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Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
1
Mo
bile
Co
mm
un
icat
ion
s C
hap
ter
7: W
irel
ess
LA
Ns
Cha
ract
eris
tics
IEE
E 8
02.1
1P
HY
MA
C
Roa
min
g.1
1a, b
, g, h
, i …
HIP
ER
LAN
Sta
ndar
ds o
verv
iew
Hip
erLA
N2
QoS
Blu
etoo
thC
ompa
rison
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
2
Cha
ract
eris
tics
of w
irele
ss L
AN
s
Adv
anta
ges
very
flex
ible
with
in th
e re
cept
ion
area
Ad-
hoc
netw
orks
with
out p
revi
ous
plan
ning
pos
sibl
e(a
lmos
t) n
o w
iring
diff
icul
ties
(e.g
. his
toric
bui
ldin
gs, f
irew
alls
)
mor
e ro
bust
aga
inst
dis
aste
rs li
ke, e
.g.,
eart
hqua
kes,
fire
-or
use
rs p
ullin
g a
plug
...
Dis
adva
ntag
esty
pica
lly v
ery
low
ban
dwid
th c
ompa
red
to w
ired
netw
orks
(1
-10
Mbi
t/s)
man
y pr
oprie
tary
sol
utio
ns, e
spec
ially
for
high
er b
it-ra
tes,
sta
ndar
ds ta
ke
thei
r tim
e (e
.g. I
EE
E 8
02.1
1)
prod
ucts
hav
e to
follo
w m
any
natio
nal r
estr
ictio
ns if
wor
king
wire
less
, it
take
s a
vary
long
tim
e to
est
ablis
h gl
obal
sol
utio
ns li
ke, e
.g.,
IMT
-200
0
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
3
Des
ign
goal
s fo
r w
irele
ss L
AN
s
glob
al, s
eam
less
ope
ratio
n
low
pow
er fo
r ba
ttery
use
no s
peci
al p
erm
issi
ons
or li
cens
es n
eede
d to
use
the
LAN
ro
bust
tran
smis
sion
tech
nolo
gy
sim
plifi
ed s
pont
aneo
us c
oope
ratio
n at
mee
tings
easy
to u
se fo
r ev
eryo
ne, s
impl
e m
anag
emen
t pr
otec
tion
of in
vest
men
t in
wire
d ne
twor
ks
secu
rity
(no
one
shou
ld b
e ab
le to
rea
d m
y da
ta),
priv
acy
(no
one
shou
ld
be a
ble
to c
olle
ct u
ser
prof
iles)
, saf
ety
(low
rad
iatio
n)
tran
spar
ency
con
cern
ing
appl
icat
ions
and
hig
her
laye
r pr
otoc
ols,
but a
lso
loca
tion
awar
enes
s if
nece
ssar
y
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
4
Com
paris
on: i
nfra
red
vs. r
adio
tran
smis
sion
Infr
ared
uses
IR d
iode
s, d
iffus
e lig
ht,
mul
tiple
ref
lect
ions
(w
alls
, fu
rnitu
re e
tc.)
Adv
anta
ges
sim
ple,
che
ap, a
vaila
ble
in
man
y m
obile
dev
ices
no li
cens
es n
eede
d
sim
ple
shie
ldin
g po
ssib
le
Dis
adva
ntag
esin
terf
eren
ce b
y su
nlig
ht, h
eat
sour
ces
etc.
man
y th
ings
shi
eld
or a
bsor
b IR
lig
ht
low
ban
dwid
th
Exa
mpl
e IrD
A (
Infr
ared
Dat
a A
ssoc
iatio
n)
inte
rfac
e av
aila
ble
ever
ywhe
re
Rad
ioty
pica
lly u
sing
the
licen
se fr
ee
ISM
ban
d at
2.4
GH
z
Adv
anta
ges
expe
rienc
e fr
om w
irele
ss W
AN
an
d m
obile
pho
nes
can
be u
sed
cove
rage
of l
arge
r ar
eas
poss
ible
(ra
dio
can
pene
trat
e w
alls
, fur
nitu
re e
tc.)
Dis
adva
ntag
esve
ry li
mite
d lic
ense
free
fr
eque
ncy
band
s sh
ield
ing
mor
e di
fficu
lt,
inte
rfer
ence
with
oth
er e
lect
rical
de
vice
s
Exa
mpl
e Wav
eLA
N, H
IPE
RLA
N,
Blu
etoo
th
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
5
Com
paris
on: i
nfra
stru
ctur
e vs
. ad-
hoc
netw
orks
infr
astr
uctu
rene
twor
k
ad-h
oc n
etw
ork
AP
AP
AP
wire
dne
twor
k
AP
: Acc
ess
Poi
nt
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
6
802.
11 -
Arc
hite
ctur
e of
an
infr
astr
uctu
re n
etw
ork
Sta
tion
(ST
A)
term
inal
with
acc
ess
mec
hani
sms
to th
e w
irele
ss m
ediu
m a
nd r
adio
co
ntac
t to
the
acce
ss p
oint
Bas
ic S
ervi
ce S
et (
BS
S)
grou
p of
sta
tions
usi
ng th
e sa
me
radi
o fr
eque
ncy
Acc
ess
Poi
ntst
atio
n in
tegr
ated
into
the
wire
less
LA
N a
nd th
e di
strib
utio
n sy
stem
Por
tal brid
ge to
oth
er (
wire
d) n
etw
orks
Dis
trib
utio
n S
yste
min
terc
onne
ctio
n ne
twor
k to
form
on
e lo
gica
l net
wor
k (E
ES
: E
xten
ded
Ser
vice
Set
) ba
sed
on s
ever
al B
SS
Dis
trib
utio
n S
yste
m
Por
tal
802.
x LA
N
Acc
ess
Poi
nt
802.
11 L
AN
BS
S2
802.
11 L
AN
BS
S1
Acc
ess
Poi
nt
ST
A1
ST
A2
ST
A3
ES
S
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
7
802.
11 -
Arc
hite
ctur
e of
an
ad-h
oc n
etw
ork
Dire
ct c
omm
unic
atio
n w
ithin
a li
mite
d ra
nge
Sta
tion
(ST
A):
term
inal
with
acc
ess
mec
hani
sms
to
the
wire
less
med
ium
Inde
pend
ent B
asic
Ser
vice
Set
(I
BS
S):
grou
p of
sta
tions
usi
ng th
e sa
me
radi
o fr
eque
ncy
802.
11 L
AN
IBS
S2
802.
11 L
AN
IBS
S1
ST
A1
ST
A4
ST
A5
ST
A2
ST
A3
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
8
IEE
E s
tand
ard
802.
11
mob
ile te
rmin
al
acce
ss p
oint
fixed
term
inal
appl
icat
ion
TC
P
802.
11 P
HY
802.
11 M
AC
IP
802.
3 M
AC
802.
3 P
HY
appl
icat
ion
TC
P
802.
3 P
HY
802.
3 M
AC
IP
802.
11 M
AC
802.
11 P
HYLL
C
infr
astr
uctu
rene
twor
k
LLC
LLC
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
9
802.
11 -
Laye
rs a
nd fu
nctio
ns
PLC
P P
hysi
calL
ayer
Con
verg
ence
Pro
toco
l
clea
r ch
anne
l ass
essm
ent s
igna
l (c
arrie
r se
nse)
PM
D P
hysi
calM
ediu
m D
epen
dent
mod
ulat
ion,
cod
ing
PH
Y M
anag
emen
tch
anne
l sel
ectio
n, M
IB
Sta
tion
Man
agem
ent
coor
dina
tion
of a
ll m
anag
emen
t fu
nctio
ns
PM
D
PLC
P
MA
C
LLC
MA
C M
anag
emen
t
PH
Y M
anag
emen
t
MA
Cac
cess
mec
hani
sms,
frag
men
tatio
n,
encr
yptio
n
MA
C M
anag
emen
tsy
nchr
oniz
atio
n, r
oam
ing,
MIB
, po
wer
man
agem
ent
PHYDLC
Station Management
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
10
802.
11 -
Phy
sica
l lay
er
3 ve
rsio
ns: 2
rad
io (
typ.
2.4
GH
z), 1
IRda
ta r
ates
1 o
r 2
Mbi
t/s
FH
SS
(F
requ
ency
Hop
ping
Spr
ead
Spe
ctru
m)
spre
adin
g, d
espr
eadi
ng, s
igna
l str
engt
h, ty
p. 1
Mbi
t/s
min
. 2.5
freq
uenc
y ho
ps/s
(U
SA
), tw
o-le
vel G
FS
K m
odul
atio
n
DS
SS
(D
irect
Seq
uenc
e S
prea
d S
pect
rum
)D
BP
SK
mod
ulat
ion
for
1 M
bit/s
(D
iffer
entia
l Bin
ary
Pha
se S
hift
Key
ing)
, D
QP
SK
for
2 M
bit/s
(D
iffer
entia
l Qua
drat
ure
PS
K)
prea
mbl
e an
d he
ader
of a
fram
e is
alw
ays
tran
smitt
ed w
ith 1
Mbi
t/s, r
est
of tr
ansm
issi
on 1
or
2 M
bit/s
chip
ping
seq
uenc
e: +
1, -
1, +
1, +
1, -
1, +
1, +
1, +
1, -
1, -
1, -
1 (B
arke
r co
de)
max
. rad
iate
d po
wer
1 W
(U
SA
), 1
00 m
W (
EU
), m
in. 1
mW
Infr
ared
850-
950
nm, d
iffus
e lig
ht, t
yp. 1
0 m
ran
geca
rrie
r de
tect
ion,
ene
rgy
dete
ctio
n, s
ynch
oniz
atio
n
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
11
FH
SS
PH
Y p
acke
t for
mat
sync
hron
izat
ion
SF
DP
LWP
SF
HE
Cpa
yloa
d
PLC
P p
ream
ble
PLC
P h
eade
r
8016
124
16va
riabl
ebi
ts
Syn
chro
niza
tion
sync
h w
ith 0
1010
1...
patte
rn
SF
D (
Sta
rt F
ram
e D
elim
iter)
0000
1100
1011
1101
sta
rt p
atte
rn
PLW
(P
LCP
_PD
U L
engt
h W
ord)
leng
th o
f pay
load
incl
. 32
bit C
RC
of p
aylo
ad, P
LW <
409
6
PS
F (
PLC
P S
igna
ling
Fie
ld)
data
of p
aylo
ad (
1 or
2 M
bit/s
)
HE
C (
Hea
der
Err
or C
heck
)C
RC
with
x16
+x1
2 +x5
+1
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
12
DS
SS
PH
Y p
acke
t for
mat
sync
hron
izat
ion
SF
Dsi
gnal
serv
ice
HE
Cpa
yloa
d
PLC
P p
ream
ble
PLC
P h
eade
r
128
168
816
varia
ble
bits
leng
th
16
Syn
chro
niza
tion
sync
h., g
ain
setti
ng, e
nerg
y de
tect
ion,
freq
uenc
y of
fset
com
pens
atio
n
SF
D (
Sta
rt F
ram
e D
elim
iter)
1111
0011
1010
0000
Sig
nal da
ta r
ate
of th
e pa
yloa
d (0
A: 1
Mbi
t/s D
BP
SK
; 14:
2 M
bit/s
DQ
PS
K)
Ser
vice
Leng
thfu
ture
use
, 00:
802
.11
com
plia
nt
leng
th o
f the
pay
load
HE
C (
Hea
der
Err
or C
heck
)pr
otec
tion
of s
igna
l, se
rvic
e an
d le
ngth
, x16
+x1
2 +x5
+1
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
13
802.
11 -
MA
C la
yer
I -D
FW
MA
C
Tra
ffic
serv
ices
Asy
nchr
onou
s D
ata
Ser
vice
(m
anda
tory
)ex
chan
ge o
f dat
a pa
cket
s ba
sed
on “
best
-effo
rt”
supp
ort o
f bro
adca
st a
nd m
ultic
ast
Tim
e-B
ound
ed S
ervi
ce (
optio
nal)
impl
emen
ted
usin
g P
CF
(P
oint
Coo
rdin
atio
n F
unct
ion)
Acc
ess
met
hods
DF
WM
AC
-DC
F C
SM
A/C
A (
man
dato
ry)
colli
sion
avo
idan
ce v
ia r
ando
miz
ed „
back
-off“
mec
hani
smm
inim
um d
ista
nce
betw
een
cons
ecut
ive
pack
ets
AC
K p
acke
t for
ack
now
ledg
emen
ts (
not f
or b
road
cast
s)
DF
WM
AC
-DC
F w
/ RT
S/C
TS
(op
tiona
l)D
istr
ibut
ed F
ound
atio
n W
irele
ss M
AC
avoi
ds h
idde
n te
rmin
al p
robl
em
DF
WM
AC
-P
CF
(op
tiona
l)ac
cess
poi
nt p
olls
term
inal
s ac
cord
ing
to a
list
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
14
802.
