion control structures for Agriculture land
Contour bunding
Farm bunding
Repair of farm bunding
Stone bunding
Stone out let
5.3 Erosion control structures for Non agriculture land
Continuous contour trenches
Afforstation / Reforestation
Stone bunds
5.4 Drainage line treatment and water harvesting Structures
Galley plugs
Check dams
Percolation tanks
Farm Ponds
5.5 Agriculture Development
Agro-Horticulture
Improved agriculture practices
Rainfed farming and water conservation methods
5.6 Non Agriculture Land Development
Silvi Pasture
Afforestation
5.7 Live Stock development
Vaccination
Deworming
Infertility camp
Promotion of Cross bread cows, buffaloes and goat
5.8 Use of Renewable Energy
Construction of Gobar gas plants
Introduction of improved Chulla ( Nirdhum chulla)
6. Project Estimates
6.1 Capacity Building Phase
Out of the total Watershed area of 1100 ha, only about 105.42 ha was considered for
capacity building phase. Once, the capacity building phase is completed successfully, the
Full Implementation of the project will be taken up. The details of treatment and the cost
are given in the annexures, but they are briefly are given below.
1. Survey no wise net planning Table 6.2 A. SURVEY /PILOT NUMBERWISE NET PLANNING (SOIL AND MOISTURE CONSERVATION MEASURES)
Survey no.
Area (acre)
Slope Depth of soil (cm)
Texture Erodibility Class Present land use
Prop-osed land use
Existing treatment Proposed treatment
Type Length (m)
Section (sq. m)
Volume (cum)
Type Length (m)
Section (sq. m)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16)
2 15.09 C D2 Sic E2 III Cc Cc SB Nil Nil Nil CB FB
684 1092
0.80.63
* Gully plugs, earthen plugs and outlets also to be included in this proforma.
Treatment in Agriculture and Non Agriculture land (Area treatment)
The cost of treatment in agriculture and non-agriculture land is given below.
Table 6.2. B. The cost of treatment in agriculture and non-agriculture land
Proposed land use Land
class Slope
Gr. Area
(acres) Total
cost
(Rs.)
Lakhs
Labour
cost
(Rs.)
Lakhs
Material
cost
(Rs.)
Lakhs
Proposed
treatments and
assumptions
1 Crop cultivation III &
IV C 3-5 74.77 5.94 5.55 0.39 EW (CB, FB, RFB)
SO,SB,GP,Planting
2 Afforestation V &
VI 10-
15 30.65 1.94 1.09 0.85 CCT,SB,Plants
Sub Total 105.42 7.88 6.64 1.24
Supervision (8% of
labour cost 0.53 0.53
GRAND TOTAL 105.42 8.41 7.17 1.24
6.2 C Drainage treatment
Sl.No. Type of
Treatment Unit of
measure
nos./vol
Cost per
Unit
(Av.)
Number of
Units
Planned
Total
Cost
(Rs.)
Labour
(Rs.) Material
(Rs.)
1 Gully
treatment Percolation
tanks 26857 2 53714 43880 9834
Total: 26857 2 53714 43880 9834
2 Supervision
(8% of labour) 3510.4
3 Grand Total 2 53714 47390.4 9834
Table 6.2. D. Total cost of Capacity Building Phase
Rs Lakhs Sl.No. Item Labour
Cost Material
Cost Supervision
(@5 % of
project
cost)
Total Cost Administrative
cost (@ 16%
of project cost)
Total cost
1 Area treatment cost 6.64 1.24 0.53 8.41 1.35 9.76
2 Drainage line treatment 0.47 0.098 0.035 0.60 0.10 0.70
3 Total: 7.11 1.34 0.57 9.01 1.44 10.46
4 Training cost @ 5 % of
the total cost
0.52
5 Total cost of the
Capacity Building
Phase
7.11 1.34 0.57 9.01 1.44 10.98
6.3 Full Implementation of the Project
The capacity building phase of the project was considered for 105.42 ha. out of the total
watershed area of 1100 ha. Even though, the detailed cost of the full implementation
project can be worked out at this stage, only a tentative cost of the project has been
worked out and the economics of the project is estimated to see the feasibility of the
project.
