View
226
Download
1
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Model of Taxonomy Development
Tom ReamyChief Knowledge Architect
KAPS Group
Knowledge Architecture Professional Services
http://www.kapsgroup.com
2
Agenda
Introduction Infrastructure Model of Taxonomy Development
– Taxonomy in 4 Contexts• Content, People, Processes, Technology
Infrastructure and Theory– Beyond Search and Taxonomy Projects
Infrastructure Solutions – the Elements Applying the Model – Practical Dimension
– Starting and Resources– Infrastructure Look at Taxonomy Boot Camp
Conclusion
3
KAPS Group
Knowledge Architecture Professional Services (KAPS) Consulting, strategy recommendations Knowledge architecture audits Partners – Convera, Inxight, and others Taxonomies: Enterprise, Marketing, Insurance, etc.
– Taxonomy customization Intellectual infrastructure for organizations
– Knowledge organization, technology, people and processes– Search, content management, portals, collaboration,
knowledge management, e-learning, etc.
4
Infrastructure Model of Taxonomy DevelopmentTaxonomy in Basic 4 Contexts Ideas – Content Structure
– Language and Mind of your organization– Applications - exchange meaning, not data
People – Company Structure– Communities, Users, Central Team
Activities – Business processes and procedures– Central team - establish standards, facilitate
Technology / Things– CMS, Search, portals, taxonomy tools– Applications – BI, CI, Text Mining
5
Taxonomy in ContextStructuring Content All kinds of content and Content Structures
– Structured and unstructured, Internet and desktop
Metadata standards – Dublin core+– Keywords - poor performance – Need controlled vocabulary, taxonomies, semantic network
Other Metadata – Document Type
• Form, policy, how-to, etc.– Audience
• Role, function, expertise, information behaviors– Best bets metadata
Facets – entities and ideas– Wine.com
6
Taxonomy in Context:Structuring People
Individual People– Tacit knowledge, information behaviors– Advanced personalization – category priority
• Sales – forms ---- New Account Form
• Accountant ---- New Accounts ---- Forms
Communities– Variety of types – map of formal and informal– Variety of subject matter – vaccines, research, scuba– Variety of communication channels and information behaviors– Community-specific vocabularies, need for inter-community
communication (Cortical organization model)
7
Taxonomy in Context:Structuring Processes and Technology Technology: infrastructure and applications
– Enterprise platforms: from creation to retrieval to application– Taxonomy as the computer network
• Applications – integrated meaning, not just data
Creation – content management, innovation, communities of practice (CoPs)
– When, who, how, and how much structure to add– Workflow with meaning, distributed subject matter experts (SMEs)
and centralized teams
Retrieval – standalone and embedded in applications and business processes
– Portals, collaboration, text mining, business intelligence, CRM
8
Taxonomy in Context: The Integrating Infrastructure Starting point: knowledge architecture audit, K-Map
– Social network analysis, information behaviors People – knowledge architecture team
– Infrastructure activities – taxonomies, analytics, best bets– Facilitation – knowledge transfer, partner with SMEs
“Taxonomies” of content, people, and activities– Dynamic Dimension – complexity not chaos– Analytics based on concepts, information behaviors
Taxonomy as part of a foundation, not a project– In an Infrastructure Context
9
Infrastructure Model of Taxonomy Development Infrastructure vs. Project Approaches
Economist June 9, 2005:– Overdue and over budget, over and over again.– Companies are increasingly keen on projects. – Why? When so many of them fail.
Failure to integrate all relevant contexts Under-developed understanding of contexts Ideas – least developed infrastructure Closure is an illusion.
10
Infrastructure Model of Taxonomy Development : Project Approach or Infrastructure Approach Situation: Problem with access to information
– Project Approach• Publish everything on the intranet
• Buy a search engine
• Do some keyword and usability tests
• Buy a portal (or two)
• Buy content management software
• Try knowledge organization – taxonomy?
– Infrastructure Approach• “The path up and down is one and the same.”
(Heraclitus)
11
Infrastructure Model of Taxonomy Development The Infrastructure Solution: Why
Immanuel Kant– Concepts without percepts are empty.– Percepts without concepts are blind.
Knowledge Management– KM/KA without applications is empty
• Strategy only, management fad
• Elegant taxonomies - unused
– Applications without KA are blind• IT based KM
• Fragmented applications
12
Infrastructure Model of Taxonomy Development The Infrastructure Solution: Why Taxonomies are not for the timid
– Software and SME’s is not the answer• Example of keywords
Taxonomies not stand alone– Metadata, controlled vocabularies, synonyms, etc.– Variety of taxonomies, plus categorization, classification, etc.
• Important to know the differences, when to use which
Integrated Enterprise requires both an infrastructure team and distributed expertise.
Advanced Cognitive Differences– Panda, monkey, banana
13
Infrastructure Model of Taxonomy Development The Infrastructure Solution: Why
In a Word – Word Infrastructure as Operating System
– Word vs. Word Perfect– Instead of sharing clipboard, share information and
knowledge.
Importance of Integration ROI – asking the wrong question
– What is ROI for having an HR department?