11 -
MA
C la
yer
II
Prio
ritie
s defin
ed th
roug
h di
ffere
nt in
ter
fram
e sp
aces
no g
uara
ntee
d, h
ard
prio
ritie
sS
IFS
(S
hort
Inte
r F
ram
e S
paci
ng)
high
est p
riorit
y, fo
r A
CK
, CT
S, p
ollin
g re
spon
se
PIF
S (
PC
F IF
S)
med
ium
prio
rity,
for
time-
boun
ded
serv
ice
usin
g P
CF
DIF
S (
DC
F, D
istr
ibut
ed C
oord
inat
ion
Fun
ctio
n IF
S)
low
est p
riorit
y, fo
r as
ynch
rono
us d
ata
serv
ice
t
med
ium
busy
SIF
SP
IFS
DIF
SD
IFS
next
fram
eco
nten
tion
dire
ctac
cess
ifm
ediu
mis
free
≥D
IFS
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
15
t
med
ium
busy
DIF
SD
IFS
next
fram
e
cont
entio
nw
indo
w(r
ando
miz
edba
ck-o
ffm
echa
nism
)
802.
11 -
CS
MA
/CA
acc
ess
met
hod
I
stat
ion
read
y to
sen
d st
arts
sen
sing
the
med
ium
(C
arrie
r S
ense
ba
sed
on C
CA
, Cle
ar C
hann
el A
sses
smen
t)if
the
med
ium
is fr
ee fo
r th
e du
ratio
n of
an
Inte
r-F
ram
e S
pace
(IF
S),
th
e st
atio
n ca
n st
art s
endi
ng (
IFS
dep
ends
on
serv
ice
type
)if
the
med
ium
is b
usy,
the
stat
ion
has
to w
ait f
or a
free
IFS
, the
n th
e st
atio
n m
ust a
dditi
onal
ly w
ait a
ran
dom
bac
k-of
f tim
e (c
ollis
ion
avoi
danc
e, m
ultip
le o
f slo
t-tim
e)
if an
othe
r st
atio
n oc
cupi
es th
e m
ediu
m d
urin
g th
e ba
ck-o
ff tim
e of
th
e st
atio
n, th
e ba
ck-o
ff tim
er s
tops
(fa
irnes
s)slot
time
dire
ctac
cess
ifm
ediu
mis
free
≥D
IFS
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
16
802.
11 -
com
petin
gst
atio
ns-
sim
ple
vers
ion
t
busy
boe
stat
ion 1
stat
ion 2
stat
ion 3
stat
ion 4
stat
ion 5
pack
et a
rriv
alat
MA
C
DIF
Sbo
e
boe
boe
busy
elap
sed
back
off t
ime
bor
resi
dual
bac
koff
time
busy
med
ium
not i
dle
(fra
me,
ack
etc.
)
borbo
r
DIF
S
boe
boe
boe
bor
DIF
S
busy
busy
DIF
Sbo
ebu
sy
boe
boe
bor
bor
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
17
802.
11 -
CS
MA
/CA
acc
ess
met
hod
II
Sen
ding
uni
cast
pac
kets
stat
ion
has
to w
ait f
or D
IFS
bef
ore
send
ing
data
rece
iver
s ac
know
ledg
e at
onc
e (a
fter
wai
ting
for
SIF
S)
if th
e pa
cket
was
re
ceiv
ed c
orre
ctly
(C
RC
)au
tom
atic
ret
rans
mis
sion
of d
ata
pack
ets
in c
ase
of tr
ansm
issi
oner
rors
t
SIF
S
DIF
S
data
AC
K
wai
ting
time
othe
rst
atio
ns
rece
iver
send
erda
ta
DIF
S
cont
entio
n
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
18
802.
11 -
DF
WM
AC
Sen
ding
uni
cast
pac
kets
stat
ion
can
send
RT
S w
ith r
eser
vatio
n pa
ram
eter
afte
r w
aitin
g fo
r D
IFS
(r
eser
vatio
n de
term
ines
am
ount
of t
ime
the
data
pac
ket n
eeds
the
med
ium
)
ackn
owle
dgem
ent v
ia C
TS
afte
r S
IFS
by
rece
iver
(if
read
y to
rec
eive
)se
nder
can
now
sen
d da
ta a
t onc
e, a
ckno
wle
dgem
ent v
ia A
CK
othe
r st
atio
ns s
tore
med
ium
res
erva
tions
dis
trib
uted
via
RT
S a
ndC
TS
t
SIF
S
DIF
S
data
AC
K
defe
rac
cess
othe
rst
atio
ns
rece
iver
send
erda
ta
DIF
S
cont
entio
n
RT
S
CT
SS
IFS
SIF
S
NA
V (
RT
S)
NA
V (
CT
S)
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
19
Fra
gmen
tatio
n
t
SIF
S
DIF
S
data
AC
K1
othe
rst
atio
ns
rece
iver
send
erfr
ag1
DIF
S
cont
entio
n
RT
S
CT
SS
IFS
SIF
S
NA
V (
RT
S)
NA
V (
CT
S)
NA
V (
frag
1)N
AV
(A
CK
1)
SIF
SA
CK
2
frag
2
SIF
S
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
20
DF
WM
AC
-PC
F I
PIF
S
stat
ions
‘N
AV
wire
less
stat
ions
poin
t co
ordi
nato
r
D1
U1
SIF
S
NA
V
SIF
SD
2
U2
SIF
S
SIF
S
Sup
erF
ram
et 0
med
ium
busy
t 1
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
21
DF
WM
AC
-PC
F II
tst
atio
ns‘
NA
V
wire
less
stat
ions
poin
t co
ordi
nato
r
D3
NA
V
PIF
SD
4
U4
SIF
S
SIF
SC
Fen
d
cont
entio
npe
riod
cont
entio
nfr
eepe
riod
t 2t 3
t 4
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
22
802.
11 -
Fra
me
form
at
Typ
esco
ntro
l fra
mes
, man
agem
ent f
ram
es, d
ata
fram
es
Seq
uenc
e nu
mbe
rsim
port
ant a
gain
st d
uplic
ated
fram
es d
ue to
lost
AC
Ks
Add
ress
esre
ceiv
er, t
rans
mitt
er (
phys
ical
), B
SS
iden
tifie
r, s
ende
r (lo
gica
l)
Mis
cella
neou
sse
ndin
g tim
e, c
heck
sum
, fra
me
cont
rol,
data
Fra
me
Con
trol
Dur
atio
n/ID
Add
ress
1A
ddre
ss2
Add
ress
3S
eque
nce
Con
trol
Add
ress
4D
ata
CR
C
22
66
66
24
0-23
12by
tes P
roto
col
vers
ion
Typ
eS
ubty
peT
oD
SM
ore
Fra
gR
etry
Pow
erM
gmt
Mor
eD
ata
WE
P
22
41
Fro
mD
S
1
Ord
er
bits
11
11
11
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
23
MA
C a
ddre
ss fo
rmat
scen
ario
to D
Sfr
om
DS
add
ress
1ad
dre
ss 2
add
ress
3ad
dre
ss 4
ad-h
oc n
etw
ork
00
DA
SA
BS
SID
-in
fras
truc
ture
netw
ork,
from
AP
01
DA
BS
SID
SA
-
infr
astr
uctu
rene
twor
k, to
AP
10
BS
SID
SA
DA
-
infr
astr
uctu
rene
twor
k, w
ithin
DS
11
RA
TA
DA
SA
DS
: Dis
trib
utio
n S
yste
mA
P: A
cces
s P
oint
DA
: Des
tinat
ion
Add
ress
SA
: Sou
rce
Add
ress
BS
SID
: Bas
ic S
ervi
ce S
et Id
entif
ier
RA
: Rec
eive
r A
ddre
ssT
A: T
rans
mitt
er A
ddre
ss
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
24
Spe
cial
Fra
mes
: AC
K, R
TS
, CT
S
Ack
now
ledg
emen
t
Req
uest
To
Sen
d
Cle
arT
o S
end
Fra
me
Con
trol
Dur
atio
nR
ecei
ver
Add
ress
Tra
nsm
itter
Add
ress
CR
C
22
66
4by
tes
Fra
me
Con
trol
Dur
atio
nR
ecei
ver
Add
ress
CR
C
22
64
byte
sFra
me
Con
trol
Dur
atio
nR
ecei
ver
Add
ress
CR
C
22
64
byte
s
AC
K
RT
S
CT
S
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
25
802.
11 -
MA
C m
anag
emen
t
Syn
chro
niza
tion
try
to fi
nd a
LA
N, t
ry to
sta
y w
ithin
a L
AN
timer
etc
.
Pow
er m
anag
emen
tsl
eep-
mod
e w
ithou
t mis
sing
a m
essa
gepe
riodi
c sl
eep,
fram
e bu
fferin
g, tr
affic
mea
sure
men
ts
Ass
ocia
tion/
Rea
ssoc
iatio
nin
tegr
atio
n in
to a
LA
Nro
amin
g, i.
e. c
hang
e ne
twor
ks b
y ch
angi
ng a
cces
s po
ints
scan
ning
, i.e
. act
ive
sear
ch fo
r a
netw
ork
MIB
-M
anag
emen
t Inf
orm
atio
n B
ase
man
agin
g, r
ead,
writ
e
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
26
Syn
chro
niza
tion
usin
ga
Bea
con
(infr
astr
uctu
re)
beac
onin
terv
al
tm
ediu
m
acce
sspo
int
busy
B
busy
busy
busy
BB
B
valu
eof
the
times
tam
pB
beac
onfr
ame
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
27
Syn
chro
niza
tion
usin
ga
Bea
con
(ad-
hoc)
tm
ediu
m
stat
ion 1
busy
B1
beac
onin
terv
al busy
busy
busy
B1
valu
eof
the
times
tam
pB
beac
onfr
ame
stat
ion 2
B2
B2
rand
omde
lay
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
28
Pow
er m
anag
emen
t
Idea
: sw
itch
the
tran
scei
ver
off i
f not
nee
ded
Sta
tes
of a
sta
tion:
sle
ep a
nd a
wak
eT
imin
g S
ynch
roni
zatio
n F
unct
ion
(TS
F)
stat
ions
wak
e up
at t
he s
ame
time
Infr
astr
uctu
reT
raffi
c In
dica
tion
Map
(T
IM)
list o
f uni
cast
rec
eive
rs tr
ansm
itted
by
AP
Del
iver
y T
raffi
c In
dica
tion
Map
(D
TIM
)lis
t of b
road
cast
/mul
ticas
t rec
eive
rs tr
ansm
itted
by
AP
Ad-
hoc A
d-ho
c T
raffi
c In
dica
tion
Map
(A
TIM
)an
noun
cem
ent o
f rec
eive
rs b
y st
atio
ns b
uffe
ring
fram
es
mor
e co
mpl
icat
ed -
no c
entr
al A
P
colli
sion
of A
TIM
spo
ssib
le (
scal
abili
ty?)
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
29
Pow
er s
avin
gw
ithw
ake-
uppa
ttern
s(in
fras
truc
ture
)
TIM
inte
rval
t
med
ium
acce
sspo
int
busy
D
busy
busy
busy
TT
D
TT
IMD
DT
IM
DT
IM in
terv
al
BB
Bbr
oadc
ast/m
ultic
ast
stat
ion
awak
e
pP
S p
oll
p
d
d
dda
tatr
ansm
issi
onto
/from
the
stat
ion
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
30
Pow
er s
avin
gw
ithw
ake-
uppa
ttern
s(a
d-ho
c)
awak
e
Atr
ansm
it A
TIM
Dtr
ansm
it da
ta
t
stat
ion 1
B1
B1
Bbe
acon
fram
e
stat
ion 2
B2
B2
rand
om d
elay
A
a
D
d
AT
IMw
indo
wbe
acon
inte
rval
aac
know
ledg
e A
TIM
dac
know
ledg
e da
ta
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
31
802.
11 -
Roa
min
g
No
or b
ad c
onne
ctio
n? T
hen
perf
orm
:S
cann
ing
scan
the
envi
ronm
ent,
i.e.,
liste
n in
to th
e m
ediu
m fo
r be
acon
sig
nals
or
send
pro
bes
into
the
med
ium
and
wai
t for
an
answ
er
Rea
ssoc
iatio
nR
eque
stst
atio
n se
nds
a re
ques
t to
one
or s
ever
al A
P(s
)
Rea
ssoc
iatio
nR
espo
nse
succ
ess:
AP
has
ans
wer
ed, s
tatio
n ca
n no
w p
artic
ipat
e
failu
re: c
ontin
ue s
cann
ing
AP
acc
epts
Rea
ssoc
iatio
nR
eque
stsi
gnal
the
new
sta
tion
to th
e di
strib
utio
n sy
stem
the
dist
ribut
ion
syst
em u
pdat
es it
s da
ta b
ase
(i.e.