Table 6.3 Cost of the project at the time of Full Implementation Period
Rs Lakhs
Sl.No. Item Labour
Cost Material
Cost Supervision Total
Cost Administrative
cost Total cost
1 Area
treatment
cost
46.48 8.68 3.71 58.87 9.45 68.32
2 Drainage line
treatment 3.29 0.686 0.245 4.2 0.7 4.9
3 Total: 49.77 9.38 3.99 63.07 10.08 73.22
4 Training cost
@ 5 % of the
total cost
3.64
5 Total cost of
the Project 49.77 9.38 3.99 63.07 10.08 76.86
The total cost of the project works out to be about Rs 63.07 lakhs with out administration
cost and Rs 76.86 lakhs with administration cost. This works out to be about 5700 per ha
with only project cost and Rs 7000 /ha with administration cost. The costs are reasonable
and the actuals will be worked out in details at the time of submission of the final full
implementation of the project.
7. Project Economics
7.1 Project benefits
The benefits of the projects are briefly given below
The drinking water problems of the village would be solved as the wells in the
area would be recharged due to the watershed programme The regenerated water resources would irrigate at least 200 ha out of 500 ha non
irrigated area in the village. The SHG /WSC will get an amount of Rs 18000 per year @ Rs 90 / ha for
maintenance of the project on a sustainable basis. In addition the SHG may get
additional amount if they provide water in the Rabi season, which is not counted as
the local people may decide to use remaining water for irrigation or for the
environmental sustainability. At least 2 additional men per hectare would get employment during the
agriculture season. That is about 400 men would get sustainable employment. About
60% of the cost of the project is labour oriented. That is about 65900 man days of
employment would be generated during the watershed project period. This is very
considerable and stop migration to the near by towns. The watershed programme is expected to recharge the local groundwater body.
The NGO may set up a few observation wells to quantify the recharge and estimate
new wells that can be constructed or partly recharging the old wells. This will provide
additional employment and additional wealth in the village. A few lift irrigation
schemes can also be planned for optimum utilization of water resources generated.
• The recharging water will improve the quality of groundwater, which is
hitherto highly saline and not fit for drinking.
• Reduction in the migration of population for employment to nearby town.
• Potential for Fisheries development in the tank during the monsoon season.
• The environmental impact is very important aspect of the benefits. The water
in the tank will help in increasing the moisture content of soil and increase the
greenery of the surroundings. The water will be used for animals, birds etc. The above benefits of ground water recharge, improvement of quality of ground
water, reduction of salinity, fisheries development and the total environmental impact
in the area can not be quantified precisely. However, these can be considered at about
30 % of the net incremental benefits, accrued to the project after completion.
7.2 The economic indicators
The economic indicators of the project are as under: An incremental production to the extent of Rs 200.4 lakhs @ 10000 per ha (Rs 4000/ac) Net Present Cost Rs 164.98 lakhs Net Present Benefit Rs 193.98 lakhs Net Present worth Rs 28.99 Lakhs BCR 1.18 IRR 22.95 % As seen from the above the IRR is more than 15 % and the BCR is more than 1. This
shows that the project is economically viable and can be supported.
Table 7.2.A Financial Analysis of Watershed Projects(Cropping Pattern)
CROP COMMAND
YILED PER HA COST OF
RATE (QTLS/HA) CULTIVATION
AREA(HA) (RS/QTL)
PRE POST PRE POST PRE POST
Bajri 75 15 1800 250
G.Nut 75 12 8500 1250
Cotton 50 25 15000 1500
Wheat 50 25 15000 1500
Bajri 100 9 900 250
G.Nut 100 7 5000 1250
Table 7.2.B Financial Analysis of Watershed Projects (Pre and Post Income)
Per hectare with out irrigation (After discussing with farmers)
Per Ha with Irrigation
Table 7.2.C Financial Analysis of Watershed Projects (Estimation of IRR)
Economic Indicators
An incremental production to the extent of Rs 200.4 lakhs @ 10000 per ha (Rs 4000/ac)