A Political Fable – Finding the right set of answers
14
Infrastructure Solutions: The start and foundationKnowledge Architecture Audit Knowledge Map - Understand what you have, what you
are, what you want– The foundation of the foundation
Contextual interviews, content analysis, surveys, focus groups, ethnographic studies
Category modeling – “Intertwingledness” -learning new categories influenced by other, related categories
Natural level categories mapped to communities, activities• Novice prefer higher levels• Balance of informative and distinctiveness
Living, breathing, evolving foundation is the goal
15
Infrastructure Solutions: ResourcesPeople and Processes: Roles and Functions Knowledge Architect and learning object designers Knowledge engineers and cognitive anthropologists Knowledge facilitators and trainers and librarians Part Time
– Librarians and information architects– Corporate communication editors and writers
Partners– IT, web developers, applications programmers– Business analysts and project managers
16
Infrastructure Solutions: Resources People and Processes: Central Team
Central Team supported by software and offering services– Creating, acquiring, evaluating taxonomies, metadata standards,
vocabularies– Input into technology decisions and design – content management,
portals, search– Socializing the benefits of metadata, creating a content culture– Evaluating metadata quality, facilitating author metadata– Analyzing the results of using metadata, how communities are using– Research metadata theory, user centric metadata – Design content value structure – more nuanced than good / poor
content.
17
Infrastructure Solutions: ResourcesPeople and Processes: Facilitating Knowledge Transfer Need for Facilitators
– Amazon hiring humans to refine recommendations– Google – humans answering queries
Facilitate projects, KM project teams– Facilitate knowledge capture in meetings, best practices
Answering online questions, facilitating online discussions, networking within a community
Design and run KM forums, education and innovation fairs Work with content experts to develop training, incorporate
intelligence into applications Support innovation, knowledge creation in communities
18
Infrastructure Solutions: ResourcesPeople and Processes: Location of Team
KM/KA Dept. – Cross Organizational, Interdisciplinary Balance of dedicated and virtual, partners
– Library, Training, IT, HR, Corporate Communication
Balance of central and distributed Industry variation
– Pharmaceutical – dedicated department, major place in the organization
– Insurance – Small central group with partners– Beans – a librarian and part time functions
Which design – knowledge architecture audit
19
Infrastructure Solutions: ResourcesTechnology
Taxonomy Management – Text and Visualization
Entity and Fact Extraction Text Mining Search for professionals
– Different needs, different interfaces
Integration Platform technology– Enterprise Content Management
20
Infrastructure Solutions: Taxonomy DevelopmentInitial Development / Customization
Combination of top down and bottom up (and Essences)– Top: Design an ontology, facet selection – Bottom: Vocabulary extraction – documents, search logs,
interview authors and users– Develop essential examples (Prototypes)
• Most Intuitive Level – genus (oak, maple, rabbit)
• Quintessential Chair – all the essential characteristics, no more
Map the taxonomy to communities and activities– Category differences– Vocabulary differences
21
Infrastructure Solutions: Taxonomy DevelopmentEvaluate and Refine Formal Evaluation
– Quality of corpus – size, homogeneity, representative– Breadth of coverage – main ideas, outlier ideas (see next)– Structure – balance of depth and width
Practical Evaluation– Test in real life application– Test node labels with Subject Matter Experts, representative
users and documents– Test with representative key concepts– Test for un-representative strange little concepts that only
mean something to a few people but the people and ideas are key and are normally impossible to find
22
Infrastructure Solutions: Taxonomy DevelopmentIssues and Ideas
Enterprise Taxonomy– No single subject matter taxonomy – Need an ontology of facets or domains
Standards and Customization– Balance of corporate communication and departmental specifics– At what level are differences represented?– Customize pre-defined taxonomy – additional structure, add
synonyms and acronyms and vocabulary
Enterprise Facet Model:– Actors, Events, Functions, Locations, Objects, Information
Resources– Combine and map to subject domains
23
Infrastructure Approach:Taxonomy Boot Camp
Making the business case:– Sell as infrastructure, platform, foundation – not a project– Project within contexts, not end in itself
Defining the requirements– Not just for the project, but how it will fit with other projects– Criteria for decisions – strategy options, types
Developing an Enterprise Taxonomy– Decide how and when and whether to– Mix of global and local
Making the build, buy, automate decision– Make a better, deeper decision
24
Infrastructure Approach:Taxonomy Boot Camp
Building A Taxonomy– Keeping broader and multiple contexts in mind
Integration and Implementation– Major area for infrastructure approach– Applications, communication, users
Testing & Usability– Usability in different applications and user communities– Need a map of user communities, activities
25
Infrastructure Approach:Taxonomy Boot Camp Governance & Maintenance
– Part of people infrastructure – organizational issues– Partnership of central team and business, SME’s
Enterprise Taxonomy – Groundwork, Governance, Connections
– Infrastructure approach doesn’t mean start big, do it all at once
Facets & Folksonomies– To Facet or not to Facet– Complexity Theory and Folksonomies– Central Group, but not management, control
26
Infrastructure Approach:Taxonomy Boot Camp
Strategies & Tools– Strategies
• Think Big, Start Small, Scale Fast
• Foundation as a separate project
– Tools• Integration as important as features
• Support for all phases of taxonomy development
• Platform software – CMS, KM, LMS
27
Conclusion
Taxonomy development is not just a project– It has no beginning and no end
Taxonomy development is not an end in itself– It enables the accomplishment of many ends
Taxonomy development is not just about search or browse– It is about language, cognition, and applied intelligence
Strategic Vision (articulated by K Map) is important – Even for your under the radar vocabulary project
Paying attention to theory is practical– So is adapting your language to business speak
28
Conclusion
Taxonomies are part of your intellectual infrastructure– Roads, transportation systems not cars or types of cars
Taxonomies are part of creating smart organizations– Self aware, capable of learning and evolving
If we really are in a knowledge economy We need to pay attention to – Knowledge!
Questions?
KAPS Group
Knowledge Architecture Professional Services
http://www.kapsgroup.com