, loc
atio
n in
form
atio
n)ty
pica
lly, t
he d
istr
ibut
ion
syst
em n
ow in
form
s th
e ol
d A
P s
o it
can
rele
ase
reso
urce
s
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
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MC
SS
027.
32
WLA
N: I
EE
E 8
02.1
1b
Dat
a ra
te 1, 2
, 5.5
, 11
Mbi
t/s, d
epen
ding
on
SN
R
Use
r da
ta r
ate
max
. app
rox.
6
Mbi
t/s
Tra
nsm
issi
on r
ange
300m
out
door
, 30m
indo
or
Max
. dat
a ra
te ~
10m
indo
or
Fre
quen
cy Fre
e 2.
4 G
Hz
ISM
-ban
d
Sec
urity
Lim
ited,
WE
P in
secu
re, S
SID
Cos
t10
0€ a
dapt
er, 2
50€ b
ase
stat
ion,
dr
oppi
ng
Ava
ilabi
lity
Man
y pr
oduc
ts, m
any
vend
ors
Con
nect
ion
set-
up ti
me
Con
nect
ionl
ess/
alw
ays
on
Qua
lity
of S
ervi
ceT
yp. B
est e
ffort
, no
guar
ante
es
(unl
ess
polli
ng is
use
d, li
mite
d su
ppor
t in
prod
ucts
)
Man
agea
bilit
yLi
mite
d (n
o au
tom
ated
key
di
strib
utio
n, s
ym. E
ncry
ptio
n)
Spe
cial
Adv
anta
ges/
Dis
adva
ntag
esA
dvan
tage
: man
y in
stal
led
syst
ems,
lo
t of e
xper
ienc
e, a
vaila
ble
wor
ldw
ide,
free
ISM
-ban
d, m
any
vend
ors,
inte
grat
ed in
lapt
ops,
si
mpl
e sy
stem
Dis
adva
ntag
e: h
eavy
inte
rfer
ence
on
ISM
-ban
d, n
o se
rvic
e gu
aran
tees
, slo
w r
elat
ive
spee
d on
ly
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
33
IEE
E 8
02.1
1b –
PH
Y fr
ame
form
ats
sync
hron
izat
ion
SF
Dsi
gnal
serv
ice
HE
Cpa
yloa
d
PLC
P p
ream
ble
PLC
P h
eade
r
128
168
816
varia
ble
bits
leng
th
16
192
µs
at 1
Mbi
t/s D
BP
SK
1, 2
, 5.5
or
11 M
bit/s
shor
tsyn
ch.
SF
Dsi
gnal
serv
ice
HE
Cpa
yloa
d
PLC
P p
ream
ble
(1 M
bit/s
, DB
PS
K)
PLC
P h
eade
r(2
Mbi
t/s, D
QP
SK
)
5616
88
16va
riabl
ebi
ts
leng
th
16
96 µ
s2,
5.5
or
11 M
bit/s
Long
PLC
P P
PD
U fo
rmat
Sho
rt P
LCP
PP
DU
form
at(o
ptio
nal)
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
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w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
34
Cha
nnel
sele
ctio
n(n
on-o
verla
ppin
g)
2400
[MH
z]24
1224
83.5
2442
2472
chan
nel1
chan
nel7
chan
nel1
3
Eur
ope
(ET
SI)
US
(F
CC
)/C
anad
a(I
C)
2400
[MH
z]24
1224
83.5
2437
2462
chan
nel1
chan
nel6
chan
nel1
1
22 M
Hz
22 M
Hz
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
35
WLA
N: I
EE
E 8
02.1
1a
Dat
a ra
te 6, 9
, 12,
18,
24,
36,
48,
54
Mbi
t/s,
depe
ndin
g on
SN
RU
ser
thro
ughp
ut (
1500
byt
e pa
cket
s): 5
.3
(6),
18
(24)
, 24
(36)
, 32
(54)
6,
12,
24
Mbi
t/s m
anda
tory
Tra
nsm
issi
on r
ange
100m
out
door
, 10m
indo
orE
.g.,
54 M
bit/s
up
to 5
m, 4
8 up
to 1
2 m
, 36
up
to 2
5 m
, 24
up to
30m
, 18
up to
40
m, 1
2 up
to 6
0 m
Fre
quen
cy Fre
e 5.
15-5
.25,
5.2
5-5.
35, 5
.725
-5.8
25
GH
z IS
M-b
and
Sec
urity
Lim
ited,
WE
P in
secu
re, S
SID
Cos
t28
0€ a
dapt
er, 5
00€ b
ase
stat
ion
Ava
ilabi
lity
Som
e pr
oduc
ts, s
ome
vend
ors
Con
nect
ion
set-
up ti
me
Con
nect
ionl
ess/
alw
ays
on
Qua
lity
of S
ervi
ceT
yp. b
est e
ffort
, no
guar
ante
es (
sam
e as
al
l 802
.11
prod
ucts
)
Man
agea
bilit
yLi
mite
d (n
o au
tom
ated
key
dis
trib
utio
n,
sym
. Enc
rypt
ion)
Spe
cial
Adv
anta
ges/
Dis
adva
ntag
esA
dvan
tage
: fits
into
802
.x s
tand
ards
, fre
e IS
M-b
and,
ava
ilabl
e, s
impl
e sy
stem
, us
es le
ss c
row
ded
5 G
Hz
band
Dis
adva
ntag
e: s
tron
ger
shad
ing
due
to
high
er fr
eque
ncy,
no
QoS
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
36
IEE
E 8
02.1
1a –
PH
Y fr
ame
form
at
rate
serv
ice
payl
oad
varia
ble
bits
6 M
bit/s
PLC
P p
ream
ble
sign
alda
ta
sym
bols
121
varia
ble
rese
rved
leng
thta
ilpa
rity
tail
pad
616
61
121
4va
riabl
e
6, 9
, 12,
18,
24,
36,
48,
54
Mbi
t/s
PLC
P h
eade
r
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
37
Ope
ratin
gch
anne
lsfo
r80
2.11
a / U
S U
-NII
5150
[MH
z]51
8053
5052
00
3644
16.6
MH
z
cent
er fr
eque
ncy
=
5000
+ 5
*cha
nnel
num
ber
[MH
z]
chan
nel
4048
5256
6064
149
153
157
161
5220
5240
5260
5280
5300
5320
5725
[MH
z]57
4558
2557
65
16.6
MH
z
chan
nel
5785
5805
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
38
OF
DM
in IE
EE
802
.11a
(an
d H
iper
LAN
2)
OF
DM
with
52
used
sub
carr
iers
(64
in to
tal)
48 d
ata
+ 4
pilo
t(p
lus
12 v
irtua
l sub
carr
iers
)31
2.5
kHz
spac
ing
subc
arrie
rnu
mbe
r1
721
26-2
6-2
1-7
-1
chan
nelc
ente
rfr
eque
ncy
312.
5 kH
zpi
lot
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
39
WLA
N: I
EE
E 8
02.1
1 –
futu
re d
evel
opm
ents
(08
/200
2)
802.
11d:
Reg
ulat
ory
Dom
ain
Upd
ate
–co
mpl
eted
802.
11e:
MA
C E
nhan
cem
ents
–Q
oS –
ongo
ing
Enh
ance
the
curr
ent 8
02.1
1 M
AC
to e
xpan
d su
ppor
t for
app
licat
ions
with
Q
ualit
y of
Ser
vice
req
uire
men
ts, a
nd in
the
capa
bilit
ies
and
effic
ienc
y of
the
prot
ocol
.
802.
11f:
Inte
r-A
cces
s P
oint
Pro
toco
l –on
goin
gE
stab
lish
an In
ter-
Acc
ess
Poi
nt P
roto
col f
or d
ata
exch
ange
via
the
dist
ribut
ion
syst
em.
802.
11g:
Dat
a R
ates
> 2
0 M
bit/s
at 2
.4 G
Hz;
54
Mbi
t/s, O
FD
M–
ongo
ing
802.
11h:
Spe
ctru
m M
anag
ed 8
02.1
1a (
DC
S, T
PC
) –
ongo
ing
802.
11i:
Enh
ance
d S
ecur
ity M
echa
nism
s –
ongo
ing
Enh
ance
the
curr
ent 8
02.1
1 M
AC
to p
rovi
de im
prov
emen
ts in
sec
urity
.
Stu
dy G
roup
s5
GH
z (h
arm
oniz
atio
n E
TS
I/IE
EE
) –
clos
ed
Rad
io R
esou
rce
Mea
sure
men
ts –
star
ted
Hig
h T
hrou
ghpu
t –st
arte
d
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
40
ET
SI -
HIP
ER
LAN
ET
SI s
tand
ard
Eur
opea
n st
anda
rd, c
f. G
SM
, DE
CT
, ...
Enh
ance
men
t of l
ocal
Net
wor
ks a
nd in
terw
orki
ngw
ith fi
xed
netw
orks
inte
grat
ion
of ti
me-
sens
itive
ser
vice
s fr
om th
e ea
rly b
egin
ning
HIP
ER
LAN
fam
ilyon
e st
anda
rd c
anno
t sat
isfy
all
requ
irem
ents
rang
e, b
andw
idth
, QoS
sup
port
com
mer
cial
con
stra
ints
HIP
ER
LAN
1 s
tand
ardi
zed
sinc
e 19
96 –
no p
rodu
cts!
phys
ical
laye
r
chan
nela
cces
sco
ntro
llay
er
med
ium
acce
ssco
ntro
llay
er
phys
ical
laye
r
data
link
laye
r
HIP
ER
LA
N la
yers
OS
I lay
ers
netw
ork
laye
r
high
erla
yers
phys
ical
laye
r
med
ium
acce
ssco
ntro
llay
er
logi
call
ink
cont
roll
ayer
IEE
E 8
02.x
laye
rs
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
41
Ove
rvie
w: o
rigin
al H
IPE
RLA
N p
roto
col f
amily
HIP
ER
LA
N 1
HIP
ER
LA
N 2
HIP
ER
LA
N 3
HIP
ER
LA
N 4
App
licat
ion
wire
less
LA
Nac
cess
to A
TM
fixed
net
wor
ksw
irele
ss lo
cal
loop
poin
t-to
-poi
ntw
irele
ss A
TM
conn
ectio
nsF
requ
ency
5.1-
5.3G
Hz
17.2
-17.
3GH
z
Top
olog
yde
cent
raliz
ed a
d-ho
c/in
fras
truc
ture
cellu
lar,
cent
raliz
edpo
int-
to-
mul
tipoi
ntpo
int-
to-p
oint
Ant
enna
omni
-dire
ctio
nal
dire
ctio
nal
Ran
ge50
m50
-100
m50
00 m
150
mQ
oSst
atis
tical
AT
M tr
affic
cla
sses
(V
BR
, CB
R, A
BR
, UB
R)
Mob
ility
<10
m/s
stat
iona
ryIn
terf
ace
conv
entio
nal L
AN
AT
M n
etw
orks
Dat
a ra
te23
.5 M
bit/s
>20
Mbi
t/s15
5 M
bit/s
Pow
erco
nser
vatio
nye
sno
t nec
essa
ry
HIP
ER
LAN
1 n
ever
reac
hed
prod
ucts
tatu
s,
the
othe
rst
anda
rds
have
been
rena
med
/mod
fied
!
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
42
HIP
ER
LAN
1 -
Cha
ract
eris
tics
Dat
a tr
ansm
issi
onpo
int-
to-p
oint
, poi
nt-t
o-m
ultip
oint
, con
nect
ionl
ess
23.5
Mbi
t/s, 1
W p
ower
, 238
3 by
te m
ax. p
acke
t siz
e
Ser
vice
s asyn
chro
nous
and
tim
e-bo
unde
d se
rvic
es w
ith h
iera
rchi
cal p
riorit
ies
com
patib
le w
ith IS
O M
AC
Top
olog
yin
fras
truc
ture
or
ad-h
oc n
etw
orks
tran
smis
sion
ran
ge c
an b
e la
rger
then
cov
erag
e of
a s
ingl
e no
de
(„fo
rwar
ding
“ in
tegr
ated
in m
obile
term
inal
s)
Fur
ther
mec
hani
sms
pow
er s
avin
g, e
ncry
ptio
n, c
heck
sum
s
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
43
HIP
ER
LAN
1 -
Phy
sica
l lay
er
Sco
pem
odul
atio
n, d
emod
ulat
ion,
bit
and
fram
e sy
nchr
oniz
atio
n
forw
ard
erro
r co
rrec
tion
mec
hani
sms
mea
sure
men
ts o
f sig
nal s
tren
gth
chan
nel s
ensi
ng
Cha
nnel
s3
man
dato
ry a
nd 2
opt
iona
l cha
nnel
s (w
ith th
eir
carr
ier
freq
uenc
ies)
man
dato
rych
anne
l 0: 5
.176
4680
GH
zch
anne
l 1: 5
.199
9974
GH
z
chan
nel 2
: 5.2
2352
68 G
Hz
optio
nal
chan
nel 3
: 5.2
4705
62 G
Hz
chan
nel 4
: 5.2
7058
56 G
Hz
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
44
HIP
ER
LAN
1 -
Phy
sica
l lay
er fr
ames
Mai
ntai
ning
a h
igh
data
-rat
e (2
3.5
Mbi
t/s)
is p
ower
con
sum
ing
-pr
oble
mat
ic fo
r m
obile
term
inal
spa
cket
hea
der
with
low
bit-
rate
com
pris
ing
rece
iver
info
rmat
ion
only
rec
eive
r(s)
add
ress
by
a pa
cket
con
tinue
rec
eivi
ng
Fra
me
stru
ctur
eLB
R (
Low
Bit-
Rat
e) h
eade
r w
ith 1
.4 M
bit/s
450
bit s
ynch
roni
zatio
n
min
imum
1, m
axim
um 4
7 fr
ames
with
496
bit
each
for
high
er v
eloc
ities
of t
he m
obile
term
inal
(>
1.4
m/s
) th
e m
axim
um
num
ber
of fr
ames
has
to b
e re
duce
d
Mod
ulat
ion
GM
SK
for
high
bit-
rate
, FS
K fo
r LB
R h
eade
r
LBR
sync
hron
izat
ion
data
0da
ta1
data
m-1
. . .