Net Present Cost Rs 164.98 lakhs Net Present Benefit Rs 193.98 lakhs
Net Present worth Rs 28.99 Lakhs BCR 1.18
IRR 22.95 % As seen from the above the IRR is more than 15 % and the BCR is
more than 1
7.3 Impact/ Empowerment Indicators.
The impact analysis broadly includes the socio-economic and physical and environmental
improvement in the area. These include Socio-economic Indicators Generation of Employment opportunities in the village Increased expenses in the house hold expenses Increased expenses on health and education Increased expensed for luxury items Sending children to school
Reduced migration for employment outside the village Physical Aspects
Impact on groundwater availability Reduced salinity and improvement in the quality of water Employment opportunities for women in farm and non farm sector Increased agriculture production Reduced drudgery for procuring drinking water
The NGO, which is looking after the implementation of the project, has to collect the pre
project details as, indicated above so that they can be able to quantify the benefits after
implementing the project
8. Phasing and release of funds
8.1 Physical Phasing of the Project
The construction activity will be completed in 12 months as under
(CPM/PERT Chart should be enclosed)
8.2 Schedule of Fund Release
Once the project is sanctioned, about 50% of the cost of the project estimated for the
quarter is released on advance basis and subsequently, the amount will be reimbursed as
and when the NGO will submit the expenditure statement and progress of work in the
prescribed proforma.
9. Monitoring
Monitoring Indicators and Plan for Monitoring
The Concerned NGO and the donor agency will monitor the project on quarterly basis or
as and when it is required especially if big amount of reimbursement is claimed.
The main monitoring indicators and the plan of action are as under:
9.1 Desk monitoring
The expenditure statement and the progress of physical achievement will be examined
and both will be compared. A computer program will be developed which will automatically compare the same. The
computer program also estimates the funds requirements and the balance available and
when the project has to complete vis-à-vis the actual progress and the disbursements. The
computer program will automatically indicate the amount of funds to be disbursed.
9.2 Field monitoring
The expenditure and progress statements will be compared with the actual progress of
work at the field. The quality of work will be examined The monitoring team will discuss with the local people, farmers, and women to ascertain
the proper progress of the scheme and if any difficulties are encountered during the
implementation have the project. The co-ordination of the different Govt agencies vis-a –vis the local implementing Group
and the local panchayat will also be discussed and suitable suggestions will be made to
take up in high power committee.
10. Conclusion
The watershed programme appears to be very good programme. But the experience of the
author has shown that it will be only successful, if the people participate and actively
engage in construction, monitoring and maintain the structures even after the completion
of the programme. It is necessary to motivate the people in the village and make them
owners of the programme. Then only, this mass programme of watershed development
would succeed.
11 Annexure
11.1 Code Sheet
CODE SHEET
CODE LAND USE CODE SOIL CC Crop Cultivation C Clay AH Agro-Horticulture S Sands HP Hortipasture L Loam GT Grass Land with trees SI Silty RDF Rehabilitation of
degraded forest SIL Silty Loam
AF Afforestation CL Clay Loam SOIL DEPTH SL Silty Loam
CODE SOIL DEPTH LS Loamy Sand D1 Less than 7 SC Sandy clay D2 7.5-22.5 SIC Silty clay D3 22.5-45 SCL Sandy Clay Loam D4 45.9 SICI Silty clay Loam D5 More than 90 ERODIBILITY CODE % SLOPE
CODE TYPE OF EROSION A 0-1 E 1 Sheet erosion B 1-3 E2 Rill erosion C 3-5 E3 Small gullied erosion D 5-10 E4 Sever gullied erosion E 10-15 PROPOSED
TREATMENT F 15-25
CODE TREATMENT G More than 25 RFB Repair of Farm bunds PRESENT/PROPOSED
LAND USE
CB Contour Bunding CODE LAND USE FB Farm Bunding CIR Single Crop rainfed CSI Staggered contour
trenching C2R Double crop
rainfed CCI Continuous contour
trenching C11 Single crop
irrigated GP Gully plug C21 Double crop
irrigated EP Earthen plug C31 Triple crop
irrigated SO Stone Outlet W1 Wasteland
cultivable PO Pipe outlet W2 Wasteland
Uncultivable GB Gabion structure F0 Open Forest LB Loose Boulder F1 Thin Forest P11 Pits. P Pasture land
11.2 Design and estimates
Contour bunding
Contour bunding is an earthen embankment along the contours in culturable fields. This
will help to develop the fields into level field due to shifting of soil down the slope every
time after ploughing. In order to reduce the cost of land leveling , it is better to convert
the field into half acre terrace. They retain most of the rainfall and also control erosion
and give longer time for rain water to infiltrate into the soil. In medium and high rainfall
grade is provided from 0.2 % to 0.3% towards the outlets. The cross section of bund is
given below. Contour bunding recommended for up to 6% slope where average slope is 4% so that we
design 4% slope.
