Mobile Health Care Programme for the Aged · Mumbai mega-city. The plant was established after acquiring land from adjacent villages. Therefore, the target villages surrounding Uran

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Analysis & Findings of Baseline Survey Conducted for implementation of Mobile Health Care Programme for the Aged

Unit: Uran (MMU MIS Location Code: 1313)

Background Uran ONGC has its operations limited to a plant which is located on the outskirts of Mumbai mega-city. The plant was established after acquiring land from adjacent villages. Therefore, the target villages surrounding Uran were identified in consultation with the concerned ONGC officials. Accordingly, the survey was conducted to identify all households with elderly persons (aged 55 years and above) in the selected villages. Details are available in Table 1.1.

Demography Of all the 2333 households, more than 4% are Below Poverty Line (BPL) whereas the rest (almost 96%) belong to the Above Poverty Line (APL) category. Out of the total members of all the surveyed households, elders constitute more than 37%. Male elders are almost 35.5% and female elders are more than 38.5%. Details are available in Table 2.1.

When one looks at the percentages of elders in different age groups, the ‘above 80 years’ category is at the bottom and the percentage increases with each successive younger age group among elders. The percentage of the youngest age group among elders is the highest among all. Details are available in Table 2.2 to Table 2.3.

Alibagh

Pen

Khalapur

PanvelMatheran

KarjatUran

Sudhagarh

Roha

Murud

Mangaon

Mhasla

MahadSrivardhan

Poladpur

ArabianSea

1. Nagaon2. Mhatwali3. Chanje

4. Kegaon

5. Hanuman Koliwada

Uran Plant

Gram PanchayatUran Taluka,

2

Illiterate44.1%

Literate45.0%

Maticula-tion

8.5%

Inter-mediate

1.9%

Diploma0.1%

Graduate0.4% Post

Graduate

0.2%

Educational Status of Elders (Uran) 1313Education Data on educational status on elders reveal that more than 44% are illiterate and out of the rest 45% are just literate. Matriculates are 8.5% and intermediates are almost 2%. All other categories are all much below 1% level. Details are available in Table 3.1 to Table 3.8. Out of all elders more than 76% are not working. Among non-working elders percentages of women elders across all age groups are far more than men elders. At the other end, across all age groups of elders the percentages of working elder men are far above working elder women. Working men and women were found across all age categories. More details are in Table 4.1 to 4.2.

Disability Out of all surveyed elders, almost 1.5% are reported to be disabled. All categories have reported at much less than 1% level. Speaking disability was at the lowest level of all. Details are available in Table 5.1 to Table 5.7.

Habits in Elders Almost 78% of all elders do not have any habits of intoxication which is revealed by collected data. Out of all elders who have reported one habit or the other, highest percentage (almost 7.5%) is consuming locally brewed liquor, closely followed by 6.5% tobacco users and more than 3% beedi and almost 3% cigarette smokers. Gutkha and opium use were found at insignificant levels. Foreign liquor was consumed by 1.5% elders. Details are available in Table 6.1 to Table 6.7.

Disease Profile of Elders Among the elders of the identified villages, joint pain has affected the highest percentage-almost 41.5% males and almost 33.5% females. 14% males and more than 14% females have reported to be suffering from hyper-tension. Diabetes was reported by more than 12.5% males and more than 6% females. More than 4.5% males and more than 2.5% females are having heart disease. More than 2% males and almost 2% females are suffering from Asthma. Ulcer has affected more than 1% males and less than 1% females. All other diseases were reported at insignificant levels. Among all diseases, in case of only hyper-tension percentage of affected women is marginally more than men. For details please see Table 7.1 to Table 7.8.

Further details on all the aspects related to elders are available in the tables presented below.

