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MOBILE COMMUNICATION AND
INTERNET TECHNOLOGIES
Networking Technologies and Internet of the Future
http://web.uettaxila.edu.pk/CMS/AUT2014/teMCITms/
Courtesy of:Dr. H. E. (Buster) Dunsmore
Purdue Universityand
Google Inc.
2
MODULE AIMSThe main aims of this module are to: Explore different networking technologies Discuss future of Internet Inter-Planetary Internet
NETWORKING TECHNOLOGYNETWORKING TECHNOLOGY
Power-Line NetworkingPower-Line Networking
Way to connect computers in home or office using electrical wiring
More convenient than phone lines
Connect computer to network through the outlet that provides power
Data travels through electrical wiring
Requires no new wiring and adds no cost to electric bill
Power-line networking is inexpensive method for connecting computers in different places in home or office
Power-Line NetworkingPower-Line Networking
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NETWORKS – HOME AREA NETWORKS (HAN)
Network within a homeConnects digital devices
HomePLC – electrical lines; cables connect card/USB/parallel port to wall outlet
Phoneline – telephone lines; cables connect NIC/PC card to telephone jack
Network card that plugs into PCI slot and wall outlet for home power-line network
Howstuffworks.com
HomeRF, 802.11b – radio waves; NIC connects to transceiver with antenna or to wireless access point
Ethernet – twisted pair cables; Ethernet NIC cards and cables to connect devices
WIRELESS NETWORKINGWIRELESS NETWORKING
Creates network by sending infrared or radio signals between computers
Better than Power-line networking; some computers are not “plugged in” to electrical outlet
Laptop with wireless network card is completely portable throughout home or office
IrDA (Infrared Direct Access) is standard for devices to communicate using infrared light pulses
Infrared devices must be in direct line of sight with each other (like TV remote… which uses same infrared technology)
Infrared is almost always “one to one” technology
Radio signals better because no line of sight requirement and ability to broadcast to multiple recipients
WIRELESS NETWORKINGWIRELESS NETWORKING
8
NETWORK COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES –
802.11, BLUETOOTH, IRDA IEEE 802.11 (802.11b, g – “WiFi”) Family of standards used with wireless LANs
Used for public Internet access points
Bluetooth Devices contain special chip Short-range radio waves transmit between Bluetooth devices Short distance
IrDA IrDA devices contain IrDA ports Infrared light waves Line-of-sight transmission
BLUETOOTHBLUETOOTH
Bluetooth is new standard being developed by a group of electronics manufacturers
Will allow any sort of electronic equipment to communicate with each other
Can be used among computers, keyboard, mouse, printer, headphone, cell phone
Bluetooth-like radio communications should take place of wires or infrared signals for connecting devices
BLUETOOTHBLUETOOTH
Very small radio module to be built into each device
Wireless: No need for cables or cords to any device
Inexpensive: Should add only about $5-10 to price of product
Simple: Devices find one another and strike up conversation without any work on your part
Why is it called Bluetooth?Harald Bluetooth was king of Denmark around the turn of the last milleniumHe united Denmark and part of Norway into a single kingdom
BLUETOOTHBLUETOOTH
Satellite Internet access already commonplace
Satellites orbit at several hundreds of miles above Earth
Imagine airplane-like device at approximately 60,000 feet
Aircraft will be undisturbed by inclement weather and will be flying well above commercial air traffic
AIRBORNE INTERNETAIRBORNE INTERNET
AIRBORNE INTERNETAIRBORNE INTERNET
All satellite benefits without some of the problems
Consumers would get connections comparable to Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
High-speed wireless Internet connection by placing aircraft in fixed pattern over city
Could be lightweight planes (possibly unmanned) or blimps
AIRBORNE INTERNETAIRBORNE INTERNET
Airborne Internet will function much like satellite-based Internet access, but without time delay
Cost advantage over satellites – aircraft can be deployed easily – do not have to be launched into space
Airborne Internet could even complement satellite and ground-based networks, not replace them
AIRBORNE INTERNETAIRBORNE INTERNET
Impact: Possibility of constant connection to network anywhere, any time
Benefit: Ease of connecting all computers and related devices
Challenges: How to make most efficient use of the computing power, software, and tools always available
How to build the most useful software and tools
IMPACT AND OPPORTUNITY?IMPACT AND OPPORTUNITY?
INTERNET TECHNOLOGYINTERNET TECHNOLOGY
Access over the Internet to applications and services that would otherwise have to be located on one’s own personal computer
Email, text editor, financial modeling software, Computer Aided Design (CAD) software, simulation software,…..