S = 4% V.I = (S/a+b) 0.302 V.I = Vertical Interval between constructive bunds S = Land Slope % a & b =Constraint depend on soil and rainfall
This watershed comes under medium rainfall zone and good infiltration rate.
a = 3 , b= 2 VI = (S/3+2)0.305
= (4/3+2)0.305
= 1.02 mt
Bund height (H) = Sq.Root (Re * VI /50 + Free board) Re = 24 hour excess rainfall to be store (Maxi. Rainfall –infiltration) say 7cm. For this
area
Free board = Take 0.30 m H = 0.38 + 0.30 = 0.68 Say 0.70 mt. Slide slope 1 : 1 Top width of Bund = 0.45 mt Bottom Width of Bund = 1.85 mt Cross section of Bund = 0.80 sq.mt.
Stone out let
Name of work : Stone Outlet ( clear over fall stone weir )
Sr. No
Details of work Length Mt.
Width Mt.
D/H Mt.
Qty. Cum.
Rate Rs.
Unit Amount Rs.
1. To pick up stone and
collect it from survey
no/block area of or soling
stone purchase near the
watershed area for
construction of stone
outlet.
3.00 1.20 0.50 1.80 44.65 Cum 80.37
2. Excavation for foundation
of stone outlet in dry or
moist including dressing
and disposal of excavated
material lead up to 30 mt
and lift up to 1.50 mt
height.
3.00 1.20 0.20 0.72 27.60 Cum. 19.87
3. Labour charges for
construction of stone
outlet by using available
stone at site.
3.00 1.80 63.70 Cum. 114.66
Cost of one stone outlet Rs. 214 .90 ( Say Rs 215)
Continuous contour trenches
About 29 % of land in the watershed area is designed as denuded degraded waste land
which is under small hills and hillocks. This steep sloppy land does not permit much
opportunity time for rain water to be in filtered. These land can suitably be put under a
permanent forest cover by adopting manually constructed narrow base terraces i.e.
Gradonies. Gradonies are inward sloping very narrow base terraces constructed on the
contour and constructed to break the sloppy length , reduce the velocity of surface runoff
and retard scouring action , and thus thereby conserve soil and water. Vertical interval is
fixed to 1.0 m and the width of gradonies is kept 1.50. The material dug from inner edge is heaped on outer edge so as to form or berm of about
1.5 m which has an inward slope of 0.20 :1.00. In the middle of gradoni , pits of 0.30 m *
0.30 m * 0.30 m can be dug at a spacing of 1.0m *1.0 m. Proposed dimension of gradoni
is given below Width of Gradoni = 1.50 m
Depth of Gradoni = 0.30 m Cross section = 0.225 sq.mt i.e (1.50 * 0.30/2) * 1
Afforstation / Reforestation
FOR AFFORESTATION / REFOESTATION (Without refilling of trenches ) Proposed Land Use : AF/RF Proposed Treatment : CCT/CST/WAT/SB Species : (Common forest species i.e Sevan , Teak , Kher , Bamboo etc) COST PER PLANT : Sr. No.
ITEMS LABOUR Mandays
Amount Rs.
MATERIAL Qty.
(Kg/nos)
Amount Rs.
TOTAL (Rs.)
1. Marking of the site 0.001 0.046 0.00 0.00 0.046 2. Grass seeds
(seed sowing/broad
casting)
0.00013 0.006 1.0 gm 0.04 0.046
3. Agave Plantation 0.023 1.05 1 plant 1.75 2.80 4. Digging the tree pit of
0.30*0.30*0.30 m
approx with spacing of
1.0 m
0.015 0.69 0.00 0.00 0.69
5. Cost of plant @ Rs.
2/plant including
transportation + 30%
replantation
0.00 0.00 1.30 2.60 2.60
6. Re filling of pit and
plantation 0.033 1.50 0.00 0.00 1.50
7. 2 Weeding & 2
Mulching (4 times) 0.04 1.80 0.00 0.00 1.80
8. Fertilizer (basal + foliar
spray) 0.0055 0.25 20 gm 0.10 0.35
9. Pesticide (BHC,2 times) 0.011 0.50 20 gm 0.08 0.58 TOTAL 5.84 4.57 10.41
WAGES 44 Rs / Manday + 4.5 % T &P,contingencies Planting, refilling 30 Plants/manday Weeding & mulching 100 Plants/Manday Fertilizer (basal + fouler spray) 180 Plants/manday @20gm/plant@ Rs.5/kg Pesticides 180 Plants/manday@10gm/plant@Rs. 4/kg Agave Bulbils 1.75 Rs/bulbil including transportation.
