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"

,..MostlyTek Ltd "

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3

]-Large Scale]9 ,3 ,

,))scattering,))diffraction,)(reflection: ,))LOS ,))NLOS

))outdoor cost231,Okumura, HataWalfish and Bertoni , ,))Indoor ,

,Ray Tracing models

2

]] :6 , ,))frequency-reuse

, ,ACI ,CCI,))handoff Erlang , GOS , . .

1

]] :3 ., ,

, ,(,., ,,)

, ,. ,, .

.

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(- 4 Small Scale9( ,))multipath,

: ,delay spread,-Doppler spread

Saleh and Valenzuela )Indoor(,SUI,ITU-B)) :3 5

,),( SSB,DSB,))AM:

: - ).)FM,))PM,PPM,PDM,PAM:PFM,PCM, )Delta Modulation(

,:BPSK, DPSK, QPSK, O-QPSK 6: .:FSK, MSK, GMSK

M-PSK, M-QAM, M-FSK. ).)OFDM- Spread-Spectrum

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]]6 7

,))Multiple Access FDMA TDMA, FHMA .OFDMA, MC-CDMA ,CDMA

.

8

))3 ))Link Budget . .,

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Large Scale Models :3

,Large Scale : 1.vs. Small Scale Models

((LOS 2.Friis

((reflection3.diffraction)(,(scattering)

4. ((NLOS

((outdoor 5.

((Indoor 6.

. 7.

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.1 Input-Output .

" " : , ,

""?! ((Radio Transmission Technology

:

: ,.

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Large Scale vs. Small Scale Models

,,:

((Equalization,,diversity")("

,,1800MHz2400MHz)900MHz 3.5GHz,5GHz,10.5GHz,28GHz'(

/Large Scale, -Small Scale,

OutdoorIndoor

LOSNLOS

.

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)( :

: 1. =PL ,(large scale models slowfading)

LOS(Free-space, Friis model)

(NLOS(log-normal shadowing

:2. , (small scale fading)

.4 :Cell-site Engineering , ,

outage probability, etc

2/PL k d =

/ 2d

2

( / ) ; 2 to 5,

(0, ); 6 to 12

n

PL k d X n

X N = + =

=

/ 2d

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NLOS /

: NLOS .:((Reflections .',, : . , ..:((Diffraction . ..:((Scattering

.),,(

NLOS )LOS, (

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Example of Multipath Fading Channel

.1Uncorrelated path statistics

.2Large scale (slow) versus small scale (fast) fading

.3Gaussian statistics

Shadowing

Base

Station

1Path

2Path

time t time t +

Mobile

Base

station

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"

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((LOS .2

Pt [Watts] Pr [Watts] df..

C=3x108 m/sec

2

2

( )(4 / )

1

(4 / )

tr

t

PP d

d

Pdf c

= =

cf

=

=0.1 m,f=3Ghz

-

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. (LOS) . , fd :,.

Pt PrPr/Pt PL (Path loss)

22

4 4

r

t

P cPLP d df

= = =

,, PL6dB PL20dB 10

Friisfree space model

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0

P10log 32.4 20log 20log

27.6 20log 20log

r

t

d fL

P km MHz

d f

m MHz

= = =

+ =

150 dB144dB124 dBf=38GHz

126.4dB120.4dB100.4dBf=2.5GHz

118.4dB112.4dB92.4dBf=1GHz

d=20 kmd=10 kmd=1 km

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LOSGt ,Gr ,L

( )22

04 4

t r t r r

t

G G G GP cPL L

P L d L df

= = = =

LOS L0

P10log

10log 10log 10log 32.4 20log 20log

r

t

t r

LP

d fG G Lkm MHz

= =

+

)LOS(

Friis

P:r/P

t.

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PtGt EIRP. , (

) "

PtGt , (Gt (

.Pt

EIRP = Effective Isotropic Radiated Power

..

-3dB

,EIRP ,OBO

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EIRP

dBm50EIRP

dBi17TX antenna Gain

(60

o

x14

o

)

dB-2LOSS (cable,

duplexer)

dB-9Output Back Off

(OBO)

dBm

Watts

+44

25

BTS Power

Amplifier

unitsTX parameter

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-Friis dTx-Rx"" .Prd . "" Fraunhofer Region dF

22F

Dd

= D

,F Fd D d Large-ScalePL d0 d0>dF

20

0 0( ) ( )r r Fd

P d P d d d d d

=

0 010

( )( ) 10 log 20 log

1

rr dB m

P d dP d

mW d

= +

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: 900MHz50Watts.

) dBW dBm ) d=100m ,d=1000m.

.:

(3[ ] 10 log 10log(50 10 ) 47

1

tt

PP dBm dBm

mW

= = =

[ ] 10 log 10log(50) 171

tt

PP dBW dBW

W

= = =

(2 8 6 6 33 10 / 900 10(100) 50 3.5 10 3.5 104 4 100

24.56

r tP P W mW d

dBm

= = = =

=

100

(1000) (100) 20 log 24.56 20 44.561000r rP P dBm= + = =

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)(. ,-

: -.

)( .. " , . . , .

: )( ).(

.

/: . ,( . . )

.

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ENERGY PROPAGATION

S(W/m2) = E(V/m) x H(A/m)c = *f

+-

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Wave impedance

Rfs =Z = E/H = (0/0)1/2 = 120 = 377

- permeability(F/m) - permittivity(H/m)

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/

E=( EX

2 + EY

2 + EZ

2 )1/2X

Y

H=( HX2 + HY

2 + HZ2 )1/2

S=( EX2 + EY

2 + EZ2 )/377

Z

X

Z

Y

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Reactive near field.-Radiating near field (Fresnel).-Far field (fraunhofer).

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DR1

R2

D,

.

3

23

2

620

2620

2

Dr

Dr

D

D

r

LOSE-fieldd0 0 0| ( , ) | E dE d t

d

=

:0 0 '( ', ) cos( [ ])

'LOS c

E d dE d t t

d c=

0 0 ''( '', ) cos( [ ])''

g c

E d dE d t t

d c=

'd LOS

''d NLOSg i i

E E E= =

0 0 0 0' ''( , ) cos( [ ]) cos( [ ])' ''

TOT c cE d E dd dE d t t t

d c d c = +

2-ray:

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2 ray: 2"

''2sin

2 2 T RT R

h hd d

d

h hd

= =

0.3rad2

. Fresnel zone =4 T Rh hd

=

( )Scattering