HB
R
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
45
HIP
ER
LAN
1 -
CA
C s
ubla
yer
Cha
nnel
Acc
ess
Con
trol
(C
AC
)as
sure
that
term
inal
doe
s no
t acc
ess
forb
idde
n ch
anne
ls
prio
rity
sche
me,
acc
ess
with
EY
-NP
MA
Prio
ritie
s 5 pr
iorit
y le
vels
for
QoS
sup
port
QoS
is m
appe
d on
to a
prio
rity
leve
l with
the
help
of t
he p
acke
t lif
etim
e (s
et b
y an
app
licat
ion)
if
pack
et li
fetim
e =
0 it
mak
es n
o se
nse
to fo
rwar
d th
e pa
cket
to th
e re
ceiv
er a
ny lo
nger
stan
dard
sta
rt v
alue
500
ms,
max
imum
160
00m
sif
a te
rmin
al c
anno
t sen
d th
e pa
cket
due
to it
s cu
rren
t prio
rity,
wai
ting
time
is p
erm
anen
tly s
ubtr
acte
d fr
om li
fetim
e ba
sed
on p
acke
t life
time,
wai
ting
time
in a
sen
der
and
num
ber
ofho
ps to
th
e re
ceiv
er, t
he p
acke
t is
assi
gned
to o
ne o
ut o
f fiv
e pr
iorit
ies
the
prio
rity
of w
aitin
g pa
cket
s, th
eref
ore,
ris
es a
utom
atic
ally
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
46
prio
ritiz
atio
n
HIP
ER
LAN
1 -
EY
-NP
MA
I
EY
-NP
MA
(E
limin
atio
n Y
ield
Non
-pre
empt
ive
Prio
rity
Mul
tiple
Acc
ess)
3 ph
ases
: prio
rity
reso
lutio
n, c
onte
ntio
n re
solu
tion,
tran
smis
sion
findi
ng th
e hi
ghes
t prio
rity
ever
y pr
iorit
y co
rres
pond
s to
a ti
me-
slot
to s
end
in th
e fir
st p
hase
, the
hi
gher
the
prio
rity
the
earli
er th
e tim
e-sl
ot to
sen
dhi
gher
prio
ritie
s ca
n no
t be
pree
mpt
ed
if an
ear
lier
time-
slot
for
a hi
gher
prio
rity
rem
ains
em
pty,
sta
tions
with
the
next
low
er p
riorit
y m
ight
sen
daf
ter
this
firs
t pha
se th
e hi
ghes
t cur
rent
prio
rity
has
been
det
erm
ined
cont
entio
ntr
ansm
issi
ontr
ansm
issi
onsynchronization
priority detection
priority assertion
t
user data
elimination burst
elimination survivalverification
yield listening
I YS
I PS
I PA
I ES
I ES
V
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
47
HIP
ER
LAN
1 -
EY
-NP
MA
II
Sev
eral
term
inal
s ca
n no
w h
ave
the
sam
e pr
iorit
y an
d w
ish
to s
end
cont
entio
n ph
ase
Elim
inat
ion
Bur
st: a
ll re
mai
ning
term
inal
s se
nd a
bur
st to
elim
inat
e co
nten
ders
(11
1110
1010
0010
0111
0000
0110
0101
10, h
igh
bit-
rate
)
Elim
inat
ion
Sur
viva
l Ver
ifica
tion:
con
tend
ers
now
sen
se th
e ch
anne
l, if
the
chan
nel i
s fr
ee th
ey c
an c
ontin
ue, o
ther
wis
e th
ey h
ave
been
elim
inat
ed
Yie
ld L
iste
ning
: con
tend
ers
agai
n lis
ten
in s
lots
with
a n
onze
ropr
obab
ility
, if
the
term
inal
sen
ses
its s
lot i
dle
it is
free
to tr
ansm
it at
the
end
of th
e co
nten
tion
phas
e th
e im
port
ant p
art i
s no
w to
set
the
para
met
ers
for
burs
t dur
atio
n an
d ch
anne
l sen
sing
(sl
ot-b
ased
, exp
onen
tially
dis
trib
uted
)
data
tran
smis
sion
the
win
ner
can
now
sen
d its
dat
a (h
owev
er, a
sm
all c
hanc
e of
col
lisio
n re
mai
ns)
if th
e ch
anne
l was
idle
for
a lo
nger
tim
e (m
in. f
or a
dur
atio
n of
170
0 bi
t) a
te
rmin
al c
an s
end
at o
nce
with
out u
sing
EY
-NP
MA
sync
hron
izat
ion
usin
g th
e la
st d
ata
tran
smis
sion
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
48
HIP
ER
LAN
1 -
DT
-HC
PD
U/A
K-H
CP
DU
10
10
10
10
01
HI
HD
A
HD
AH
DA
CS
BLI
R =
n
1
BL-
IRC
S
LB
R0
12
34
56
7bi
t
HB
R0
12
34
56
7bi
t
TI
BLI
= n
byte
1
PLI
= m
HID
2 3 -
6
DA
7 -
12
SA
13 -
18
UD
19 -
(52n
-m-4
)
PA
D(5
2n-m
-3)
-(5
2n-4
)
CS
(52n
-3)
-52
n
10
10
10
10
01
HI
AID
AID
AID
CS
LB
R0
12
34
56
7bi
t
Dat
aH
CP
DU
Ack
now
ledg
emen
tHC
PD
U
HI:
HB
R-p
art I
ndic
ator
HD
A: H
ashe
d D
estin
atio
n H
CS
AP
Add
ress
HD
AC
S: H
DA
Che
ckS
umB
LIR
: Blo
ck L
engt
h In
dica
tor
BLI
RC
S: B
LIR
Che
ckS
umT
I: T
ype
Indi
cato
rB
LI: B
lock
Len
gth
Indi
cato
rH
ID: H
IPE
RLA
N ID
entif
ier
DA
: Des
tinat
ion
Add
ress
SA
: Sou
rce
Add
ress
UD
: Use
r D
ata
(1-2
422
byte
)P
AD
: PA
Ddi
ngC
S: C
heck
Sum
AID
: Ack
now
ledg
emen
t ID
entif
ier
AID
S: A
ID C
heck
Sum
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
49
HIP
ER
LAN
1 -
MA
C la
yer
Com
patib
le to
ISO
MA
CS
uppo
rts
time-
boun
ded
serv
ices
via
a p
riorit
y sc
hem
eP
acke
t for
war
ding
supp
ort o
f dire
cted
(po
int-
to-p
oint
) fo
rwar
ding
and
bro
adca
st fo
rwar
ding
(if
no p
ath
info
rmat
ion
is a
vaila
ble)
supp
ort o
f QoS
whi
le fo
rwar
ding
Enc
rypt
ion
mec
hani
sms
mec
hani
sms
inte
grat
ed, b
ut w
ithou
t key
man
agem
ent
Pow
er c
onse
rvat
ion
mec
hani
sms
mob
ile te
rmin
als
can
agre
e up
on a
wak
e pa
ttern
s (e
.g.,
perio
dic
wak
e-up
s to
rec
eive
dat
a)ad
ditio
nally
, som
e no
des
in th
e ne
twor
ks m
ust b
e ab
le to
buf
fer
data
for
slee
ping
term
inal
s an
d to
forw
ard
them
at t
he r
ight
tim
e (s
o ca
lled
stor
es)
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
50
HIP
ER
LAN
1 -
DT
-HM
PD
U LI: L
engt
h In
dica
tor
TI:
Typ
e In
dica
tor
RL:
Res
idua
l Life
time
PS
N: S
eque
nce
Num
ber
DA
: Des
tinat
ion
Add
ress
SA
: Sou
rce
Add
ress
AD
A: A
lias
Des
tinat
ion
Add
ress
A
SA
: Alia
s S
ourc
e A
ddre
ssU
P: U
ser
Prio
rity
ML:
MS
DU
Life
time
KID
: Key
Iden
tifie
rIV
: Ini
tializ
atio
n V
ecto
r
UD
: Use
r D
ata,
1–2
383
byte
SC
: San
ity C
heck
(fo
r th
eun
encr
ypte
d P
DU
)
n= 4
0–24
22
01
23
45
67
bit
LI =
n
byte
1 -
2
TI =
1
RL
3 4 -
5
PS
N6
-7
DA
8 -
13
SA
14 -
19
AD
A20
-25
AS
A26
-31
UP
ML
ML
KID
IV
IV
UD
SC
32 33 34 35 -
37
38 -
(n-2
)
(n-1
) -
n
Dat
aH
MP
DU
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
51
Info
rmat
ion
base
s
Rou
te In
form
atio
n B
ase
(RIB
) -
how
to r
each
a d
estin
atio
n[d
estin
atio
n, n
ext h
op, d
ista
nce]
Nei
ghbo
r In
form
atio
n B
ase
(NIB
) -
stat
us o
f dire
ct n
eigh
bors
[nei
ghbo
r, s
tatu
s]
Hel
lo In
form
atio
n B
ase
(HIB
) -
stat
us o
f des
tinat
ion
(via
nex
t hop
)[d
estin
atio
n, s
tatu
s, n
ext h
op]
Alia
s In
form
atio
n B
ase
(AIB
) -
addr
ess
of n
odes
out
side
the
net
[orig
inal
MS
AP
add
ress
, alia
s M
SA
P a
ddre
ss]
Sou
rce
Mul
tipoi
nt R
elay
Info
rmat
ion
Bas
e (S
MR
IB)
-cu
rren
t MP
sta
tus
[loca
l mul
tipoi
nt fo
rwar
der,
mul
tipoi
nt r
elay
set
]
Top
olog
y In
form
atio
n B
ase
(TIB
) -
curr
ent H
IPE
RLA
N to
polo
gy[d
estin
atio
n, fo
rwar
der,
seq
uenc
e]
Dup
licat
e D
etec
tion
Info
rmat
ion
Bas
e (D
DIB
) -
rem
ove
dupl
icat
es[s
ourc
e, s
eque
nce]
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
52
Ad-
hoc
netw
orks
usi
ng H
IPE
RLA
N 1
neig
hbor
hood
(i.e.