Stone bunds
A bund constructed out of stone along the contour or across the stream is called as stone
wall. It’s adopted where the water velocity is high and where basically stone available
with in radius of 100 –150 mm from the site. It helps to conserve the soil and water ,
reduce the velocity of water and prevent soil erosion. Following are the detailed dimension of stone bunding which is adopted.
Top Width = 0.5 mt Side Slop = 0.5 H ; 1.0 V Depth of foundation = 0.20 mt Height above GL = 0.60 mt Bottom Width = 1.30 mt
Cross section of Bund = 0.72 sq.mt
Estimate for Stone bunds
Sr. No.
Details of work Length Mt
Width Mt.
D/H Mt.
Qty. Cum
Rate Rs.
Unit Amount Rs.
1. To pick up stone
and collect it from
survey no./block
area of or soiling
stone purchase near
the watershed area
for construction of
stone bund of 1.30
m base width , 0.50
m top width with
height of 0.80 m.
1.00 (1.30+0.50)/2=0.90 0.80 0.72 44.65 Cum 32.15
2. Excavation for
stone wall
foundation in dry or
moist including
dressing and
disposal of
excavated material
lead up to 30 mt
and lift up to 1.50
mt height.
1.00
0.20
0.18 27.60 Cum 4.97
3. Labour charges for
construction of
stone wall , stone
1.00 0.72 63.70 cum 45.86
available at site. Cost of stone
bunding per
mt.length
Rs.83.04
Gully plugs
Loose stone gully plugs are constructed across the bed of the gully and extended enough
into the bottom and sides of the gully to prevent washout from the above catchment and
prevent cutting of bed and sides of the gully. Up to 6% slope the vertical interval of 1.8
m to 3.6 m is recommended with suitable cross-sections. DESIGN :
Top Width = 1.00 m Bottom Width = 2.00 m Depth of the foundation = 0.30 m Width of the foundation = 2.00 m
CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF DRY STONE MASONRY
a) Foundation = 0.60 sq.m b) Super structure = 1.15 sq.m
Name of work : Gully Plug
Sr No.
Details of Work Length Mt.
Width Mt.
D/H Mt.
Qty Cum
Rate Rs
Unit Amount Rs.
1. Dag balling 5 to 7.5 cm
deep 1.00 - - 0.10 10.00 100 1.00
2. Excavation in hard soil ,
dry or moist including
dressing and disposal of
excavated material lead
upto 30 mt. And lift up to
1.50 mt. Height for
foundation of Gully Plug
1.00 2.00 0.30 0.60 27.60 cum 16.56
3. Dry stone masonry for
gully plug of 2.0m base
width and 1.0 m top
width and 1.25 m. height
including foundation by
using soling stone.
13.8
a. For foundation 1.00 2.00 0.50 1.00 b. Super structure 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.75 Total : 1.75 112.90 Cum 197.58
Cost of gully Plug per mt. Of length is Rs : 214.32
Check dams
ABSTRACT AND MEASUREMENT SHEET FOR SOIL CONSERVATION WORK
Name of Work : Check dam
Sr. No.
Details of work Length Mt.
Width Mt.
D/H Mt.
Qty. Cum
Rate Rs.
Unit
Amount Rs.
1. Cleaning of jungle bushes, shrubs
etc. on bunds including disposal as
per instruction of engineer in
charge.
30.00 12.00 360.00 0.27/sqm Sqm 97.20
2. Dag balling 5 to 7.5cm deep 30.00 30.00 18.40/100mt Mt. 5.52
3. Earth work for bund in hard soil,
dry or moist including laying in 15
cm. Layers and breaking of clods,
shooting of grass, pebbles etc. and
dressing, when competed manually
or by plain roller with in an initial
lead of 50 mt. And lift up to 1.50
mt. Excluding charges for watering
and consolidation.
30.00 12+2/2 2.50 525.00 24.15 Cum 12678.
