Mobile tracking and positioning_thimmaiah.docx

7/25/2019 Mobile tracking and positioning_thimmaiah.docx

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Tracking and Positioning of Mobiles in Telecommunication

1. ABSTRACT

Mobile positioning tec(nolog) (as become an important area of researc(, for emergenc)

as *ell as for commercial ser+ices" Mobile positioning in cellular net*orks *ill pro+ide se+eral

ser+ices suc( as, locating stolen mobiles, emergenc) calls, different billing tariffs depending on

*(ere t(e call is originated, and met(ods to predict t(e user mo+ement inside a region" T(e

e+olution to locationdependent ser+ices and applications in *ireless s)stems continues to

re-uire t(e de+elopment of more accurate and reliable mobile positioning tec(nologies" T(e

ma.or c(allenge to accurate location estimation is in creating tec(ni-ues t(at )ield acceptable

performance *(en t(e direct pat( from t(e transmitter to t(e recei+er is intermittentl) blocked"

T(is is t(e /on0ineOfSig(t /0OS problem, and it is kno*n to be a ma.or source of error

since it s)stematicall) causes mobile to appear fart(er a*a) from t(e base station 3S t(an it

actuall) is, t(ereb) increasing t(e positioning error.

In t(is paper, *e present a simple met(od for mobile telep(one tracking and positioning

*it( (ig( accurac)" Our paper presents t(e location of a mobile telep(one b) dra*ing a pluralit)

of circles *it( t(e radii being t(e distances bet*een a mobile telep(one and a se+eral base

stations it *ill be found using Time Of Arri+al TOA and t(e base stations at t(eir centers, and

using location tracking cur+es connecting t(e intersection points bet*een eac( circle pair instead

of t(e common c(ords defined b) t(e circles" 4e use location tracking cur+es connecting t(e

intersection points of t(e t*o circles *(ic( *ill be dra*n b) ordinar) TOA met(od, instead of

t(e common c(ord as in TDOA"

Dr AIT, Dept Of ISE Page 2


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2. NEED FOR MOBILE TRACKING

5ecent demands from ne* applications re-uire positioning capabilities of mobile

telep(ones or ot(er de+ices" T(e abilit) to obtain t(e geolocation of t(e Mobile Telep(one MT

in t(e cellular s)stem allo*s t(e net*ork operators to facilitate ne* ser+ices to t(e mobile users"

T(e most immediate moti+ation for t(e cellular s)stem to pro+ide MT position is en(anced in

accident emergenc) ser+ices" T(e positioning of t(e mobile user could pro+ide ser+ices like

Emergenc) ser+ice for subscriber safet)"

0ocation sensiti+e billing"

6ellular 7raud detection"

Intelligent transport s)stem ser+ices"

Efficient and effecti+e net*ork performance and management"

Dr AIT, Dept Of ISE Page


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3. EXISTING TECHNOLOGIES & CONSTRAINTS

3.1 P!"!#$ T!%#''*

T(e tec(nolog) of locating is based on measuring po*er le+els and antenna patterns and

uses t(e concept t(at a mobile p(one al*a)s communicates *irelessl) *it( one of t(e closest

base stations, so if )ou kno* *(ic( base station t(e p(one communicates *it(, )ou kno* t(att(e p(one is close to t(e respecti+e base station"

Ad+anced s)stems determine t(e sector in *(ic( t(e mobile p(one resides and roug(l)

estimate also t(e distance to t(e base station" 7urt(er appro8imation can be done b) interpolating

signals bet*een ad.acent antenna to*ers" 9ualified ser+ices ma) ac(ie+e a precision of do*n to#: meters in urban areas*(ere mobile traffic and densit) of antenna to*ers base stations is

sufficientl) (ig(" 5uraland desolate areas ma) see miles bet*een base stations and t(erefore

determine locations less precisel)"

;SM locali


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operators infrastructure" Often, a legislati+e frame*ork, suc( as E&11, *ould need to be in place

to compel t(e cooperation of t(e ser+ice pro+ider as *ell as to safeguard t(e pri+ac) of t(e

information"