, with
in r
adio
ran
ge)
Info
rmat
ion
Bas
es (
IB):
RIB
: Rou
teN
IB: N
eigh
bor
HIB
: Hel
lo
AIB
: Alia
sS
MR
IB: S
ourc
e M
ultip
oint
Rel
ayT
IB: T
opol
ogy
DD
IB: D
uplic
ate
Det
ectio
n
RIB
NIB
HIB
AIB
SM
RIB
TIB
DD
IB
RIB
NIB
HIB
AIB
SM
RIB
TIB
DD
IB
RIB
NIB
HIB
AIB
SM
RIB
TIB
DD
IB
RIB
NIB
HIB
AIB
DD
IB
RIB
NIB
HIB
AIB
DD
IB
RIB
NIB
HIB
AIB
DD
IB
12
34
5
6
For
war
der
For
war
der
For
war
der
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
53
Som
e hi
stor
y: W
hy w
irele
ss A
TM
?
seam
less
con
nect
ion
to w
ired
AT
M, a
inte
grat
ed s
ervi
ces
high
-pe
rfor
man
ce n
etw
ork
supp
ortin
g di
ffere
nt ty
pes
a tr
affic
str
eam
sA
TM
net
wor
ks s
cale
wel
l: pr
ivat
e an
d co
rpor
ate
LAN
s, W
AN
B
-IS
DN
use
s A
TM
as
back
bone
infr
astr
uctu
re a
nd in
tegr
ates
sev
eral
di
ffere
nt s
ervi
ces
in o
ne u
nive
rsal
sys
tem
m
obile
pho
nes
and
mob
ile c
omm
unic
atio
ns h
ave
an e
ver
incr
easi
ng
impo
rtan
ce in
eve
ryda
y lif
ecu
rren
t wire
less
LA
Ns
do n
ot o
ffer
adeq
uate
sup
port
for
mul
timed
ia
data
str
eam
sm
ergi
ng m
obile
com
mun
icat
ion
and
AT
M le
ads
to w
irele
ss A
TM
from
a
tele
com
mun
icat
ion
prov
ider
poi
nt o
f vie
wgo
al: s
eam
less
inte
grat
ion
of m
obili
ty in
to B
-IS
DN
Pro
blem
: ver
y hi
gh c
ompl
exity
of t
he s
yste
m –
neve
r re
ache
d pr
oduc
ts
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
54
AT
M -
basi
c pr
inci
ple
favo
red
by t
he te
leco
mm
unic
atio
n in
dust
ry fo
r ad
vanc
ed h
igh-
perf
orm
ance
ne
twor
ks, e
.g.,
B-I
SD
N, a
s tr
ansp
ort m
echa
nism
st
atis
tical
(as
ynch
rono
us, o
n de
man
d) T
DM
(A
TD
M, S
TD
M)
cell
head
er d
eter
min
es th
e co
nnec
tion
the
user
dat
a be
long
s to
mix
ing
of d
iffer
ent c
ell-r
ates
is p
ossi
ble
diffe
rent
bit-
rate
s, c
onst
ant o
r va
riabl
e, fe
asib
le
inte
rest
ing
for
data
sou
rces
with
var
ying
bit-
rate
:e.
g., g
uara
ntee
d m
inim
um b
it-ra
tead
ditio
nally
bur
sty
traf
fic if
allo
wed
by
the
netw
ork
AT
M c
ell:
5 48
[
byte
]
conn
ectio
nid
entif
ier,
che
cksu
met
c.
cell
head
erus
erda
ta
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
55
Cel
l-bas
ed tr
ansm
issi
on
asyn
chro
nous
, cel
l-bas
ed tr
ansm
issi
on a
s ba
sis
for
AT
M
cont
inuo
us c
ell-s
trea
m
addi
tiona
l cel
ls n
eces
sary
for
oper
atio
n an
d m
aint
enan
ce o
f the
net
wor
k (O
AM
cel
ls; O
pera
tion
and
Mai
nten
ance
)
OA
M c
ells
can
be
inse
rted
afte
r fix
ed in
terv
als
to c
reat
e a
logi
cal f
ram
e st
ruct
ure
if a
stat
ion
has
no d
ata
to s
end
it au
tom
atic
ally
inse
rts
idle
cel
ls th
at c
an b
e di
scar
ded
at e
very
inte
rmed
iate
sys
tem
with
out f
urth
er n
otic
e if
no s
ynch
rono
us fr
ame
is a
vaila
ble
for
the
tran
spor
t of c
ells
(e.
g., S
DH
or
Son
et)
cell
boun
darie
s ha
ve to
be
dete
cted
sep
arat
ely
(e.g
., vi
a th
e ch
ecks
um in
the
cell
head
er)
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
56
phys
ical
laye
r
AT
M la
yer
AT
M a
dapt
atio
n la
yer
high
erla
yers
high
erla
yers
cont
rol
plan
e
layer management
plane management
user
pl
ane
pla
nes
laye
rs
B-I
SD
N p
roto
col r
efer
ence
mod
el
3 di
men
sion
al r
efer
ence
mod
elth
ree
vert
ical
pla
nes
(col
umns
)us
er p
lane
cont
rol p
lane
man
agem
ent p
lane
thre
e hi
erar
chic
al la
yers
phys
ical
laye
rA
TM
laye
rA
TM
ada
ptat
ion
laye
r
Out
-of-
Ban
d-S
igna
ling:
use
r da
ta is
tr
ansm
itted
sep
arat
ely
from
con
trol
in
form
atio
n
man
agem
ent p
lane
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
57
AT
M la
yers
Phy
sica
l lay
er, c
onsi
stin
g of
two
sub-
laye
rsph
ysic
al m
ediu
m d
epen
dent
sub
-laye
rco
ding
bit t
imin
g
tran
smis
sion
tran
smis
sion
con
verg
ence
sub
-laye
rH
EC
(H
eade
r E
rror
Cor
rect
ion)
seq
uenc
e ge
nera
tion
and
verif
icat
ion
tran
smis
sion
fram
e ad
apta
tion,
gen
erat
ion,
and
rec
over
y
cell
delin
eatio
n, c
ell r
ate
deco
uplin
g
AT
M la
yer
cell
mul
tiple
/dem
ultip
lexi
ng
VP
I/VC
I tra
nsla
tion
cell
head
er g
ener
atio
n an
d ve
rific
atio
n
GF
C (
Gen
eric
Flo
w C
ontr
ol)
AT
M a
dapt
atio
n la
yer
(AA
L)
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
58
AT
M a
dapt
atio
n la
yer
(AA
L)
Pro
vide
s di
ffere
nt s
ervi
ce c
lass
es o
n to
p of
AT
M b
ased
on:
bit r
ate:
co
nsta
nt b
it ra
te: e
.g. t
radi
tiona
l tel
epho
ne li
neva
riabl
e bi
t rat
e: e
.g. d
ata
com
mun
icat
ion,
com
pres
sed
vide
o
time
cons
trai
nts
betw
een
send
er a
nd r
ecei
ver:
w
ith ti
me
cons
trai
nts:
e.g
. rea
l-tim
e ap
plic
atio
ns, i
nter
activ
e vo
ice
and
vide
ow
ithou
t tim
e co
nstr
aint
s: e
.g. m
ail,
file
tran
sfer
mod
e of
con
nect
ion:
conn
ectio
n or
ient
ed o
r co
nnec
tionl
ess
AA
L co
nsis
ts o
f tw
o su
b-la
yers
:C
onve
rgen
ce S
ubla
yer
(CS
): s
ervi
ce d
epen
dent
ada
ptat
ion
Com
mon
Par
t Con
verg
ence
Sub
laye
r (C
PC
S)
Ser
vice
Spe
cific
Con
verg
ence
Sub
laye
r (S
SC
S)
Seg
men
tatio
n an
d R
eass
embl
y S
ubla
yer
(SA
R)
sub-
laye
rs c
an b
e em
pty
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
59
AT
M a
nd A
AL
conn
ectio
ns
AT
M la
yer:
serv
ice
inde
pend
ent t
rans
port
of A
TM
cel
ls
mul
tiple
x an
d de
mul
tiple
xfu
nctio
nalit
y
AA
L la
yer:
sup
port
of d
iffer
ent s
ervi
ces
phys
ical
laye
r
AT
M
AA
L
phys
ical
laye
r
AT
M
AA
L
end-
syst
em A
end-
syst
em B
AT
M n
etw
ork
serv
ice
depe
nden
tA
AL
conn
ectio
ns
serv
ice
inde
pend
ent
AT
M c
onne
ctio
ns
appl
icat
ion
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
60
AT
M F
orum
Wire
less
AT
M W
orki
ng G
roup
AT
M F
orum
foun
ded
the
Wire
less
AT
M W
orki
ng G
roup
Jun
e 19
96T
ask:
dev
elop
men
t of s
peci
ficat
ions
to e
nabl
e th
e us
e of
AT
M
tech
nolo
gy a
lso
for
wire
less
net
wor
ks w
ith a
larg
e co
vera
ge o
f cu
rren
t net
wor
k sc
enar
ios
(priv
ate
and
publ
ic, l
ocal
and
glo
bal)
com
patib
ility
to e
xist
ing
AT
M F
orum
sta
ndar
ds im
port
ant
it sh
ould
be
poss
ible
to e
asily
upg
rade
exi
stin
g A
TM
net
wor
ks w
ith
mob
ility
func
tions
and
rad
io a
cces
s tw
o su
b-gr
oups
of w
ork
item
s
Mob
ile A
TM
Pro
toco
l Ext
ensi
ons
hand
over
sig
nalin
g
loca
tion
man
agem
ent
mob
ile r
outin
gtr
affic
and
QoS
Con
trol
netw
ork
man
agem
ent
Rad
io A
cces
s La
yer
(RA
L) P
roto
cols
radi
o ac
cess
laye
r
wire
less
med
ia a
cces
s co
ntro
l
wire
less
dat
a lin
k co
ntro
lra
dio
reso
urce
con
trol
hand
over
issu
es
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
61
WA
TM
ser
vice
s
Offi
ce e
nviro
nmen
tm
ultim
edia
con
fere
ncin
g, o
nlin
e m
ultim
edia
dat
abas
e ac
cess
Uni
vers
ities
, sch
ools
, tra
inin
g ce
nter
sdi
stan
ce le
arni
ng, t
each
ing
Indu
stry da
taba
se c
onne
ctio
n, s
urve
illan
ce, r
eal-t
ime
fact
ory
man
agem
ent
Hos
pita
ls relia
ble,
hig
h-ba
ndw
idth
net
wor
k, m
edic
al im
ages
, rem
ote
mon
itorin
g
Hom
ehi
gh-b
andw
idth
inte
rcon
nect
of d
evic
es (
TV
, CD
, PC
, ...)
Net
wor
ked
vehi
cles
truc
ks, a
ircra
ft et
c. in
terc
onne
ct, p
lato
onin
g, in
telli
gent
roa
ds
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
62
WA
TM
com
pone
nts
WM
T (
Wire
less
Mob
ile A
TM
Ter
min
al)
RA
S(R
adio
Acc
ess
Sys
tem
)E
MA
S-E
(E
nd-u
ser
Mob
ility
-sup
port
ing
AT
M S
witc
h -
Edg
e)E
MA
S-N
(E
nd-u
ser
Mob
ility
-sup
port
ing
AT
M S
witc
h -
Net
wor
k)M
-NN
I (N
etw
ork-
to-N
etw
ork
Inte
rfac
e w
ith M
obili
ty s
uppo
rt)
LS (
Loca
tion
Ser
ver)
AU
S (
Aut
hent
icat
ion
Ser
ver)
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
63
Ref
eren
ce m
odel
WM
T WM
T
EM
AS
-E
EM
AS
-N
EM
AS
-N
M-N
NI
RA
S RA
S
LS AU
S
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
64
Use
r pl
ane
prot
ocol
laye
rs
WA
TM
term
inal
adap
ter
MA
TM
term
i-na
lR
AS
EM
AS
-EE
MA
S-N
AT
M-
Sw
itch
fixed
end
syst
em
radi
ose
gmen
tfix
edne
twor
kse
gmen
t
RA
L
AT
M
PH
YP
HY
AT
M
PH
Y
AA
L
user
proc
ess
AT
M
AA
L
user
pro
cess
AT
M-
CL
AT
M
RA
LP
HY
AT
M-
CL
AT
M
PH
YP
HY
AT
M
PH
YP
HY
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
65
Con
trol
pla
ne p
roto
col l
ayer
s
AT
M
PH
Y
SA
AL
SIG
,U
NI
RA
L
M-A
TM
SA
AL
SIG
,M
-UN
I
AT
M-
CL
AT
M
RA
LP
HY
AT
M-
CL
AT
M
PH
YP
HY
SA
AL
SIG
,M
-UN
I,M
-PN
NI
AT
M
PH
YP
HY
SA
AL
SIG
,M
-PN
NI
AT
M
PH
YP
HY
SA
AL
SIG
,P
NN
I,U
NI
WA
TM
term
inal
adap
ter
MA
TM
term
i-na
lR
AS
EM
AS
-EE
MA
S-N
AT
M-
Sw
itch
fixed
end
syst
em
radi
ose
gmen
tfix
edne
twor
kse
gmen
t
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
66
Ref
eren
cem
odel
with
furt
her
acce
sssc
enar
ios
I
1: w
irele
ss a
d-ho
c A
TM
net
wor
k2:
wire
less
mob
ile A
TM
term
inal
s3:
mob
ile A
TM
term
inal
s4:
mob
ile A
TM
sw
itche
s5:
fixe
d A
TM
term
inal
s6:
fixe
d w
irele
ss A
TM
term
inal
s
WM
T: w
irele
ssm
obile
term
inal
WT
: wire
less
term
inal
MT
: mob
ile te
rmin
alT
: ter
min
al
AP
: acc
ess
poin
t
EM
AS
: end
-use
rm
obili
tysu
ppor
ting
AT
M s
witc
h(-
E: e
dge,
-N
: net
wor
k)N
MA
S: n
etw
ork
mob
ility
supp
ortin
gA
TM
sw
itch
MS
: mob
ile A
TM
sw
itch
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
67
Ref
eren
cem
odel
with
furt
her
acce
sssc
enar
ios
II
RA
SA
CT
WM
T
WM
T
NM
AS
RA
SR
AS
MS
T
EM
AS
-EM
TW
TR
AS
EM
AS
-NT
RA
SE
MA
S-E
WM
T
1
2
3
4
5
6
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
68
BR
AN
–B
road
band
Rad
io A
cces
s N
etw
orks
Mot
ivat
ion
dere
gula
tion,
priv
atiz
atio
n, n
ew c
ompa
nies
, new
ser
vice
s
How
to r
each
the
cust
omer
?al
tern
ativ
es: x
DS
L, c
able
, sat
ellit
e, r
adio
Rad
io a
cces
sfle
xibl
e (s
uppo
rts
traf
fic m
ix, m
ultip
lexi
ng fo
r hi
gher
effi
cien
cy, c
an b
e as
ymm
etric
al)
quic
k in
stal
latio
n
econ
omic
(in
crem
enta
l gro
wth
pos
sibl
e)
Mar
ket pr
ivat
e cu
stom
ers
(Int
erne
t acc
ess,
tele
-xy.