4. Excavation of core trench in hard
soil, dry or moist including dressing
and disposal of excavated material
with in an initial lead of 50 m & lift
of 1.5 m.
30.00 2.00 0.60 36.00 27.60 Cum 993.60
5. Completion of earth work, manually
or by plain roller, excluding
watering charges.
30.00 - - 561.00 5.50 Cum 3085.5
6. Watering of earth , Murrum highly
weathered strata or similar material
to optimum moisture in the borrow
area where source of water being
upto 1 km.
30.00 - - 561.00 4.15 Cum 2328.1
7. Excavation of waste weir to
disposal of extra water in hard soil
dry or moist including dressing and
disposal of excavated material with
in an initial lead of 50 m & lift of
1.5 m
20.00 2.00 0.75 30.00 27.60 Cum 828.00
8. Dry stone pitching, hammer dressed
with packing of voids from small
stones including all lifts in required
profile of depth (20 to 30 cm deep)
30.00 4.50 0.20 27.00 162.20 Cum 4325.40
9. Transportation of stone lead upto 5
km. 27.00 41.00 Cum 1107.00
10. Loading and unloading of stone. 27.00 28.10 Cum 758.70
11. Sowing of grass seed on the down
stream of bund/furrow (1.5 cm Dist
row to row.
1120.00 23.00/100mt Mt. 257.60
12. Cost of grass seed (stylo hamata) @
1Kg /100 mt.length 11.20 35.00 Kg. 392.00
Total cost of one check dam is Rs: 26857.0
Farm Ponds
It is an earthen embankment across the flow of water. By construction it , rain water can
be stored. The down stream side can get water and moisture for longer time and it also
recharges ground water, by that level of water in the wells of near by area increase. Some
time life saving irrigation can be done from harvested water. Waste weir is constructed
for flowing excess water. Details of Farm ponds are given below.
Length of earthen Embankment = 30.00 mt Bottom width of bund 12.00 mt Top width of Bund = 2.00 mt Total height from GL 2.50 mt Side slope u/s = 2.5 : 1 Side slope d/s = 1.5 : 1 Cross section = 17.50 Sqm
For Crop Cultivation ( Plantation)
Proposed Land use : CC Proposed Treatment ; CB/RFB/GB Species : Subabul , Popular , Gluncidia COST PER PLANT : Sr. No.
Items Labour Mandays
Amount Rs
Material Qty.
(kg/nos.)
Amount Rs
Total Rs.
1. Marking of the site 0.003 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.14 2. Grass seeds (Sowing by
furrow)
0.015
0.69
9.0 gm 0.36 1.05
3. Digging the tree plantation pit
of 0.3 * 0.3 *0.3 m approx.
with spacing of 3.0 m.
0.015 0.69 0.00 0.00 0.69
4. Cost of plant @ Rs. 2/plant
including transportation + 30%
replantation
0.00 0.00 1.3 2.60 2.60
5. Refilling of pit and plantation 0.033 1.50 0.00 0.00 1.50 6. 2 weeding & 2 mulching (4
times) 0.04 1.80 0.00 0.00 1.80
7. Fertilizer (basal + foliar spray) 0.0055 0.25 20 gm 0.10 0.35 8. Pesticide (BHC , 2 times ) 0.011 0.50 20 gm 0.10 0.60 TOTAL 5.57 3.16 8.73
WAGES 44 Rs/ manday + 4.5% T &P , Contingencies Planting, Refilling 30 Plants/manday Weeding & Mulching 100 Plants/manday Fertilizer (basal fouler spray) 180 Plants/manday @ 20 gm/plant @ Rs. 5/kg Pesticides 180 Plants/manday @ 12 gm/plant @ Rs.4/kg
12. Maps
4.12.1 Index Map 4.12.2 Map of Selected Watershed 4.12.3 Village Khasra / Cadastral map 4.12.4 Village habitations and roads and other infrastructure 4.12.5 SOI Toposheet and thematic maps 4.12.5.1 Geology 4.12.5.2 Geomorphology 4.12.5.3 Drainage 4.12.5.4 Contours and slopes 4.12.5.5 Soil 4.12.5.6 Land capability map 4.12.5.7 Land use map 4.12.5.8 Existing treatment map 4.12.5.9 Proposed treatment map of survey no wise
13 Geographical Information System (GIS)
Above maps can be prepared using GIS if possible