2. H/#0"!$-/"!0

@andsetbased tec(nolog) re-uires t(e installation of client soft*are on t(e (andset to

determine its location" T(is tec(ni-ue determines t(e location of t(e (andset b) computing its

location b) cell identification, signal strengt(s of t(e (ome and neig(boring cells, *(ic( iscontinuousl) sent to t(e carrier" In addition, if t(e (andset is also e-uipped *it(;PSt(en

significantl) more precise location information is t(en sent from t(e (andset to t(e carrier"

T(e ke) disad+antage of t(is tec(ni-ue from mobile operators point of +ie* is t(e

necessit) of installing soft*are on t(e (andset" It re-uires t(e acti+e cooperation of t(e mobile

subscriber as *ell as soft*are t(at must be able to (andle t(e different operating s)stems of t(e(andsets" T)picall),smart p(ones, suc( as one based on S)mbian,4indo*s Mobile,iP(one, or

Android, *ould be able to run suc( soft*are"

One proposed *orkaround is t(e installation of embedded (ard*are or soft*are on t(e(andset b) t(e manufacturers, e"g" EOTD" T(is a+enue (as not made significant (ead*a), due to

t(e difficult) of con+incing different manufacturers to cooperate on a common mec(anism and to

address t(e cost issue" Anot(er difficult) *ould be to address t(e issue of foreign (andsets t(atare roaming in t(e net*ork"

3. SIM-/"!0

Csing t(e SIM in ;SMand CMTS(andsets, it is possible to obtain ra* radio measurements

from t(e (andset"=!>=#>T(e measurements t(at are a+ailable can include t(e ser+ing 6ellID, roundtrip time and signal strengt(" T(e t)pe of information obtained +ia t(e SIM can differ from *(at

is a+ailable from t(e (andset" 7or e8ample, it ma) not be possible to obtain an) ra*

measurements from t(e (andset directl), )et still obtain measurements +ia t(e SIM"

. H*0

@)brid positioning s)stemsuse a combination of net*orkbased and (andsetbasedtec(nologies for location determination" One e8ample *ould be some modes ofAssisted ;PS,

*(ic( can bot( use ;PSand net*ork information to compute t(e location alt(oug( in most A;PS s)stems all computations are done b) t(e (andset, and t(e net*ork is onl) used to initiall)ac-uire and use t(e ;PS satellites

3.2. NETWORK ASSISTED GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)

Dr AIT, Dept Of ISE Page #
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E911http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Mobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Mobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_tracking#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_tracking#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_positioning_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assisted_GPShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assisted_GPShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assisted_GPShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E911http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Mobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_tracking#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_tracking#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_positioning_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assisted_GPShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS


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A mobile telep(one can be located b) a mobile telep(one itself or t(roug( a mobile

telecommunication net*ork" To locate t(e mobile telep(one b) itself, t(e mobile telep(one is

pro+ided *it( a ;PS recei+er to calculate its location in latitude and longitude coordinates based

on t(e location information recei+ed from a satellite t(roug( t(e ;PS recei+er"

Increases t(e price and t(e si


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propagation of time from t(e mobile telep(one to it(base station,

58 * -- location ofit(base station,

X8 Y 6mobile position"

3.9. TIME DIFFERENCE OF ARRIVAL (TDOA)

T(e TDOA met(od assumes t(at t(e TDOAs of a signal transmitted from t(e mobile

telep(one at t(e t(ree 3Ss define a set of points on a ()perbola, and t(e mobile telep(one is

located at t(e intersection point of at least t(ree ()perbolas"

T(e implementation re-uires accurate s)nc(roni


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F:! 18 :"$/$!" / $*;%/ TOA


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F:! 28 :"$/$!" $! TDOA


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. LOCATION TRACKING CURVE METHOD

.1. PROPOSAL

F:! 38 :"$/$!" $! %'#=:/$'# '= / $*;%/


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T(e steps in+ol+ed are?