Application Service Provider (ASP)Application Service Provider (ASP)
Centralized data storage, which will increase efficiency and ease of access to information, as well as synchronization of information among users and machines
Wherever you are, that is your computer!
STORAGE SERVICE PROVIDER (SSP)STORAGE SERVICE PROVIDER (SSP)
About 120 universities and 25 corporate sponsors are working on better Internet infrastructure “Internet 2”
THE NEXT GENERATION INTERNETTHE NEXT GENERATION INTERNET
THE NEXT GENERATION INTERNETTHE NEXT GENERATION INTERNET
Larger bandwidth
Faster speeds
Better reliability
Better security
Better compression techniques (smaller files to be transmitted)
Caching – leaving copies around closer to the point of need
All developments will eventually become part of standard internet
INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION 6 (IPV6)INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION 6 (IPV6)
Today’s Internet uses Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) – approximately 20 years old
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) (also called IPng) will eventually replace IPv4
IPv6 fixes a number of problems in IPv4, such as limited number of available IPv4 addresses
IPv6 goes from 32 to 128 bits per address
If whole Earth was a beach, more than enough IP addresses for every grain of sand ... hope that will be enough
IPv6 also routes messages better, auto-configures for missing computers, and includes security components for encryption and authentication
INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION 6 (IPV6)INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION 6 (IPV6)
DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS, EXPERT SYSTEMS
DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS, EXPERT SYSTEMS
If Internet becomes repository of all knowledge, how best to use it?
If Internet becomes repository of all knowledge, how best to use it?
Decision Support Systems (DSS) access data, sophisticated analytical models, user-friendly interfaces
DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS, EXPERT SYSTEMS
DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS, EXPERT SYSTEMS Can make repetitive, routine decisions with known algorithms
Can provide alternatives and possible outcomes for more elaborate decisions
Expert Systems (ES) capture decision-making rules used by experts
Interaction with human user and available data evolved toward decision
Neural networks can imitate DSS and ES and learn to make decisions
IMPACT AND OPPORTUNITY?IMPACT AND OPPORTUNITY?
Impact: Internet will provide fast access to enormous amount of information and tools for using that information
Benefit: Immediate access for all kinds of information in a variety of formats (text, sound, image, video) Ability to make decisions based on “all” available information… not just subset
Decision tools that represent best wisdom of all experts
Challenge: How to sift through enormous quantity of information and tools available to decide what to use in any given situation
Researchers have recently made breakthroughs in developing displays out of polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
Thin, flexible, rugged plastic that you can bend, roll up, fold, or form into practically any shape
CONSUMER COMPUTER TECHNOLOGYCONSUMER COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY
Plastic DisplaysPlastic Displays
PLASTIC DISPLAYSPLASTIC DISPLAYS
Mass production of plastic displays is approximately five years away
Applications could include notebook and desktop displays, hand-held appliances
Also, wearable displays sewn into clothing, and paper thin electronic books and newspapers
ELECTRONIC DIGITAL PAPERELECTRONIC DIGITAL PAPER
Developed at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), electronic paper is new kind of display
Somewhere between paper and conventional computer screen
ELECTRONIC DIGITAL PAPERELECTRONIC DIGITAL PAPER
Like paper, it is thin, lightweight, and flexible
Like computer display, it is dynamic and rewritable
Wide range of potential applications, including:Electronic paper newspapers offering breaking news, incoming sports scores, and up to the minute stock quotes, even as paper is being read
Electronic paper magazines that continually update with breaking information and make use of animated images or movie pictures
Electronic paper textbooks, which could be updated as technology changes
ELECTRONIC DIGITAL PAPERELECTRONIC DIGITAL PAPER
Electronic paper utilizes new display technology called gyriconA gyricon sheet is thin layer of transparent plastic in which millions of small beads, like toner particles, are randomly dispersed
Beads are bichromal, with hemispheres of contrasting color
Under influence of voltage applied to surface of sheet, beads rotate to present one colored side or the other to the viewer
Image will persist until new voltage patterns are applied to create new images
POWER PAPERPOWER PAPER Computers and other electronic devices becoming thinner and thinner
Soon laptop computer could be as thin as a sheet of paper
Power supplies must slim down as well
Power Paper, an Israel-based company, has developed paper-thin battery technology
POWER PAPERPOWER PAPER
Power electronic devices, games, greeting cards, smart cards, luggage tags, medical devices
Imagine smart tickets to sporting events to avoid counterfeiting and give directions to seat
Could be very useful in computerized clothing and wearable computers
Power Paper cell will be one-half millimeter thick, and will generate 1.5 volts
PRINTABLE COMPUTERSPRINTABLE COMPUTERS
Researchers developing ink-based, plastic processor
PRINTABLE COMPUTERSPRINTABLE COMPUTERS
Printable computer components not designed to replace silicon (about 100 times slower)
Plastic offers some benefits over silicon Silicon is rigid, while plastic chips are flexible
Will lead to simple computers to give intelligence to everyday objects
Could be integrated into clothes, food labels, simple appliances, toys
WEARABLE COMPUTERSWEARABLE COMPUTERS Obvious applications like hearing aids with sound enhancement software
“Glasses” with multi-informational display about what is being seen, where you are
Wrist computers, PDAs, cell phones
• Next step is computerized clothing• Including computers in standard clothing items like shoes, pants, shirts, jackets, belts…
WEARABLE COMPUTERSWEARABLE COMPUTERS
Uses include….
