MME 1208 TECHNICAL ENGLISH-II yücel birol. What is a standard? ●A standard is a document that...
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MME 1208 TECHNICAL ENGLISH-II yücel birol
MME 1208 TECHNICAL ENGLISH-II yücel birol. What is a standard? ●A standard is a document that provides requirements, specifications, guidelines or characteristics
What is a standard? A standard is a document that provides
requirements, specifications, guidelines or characteristics that
can be used consistently to ensure that materials, products,
processes and services are fit for their purpose. These
requirements are sometimes complemented by a description of the
process, products or services. Standards are the result of a
consensus and are approved by a recognized body.
Slide 3
What are the benefits of standards? Standards ensure that
products and services are safe, reliable and of good quality. For
business, they are strategic tools that reduce costs by minimizing
waste and errors and increasing productivity. They help companies
to access new markets, level the playing field for developing
countries and facilitate free and fair global trade.
Slide 4
Standardization is the process of formulating, issuing and
implementing standards What is standardization?
Slide 5
primary aims of standardization Fitness for purpose Fitness for
purpose is the ability of the process, product or service to fulfil
a defined purpose under specific conditions. Any product, process
or service is intended to meet the needs of the user. It is
difficult for the users to always spell out the desirable quality
of the process, product or service. Standards help by identifying
the optimum parameters for the performance of a process, product or
service (e.g. product standards) and the method for evaluating
product conformity (such as test method standards and quality
control standards).
Slide 6
primary aims of standardization Interchangeability The
suitability for a process, product or service to be used in place
of another to fulfil a relevant requirement is called
interchangeability. Through a deliberate standardization process,
it is possible to make processes, products or services
interchangeable, even if they are created in different countries.
For example, shaving blades of different brands may be designed to
be used in the same razor, injection needles of different sizes and
brands may be designed to fit the same hypodermic syringe.
Slide 7
Variety reduction While a large number of varieties for a
particular process, product or service may be helpful to consumers
and enable them to select the most appropriate, this large number
of varieties requires large inventories, resulting in high costs to
manufacturers. Variety reduction is one of the aims of
standardization for the selection, inter alia, of the optimum
number of sizes, ratings, grades, compositions and practices to
meet prevailing needs. Balancing between too many and too few
varieties is in the best interest of both manufacturers and
consumers. primary aims of standardization
Slide 8
Compatibility Parallel developments of processes, products or
services, which are required to be used in combination, pose
problems if they are not compatible. One of the aims of
standardization is compatibility, namely, suitability of processes,
products or services to be used together under specific conditions
to fulfil the relevant requirements, without causing unnecessary
interaction.
Slide 9
primary aims of standardization Guarding against factors that
affect the health and safety of consumers Safety of the process,
product or service is of great importance if, under certain
conditions, the use of the process, product or service may pose a
threat to human life or property. Therefore, identification of
processes, products or services and their safety parameters, not
only under normal use but under possible misuse, is one of the
important requirements of standardization. For example, If an
electrical appliance is manufactured, it should be well insulated
to be free from electrical hazards: electric irons, for example,
should be designed so as to guard their user against electrical
shock from any part of the iron.
Slide 10
primary aims of standardization Environmental protection
Environmental protection is an important aim of standardization:
the focus here is on preserving nature from damage that may be
caused during the manufacture of a product or during its use or
disposal after use. For example, the domestic use of a washing
machine should generate only a minimum of pollutants.
Slide 11
primary aims of standardization Better utilization of resources
Achievement of maximum overall economy through better utilization
of resources such as capital, human effort and materials is an
important aim of standardization. In manufacturing organizations,
it is this aspect of standardization of materials, components and
production methods that makes it possible to reduce waste and to
carry out mass production in an economic way. For example, in
construction and civil engineering, the use of the appropriate
quantities of cement and steel to achieve a required strength are
recommended in building standards and codes of practices.