a" Eac( base station nearer to a mobile telep(one recei+es a predetermined signal from t(e

mobile telep(one and calculates t(e distance bet*een t(e mobile telep(one and t(e base

station and t(e +ariances of time arri+al of t(e signal at t(e base station

b" A circle is dra*n to (a+e a radius being t(e distance and t(e coordinates of t(e base

station being t(e center of t(e circle

c" A pair of t(e first and t(e second base stations is selected among t(e base stations" A

se+eral location tracking cur+es connecting t*o intersection points bet*een t(e selected

circles corresponding to t(e first and t(e second base stations are dra*n" One of t(e

location tracking cur+es is selected using t(e +ariances of t(e first and t(e second base

stations

d" T(e steps c" and d" are repeated for t(e ot(er pairs of t(e base stations

e" T(e intersection points are obtained among t(e location tracking cur+es selected in step d"

and e" and,

f" T(e location of t(e mobile telep(one is determined using t(e coordinates of t(e

intersection points obtained in step e"



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F:! 8 0!;%$" / ='+%/$ "'+# $! "$!;" #>'>!0 # '%/$# /


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coordinates of t(e mobile telep(one are determined b) a+eraging t(e coordinates of t(e

intersection points obtained in step f"

.2. DESCRIPTION

4(en a location ser+ice is re-uested about a specific mobile telep(one b) a user or a

net*ork, t(e location data processor dra*s t*o circles 61 and 62 *it( t(eir respecti+e centers

set at 3Ss T1 and T2 based on t(e TOAs of a signal transmitted from t(e corresponding mobile

telep(one M1 or M2 to t(e t*o 3Ss T1 and T2 located near t(e mobile telep(one M1 or M2" T(e

t*o circles 61 and 62 define a common c(ord 01"

F:! 98 :"$/$!" / ;';'"!0

@o*e+er, if eac( mobile telep(one M1 or M2 is placed in a different propagation

en+ironment *it( respect to t(e 3Ss T1 and T2, t(e location of t(e mobile telep(one M1 or M2

can not be determined b) t(e common c(ord 01" T(erefore, *e use location tracking cur+es T51

and T52 connecting t(e same t*o intersection points P1 and P2 of t(e t*o circles 61 and 62,

instead of t(e common c(ord 01" T(e process of determining t(e location tracking cur+es *ill be

e8plained later" T(e t*o cur+es T51 and T52 (a+e t(eir middle points intersecting t(e line ST,



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*(ic( connects t(e positions of t(e t*o 3Ss T1 and T2 and t(e parts of t*o circles 61 and 62

dra*n to connect t(e t*o intersection points P1 and P2"

Instead of t(e common c(ord 01, t(e location data processor uses t(e cur+e T51 for t(e

mobile telep(one M1 and t(e cur+e T52 for t(e mobile telep(one M2" It pre+ents t(e location

error caused b) t(e multipat( fading or t(e /0OS pat( c(aracteristics" If t(e radio propagation

en+ironment bet*een t(e mobile telep(one and t(e 3S is poor due to t(e multipat( fading or t(e

/0OS effects, t(e TOA of t(e recei+ed signal (as error" T(e TOA error can be compensated b)

appropriatel) selecting a desired cur+e reference circle"

.3. DETERMINATION OF LOCATION TRACKING CURVE

T(e /0OS en+ironment (as been compared *it( t(e 0OS en+ironment and *e see t(at

t(e +ariances of t(e TOAs of a signal transmitted from a mobile telep(one are (ig(er in t(e

/0OS en+ironment" 3) kno*ing t(is, appropriate cur+es can be selected b) comparison bet*een

t(e +ariances of TOAs of an input signal" T(at is, t(e mobile telep(one is nearer from t(e

common c(ord 01 to t(e one *it( t(e larger +ariances out of t(e t*o 3Ss in 7igure #" T(erefore,

t(e 3S *it( t(e smaller +ariances s(ould be selected to dra* reference circles based on t(e

+ariances"

7or e8ample, since t(e first mobile telep(one M1 is near t(e first 3S T1, t(e +ariances of

t(e TOAs of a signal transmitted from t(e mobile telep(one M1 at t(e first 3S T1 *ill be (ig(er

t(an t(ose of t(e signal at t(e second 3S T2" @ence, t(e reference circle 61 is obtained around

t(e second 3S T2 *it( smaller +ariances"

Dr AIT, Dept Of ISE Page 1!


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F:! ?8 :"$/$!" $! 0!$!!.