..)
smal
l and
med
ium
siz
ed b
usin
ess
(Int
erne
t, M
M c
onfe
renc
ing,
VP
N)
Sco
pe o
f sta
ndar
diza
tion
acce
ss n
etw
orks
, ind
oor/
cam
pus
mob
ility
, 25-
155
Mbi
t/s, 5
0 m
-5 k
m
coor
dina
tion
with
AT
M F
orum
, IE
TF
, ET
SI,
IEE
E, .
...
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
69
Bro
adba
ndne
twor
kty
pes
Com
mon
cha
ract
eris
tics
AT
M Q
oS (
CB
R, V
BR
, UB
R, A
BR
)
HIP
ER
LAN
/2sh
ort r
ange
(<
200
m),
indo
or/c
ampu
s, 2
5 M
bit/s
use
r da
ta r
ate
acce
ss to
tele
com
mun
icat
ion
syst
ems,
mul
timed
ia a
pplic
atio
ns, m
obili
ty
(<10
m/s
)
HIP
ER
AC
CE
SS
wid
er r
ange
(<
5 k
m),
out
door
, 25
Mbi
t/s u
ser
data
rat
e
fixed
rad
io li
nks
to c
usto
mer
s (“
last
mile
”), a
ltern
ativ
e to
xD
SL
or c
able
m
odem
, qui
ck in
stal
latio
n
Sev
eral
(pr
oprie
tary
) pr
oduc
ts e
xist
with
155
Mbi
t/s p
lus
QoS
HIP
ER
LIN
K –
curr
ently
no
activ
ities
inte
rmed
iate
link
, 155
Mbi
t/s
conn
ectio
n of
HIP
ER
LAN
acc
ess
poin
ts o
r co
nnec
tion
betw
een
HIP
ER
AC
CE
SS
nod
es
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
70
BR
AN
and
lega
cy n
etw
orks
Inde
pend
ence
BR
AN
as
acce
ss n
etw
ork
inde
pend
ent f
rom
the
fixed
net
wor
k
Inte
rwor
king
of T
CP
/IP a
nd A
TM
und
er s
tudy
Laye
red
mod
elN
etw
ork
Con
verg
ence
Sub
-laye
r as
sup
erse
t of a
ll re
quire
men
ts fo
r IP
and
A
TM co
rene
twor
kA
TM
core
netw
ork
IP
netw
ork
conv
erge
nce
subl
ayer
BR
AN
dat
alin
k co
ntro
l
BR
AN
PH
Y-1
BR
AN
PH
Y-2
...
Coo
rdin
atio
nIE
TF
(T
CP
/IP)
AT
M fo
rum
(A
TM
)E
TS
I (U
MT
S)
CE
PT
, IT
U-R
, ...
(rad
io fr
eque
ncie
s)
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
71
Hip
erLA
N2
Offi
cial
nam
e: B
RA
N H
IPE
RLA
N T
ype
2H
/2, H
IPE
RLA
N/2
als
o us
ed
Hig
h da
ta r
ates
for
user
sM
ore
effic
ient
than
802
.11a
Con
nect
ion
orie
nted
QoS
sup
port
Dyn
amic
freq
uenc
y se
lect
ion
Sec
urity
sup
port
Str
ong
encr
yptio
n/au
then
ticat
ion
Mob
ility
sup
port
Net
wor
k an
d ap
plic
atio
n in
depe
nden
tco
nver
genc
e la
yers
for
Eth
erne
t, IE
EE
139
4, A
TM
, 3G
Pow
er s
ave
mod
es
Plu
g an
d P
lay
ww
w.h
iper
lan2
.com
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
72
2
3
1
AP
Hip
erLA
N2
arch
itect
ure
and
hand
over
sce
nario
s
AP
TA
PC
Cor
eN
etw
ork
(Eth
erne
t,F
irew
ire,
AT
M,
UM
TS
)A
PT
AP
T
AP
CAP
MT
4
MT
3
MT
2
MT
1
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
73
Cen
tral
ized
vs.
dire
ct m
ode
MT
1
AP
/CC
AP
MT
2
data
cont
rol
cont
rol
MT
1M
T2
data
cont
rol
Cen
tral
ized
Dir
ectM
T1
MT
2 +
CC
data
cont
rol
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
74
Hip
erLA
N2
prot
ocol
sta
ck
Hig
her
laye
rs
Con
verg
ence
laye
r Dat
alin
k co
ntro
l-ba
sic
data
tran
spor
tfun
ctio
nS
cope
of
Hip
erLA
N2
stan
dard
s
DLC
con
trol
SA
PD
LC u
ser
SA
P
Rad
io li
nk c
ontr
olsu
blay
er
Phy
sica
llay
er
Rad
iore
sour
ceco
ntro
l
Ass
oc.
cont
rol
DLC
conn
.co
ntro
lE
rror
cont
rol
Rad
io li
nk c
ontr
ol
Med
ium
acc
ess
cont
rol
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
75
Phy
sica
l lay
er r
efer
ence
con
figur
atio
n
scra
mbl
ing
FE
C c
odin
gin
terle
avin
g
map
ping
OF
DM
PH
Y b
urst
s(P
PD
U)
PD
U tr
ain
from
DLC
(PS
DU
)
radi
otr
ansm
itter
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
76
Ope
ratin
g ch
anne
ls o
f Hip
erLA
N2
in E
urop
e
5150
[MH
z]51
8053
5052
00
3644
16.6
MH
z
cent
er fr
eque
ncy
=
5000
+ 5
*cha
nnel
num
ber
[MH
z]
chan
nel
4048
5256
6064
5220
5240
5260
5280
5300
5320
5470
[MH
z]
5500
5725
5520
100
108
16.6
MH
z
chan
nel
104
112
116
120
124
128
5540
5560
5580
5600
5620
5640
132
136
140
5660
5680
5700
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
77
Bas
ic s
truc
ture
of H
iper
LAN
2 M
AC
fram
es
MA
C fr
ame
MA
C fr
ame
MA
C fr
ame
MA
C fr
ame
2 m
s2
ms
2 m
s2
ms
broa
dcas
t pha
sedo
wnl
ink
phas
eup
link
phas
era
ndom
acce
ss p
hase. .
.
TD
D,
500
OF
DM
sym
bols
per
fram
e
varia
ble
varia
ble
varia
ble
LCH
PD
U ty
pese
quen
cenu
mbe
rpa
yloa
dC
RC
UD
CH
tran
sfer
syn
tax
(long
PD
U)
54 b
yte
210
396
24bi
t
LCH
PD
U ty
pepa
yloa
dC
RC
240
624
LCH
tran
sfer
syn
tax
bit
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
78
Val
id c
onfig
urat
ions
of H
iper
LAN
2 M
AC
fram
es
MA
C fr
ame
MA
C fr
ame
MA
C fr
ame
MA
C fr
ame
2 m
s2
ms
2 m
s2
ms
BC
HF
CH
AC
HD
L ph
ase
DiL
phas
eU
L ph
ase
RC
Hs
. . .
BC
HF
CH
AC
HD
iLph
ase
UL
phas
eR
CH
s
BC
HF
CH
AC
HD
L ph
ase
UL
phas
eR
CH
s
BC
HF
CH
AC
HU
L ph
ase
RC
Hs
BC
HF
CH
AC
HD
L ph
ase
DiL
phas
eR
CH
s
BC
HF
CH
AC
HD
iLph
ase
RC
Hs
BC
HF
CH
AC
HD
L ph
ase
RC
Hs
BC
HF
CH
AC
HR
CH
s
Val
idco
mbi
natio
nsof
MA
C fr
ames
for
a si
ngle
se
ctor
AP
broa
dcas
tdo
wnl
ink
uplin
k
rand
omac
cess
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
79
Map
ping
of l
ogic
al a
nd tr
ansp
ort c
hann
els
BC
CH
FC
CH
RF
CH
LCC
HR
BC
HD
CC
HU
DC
HU
BC
HU
MC
H
BC
HF
CH
AC
HS
CH
LCH
do
wn
link
UD
CH
DC
CH
LCC
HA
SC
H
SC
HLC
HR
CH
up
link
UD
CH
UB
CH
UM
CH
LCH
DC
CH
RB
CH
SC
H
LCC
H
dir
ect
link
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
80
Blu
etoo
th
Idea
Uni
vers
al r
adio
inte
rfac
e fo
r ad
-hoc
wire
less
con
nect
ivity
Inte
rcon
nect
ing
com
pute
r an
d pe
riphe
rals
, han
dhel
d de
vice
s, P
DA
s, c
ell
phon
es –
repl
acem
ent o
f IrD
AE
mbe
dded
in o
ther
dev
ices
, goa
l: 5€
/dev
ice
(200
2: 5
0€/U
SB
blu
etoo
th)
Sho
rt r
ange
(10
m),
low
pow
er c
onsu
mpt
ion,
lice
nse-
free
2.4
5 G
Hz
ISM
Voi
ce a
nd d
ata
tran
smis
sion
, app
rox.
1 M
bit/s
gro
ss d
ata
rate
One
of t
he fi
rst m
odul
es (
Eric
sson
).
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
81
Blu
etoo
th
His
tory
1994
: Eric
sson
(M
attis
on/H
aart
sen)
, “M
C-li
nk”
proj
ect
Ren
amin
g of
the
proj
ect:
Blu
etoo
th a
ccor
ding
to H
aral
d“B
låta
nd”
Gor
mse
n[s
on o
f Gor
m],
Kin
g of
Den
mar
k in
the
10th
cent
ury
1998
: fou
ndat
ion
of B
luet
ooth
SIG
, ww
w.b
luet
ooth
.org
1999
: ere
ctio
n of
a r
une
ston
e at
Erc
isso
n/Lu
nd ;-
)
2001
: firs
t con
sum
er p
rodu
cts
for
mas
s m
arke
t, sp
ec. v
ersi
on 1
.1re
leas
ed
Spe
cial
Inte
rest
Gro
upO
rigin
al fo
undi
ng m
embe
rs: E
ricss
on, I
ntel
, IB
M, N
okia
, Tos
hiba
Add
ed p
rom
oter
s: 3
Com
, Age
re(w
as: L
ucen
t), M
icro
soft,
Mot
orol
a
> 2
500
mem
bers
Com
mon
spe
cific
atio
n an
d ce
rtifi
catio
n of
pro
duct
s
(was
:
)
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
82
His
tory
and
hi-t
ech…
1999
:E
ricss
on m
obile
co
mm
unic
atio
nsA
B
rest
ede
nna
sten
till
min
neav
Har
ald
Blå
tand
, som
fick
gesi
ttna
mn
åten
ny
tekn
olog
iför
tråd
lös,
m
obil
kom
mun
ikat
ion.
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
83
…an
d th
ere
al r
une
ston
e
Loca
ted
in J
ellin
g, D
enm
ark,
erec
ted
by K
ing
Har
ald
“Blå
tand
”in
mem
ory
of h
is p
aren
ts.
The
sto
ne h
as th
ree
side
s –
one
side
show
ing
a pi
ctur
e of
Chr
ist.
Thi
s co
uld
be th
e “o
rigin
al”
colo
rs
of th
e st
one.
Insc
riptio
n:“a
uk ta
nika
rthi
kris
tna”
(an
d m
ade
the
Dan
es C
hris
tians
)
Insc
riptio
n:"H
aral
dki
ng e
xecu
tes
thes
e se
pulc
hral
m
onum
ents
afte
r G
orm
, his
fath
er a
nd
Thy
ra, h
is m
othe
r. T
he H
aral
dw
ho w
on th
e w
hole
of D
enm
ark
and
Nor
way
and
turn
ed
the
Dan
es to
Chr
istia
nity
."