Slide 12
primary aims of standardization Better communication and
understanding Whenever the transfer of goods and services is
involved, standards spell out what means of communication are to be
used between different parties. Since standards contain information
that is recorded in a precise and documented form, they contribute
towards better communication and understanding in a large variety
of settings. In public places such as airports, railway stations
and highways for instance, standardized signs play an important
role.
Slide 13
primary aims of standardization Transfer of technology
Standards act as a good vehicle for technology transfer. Since
standards incorporate the results of advances in science,
technology and experience, they reflect the state of the art in
technical development. As standardization is a dynamic process,
standards are updated as new technologies are developed.
Slide 14
primary aims of standardization Removal of trade barriers
Restrictions on the export of processes, products or services by
the introduction of some technical barriers to trade, such as
arbitrary product requirements, are being viewed with great
concern. Standards prevent such non-tariff barriers to trade by
harmonizing requirements in a manner that promotes fair
competition. Purchasers can be convinced about the quality level of
a product that has been manufactured according to a recognized
standard.
Slide 15
Benefits of standardization By its very definition,
standardization is aimed at achieving maximum overall economy.
Standards provide benefits to different sectors of society. Some of
the benefits of standardization are: For manufacturers, standards:
Rationalize the manufacturing process. Eliminate or reduce wasteful
material or labour. Reduce inventories of both raw material and
finished products. Reduce the cost of manufacture
Slide 16
Benefits of standardization For customers, standards: Assure
the quality of goods purchased and services received. Provide
better value for money. Are convenient for settling disputes, if
any, with suppliers. For traders, standards: Provide a workable
basis for acceptance or rejection of goods or consequential
disputes, if any. Minimize delays, correspondence, etc., resulting
from inaccurate or incomplete specification of materials or
products.
Slide 17
Benefits of standardization For technologists, standards:
Provide starting points for research and development for further
improvement of goods and services.
Slide 18
Attributes of a standard A standard generally has three
attributes: Level: such as at the company, national or
international level. Subject: such as engineering, food, textile or
management. Aspect: such as specification, testing and analysis,
packaging and labelling (more than one aspect may be covered in a
single standard: a standard may include specification of items such
as the product, its sampling and inspection, related tests and
analysis, packaging and labelling). For example the term Indian
Standard Specification of Biscuits, means that the standard is a
national standard (level), in the food area (subject), and provides
specifications(aspect) for the biscuits
Slide 19
Types of Standards Vocabulary standards, e.g. glossaries, signs
and symbols; Basic standards, such as units of measures; Product
standards that cover specifications for dimensions, performance,
health, safety, environmental protection and documentation;
Standards for inspection, test methods and analysis; Standards that
focus on organization, such as for logistics, maintenance,
inventory management, quality management, project management and
production management
Slide 20
vocabulary standards Vocabulary standards cover glossaries and
definitions of terms. These standards provide uniformity and
cohesion for interpreting terms used in various other standards.
Sometimes, a short glossary of terms with their definitions is
included in the subject standard itself. But whenever a separate
glossary on a given subject exists in a standard form, a mere
reference to it in the subject standard is considered adequate. For
example International Standard ISO 9000:2000 covers vocabulary of
most of the quality management related terms; these are repeated as
a normative reference in other standards such as ISO 9001:2000
(Quality management systemsRequirements).
Slide 21
vocabulary standards
Slide 22
basic standards The basic units of the SI system (Systme
international dunits or International system of units) was defined
and adopted by CGPM (Confrence gnrale des poids et mesures). The
seven basic units of the SI system are: Length metre (m) Mass
kilogram (kg) Time second (s) Electric current ampere (A)
Temperature kelvin (k) Substance mole (mol) Luminous intensity
candela (cd) The IEC, ISO and the International Organization for
Legal Metrology (OIML) have published a number of standards and
recommendations relating to measurement.