7rom 7igure $, assuming t(at t(e first and t(e second 3Ss T1 and T2 selected for use in

t(e location tracking are present at positions (518 *1)and (528 *2), respecti+el), in t(e second

dimensional coordinates, t(e location data processor dra*s t(e t*o circles 61 and 62 *it( t(e

coordinates (518 *1)and (528 *2)of t(e t*o 3Ss T1 and T2 at t(eir centers" T(e cur+e connects

t(e t*o points P1 and P2 at *(ic( t(e t*o circles 61 and 62 intersect eac( ot(er" T(e

coordinates of t(e intersection points P1 and P2 are (5A8 *A)and (5B8 *B), respecti+el)"

Since t(e mobile telep(one is near t(e first 3S T1 *it( respect to t(e common c(ord 01,

t(e +ariances of t(e TOAs of a signal transmitted from t(e mobile telep(one at t(e first 3S T1

*ill be larger t(an t(ose of t(e signal at t(e second 3S" T(erefore, reference circles T51 to T5!

are dra*n *it( respect to t(e second 3S T2 *it( smaller +ariances, as s(o*n in 7igure $"

T(e coordinates of t(e reference circle can be obtained using minimum +ariance *(ic(

(as its center on t(e line ST passing t(roug( (518 *1)and (528 *2)and passes t(roug( (5A8 *A)

and (5B8 *B)" Selecting t(e center of t(e reference circle is significant as t(e mobile telep(one is

located on t(e reference circle" T(e location data processor selects t(e desired cur+es reference

circles *it( respect to t(e se+eral 3Ss selected for location tracking" In 7igure $, as t(e real

location of t(e mobile telep(one de+iates fart(er from t(e circle 62 *it( t(e second 3S T2 at its

Dr AIT, Dept Of ISE Page 1#


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center, t(e center of a reference circle is fart(er from t(e location of t(e second 3S T2" T(at is,

t(e center of a desired reference circle is fart(er from t(e second 3S T2 in t(e case of a t(ird

mobile telep(one M cur+e 6 t(an in t(e case of a fourt( mobile telep(one M!"

.. REFERENCE CIRCLE SELECTION

T(e +ariances of t(e TOAs of a signal *(ic( arri+es at t(e t*o 3Ss T1 and T2 from

different pat(s are used to find t(e cur+e on *(ic( t(e actual location of t(e mobile telep(one is

determined"

If t(e TOAs of t(e signal at t(e first 3S T1 from / propagation pat(s are $18 $28 . . . 8 $N,

t(e first 3S T1 calculates t(e +ariances of $18 $28 . . . 8 $N" T(e location data processor

compares t(e +ariances calculated b) t(e first 3S T1 *it( t(e +ariances calculated b) t(e second

3S T2 and considers t(at t(e mobile telep(one is near to t(at 3S *it( t(e larger +ariances t(e

first 3S T2 in 7igure $"

@ence, t(e reference circle (as its center near to t(e 3S *it( t(e smaller +ariances t(e

second 3S T2 in 7igure $ on t(e line ST" 4it( t(e larger +ariances, t(e center of a reference

circle gets fart(er to t(e rig(t from t(e center of t(e second 3S T2" In order to select t(e desired

cur+e, t(e location data processor initiali


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1@ 2@ 3

T(e location data processor compares t(e +ariances calculated b) t(e t*o 3Ss T1 and T2

and selects t(e base station *it( smaller +ariances as a reference point to dra* t(e reference

circle" If t(e selected +ariances t(ose of t(e second 3S T2 are 8 t(e location data processor

compares t(e selected +ariances 8 *it( t(e preset reference +ariances 18 28 /#0 3"

I= @ 1, t(e cur+e of t(e first reference circles T51 is selected"

I= 1 @ @ 2, t(e cur+e of t(e second reference circles T52 is

selected"

I= 2 @ @ 3, t(e cur+e of t(e t(ird reference circles T5 is selected"

I= 3 @ 8 t(e cur+e of t(e fourt( reference circles T5! is selected"

As *e (a+e seen, t(e location data processor selects t(e optimal cur+e reference circle

for t(e t*o 3Ss among t(e se+eral 3Ss, and selects anot(er optimal circle for anot(er 3S pair,and so on" 4(en cur+es are selected for all selected 3S pairs, t(e location data processor obtains

t(e intersection points among t(e selected cur+es as s(o*n in 7igure %" @o*e+er, as t(e selected

cur+es do not intersect at one point due to t(e multipat( fading or t(e /0OS effects, t(e

midpoint of t(ese intersection points is determined as t(e location of t(e mobile telep(one"