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Region: West District: Raigarh (Maharashtra)

MMU MIS Location Code: 1313 Block/Mandal: Uran

Unit Name: Uran

ONGC Asset: Uran No. of Identified Site(s): 5

1. Total elderly households: Uran (1313) Table-1.1: Status of Total Elderly Households

Code District Unit Site/ Village Family Status Caste wise Family Distribution

BPL APL Total Gen SC ST OBC Other Total

1313 Raigad Uran Chanje 31 1336 1367 13 28 1 1114 211 1367

1313 Raigad Uran Hanuman Koliwada 24 123 147 0 0 0 147 0 147

1313 Raigad Uran Kegaon 24 441 465 8 2 0 364 91 465

1313 Raigad Uran Mhatwali 5 87 92 3 1 0 72 16 92

1313 Raigad Uran Nagaon 13 249 262 0 25 0 212 25 262

TOTAL 97 2236 2333 24 56 1 1909 343 2333

Percentage 4.2 95.8 100 1.0 2.4 0.0 81.8 14.7 100

Total HHs Surveyed - 2334 Non-Elder Households - 1

2. Overview of Family Members: Uran (1313) Table-2.1: Overall Family Members

Family Members Male Female Total

Elder Members >=55 yrs 1539 1677 3216

Other Members (all <=54 yrs) 2809 2660 5469

Total Members 4348 4337 8685

Percentage of Elder members 35.40% 38.67% 37.03%

Table-2.2: Sitewise status of Elders by Age group

Site

Elders 55-60 yrs

Elders 61-65 yrs

Elders 66-70 yrs

Elders 71-75 yrs

Elders 76-80 yrs

Elders Above 80 Yrs

M F M F M F M F M F M F

Chanje 481 604 194 185 89 119 48 57 24 47 10 14

Hanuman Koliwada 58 38 18 12 11 8 9 10 8 3 6 5

Kegaon 148 154 60 57 45 55 28 24 24 24 20 13

Mhatwali 22 27 15 19 13 11 8 5 5 2 5 6

Nagaon 80 86 49 36 29 23 12 15 11 5 9 13

Total 789 909 336 309 187 216 105 111 72 81 50 51

Percentage 51.3 54.2 21.8 18.4 12.2 12.9 6.8 6.6 4.7 4.8 3.2 3.0

Table-2.3: Total Elders by Age group

Total Elders by Age Elders

55-60 yrs Elders

61-65 yrs Elders

66-70 yrs Elders

71-75 yrs Elders

76-80 yrs Elders

above 80 Yrs Total

Elders

Total Elders by Age 1698 645 403 216 153 101 3216

%age Elder by Age 52.8 20.1 12.5 6.7 4.8 3.1 100

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3. Educational Status of Elders: Unit – Uran (1313) Table-3.1: Summary of Educational Status of Elders

Site Illiterate Literate Maticul-

ation Inter-

mediate Diploma Graduate

Post Graduate

Chanje 942 858 37 33 2 0 0

Hanuman Koliwada 121 49 15 0 0 1 0

Kegaon 185 296 139 24 1 5 2

Mhatwali 40 64 30 0 0 1 3

Nagaon 129 179 51 3 1 5 0

Total 1417 1446 272 60 4 12 5

%age with Total Elders 44.1 45.0 8.5 1.9 0.1 0.4 0.2

Sitewise Educational Status of Elders under age category Table-3.2: Illiterate Elders