Health related – monitor blood pressure, pulse rate, blood sugar, useful for life threatening conditions that need continual monitoring
Navigation – directions, maps, airline information, restaurant and hotel information
Safety and security – connections to police, fire, medical, auto towing and repair
Entertainment – music, news, video, sporting events
WEARABLE COMPUTERSWEARABLE COMPUTERS Some of these devices already making their way into consumer market
Working to integrate computers and related devices directly into clothing, so that they are virtually invisible
Interaction via sensors, all fabric keypads, speakers, voice recognition receivers, thin light-emitting diode (LED) monitors, flat screen (plastic) displays, holographic projectors
Another step in making computers and devices portable without having to carry and manipulate plethora of gadgets
COMPUTERS IN EVERY IMAGINABLE ITEMCOMPUTERS IN EVERY IMAGINABLE ITEM
Appliances – Home security, heating/air conditioning, refrigerator, oven, dishwasher, lighting system, entertainment systems, washer, dryer, garage door opener, “watering” systems
Vehicles – cars, bicycles, lawn mowers, snow blowers, chain saws
VOICE RECOGNITIONVOICE RECOGNITION
Many of above will operate via voice commands
Next 3-5 years will bring major advances in speech recognition
Voice is converted into phonemes (basic elements of speech) English language has approximately 50 phonemes
VOICE RECOGNITIONVOICE RECOGNITION
Phonemes compared to dictionary of words stored via phonemesWords then translated into computer commands like “Display nearest gas station?”
Limited vocabulary systems and systems trained to particular person’s speech will be very fast and precise
Voice recognition requires tremendous storage and processing power – no problem
IMPACT AND OPPORTUNITY?IMPACT AND OPPORTUNITY?
Impact: Every conceivable device can have computer embedded in it
Benefit: Any mundane activity (like monitoring supply of food in refrigerator) or complex activity (like amplifying only specific sound frequencies in hearing aid) can be done by computer
Challenge: How to design most useful cadre of consumer computers to aid without overwhelming us humans
Magnetic Random Access Memory (MRAM) has potential to store more data, access data faster, use less power than current memory technologies
Could eliminate computer “boot up” sequence
Today’s memory Dynamic RAM (DRAM) needs to be supplied with constant current to store bits of data
COMPUTER PROCESSORS AND STORAGE TECHNOLOGY
COMPUTER PROCESSORS AND STORAGE TECHNOLOGY
Magnetic RamMagnetic Ram
MAGNETIC RAMMAGNETIC RAM
If current turned off, everything has to be stored again
In MRAM, small amount of electricity needed only to switch polarity (1 or 0) of each memory cell on the chip…not to maintain that value
HOLOGRAPHIC STORAGE TECHNOLOGIESHOLOGRAPHIC STORAGE TECHNOLOGIESCDs, DVDs, and magnetic storage all store bits of information on the surface of a recording medium
To increase storage capabilities, new optical storage method, called holographic memory, will go beneath the surface and use volume of recording medium for storage
Could offer more storage in same space
EXTREME-ULTRAVIOLET LITHOGRAPHY (EUVL) CHIPSEXTREME-ULTRAVIOLET LITHOGRAPHY (EUVL) CHIPS
Current silicon technology used to make microprocessors has begun to reach its limit since 2005
Other technologies necessary to cram more transistors onto silicon to create more powerful chips
Extreme-ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) – way to extend life of silicon at least until the end of the decade
EXTREME-ULTRAVIOLET LITHOGRAPHY (EUVL) CHIPSEXTREME-ULTRAVIOLET LITHOGRAPHY (EUVL) CHIPS
Using extreme-ultraviolet light to carve transistors in silicon wafers will lead to microprocessors as much as 100 times faster than today’s most powerful chips
Memory chips with similar increases in storage capacity
DNA COMPUTERSDNA COMPUTERS
Microprocessors made of silicon will eventually reach their limits of speed and miniaturization
• Chip makers need new material to produce faster computing speeds
• Millions of natural supercomputers exist in living organisms
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules have potential to perform calculations many times faster than the world’s most powerful human-built supercomputers
DNA COMPUTERSDNA COMPUTERS
DNA might one day be integrated on a computer chip to create a so-called biochip that will push computers even faster
DNA molecules have already been harnessed to perform complex mathematical problems
Large supply of DNA makes it a cheap resource
DNA’s key advantage is that it will make computers smaller, while holding more data, than any computer that has come before
DNA COMPUTERSDNA COMPUTERS
One pound of DNA has the capacity to store more information than all electronic computers ever built
Teardrop-sized DNA computer will be more powerful than world’s current most powerful supercomputer
Unlike conventional computers, DNA computers perform calculations in parallel
IMPACT AND OPPORTUNITY?IMPACT AND OPPORTUNITY?