Dr AIT, Dept Of ISE Page 1%


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F:! 8 :"$/$!" $! ;'"$'## '=

7igure %, t(e first to t(e t(ird 3Ss T1 to T form t(e first to t(e t(ird circles 61 to 6,

respecti+el)" T(e location data processor selects a first optimal cur+e T51 for t(e first and t(e

second 3Ss T1 and T2, a second optimal cur+e T52 for t(e second and t(e t(ird circles 62 and

6, and a t(ird optimal cur+e T5 for t(e first and t(ird circles 61 and 6" As t(e t(ree

intersection points M1 (5A8 *A), M2 (5B8 *B), and M (5C8 *C)are defined b) t(e t(ree cur+es

T51 to T5, t(e location data processor considers t(e mobile telep(one to be located at (58 *)"

4(ile t(e t(ree 3Ss are selected for t(e location ser+ice using t(e TOAs of a signal arri+ed at

eac( 3S from a mobile telep(one (as been described in t(e embodiment of t(e present in+ention,

more 3Ss can be used to increase t(e accurac) in locating t(e e8act position of t(e mobile

station" If N$ intersection points are defined b) location tracking cur+es obtained according to

t(e present in+ention and an

$

intersection point is at (58 *), coordinates (58 *) indicate t(elocation of t(e mobile telep(one"

After t(e location of t(e mobile telep(one, t(at is, t(e intersection points among t(e

cur+es are obtained, t(e location data processor represents t(e intersection points in t(e latitude

and t(e longitude coordinates and transmits t(e position coordinates to t(e net*ork

3SF3S6FMS6 and t(e mobile telep(one"

Dr AIT, Dept Of ISE Page 1'


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9. APPLICATIONS

W/$ " $! #!!0 =' M'! ;'"$'##

It is used to predict t(e user position and mo+ement inside a region"

T(e ser+ices pro+ided are?

0ocating stolen mobiles

Emergenc) calls

Different billing tariffs depending on t(e call originrural tariffs"

Csed in defense"

Intelligent transport s)stem ser+ices"

Efficient and effecti+e net*ork performance and management"

Csed at t(e time of natural calamities"

O;!/$'#/ ;:;'"!

In order to route calls to a p(one t(e cell to*erslisten for a signal sent from t(e p(one

and negotiate *(ic( to*er is best able to communicate *it( t(e p(one" As t(e p(one c(anges

location, t(e antenna to*ers monitor t(e signal and t(e p(one is roamedto an ad.acent to*er asappropriate"

3) comparing t(e relati+e signal strengt( from multiple antenna to*ers a general location

of a p(one can be roug(l) determined" Ot(er means is t(e antenna pattern t(at supports angular

determination and p(ase discrimination"

/e*er p(ones ma) also allo* t(e tracking of t(e p(one e+en *(en turned on and not

acti+e in a telep(one call" T(is results from t(e roaming procedures t(at perform (and o+er of

t(e p(one from one base station to anot(er"=$>

B!/! #$!!"$

A p(ones location can be uploaded to a common *eb site *(ere ones Bfriends andfamil)B can +ie* ones last reported position" /e*er p(ones ma) (a+e builtin ;PS recei+ers

*(ic( could be used in a similar fas(ion, but *it( muc( (ig(er accurac)"

Dr AIT, Dept Of ISE Page 1&
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_tracking#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_tracking#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_tracking#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System


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?. MOBILE PHONE AS A BUG.

O+er+ie* of securit) +ulnerabilities of a mobile p(one"

1 Gulnerabilit) to monitoring of )our con+ersations *(ile using t(e p(one"

2 Gulnerabilit) of )our p(one being turned into a microp(one to monitor con+ersations in t(e

+icinit) of )our p(one *(ile t(e p(one is inacti+e"

M'! ;'#! /" / !/>!"0';;# $''

According to +arious reports t(e 73I uses mobile p(ones as ea+esdropping tool"

7or t(is, t(e soft*are of t(e mobile telep(ones is reprogrammed" T(e free speec(

mec(anism is acti+ated *it(out an) users kno*ledge"

T(e same modification of t(e mobile p(ones soft*are uses t(e State Office of 6riminal

In+estigation in ;erman) as Spiegel Online reports last *eek"'#!


