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CISMA Call Agenda1:30pm Introductions

Rose Godfrey

1:35pm Technical Presentation

Regulation for PhragmitesInvasion Resistance… – Allison Brectloff

1:55pm CISMA Update

Central Florida CISMA – Sherry Williams

2:10pm Shoutouts

10th Annual FLEPPC CISMA Session, Future FISP/CISMA activities

Last CISMA Call on WebEx

2:30pm Adjourn

This Month’s Call

8th Year Anniversayof Florida Monthly CISMA call!• It is also the last

month that we will be using WebEx

• Keep an eye out for the new platform information!

Technical Presentation

Regulation for PhragmitesInvasion ResistancePresented by Allison Brectloff

Competition between Juncus romerianus and invasive

Phragmites australis on the Florida coast:

A greenhouse experiment contributes to predictive understanding

Allison Bechtloff, Carrie Reinhardt Adams, Candice Prince, and Leah Cobb Lee

University of Florida, Department of Environmental Horticulture

Outline• Introduction to Phragmites australis

• Introduction to Juncus roemerianus

• Comparison of species

• Salt marsh dynamics

• Objectives of study

• Experimental design

• Materials & methods

• Results

• Discussion

Why Phragmites australis?

• Exotic Phragmites introduced to New England in the early 1800’s

• Highly invasive throughout the United States, beginning to be a problem in Florida

• Invasion elsewhere results in considerable cost

• Understanding species behavior will help determine BMPs for Phragmites

Study species: Phragmites australis

• Cosmopolitan C3 grass

• Grows in the high bank to high marsh

• Reproduces clonally and by seed

• Replaces native species in coastal marshes, including Scirpus, Spartina and Juncus Haplotype M, the taller shoots, in a stand of native Phragmites in Deleware.

Photo courtesy of Vasquez et al 2005.

Haplotype M global distribution of occurrence records. Photo courtesy of Guo et al 2013. Sampling locations of Phragmites. Photo courtesy of Williams et al 2012.

Phragmites invasion• Haplotypes:

• 18 native; 4 introduced (Kettenring et al. 2012)

• In Florida:• Haplotype I: freshwater marsh invasions

currently managed due to displacement of native species

• Haplotype M: aggressive invader in northeastern salt marshes; identified in FL in 2013 (Overholt et al. )

Phragmites australis Haplotype I (subspecies berlandieri) along the St. Johns River.Photo courtesy of Candice Prince

• Little is known regarding the invasion potential in Florida’s coastal marshes, or what effect sea level rise (SLR) may have• Environmental fluctuations - will they weaken or

enhance the haplotype?

• Coastal marshes most likely to be invaded by Haplotype M - used in this study

• Phragmites is a good model invader –plasticity of habitats• Possible solution: Revegetation with plants of

similar functional traits (Funk et al. 2008)

Phragmites invasion

Study species: Juncus roemerianus• C3 Rush

• Grows in high marsh

• Reproduces clonally and by seed

• Commonly chosen species for restoration and revegetation

Juncus roemerianus distribution in U.S. Photo courtesy of natureserve.org (last updated January 2015).

Morphology / Physiology Phragmites australis Juncus roemerianus

Foliage texture Coarse Coarse

Shape & orientation Erect Erect

Salinity tolerance High High

Shade Tolerance Intolerant Intolerant

Adapted to fine & medium texture soils Yes Yes

Adapted to coarse textured soils Yes No

Growth rate Rapid Moderate

Vegetative spread rate Rapid Slow

Growth form Rhizomatous Bunch

Mature height 4 meters 1.5 meters

Fire tolerance High Medium

Frost free days, Minimum 110 200

Temperature, Minimum -38⁰ F / -39⁰ C 17⁰ F / - 27⁰ C

pH tolerance range 4.5 – 8.7 4 – 7

Species Comparison: Trait Values

Trait characteristics information obtained from USDA Plants database on March 1, 2016

Study System: FL Coastal Salt Marshes• Plant diversity is simple

• Typical species: Spartina alterniflora (low marsh) and Juncus roemerianus (high marsh)

• Plant zonation created by plant’s tolerance of stress and competition

Physical stress: salinity and flooding

Competition

Spartina dominated Juncus dominated

Translation from well-researched mid-Atlantic coastal marshes to FL is not straightforward (Pennings et al 2001)

Species distribution in coastal salt marsh. Photo courtesy of Indiana University, Bloomington (www.Indiana.edu)

Objectives• Examine interspecific competition

between Juncus and Phragmites• Differ with density?

• Differ with water level?