Slide 23
product standards For products, standards that contain
specifications are the most common: they cover in a comprehensive
manner the requirements for a material or product. These
specifications provide the user with comprehensive guidance for
producing, processing, selling, purchasing and using the product.
These standards may include requirements for dimensions,
performance, packaging, labelling, methods of sampling and test
methods. Alternatively, these requirements may be defined in
separate standards.
Slide 24
product standards Specification standards contain three
categories of requirements: obligatory requirements (essential
characteristics that are needed to ensure the usefulness of a
product), optional or recommendatory requirements (which help to
improve the serviceability of a product or to meet the specific
requirements of a particular type of customer) and informative
requirements. Product and material standards can be used as the
basis for contracts in commercial dealings. National or third party
product certifications can only be awarded if these product
standards are used. International standards organizations such as
ISO, IEC, CODEX, the European Union (through its product
regulations) and various NSBs regularly issue new product standards
or revise existing ones to keep pace with market requirements and
changing technologies.
Slide 25
Standards on sampling, inspection, test methods,
grading,packaging, labelling, supply and delivery Methods for
sampling and inspection are quite often incorporated into
specification standards. Sometimes these may be indicated in a
separate document and then referred to in the specification
standard. For example, there are separate standards for the
sampling of bulk commodities such as iron ore, coal and cereals.
Methods for testing and analysis are also quite often incorporated
into specification standards. However, when extensive details about
test methods are to be given, these standards are published as
independent standards. For example, a separate series of ISO
standards and national standards is available on the testing of
water, petroleum products, dairy products, electrical appliances,
paints and textiles.
Slide 26
Standards on sampling, inspection, test methods, grading,
packaging, labelling, supply and delivery Methods for grading and
classification are sometimes dealt with within the body of the
specifications for the materials or products. For many bulk
materials like coal and metallic ores, separate methods of grading
and classification are available: grades are generally given as
Grade A, Grade B, etc. or Class 1, Class 2, etc. To express the
hierarchy of individual grades. Packaging and labelling
requirements are generally not a part of specification standards
and separate standards exist for them. A large number of standards
have been published for packaging material (paper, cardboard, etc.)
and other packages such as cans, tins, drums, barrels and
containers. These standards also describe the methods used for
testing the packages considered.
Slide 27
Standards on sampling, inspection, test methods,
grading,packaging, labelling, supply and delivery Supply and
delivery conditions are also quite often a part of specification
standards. When these conditions are of a more technical nature
(e.g. concerning sampling, inspection, packaging or labelling) they
are generally included in the specification type of standards.
Nonetheless, independent standards on supply and delivery
conditions are also available that deal mainly with contractual
obligations.
Slide 28
Standards on organization Beyond dealing with products, test
methods, sampling, inspection and packaging, national and
international standards have been developed that cover various
management techniques, which include: Inventory management
Production management Banking transaction documentation Information
technology Logistics Quality management systems (ISO 9000 series)
Environmental management systems (ISO 14000 series)
Slide 29
information sources on standards The world of standards
contains a lot more than simply product specifications and methods
of tests. Some standards or standards-related documents are as good
as textbooks on their subjects and include codes of practice such
as building codes or other important descriptions. a useful link to
standards: http://www.iso.org
Slide 30
ISO standards
Slide 31
Popular ISO standards
Slide 32
ISO standards
Slide 33
Standards catalogue
Slide 34
Slide 35
Slide 36
Slide 37
ISO standards
Slide 38
information sources on standards National standards bodies
(NSB-TSE) The first step for obtaining information on standards is
to contact the NSB in your country, which will generally have a
standards information centre. NSBs keep a collection of their own
standards, and they will generally have collections of national
standards of other countries, of regional and of international
standards. For example, the Bureau of Indian Standards has in its
library more than 60,000 standards, including standards issued by
international bodies, other NSBs and standards of societies and
associations.