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OTA update function is used to transfer HspecialB soft*are *(ic( can offer one of t(e

follo*ing features

1" Outgoing connections *(ic( are establis(ed b) t(e Hspecial soft*are are not s(o*n on t(e

mobile p(ones user interface"

2" T(e Hspecial soft*are is able to accept an incoming connection *Fo s(o*ing t(is on t(e

mobile p(ones user interface"

" If t(e p(one gets s*itc(ed off, t(e special soft*are onl) pretends t(is" E+en t(oug( t(e

mobile p(one gets s*itc(ed off, it is in a standb) comparable status and t(e Hspecial soft*are is

still *orking"

It is also possible to deposit an audio recording in t(e mobile p(ones internal buffer and

send t(ese recordings in batc(es"

M'! ;'#! '%//$'# =' !>!*'#!

4(ere+er mobile p(one users sta), t(e) are permanent accessable"

As a result of t(is, man) ne* options arise?

1" Csers subscribe searc( functions for friends or t(eir c(ildren"

2" Csers can be sent information on t(e cell p(one about s(opping facilities or restaurantsreferring to t(eir surrounding area"

6ompanies can monitor t(eir car pool and field manager at t(e P6"

All t(ese 03S functions are based on t(e subscribers current location or personal data"

T*o basic met(ods are used for locali



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L'%/$#

Standing at 3

5eference points are P1, P2, and P

Measuring r1 narro*s t(e position do*n to a circle

Measuring r2 narro*s t(e position do*n to t*o points, A and 3

Measuring r gi+es t(e coordinates at 3%

M'! ;'#! '%//$'# =' !>!*'#!

T/#:/$'# (


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1" Position of 56 can be calculated using la* of sines and la* of cosines

2" M6 can be calculated using P)t(agorean t(eorem

M'! ;'#! '%//$'# =' !>!*'#!

T(e most popular met(ods of position location capabilities are?

T/ (TOA)

Same as TDOA but t(is tec(nolog) uses t(e absolute time of arri+al at a certain base

station rat(er t(an t(e difference bet*een t*o stations"L%/$# $!%#''* TDOA /#0 TOA

E#/#%!0 O"!>!0 T

Similar to TDOA, but t(e position is estimated b) t(e mobile p(one, not b) t(e base

station"

A#! '= A>/ (AOA

AOA mec(anism locates t(e p(one at t(e point *(ere t(e lines along t(e angles from

eac( to*er intersect"

C! '= O# (COO) ("$/#0/0 /$ G!


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. CONCLUSION

Our proposal is ad+antageous in t(at t(e location of a mobile telep(one can be accuratel)

tracked e+en in t(e multipat( fading and t(e /0OS en+ironment, b) using more accurate

tracking cur+es connecting t(e intersection points among circles *it( t(e radii being t(e

distances bet*een corresponding 3Ss and t(e mobile telep(one in a cellular mobile

communication s)stem" 4e (a+e described about accurate positioning of mobile telep(ones,

*(ic( can be used for se+eral applications" T(e important considerations to be undertaken *(ile

selecting a location based tec(nolog) are location accurac), implementation cost, reliabilit),

increasing functionalit)"

P'#! /" !/>!"0';;# $''T(e onl) ad+ice *(ic( is useful as counter action, is to take out t(e rec(argeable batter)

of t(e p(one *(en sensiti+e information needs to be talked about"

M'! ;'#! '%//$'#

E+er)one can locate a foreign mobile p(one using 03 Spro+ider"

To pre+ent t(is )ou (a+e to c(ange fre-uentl) )our mobile p(one or SIM6ard *it(

friends, colleagues or intimate or appl) t(e first ad+iceL

NOTE Strict ethics and security measures are strongly recommended.

Dr AIT, Dept Of ISE Page 2!


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. REFERENCES

" 6affer), and ;" Stuber r, V!%! '%/$'# /#0 $/%,# =' IVHS # CDMA

!0 '%/$'# !"$


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Documents

Mobile tracking and positioning_thimmaiah.docx