Impact: Computers will be smaller, faster, lighter with enormous amounts of storage capacity
Benefit: Any imaginable task can be programmed to be executed in “real time” (like monitoring aspects of nuclear reactor)
Challenge: What is the most cost-effective use of these technologies?
How can we keep the “smaller, faster, lighter” development going?
Research on computer use for vision-impaired leading to touch screens with digitally-controlled raised surfaces
Digital Scent Synthesizer
SOME “FAR OUT” POTENTIAL FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
SOME “FAR OUT” POTENTIAL FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
The Forgotten Senses (Touch, Smell, Taste)The Forgotten Senses (Touch, Smell, Taste)
THE FORGOTTEN SENSES(TOUCH, SMELL, TASTE)THE FORGOTTEN SENSES(TOUCH, SMELL, TASTE)
Indexed thousands of smells based on chemical structure and place on scent spectrum
Each scent is coded and digitized into small file
Digital file is embedded in Web content or email (much like image file)
User may request scent or may be unleashed automatically
Create thousands of everyday scents with small cartridge containing 128 primary odors
Similar research going on in digital taste synthesis
ROBOTICSROBOTICS
Because of advances in processors, memory, decision support systems, expert systems, sensors….
Today’s crude robots will become “thinking” machines, capable of behavior that mimics reason, emotion, common sense, speech, vision, locomotion
54
IBM 360/75
#3UCSB
PDP10
SDS 940
#2SRI
#4UTAH
#1UCLA
SDS Sigma 7
The Original ARPANET
Dec 1969
55
Internet 1999
56
INTERNET - GLOBAL STATISTICS 2008
(approx. 3.5 B mobiles and 1 Billion PCs)
542 Million Hosts
(ISC Jan 2008)
1,464 Million Users(InternetWorldStats.com, June 30, 2008)
57
REGIONAL INTERNET STATISTICS 6/30/08Region Internet
Population% penetration
Asia 578.5 Mil. 15.3 %
Europe 384.6 Mil. 48.1 %
North Am. 248.2 Mil. 73.6 %
LATAM/C 139.0 Mil. 24.1 %
Mid-East 41.9 Mil. 21.3 %
Oceania 20.2 Mil. 59.5 %
Africa 51.0 Mil. 5.3 %
TOTAL 1,463.6 Mil. 21.9 %
58
INTERNET-ENABLED DEVICES
59
60
61
62
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InterPlaNetary Internet
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67
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INTERPLANETARY INTERNET:“INTERPLANET” (IPN)
•Planetary internets
•Interplanetary Gateways
•Interplanetary Long-Haul Architecture (RFC 4838) Licklider Transport Protocol (LTP) Bundle Protocol (RFC 5050)
Delayed Binding of Identifiers Email-like behavior
•TDRSS and NASA in-space routing
•Delay and Disruption Tolerant Protocols Tactical Mobile applications (DARPA) Civilian Mobile applications (SameNet!) Deep Impact Testing October/November 2008 Space Station Testing 2009
70
•End-to-end information flow across the solar system
•Layered architecture for evolvability and interoperability
•IP-like protocol suite tailored to operate over long round trip light times
•Integrated communications and navigation services
Q A&
ASSIGNMENT #4
Write note on terms highlighted in Red in this lecture Describe the ARPA NET architecture highlighting the universities and research facilities that shared online the resources of their mainframe servers as shown on slide 54