Site

Elders 55-60 yrs

Elders 61-65 Yrs

Elders 66-70 Yrs

Elders 71-75 Yrs

Elders 76-80 Yrs

Elders above 80 Yrs

Total Elders

M F M F M F M F M F M F M F

Chanje 131 333 77 135 44 92 16 47 13 39 3 12 284 658

Hanuman Koliwada

24 31 6 11 8 8 5 10 7 3 3 5 53 68

Kegaon 17 53 9 19 9 25 9 12 6 10 6 10 56 129

Mhatwali 2 9 5 3 4 5 2 2 0 2 2 4 15 25

Nagaon 26 35 5 15 3 11 2 11 4 4 3 10 43 86

Total 200 461 102 183 68 141 34 82 30 58 17 41 451 966

%age with Total Elders

25.3 50.7 30.4 59.2 36.4 65.3 32.4 73.9 41.7 71.6 34.0 80.4 29.3 57.6

Table-3.3: Literate Elders

Site

Elders 55-60 yrs

Elders 61-65 Yrs

Elders 66-70 Yrs

Elders 71-75 Yrs

Elders 76-80 Yrs

Elders above 80 Yrs

Total Elders


Chanje 310 262 103 48 41 27 30 10 10 8 7 2 501 357

Hanuman Koliwada

24 7 7 0 3 0 4 0 1 0 3 0 42 7

Kegaon 66 69 25 24 20 26 16 11 11 13 12 3 150 146

Mhatwali 8 13 5 12 4 5 4 3 5 0 3 2 29 35

Nagaon 35 43 31 18 18 10 5 4 7 1 4 3 100 79

Total 443 394 171 102 86 68 59 28 34 22 29 10 822 624

%age 56.1 43.3 50.9 33.0 46.0 31.5 56.2 25.2 47.2 27.2 58.0 19.6 53.4 37.2

Table-3.4: Elders with Matriculation

Site

Elders 55-60 yrs

Elders 61-65 Yrs

Elders 66-70 Yrs

Elders 71-75 Yrs

Elders 76-80 Yrs

Elders above 80 Yrs

Total Elders


Chanje 21 2 9 1 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 34 3

Hanuman Koliwada

10 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0

Kegaon 56 28 19 9 12 2 3 1 6 1 2 0 98 41

Mhatwali 10 3 5 4 5 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 22 8

Nagaon 13 7 12 3 8 2 4 0 0 0 2 0 39 12

Total 110 40 50 17 27 5 10 1 7 1 4 0 208 64

%age 13.9 4.4 14.9 5.5 14.4 2.3 9.5 0.9 9.7 1.2 8.0 0.0 13.5 3.8

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Table-3.5: Elders with Intermediate

Site

Elders 55-60 yrs

Elders 61-65 Yrs

Elders 66-70 Yrs

Elders 71-75 Yrs

Elders 76-80 Yrs

Elders above 80 Yrs

Total Elders


Chanje 19 6 4 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 26 7

Hanuman Koliwada

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Kegaon 7 3 5 4 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 16 8

Mhatwali 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Nagaon 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0

Total 29 9 9 5 5 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 45 15

%age 3.7 1.0 2.7 1.6 2.7 0.5 1.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.9 0.9

Table-3.6: Elders with Graduation

Site

Elders 55-60 yrs

Elders 61-65 Yrs

Elders 66-70 Yrs

Elders 71-75 Yrs

Elders 76-80 Yrs

Elders above 80 Yrs

Total Elders


Chanje 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Hanuman Koliwada

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Kegaon 2 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0

Mhatwali 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

Nagaon 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 1

Total 5 1 3 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 2

%age 0.6 0.1 0.9 0.3 0.5 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.1

Table-3.7: Elders with Post-Graduation

Site Elders

55-60 yrs Elders

61-65 Yrs Elders

66-70 Yrs Elders

71-75 Yrs Elders

76-80 Yrs Elders

above 80 Yrs Total Elders


Chanje 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Hanuman Koliwada 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Kegaon 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

Mhatwali 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2

Nagaon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 1 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4

%age 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2

Table-3.8: Elders with Diploma

Site

Elders 55-60 yrs

Elders 61-65 Yrs

Elders 66-70 Yrs

Elders 71-75 Yrs

Elders 76-80 Yrs

Elders above 80 Yrs

Total Elders


Chanje 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

Hanuman Koliwada

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Kegaon 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Mhatwali 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Nagaon 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

Total 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2

%age 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1

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4. Occupation of Elder Members: Unit – Uran (1313) Table-4.1: Elders Category who are Not Economically Active

Category

Elders 55-60 yrs

Elders 61-65 yrs

Elders 66-70 yrs

Elders 71-75 yrs

Elders 76-80 yrs

Elders above 80 Yrs


Nil 322 215 187 111 117 104 77 55 60 37 36 35

House wife 0 600 0 158 0 94 0 46 0 34 0 11

Pensioner 19 6 14 5 16 3 3 1 2 1 6 0

Others 58 1 12 0 6 0 1 0 0 0 2 0

Total 399 822 213 274 139 201 81 102 62 72 44 46

%age 50.6 90.4 63.4 88.7 74.3 93.1 77.1 91.9 86.1 88.9 88.0 90.2

Table-4.2: Working Elders

Category

Elders 55-60 yrs

Elders 61-65 yrs

Elders 66-70 yrs

Elders 71-75 yrs

Elders 76-80 yrs

Elders above 80 Yrs


Daily wage 98 48 42 21 18 10 6 3 3 3 0 3

Business 120 16 41 4 9 1 5 2 3 1 1 0

Service 161 22 35 10 18 4 12 4 3 4 4 1

Farmers 5 1 3 0 3 0 1 0 1 1 1 1

Artisans 6 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 390 87 123 35 48 15 24 9 10 9 6 5