Btw
: Blå
tand
mea
ns “
of d
ark
com
plex
ion”
(not
hav
ing
a bl
ue to
oth…
)
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
84
Cha
ract
eris
tics
2.4
GH
z IS
M b
and,
79
(23)
RF
cha
nnel
s, 1
MH
z ca
rrie
r sp
acin
gC
hann
el 0
: 240
2 M
Hz
… c
hann
el 7
8: 2
480
MH
z
G-F
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mod
ulat
ion,
1-1
00 m
W tr
ansm
it po
wer
FH
SS
and
TD
DF
requ
ency
hop
ping
with
160
0 ho
ps/s
Hop
ping
seq
uenc
e in
a p
seud
o ra
ndom
fash
ion,
det
erm
ined
by
a m
aste
r
Tim
e di
visi
on d
uple
x fo
r se
nd/r
ecei
ve s
epar
atio
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ce li
nk –
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Syn
chro
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nted
)F
EC
(fo
rwar
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ror
corr
ectio
n), n
o re
tran
smis
sion
, 64
kbit/
s du
plex
, poi
nt-
to-p
oint
, circ
uit s
witc
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Dat
a lin
k –
AC
L (A
sync
hron
ous
Con
nect
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ess)
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s, fa
st a
ckno
wle
dge,
poi
nt-t
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oint
, up
to 4
33.9
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sym
met
ric o
r 72
3.2/
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sym
met
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acke
t sw
itche
d
Top
olog
yO
verla
ppin
g pi
cone
ts(s
tars
) fo
rmin
g a
scat
tern
et
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
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w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
85
Pic
onet
Col
lect
ion
of d
evic
es c
onne
cted
in a
n ad
hoc
fa
shio
n
One
uni
t act
s as
mas
ter
and
the
othe
rs a
s sl
aves
fo
r th
e lif
etim
e of
the
pico
net
Mas
ter
dete
rmin
es h
oppi
ng p
atte
rn, s
lave
s ha
ve
to s
ynch
roni
ze
Eac
h pi
cone
t has
a u
niqu
e ho
ppin
g pa
ttern
Par
ticip
atio
n in
a p
icon
et =
syn
chro
niza
tion
to
hopp
ing
sequ
ence
Eac
h pi
cone
t has
one
mas
ter
and
up to
7
sim
ulta
neou
s sl
aves
(>
200
cou
ld b
e pa
rked
)
M=
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ter
S=
Sla
veP
=P
arke
dS
B=
Sta
ndby
M
S
P
SB
S S
P
P
SB
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
86
For
min
g a
pico
net
All
devi
ces
in a
pic
onet
hop
toge
ther
Mas
ter
give
s sl
aves
its
cloc
k an
d de
vice
IDH
oppi
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atte
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eter
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y de
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it, u
niqu
e w
orld
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hase
in h
oppi
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atte
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eter
min
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ive
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embe
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ddre
ss (
PM
A, 8
bit)
SB
SB
SB
SB
SB SB
SB
SB
SB
M
S
P
SB
S S
P
P
SB
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
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chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
87
Sca
ttern
et
Link
ing
of m
ultip
le c
o-lo
cate
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cone
tsth
roug
h th
e sh
arin
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com
mon
m
aste
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ve d
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esD
evic
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an b
e sl
ave
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ne p
icon
et a
nd m
aste
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ano
ther
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mun
icat
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betw
een
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ping
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rth
betw
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pico
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ter
S=
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veP
=P
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ndby
M
S
P
SB
S
S
P
P
SB
M
S
S
P
SB
Pic
onet
s(e
ach
with
a
capa
city
of
< 1
Mbi
t/s)
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
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chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
88
Blu
etoo
th p
roto
col s
tack
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io
Bas
eban
d
Link
Man
agerC
ontr
ol
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tC
ontr
olle
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terf
ace
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cal L
ink
Con
trol
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toco
l (L2
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io
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DP
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/vC
ard
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app
s.
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etoo
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ol
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P: s
ervi
ce d
isco
very
pro
toco
lR
FC
OM
M: r
adio
freq
uenc
y co
mm
.
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
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ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
89
S
Fre
quen
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elec
tion
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ta tr
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issi
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S
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
90
Bas
eban
d
Pic
onet
/cha
nnel
def
initi
onLo
w-le
vel p
acke
t def
initi
onA
cces
s co
deC
hann
el, d
evic
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cess
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., de
rived
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ter
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ket h
eade
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ess
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ink
type
, alte
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ing
bit A
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/SE
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prea
mbl
esy
nc.
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iler)
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o in
the
stan
dard
!)
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
91
SC
O p
aylo
ad ty
pes
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oad
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0)
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)
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er (
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-9)
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es)
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
92
AC
L P
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pes
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oad
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2)
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2)
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es)
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
93
Bas
eban
d da
ta r
ates
Pay
load
Use
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ymm
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sym
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max
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ate
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a M
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m/H
igh
rate
, Hig
h-qu
ality
Voi
ce, D
ata
and
Voi
ce
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
94
Bas
eban
d lin
k ty
pes
Pol
ling-
base
d T
DD
pac
ket t
rans
mis
sion
625µ
s sl
ots,
mas
ter
polls
sla
ves
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O (
Syn
chro
nous
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nect
ion
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nted
) –
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ce
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iodi
c si
ngle
slo
t pac
ket a
ssig
nmen
t, 64
kbi
t/s fu
ll-du
plex
, poi
nt-t
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int
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L (A
sync
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Con
nect
ionL
ess)
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ata
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iabl
e pa
cket
siz
e (1
,3,5
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ts),
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mm
etric
ban
dwid
th, p
oint
-to-
mul
tipoi
nt
MA
ST
ER
SL
AV
E 1
SL
AV
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f 1f 7
f 12
f 13
f 19
f 18
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OS
CO
SC
OS
CO
AC
L
f 5f 2
1
f 4f 2
0
AC
LA
CL
f 8
f 9
f 17
f 14
AC
L
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
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chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
95
Rob
ustn
ess
Slo
w fr
eque
ncy
hopp
ing
with
hop
ping
pat
tern
s de
term
ined
by
a m
aste
rP
rote
ctio
n fr
om in
terf
eren
ce o
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n fr
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ncie
s
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arat
ion
from
oth
er p
icon
ets
(FH
-CD
MA
)
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rans
mis
sion
AC
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ly, v
ery
fast
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war
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rror
Cor
rect
ion
SC
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nd A
CL
MA
ST
ER
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AV
E 1
SL
AV
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CH
F
GG
BD
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NA
KA
CK
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
96
Bas
eban
d st
ates
of a
Blu
etoo
th d
evic
e
stan
dby
inqu
irypa
ge
conn
ecte
dA
MA
tran
smit
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A
park
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ldA
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sniff
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A
unco
nnec
ted
conn
ectin
g
activ
e
low
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Sta
ndby
: do
noth
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h fo
r ot
her
devi
ces
Pag
e: c
onne
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a s
peci
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eC
onne
cted
: par
ticip
ate
in a
pic
onet
deta
ch
Par
k: r
elea
se A
MA
, get
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A
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ff: li
sten
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iodi
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otH
old:
sto
p A
CL,
SC
O s
till p
ossi
ble,
pos
sibl
y pa
rtic
ipat
e in
ano
ther
pic
onet
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
97
Exa
mpl
e: P
ower
con
sum
ptio
n/C
SR
Blu
eCor
e2
Typ
ical
Ave
rag
e C
urr
ent
Co
nsu
mp
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8V T
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od
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CO
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nect
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ve)
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onne
ctio
n H
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ff M
ode)
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aste
r)26
.0 m
AS
CO
con
nect
ion
HV
1 (S
lave
) 53
.0 m
AS
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con
nect
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1 (M
aste
r)
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ta tr
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aste
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ta tr
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ps U
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Cur
rent
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sum
ptio
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of b
oth
BC
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and
the
flash
.(2
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urre
nt c
onsu
mpt
ion
is fo
r th
e B
C21
2015
A d
evic
e on
ly.
(Mor
e: w
ww
.csr
.com
)
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
98
Exa
mpl
e: B
luet
ooth
/US
B a
dapt
er(2
002:
50€
)
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
99
L2C
AP
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gica
l Lin
k C
ontr
ol a
nd A
dapt
atio
n P
roto
col
Sim
ple
data
link
pro
toco
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top
of b
aseb
and
Con
nect
ion
orie
nted
, con
nect
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ess,
and
sig
nalli
ngch
anne
ls
Pro
toco
l mul
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RF
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, SD
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elep
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con
trol
Seg
men
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n &
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ssem
bly
Up
to 6
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ser
data
, 16
bit C
RC
use
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n pe
r ch
anne
lF
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idth
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up a
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e/cl
ose
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p, a
dd/r
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e m
embe
r
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
100
L2C
AP
logi
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hann
els
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ter
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tionl
ess
conn
ectio
n-or
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ed
dd
d
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
101
L2C
AP
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ket f
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ats
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PD
U
Con
nect
ion-
orie
nted
PD
U
Sig
nalli
ngco
mm
and
PD
U code
IDle
ngth
data
11
2≥0
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
102
Sec
urity
E3
E2
link
key
(128
bit)
encr
yptio
n ke
y (1
28 b
it)
payl
oad
key
Key
stre
amge
nera
tor
Dat
aD
ata
Cip
her
data
Aut
hent
icat
ion
key
gene
ratio
n(p
ossi
bly
perm
anen
t sto
rage
)
Enc
rypt
ion
key
gene
ratio
n(t
empo
rary
sto
rage
)
PIN
(1-
16 b
yte)
Use
r in
put (
initi
aliz
atio
n)
Pai
ring
Aut
hent
icat
ion
Enc
rypt
ion
Cip
herin
g
E3
E2
link
key
(128
bit)
encr
yptio
n ke
y (1
28 b
it)
payl
oad
key
Key
stre
amge
nera
tor
PIN
(1-
16 b
yte)
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
103
SD
P –
Ser
vice
Dis
cove
ry P
roto
col
Inqu
iry/r
espo
nse
prot
ocol
for
disc
over
ing
serv
ices
Sea
rchi
ng fo
r an
d br
owsi
ng s
ervi
ces
in r
adio
pro
xim
ity
Ada
pted
to th
e hi
ghly
dyn
amic
env
ironm
ent
Can
be
com
plem
ente
d by
oth
ers
like
SLP
, Jin
i, S
alut
atio
n, …
Def
ines
dis
cove
ry o
nly,
not
the
usag
e of
ser
vice
s
Cac
hing
of d
isco
vere
d se
rvic
esG
radu
al d
isco
very
Ser
vice
rec
ord
form
atIn
form
atio
n ab
out s
ervi
ces
prov
ided
by
attr
ibut
es
Attr
ibut
es a
re c
ompo
sed
of a
n 16
bit
ID (
nam
e) a
nd a
val
ueva
lues
may
be
deriv
ed fr
om 1
28 b
it U
nive
rsal
ly U
niqu
e Id
entif
iers
(U
UID
)
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
104
Add
ition
al p
roto
cols
to s
uppo
rt le
gacy
pro
toco
ls/a
pps.
RF
CO
MM
Em
ulat
ion
of a
ser
ial p
ort (
supp
orts
a la
rge
base
of l
egac
y ap
plic
atio
ns)
Allo
ws
mul
tiple
por
ts o
ver
a si
ngle
phy
sica
l cha
nnel
Tel
epho
ny C
ontr
ol P
roto
col S
peci
ficat
ion
(TC
S)
Cal
l con
trol
(se
tup,
rel
ease
)
Gro
up m
anag
emen
t
OB
EX
Exc
hang
e of
obj
ects
, IrD
A r
epla
cem
ent
WA
PIn
tera
ctin
g w
ith a
pplic
atio
ns o
n ce
llula
r ph
ones
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
105
Pro
files
Rep
rese
nt d
efau
lt so
lutio
ns fo
r a
cert
ain
usag
e m
odel
Ver
tical
slic
e th
roug
h th
e pr
otoc
ol s
tack
Bas
is fo
r in
tero
pera
bilit
y
Gen
eric
Acc
ess
Pro
file
Ser
vice
Dis
cove
ry A
pplic
atio
n P
rofil
eC
ordl
ess
Tel
epho
ny P
rofil
eIn
terc
om P
rofil
eS
eria
l Por
t Pro
file
Hea
dset
Pro
file
Dia
l-up
Net
wor
king
Pro
file
Fax
Pro
file
LAN
Acc
ess
Pro
file
Gen
eric
Obj
ect E
xcha
nge
Pro
file
Obj
ect P
ush
Pro
file
File
Tra
nsfe
r P
rofil
eS
ynch
roni
zatio
n P
rofil
e
Ad
dit
ion
al P
rofi
les
Adv
ance
d A
udio
Dis
trib
utio
nP
AN
Aud
io V
ideo
Rem
ote
Con
trol
Bas
ic P
rintin
gB
asic
Imag
ing
Ext
ende
d S
ervi
ce D
isco
very
Gen
eric
Aud
io V
ideo
Dis
trib
utio
nH
ands
Fre
eH
ardc
opy
Cab
le R
epla
cem
ent
Pro
files
Protocols
App
licat
ions
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
106
WP
AN
: IE
EE
802
.15-
1 –
Blu
etoo
th
Dat
a ra
te Syn
chro
nous
, con
nect
ion-
orie
nted
: 64
kbit/
sA
sync
hron
ous,
con
nect
ionl
ess
433.