Slide 39
information sources on standards At standards information
centres of NSBs, you will usually be able to consult catalogues of
standards from various standards bodies to see which of them apply
to your product or any other information relating to standards,
which you may need. An NSB will be able to sell you its own
standards and it will frequently be licensed to sell you standards
from other standardizing bodies. If it does not have the standard
you need, you may request the NSB in your country to order the
standard for you from the relevant NSB.
Slide 40
Turkish Standards Institute
Slide 41
www.tse.org.tr
Slide 42
information sources on standards The Internet If you do not
have easy physical access to your NSB and if you wish to obtain
foreign or international standards directly from the relevant
standards body, you can use the Internet to search for and obtain
standards. The World Standards Services Network (WSSN) is a network
of websites of standards organizations around the world. Through
the websites of its members, WSSN provides information on
international, regional and national standardization and related
activities and services (website
http://www.wssn.net).http://www.wssn.net
Slide 43
ASTM standards
Slide 44
sample standards
Slide 45
Slide 46
Slide 47
Calibration is the activity of checking, by comparison with a
standard, the accuracy of a measuring instrument of any type. It
may also include adjustment of the instrument to bring it into
alignment with the standard. Even the most precise measurement
instrument is of no use if you cannot be sure that it is reading
accurately or, more realistically, that you know what the error of
measurement is. What is calibration?
Slide 48
By checking the instrument against known reference standards
that have themselves been calibrated according to agreed
International Standards the system of SI units for example the
Volt; Ampere; Watt; metre; litre. (These standards have replaced
the National Standards that were for many years the traceability
requirement). How is calibration performed?
Slide 49
By using a calibration laboratory that is accredited to
international standard ISO17025:2005. ISO17025 requires
laboratories to demonstrate competence in both the technical
aspects of the measurements and in the quality assurance aspects
that ensure that you will get the service that you ask for if you
have specific requirements, or will ensure that you get a useful
and valid certificate and set of results if you wish to leave the
detailed requirements to the laboratory. How do we know that our
calibration is traceable?
Slide 50
This depends on how important the measurements being made are
to your product or service; the degree of wear and tear that the
instrument will experience in service; the stability of the
instrument itself and a review of the calibration records that
already exist to determine whether adjustment has been needed
previously. OTC recommends a starting periodicity of 12 months for
most instruments with an increase in calibration frequency (to 6 or
9 months) if adjustment is required, and a reduction in periodicity
to 2 years after a sequence of annual calibrations has shown that
adjustment has not been needed. How often should the instruments be
calibrated?
Slide 51
There are three main reasons for having instruments calibrated:
To ensure readings from an instrument are consistent with other
measurements. To determine the accuracy of the instrument readings.
To establish the reliability of the instrument i.e. that it can be
trusted. Why is calibration so important?
Slide 52
Calibration defines the accuracy and quality of measurements
recorded using a piece of equipment. Over time there is a tendency
for results and accuracy to drift particularly when using
particular technologies or measuring particular parameters such as
temperature and humidity. To be confident in the results being
measured there is an ongoing need to service and maintain the
calibration of equipment throughout its lifetime for reliable,
accurate and repeatable measurements. Why is calibration so
important?
Slide 53
The goal of calibration is to minimise any measurement
uncertainty by ensuring the accuracy of test equipment. Calibration
quantifies and controls errors or uncertainties within measurement
processes to an acceptable level. Calibration is vitally important
wherever measurements are important, it enables users and
businesses to have confidence in the results that they monitor
record and subsequently control. Why is calibration so
important?
Slide 54
The results of measurements are most useful if they relate to
similar measurements, perhaps made at a different time, a different
place, by a different person with a different instrument. Such
measurements allow manufacturing processes to be kept in control
from one day to the next and from one factory to another.