%age 49.4 9.6 36.6 11.3 25.7 6.9 22.9 8.1 13.9 11.1 12.0 9.8

5. Type of Disabilities in Elders: Unit: Uran (1313)

Table-5.1: Disabilities in Elders (Summary)

Disability in Elders Blind Hearing impaired

Speaking Hand Leg Mental

Problem Others

Chanje 2 9 0 9 13 0 0

Hanuman Koliwada 0 0 1 1 1 0 0

Kegaon 0 0 0 1 1 0 0

Mhatwali 0 2 0 0 0 1 0

Nagaon 1 3 0 0 0 1 0

Total 3 14 1 11 15 2 0

%age with Total Elders 0.09 0.44 0.03 0.34 0.47 0.06 0.00

Villagewise disability in Elders with Age category

Table-5.2: Disability related to Hand in Elders

Village 55-60 yrs 61-65 Yrs 66-70 Yrs 71-75 Yrs 76-80 Yrs > 80 Yrs Total


Chanje 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 3


Kegaon 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

Mhatwali 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Nagaon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 4 1 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 3

%age disability 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.3 1.1 0.5 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.2

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Table-5.3: Blindness among Elders



Chanje 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1


Kegaon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Mhatwali 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Nagaon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

Total 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 1

Percentage disability 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1

Table-5.4: Disability related to Hearing impaired in Elders



Chanje 3 5 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 6


Kegaon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Mhatwali 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2

Nagaon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 2

Total 3 5 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 4 10


Table-5.5: Disability related to Leg in Elders



Chanje 3 1 2 2 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 4


Kegaon 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

Mhatwali 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Nagaon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 5 1 2 2 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 4


Table-5.6: Mental Disability in Elders



Chanje 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


Kegaon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Mhatwali 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1

Nagaon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 2


Table-5.7: Disability related to Speaking in Elders



Chanje 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


Kegaon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Mhatwali 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Nagaon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0


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6. Habits in Elders: Unit: Uran (1313)

Table-6.1: Habits in Elders (Summary)

Site Cigarettes Beedi Tobacco Gutkha Opium

Locally brewed

Foreign Liquor


Chanje 59 0 72 1 88 27 6 3 11 1 153 3 6 0


Kegaon 15 0 1 0 7 1 2 1 1 0 12 2 29 2

Mhatwali 1 0 0 1 4 4 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0

Nagaon 10 1 23 2 43 19 4 1 0 0 35 2 2 1

Total 88 1 103 4 158 51 12 5 12 1 228 7 45 3

% with Total Elders 5.7 0.1 6.7 0.2 10.3 3.0 0.8 0.3 0.8 0.1 14.8 0.4 2.9 0.2

Villagewise Habits in Elders

Table-6.2: Cigarettes Smoking Elders

Site Elders %age

M F M F

Chanje 59 0 7.0 0.0

Hanuman Koliwada 3 0 2.7 0.0

Kegaon 15 0 4.6 0.0

Mhatwali 1 0 1.5 0.0

Nagaon 10 1 5.3 0.6

TOTAL 88 1 5.7 0.1

Table-6.2: Beedi Smoking Elders

Site Elders %age

M F M F

Chanje 72 1 8.5 0.1


Kegaon 1 0 0.3 0.0


Nagaon 23 2 12.1 1.1

TOTAL 103 4 6.7 0.2

Table-6.3: Tobacco Cheweing Elders

Site Elders %age

M F M F

Chanje 88 27 10.4 2.6


Kegaon 7 1 2.2 0.3


Nagaon 43 19 22.6 10.7

TOTAL 158 51 10.3 3.0

Table-6.4: Gutkha Consuming Elders

Site Elders %age

M F M F

Chanje 6 3 0.7 0.3


Kegaon 2 1 0.6 0.3


Nagaon 4 1 2.1 0.6

TOTAL 12 5 0.8 0.3

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Table-6.5: Opium Consuming Elders