9 kb
it/s
sym
met
ric72
3.2
/ 57.
6 kb
it/s
asym
met
ric
Tra
nsm
issi
on r
ange
PO
S (
Per
sona
l Ope
ratin
g S
pace
) up
to
10 m
with
spe
cial
tran
scei
vers
up
to 1
00 m
Fre
quen
cy Fre
e 2.
4 G
Hz
ISM
-ban
d
Sec
urity
Cha
lleng
e/re
spon
se (
SA
FE
R+
), h
oppi
ng
sequ
ence
Cos
t50
€ a
dapt
er, d
rop
to 5€ if
inte
grat
ed
Ava
ilabi
lity
Inte
grat
ed in
to s
ome
prod
ucts
, sev
eral
ve
ndor
s
Con
nect
ion
set-
up ti
me
Dep
ends
on
pow
er-m
ode
Max
. 2.5
6s, a
vg. 0
.64s
Qua
lity
of S
ervi
ceG
uara
ntee
s, A
RQ
/FE
C
Man
agea
bilit
yP
ublic
/priv
ate
keys
nee
ded,
key
m
anag
emen
t not
spe
cifie
d, s
impl
e sy
stem
inte
grat
ion
Spe
cial
Adv
anta
ges/
Dis
adva
ntag
esA
dvan
tage
: alre
ady
inte
grat
ed in
to
seve
ral p
rodu
cts,
ava
ilabl
e w
orld
wid
e,
free
ISM
-ban
d, s
ever
al v
endo
rs, s
impl
e sy
stem
, sim
ple
ad-h
oc n
etw
orki
ng, p
eer
to p
eer,
sca
ttern
ets
Dis
adva
ntag
e: in
terf
eren
ce o
n IS
M-b
and,
lim
ited
rang
e, m
ax. 8
de
vice
s/ne
twor
k&m
aste
r, h
igh
set-
up
late
ncy
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
107
WP
AN
: IE
EE
802
.15
–fu
ture
dev
elop
men
ts 1
802.
15-2
: Coe
xist
ance
Coe
xist
ence
of W
irele
ss P
erso
nal A
rea
Net
wor
ks (
802.
15)
and
Wire
less
Lo
cal A
rea
Net
wor
ks (
802.
11),
qua
ntify
the
mut
ual i
nter
fere
nce
802.
15-3
: Hig
h-R
ate
Sta
ndar
d fo
r hi
gh-r
ate
(20M
bit/s
or
grea
ter)
WP
AN
s, w
hile
stil
l low
-po
wer
/low
-cos
t D
ata
Rat
es: 1
1, 2
2, 3
3, 4
4, 5
5 M
bit/s
Qua
lity
of S
ervi
ce is
ochr
onou
s pr
otoc
ol
Ad
hoc
peer
-to-
peer
net
wor
king
S
ecur
ity
Low
pow
er c
onsu
mpt
ion
Low
cos
t D
esig
ned
to m
eet t
he d
eman
ding
req
uire
men
ts o
f por
tabl
e co
nsum
erim
agin
g an
d m
ultim
edia
app
licat
ions
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
108
WP
AN
: IE
EE
802
.15
–fu
ture
dev
elop
men
ts 2
802.
15-4
: Low
-Rat
e, V
ery
Low
-Pow
erLo
w d
ata
rate
sol
utio
n w
ith m
ulti-
mon
th to
mul
ti-ye
ar b
atte
ry li
fe a
nd v
ery
low
com
plex
ity
Pot
entia
l app
licat
ions
are
sen
sors
, int
erac
tive
toys
, sm
art b
adge
s, r
emot
e co
ntro
ls, a
nd h
ome
auto
mat
ion
Dat
a ra
tes
of 2
0-25
0 kb
it/s,
late
ncy
dow
n to
15
ms
Mas
ter-
Sla
ve o
r P
eer-
to-P
eer
oper
atio
n
Sup
port
for
criti
cal l
aten
cy d
evic
es, s
uch
as jo
ystic
ks
CS
MA
/CA
cha
nnel
acc
ess
(dat
a ce
ntric
), s
lotte
d (b
eaco
n) o
r un
slot
ted
Aut
omat
ic n
etw
ork
esta
blis
hmen
t by
the
PA
N c
oord
inat
or
Dyn
amic
dev
ice
addr
essi
ng,f
lexi
ble
addr
essi
ng fo
rmat
Ful
ly h
ands
hake
dpr
otoc
ol fo
r tr
ansf
er r
elia
bilit
yP
ower
man
agem
ent t
o en
sure
low
pow
er c
onsu
mpt
ion
16 c
hann
els
in th
e 2.
4 G
Hz
ISM
ban
d, 1
0 ch
anne
ls in
the
915
MH
z U
S IS
M
band
and
one
cha
nnel
in th
e E
urop
ean
868
MH
z ba
nd
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
109
WLA
N: H
ome
RF
Dat
a ra
te 0.8,
1.6
, 5, 1
0 M
bit/s
Tra
nsm
issi
on r
ange
300m
out
door
, 30m
indo
or
Fre
quen
cy 2.4
GH
z IS
M
Sec
urity
Str
ong
encr
yptio
n, n
o op
en a
cces
s
Cos
tA
dapt
er 1
30€, b
ase
stat
ion
230€
Ava
ilabi
lity
Sev
eral
pro
duct
s fr
om d
iffer
ent
vend
ors
Con
nect
ion
set-
up ti
me
10 m
s bo
unde
d la
tenc
y
Qua
lity
of S
ervi
ceU
p to
8 s
trea
ms
A/V
, up
to 8
voi
ce
stre
ams,
prio
ritie
s, b
est-
effo
rt
Man
agea
bilit
yLi
ke D
EC
T &
802
-LA
Ns
Spe
cial
Adv
anta
ges/
Dis
adva
ntag
esA
dvan
tage
: ext
ende
d Q
oS s
uppo
rt,
host
/clie
nt a
nd p
eer/
peer
, pow
er
savi
ng, s
ecur
ityD
isad
vant
age:
futu
re u
ncer
tain
due
to
DE
CT
-onl
y de
vice
s pl
us
802.
11a/
b fo
r da
ta
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
110
RF
Con
trol
lers
–IS
M b
ands
Dat
a ra
te Typ
. up
to 1
15 k
bit/s
(se
rial
inte
rfac
e)
Tra
nsm
issi
on r
ange
5-10
0 m
, dep
endi
ng o
n po
wer
(ty
p.
10-5
00 m
W)
Fre
quen
cy Typ
. 27
(EU
, US
), 3
15 (
US
), 4
18
(EU
), 4
26 (
Japa
n), 4
33 (
EU
), 8
68
(EU
), 9
15 (
US
) M
Hz
(dep
endi
ng o
n re
gula
tions
)
Sec
urity
Som
e pr
oduc
ts w
ith a
dded
pr
oces
sors
Cos
tC
heap
: 10€
-50€
Ava
ilabi
lity
Man
y pr
oduc
ts, m
any
vend
ors
Con
nect
ion
set-
up ti
me
N/A
Qua
lity
of S
ervi
ceno
ne
Man
agea
bilit
yV
ery
sim
ple,
sam
e as
ser
ial
inte
rfac
e
Spe
cial
Adv
anta
ges/
Dis
adva
ntag
esA
dvan
tage
: ver
y lo
w c
ost,
larg
e ex
perie
nce,
hig
h vo
lum
e av
aila
ble
Dis
adva
ntag
e: n
o Q
oS, c
row
ded
ISM
ban
ds (
part
icul
arly
27
and
433
MH
z), t
yp. n
o M
ediu
m A
cces
s C
ontr
ol, 4
18 M
Hz
expe
rienc
es
inte
rfer
ence
with
TE
TR
A
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
111
RF
ID –
Rad
io F
requ
ency
Iden
tific
atio
n (1
)
Dat
a ra
te Tra
nsm
issi
on o
f ID
onl
y (e
.g.,
48 b
it,
64kb
it, 1
Mbi
t)9.
6 –
115
kbit/
s
Tra
nsm
issi
on r
ange
Pas
sive
: up
to 3
mA
ctiv
e: u
p to
30-
100
mS
imul
tane
ous
dete
ctio
n of
up
to, e
.g.,
256
tags
, sca
nnin
g of
, e.g
., 40
tags
/s
Fre
quen
cy 125
kHz,
13.
56 M
Hz,
433
MH
z, 2
.4 G
Hz,
5.
8 G
Hz
and
man
y ot
hers
Sec
urity
App
licat
ion
depe
nden
t, ty
p. n
o cr
ypt.
on
RF
ID d
evic
e
Cos
tV
ery
chea
p ta
gs, d
own
to 1€ (
pass
ive)
Ava
ilabi
lity
Man
y pr
oduc
ts, m
any
vend
ors
Con
nect
ion
set-
up ti
me
Dep
ends
on
prod
uct/m
ediu
m a
cces
s sc
hem
e (t
yp. 2
ms
per
devi
ce)
Qua
lity
of S
ervi
ceno
ne
Man
agea
bilit
yV
ery
sim
ple,
sam
e as
ser
ial i
nter
face
Spe
cial
Adv
anta
ges/
Dis
adva
ntag
esA
dvan
tage
: ext
rem
ely
low
cos
t, la
rge
expe
rienc
e, h
igh
volu
me
avai
labl
e, n
o po
wer
for
pass
ive
RF
IDs
need
ed, l
arge
va
riety
of p
rodu
cts,
rel
ativ
e sp
eeds
up
to
300
km/h
, bro
ad te
mp.
ran
geD
isad
vant
age:
no
QoS
, sim
ple
deni
al o
f se
rvic
e, c
row
ded
ISM
ban
ds, t
yp. o
ne-
way
(ac
tivat
ion/
tran
smis
sion
of I
D)
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
112
RF
ID –
Rad
io F
requ
ency
Iden
tific
atio
n (2
)
Fun
ctio
n Sta
ndar
d: In
res
pons
e to
a r
adio
inte
rrog
atio
n si
gnal
from
a r
eade
r (b
ase
stat
ion)
the
RF
ID ta
gs tr
ansm
it th
eir
ID
Enh
ance
d: a
dditi
onal
ly d
ata
can
be s
ent t
o th
e ta
gs, d
iffer
ent m
edia
acc
ess
sche
mes
(co
llisi
on a
void
ance
)
Fea
ture
s No
line-
of s
ight
req
uire
d (c
ompa
red
to, e
.g.,
lase
r sc
anne
rs)
RF
ID ta
gs w
ithst
and
diffi
cult
envi
ronm
enta
l con
ditio
ns (
sunl
ight
, col
d, fr
ost,
dirt
etc
.)
Pro
duct
s av
aila
ble
with
rea
d/w
rite
mem
ory,
sm
art-
card
cap
abili
ties
Cat
egor
ies
Pas
sive
RF
ID: o
pera
ting
pow
er c
omes
from
the
read
er o
ver
the
air
whi
ch is
fe
asib
le u
p to
dis
tanc
es o
f 3 m
, low
pric
e (1€)
Act
ive
RF
ID: b
atte
ry p
ower
ed, d
ista
nces
up
to 1
00 m
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
113
RF
ID –
Rad
io F
requ
ency
Iden
tific
atio
n (3
)
App
licat
ions
Tot
al a
sset
vis
ibili
ty: t
rack
ing
of g
oods
dur
ing
man
ufac
turin
g, lo
caliz
atio
n of
pa
llets
, goo
ds e
tc.
Loya
lty c
ards
: cus
tom
ers
use
RF
ID ta
gs fo
r pa
ymen
t at,
e.g.
, gas
stat
ions
, co
llect
ion
of b
uyin
g pa
ttern
s
Aut
omat
ed to
ll co
llect
ion:
RF
IDs
mou
nted
in w
inds
hiel
ds a
llow
com
mut
ers
to d
rive
thro
ugh
toll
plaz
as w
ithou
t sto
ppin
g
Oth
ers:
acc
ess
cont
rol,
anim
al id
entif
icat
ion,
trac
king
of h
azar
dous
m
ater
ial,
inve
ntor
y co
ntro
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f. D
r.-I
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oche
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chill
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ttp://
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w.jo
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schi
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MC
SS
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114
RF
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f. D
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chill
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ttp://
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MC
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027.
115
RF
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f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
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w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
116
RF
ID –
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requ
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Iden
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f. D
r.-I
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oche
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chill
er, h
ttp://
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w.jo
chen
schi
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MC
SS
027.
117
RF
ID –
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Iden
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r.-I
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oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
027.
118
RF
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requ
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ttp://
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MC
SS
027.
119
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15.1
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hopp
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patte
rn)