Manufacturers and exporters require such measurements to know that
they will satisfy their clients specifications. Traceability:
relating your measurements to others
Slide 55
Most countries have a system of accreditation for calibration
laboratories. Accreditation is the recognition by an official
accreditation body of a laboratorys competence to calibrate, test,
or measure an instrument or product. The assessment is made against
criteria laid down by international standards. These laboratories
are accredited to ISO Guide 25 Requirements for Technical
competence of Calibration and testing laboratories. Traceability:
relating your measurements to others
Slide 56
Ultimately all measurements are used to help make decisions,
and poor quality measurements result in poor quality decisions. The
uncertainty in a measurement is a numerical estimate of the spread
of values that could reasonably be attributed to the quantity. It
is a measure of the quality of a measurement and provides the means
to assess and minimise the risk and possible consequences of poor
decisions. For example we may want to determine whether the
diameter of a lawn mower shaft is too big, too small or just right.
Our aim is to balance the cost of rejecting good shafts and of
customer complaints if we were to accept faulty shafts, against the
cost of an accurate but over engineered measurement system.
Uncertainty: how accurate are your measurements?
Slide 57
When making these decisions the uncertainty in the measurement
is as important as the measurement itself. A measurement with a
stated uncertainty can be compared to others The uncertainty
reported on your certificate is information necessary for you to
calculate the uncertainty in your measurements. Measurements are
traceable when they can be related to a recognised measurement
system, through an unbroken chain of comparisons, each with stated
uncertainties Uncertainty: how accurate are your measurements?
Slide 58
Many measuring instruments read directly in terms of the SI
units, and have a specified accuracy greater than needed for most
tasks. With such an instrument, where corrections and uncertainties
are negligible, the user simply wants to know that the instrument
is reliable. Unfortunately a large number of instruments are not.
Approximately one in six of all of the instruments sent for
calibration are judged to be unreliable or unfit for purpose in
some way. Reliability is judged primarily by the absence of any
behaviour that would indicate that the instrument is or may be
faulty. A calibration certificate will be issued only if an
instrument is found to be reliable, and will satisfy its intended
purpose. Reliability: can I trust the instrument?
Slide 59
Many quantities of practical interest such as colour, loudness
and comfort are difficult to define because they relate to human
attributes. Others such as viscosity, flammability, and thermal
conductivity are sensitive to the conditions under which the
measurement is made, and it may not be possible to trace these
measurements to the SI units. For these reasons the international
measurement community establishes documentary standards
(procedures) that define how such quantities are to be measured so
as to provide the means for comparing the quality of goods or
ensuring that safety and health requirements are satisfied.
Achieving Traceability in your measurements
Slide 60
To make a traceable measurement three elements are required: An
appropriate and recognised definition of how the quantity should be
measured, A calibrated measuring instrument, and Competent staff
who are able to interpret the standard or procedure, and use the
instrument. Traceability is ensured only if these three factors are
present in the measurement process Accreditation to ISO Guide 25
has specific requirements for technical competence and is distinct
from certification to the ISO 9000 series quality systems, which
are simply management tools. Achieving Traceability in your
measurements
Slide 61
Calibration does not usually involve the adjustment of an
instrument so that it reads true. Indeed adjustments made as a part
of a calibration often detract from the reliability of an
instrument because they may destroy or weaken the instruments
history of stability. The adjustment may also prevent the
calibration from being used retrospectively. When Measurement
Standards Laboratory ( MSL) adjusts an instrument it normally
issues a calibration report with both the as received and after
adjustment values. Adjustments may completely invalidate an earlier
calibration. Adjustment: what a calibration is not
Slide 62
Your calibration certificate must contain certain information
if it is to fulfil its purpose of supporting traceable
measurements. This information, which is listed in ISO Guide 25,
can be divided into several categories (see appendix for more
details):appendix it establishes the identity and credibility of
the calibrating laboratory; it uniquely identifies the instrument
and its owner; it identifies the measurements made; and it is an
unambiguous statement of the results, including an uncertainty
statement. In some cases the information contained in your
certificate might seem obvious but ISO Guide 25 grew out of the
experience that stating the obvious is the only reliable policy.
What a calibration certificate contains