Site Elders %age

M F M F

Chanje 11 1 1.3 0.1


Kegaon 1 0 0.3 0.0


Nagaon 0 0 0.0 0.0

TOTAL 12 1 0.8 0.1

Table-6.6: Elders consuming locally brewed Alcohol

Site Elders %age

M F M F

Chanje 153 3 18.1 0.3


Kegaon 12 2 3.7 0.6

Mhatwali 8 0 11.8 0.0

Nagaon 35 2 18.4 1.1

TOTAL 228 7 14.8 0.4

Table-6.7: Elders consuming Foreign Liquor

Site Elders %age

M F M F

Chanje 6 0 0.7 0.0


Kegaon 29 2 8.9 0.6


Nagaon 2 1 1.1 0.6

TOTAL 45 3 2.9 0.2

7. Diseases in Elders: Unit- Uran (1313)

Table-7.1: Diseases in Elders (Summary)

Site Diabetes Allergies Asthma

Heart Problem

Tuber-culosis

Hyper-tension

Joint Pain Ulcer

M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F

Chanje 121 78 7 3 20 19 50 36 4 2 99 141 469 419 14 11

Hanuman Koliwada 11 3 0 0 1 1 2 3 0 0 15 12 31 18 1 1

Kegaon 41 12 0 0 3 6 12 2 0 0 64 40 51 42 1 0

Mhatwali 6 3 0 0 3 1 3 1 0 0 8 16 13 20 0 0

Nagaon 16 9 2 1 9 5 4 1 0 0 30 29 73 61 2 2

Total 195 105 9 4 36 32 71 43 4 2 216 238 637 560 18 14

%age to Total Elders

12.7 6.3 0.6 0.2 2.3 1.9 4.6 2.6 0.3 0.1 14.0 14.2 41.4 33.4 1.2 0.8

Villagewise Diseases in Elders Table-7.2: Elders suffering from Diabetes

Site Male Female %M %F

Chanje 121 78 14.30 7.60


Kegaon 41 12 12.62 3.67

Mhatwali 6 3 8.82 4.29

Nagaon 16 9 8.42 5.06

Total 195 105 12.67 6.26

10

Table-7.3: Elders suffering from Allergies


Chanje 7 3 0.83 0.29


Kegaon 0 0 0.00 0.00

Mhatwali 0 0 0.00 0.00

Nagaon 2 1 1.05 0.56

Total 9 4 0.58 0.24

Table-7.4: Elders suffering from Asthma


Chanje 20 19 2.36 1.85


Kegaon 3 6 0.92 1.83

Mhatwali 3 1 4.41 1.43

Nagaon 9 5 4.74 2.81

Total 36 32 2.34 1.91

Table-7.5: Elders suffering from Heart Problem


Chanje 50 36 5.91 3.51


Kegaon 12 2 3.69 0.61

Mhatwali 3 1 4.41 1.43

Nagaon 4 1 2.11 0.56

Total 71 43 4.61 2.56

Table-7.6: Elders suffering from Tuberculosis


Chanje 4 2 0.47 0.19


Kegaon 0 0 0.00 0.00

Mhatwali 0 0 0.00 0.00

Nagaon 0 0 0.00 0.00

Total 4 2 0.26 0.12

Table-7.7: Elders suffering from Hypertension


Chanje 99 141 11.70 13.74


Kegaon 64 40 19.69 12.23

Mhatwali 8 16 11.76 22.86

Nagaon 30 29 15.79 16.29

Total 216 238 14.04 14.19

Table-7.8: Elders suffering from Joint Pain


Chanje 469 419 55.44 40.84


Kegaon 51 42 15.69 12.84

Mhatwali 13 20 19.12 28.57

Nagaon 73 61 38.42 34.27

Total 637 560 41.39 33.39

11

Table-7.9: Elders suffering from Ulcer


Chanje 14 11 1.65 1.07


Kegaon 1 0 0.31 0.00

Mhatwali 0 0 0.00 0.00

Nagaon 2 2 1.05 1.12

Total 18 14 1.17 0.83

8. Monthly Income of families – Unit- Uran (1313)

Income Range Families %age

Income not Recorded 255

<=1500 118 5.7

1501-2000 152 7.3

2001-5000 803 38.6

5001-10000 571 27.5

10001-20000 303 14.6

20001-50000 114 5.5

>50000 18 0.9

Total 2079

Total HHs Surveyed 2334

<=15005.7%

1501-20007.3%

2001-500038.6%

5001-1000027.5%

10001-2000014.6%

20001-500005.5%

>500000.9%

Monthly Income of HHs (Uran) 1313

Documents

Mobile Health Care Programme for the Aged · Mumbai mega-city. The plant was established after acquiring land from adjacent villages. Therefore, the target villages surrounding Uran