• Investigate species responses in order to contribute to SLR predictions• Inform restoration plant for areas prone to

Phragmites invasion

Experimental Design (Partial Additive Design)• 2-way and 3-way factorial with species composition and SLR scenario as factors

• Species composition - 5 levels: Phragmites alone, Juncus alone/low density, Juncus alone/high density, Phragmites + Juncus low density, Phragmites + Juncus high density)

• SLR scenario – 2 levels: shallow (5 cm above water level) and deep (5 cm below water level)

Phragmites response variables Juncus response variables

Water Level

Shallow Deep

Jun

cus

De

nsi

ty Hig

h

Phragmites present Phragmites present

Phragmites absent Phragmites absent

Low

Phragmites present Phragmites present

Phragmites absent Phragmites absent

Water Level

Shallow Deep

Jun

cus

De

nsi

ty

Hig

h Phragmites present Phragmites present

Low Phragmites present Phragmites present

No

ne Phragmites present Phragmites present

MaterialsPlant Material

• Phragmites Haplotype M rhizomes collected from LakeSeminole, FL November 6th, 2014 and maintained at UFPlant Science facilities until use.

• Juncus plugs purchased from Aquatic Plants of FloridaOctober 15th, 2015.

Media • Vermiculite, peat, sand (1:1:1)• Osmocote slow-release fertilizer

Containers• 3-gal. bins • Drilled with holes to allow water infiltration

Flood bench• flood bench filled with water• Instant Ocean Sea Salt to maintain salinity

Water Circulation Pump• Red Sea Ocean Clear canister filter• Blue Line 55 HD return pump• 10’ of clear 1” hose• 15’ of 3/4” PVC plumping pipe and fittings

Materials

Methods• Plants were divided into fragments and planted in bins with varying plant density

• Bins were placed in 0.5% saline water in flooded bench (brackish = 0.05-3%)

• Shoot height and density measured periodically (week 1, 4, 11, & 14)

• Biomass harvest occurred on week 14

10.3 cm

13

.0 cm

13

.0 cm

20.7 cm

High Density~ 12 cm centers

Low Density~ 24 cm centers

- Juncus- Phragmites

• Biomass production was independent of water level (differences not shown)

• Both root and shoot biomass reduced when planted with Juncus

• Increased suppression when Juncusdensity is high

ab

c

a

b

c

Results: Phragmites biomass

Results: Juncus biomass

• Biomass production was independent of water level (differences not shown)

• Higher density of Juncussuppressed biomass accumulation with no Phragmites present

• Juncus similarly suppressed with both high and low density when with Phragmites

a

a a

a

aa

b

b

• Juncus shoot number was effected by water depth with less shoots in deeper water

• Shoot number was much less when Phragmites was present

• Shoot height also effected by water depth – taller shoots in deeper water

a

a

b

b

Results: Juncus shoot data

Potential Dominance Mechanism

• Phragmites root biomass production was considerable: at equal density (4 plants per pot) = 4 g Juncus, 16 g Phragmites• Belowground interspecific competition may be

most important

• New plantings may be more susceptible to belowground competition, e.g. invasion by Phragmites (Funk et al. 2008)

Implications for management

• Juncus planting suppresses but will not likely prohibit Phragmites invasion, irrespective of water level

• SLR also unlikely to prohibit Phragmites invasion

• When restoring areas prone to Phragmites invasion:• Denser is better

• Careful monitoring and management post-planting required

Acknowledgements

• William A. Overholt (UF/IFAS) shared his expertise regarding Phragmites australis distribution in the southeastern US

• Michael P. Sowinski (FWC) identified the M haplotype growing in Lake Seminole, FL, and assisted our lab in obtaining plant material

• CJ Green (FWC) provided important context for the experiment

• Gil Sharrell (Aquatic Plants of Florida) provided guidance with plant materials

• James Colee (UF/IFAS Statistics) for experimental design and analysis help

• John Hoblick and Andraya Mendez for their assistance with experiment implementation

References

Funk J.L., Cleland, E.E., Suding, K.N. and Zavaleta, E.S. 2008. Restoration through reassembly: plant traits and invasion resistance. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 23(12):695-703.

Guo W., Lambertini, C., Li, X., Meyerson, L.A. and Brix, H. 2013. Invasion of Old World Phragmites australis in the New World: precipitation and temperature patterns combined with human influences redesign the invasive niche. Global Change Biol 19:3406-3422.

Kettenring, Karin M., Sylvia de Blois & Donald P. Hauber. 2012. Moving from a regional to a continental perspective of Phragmites australis invasion in North America. Aob Plants pls040:1-18.

Overholt W.A., Sowinski, M.P., Schmitz, D.C., Schardt, J., Hunt, V., Larkin, D.J. and and Fant, J.B. 2014. Early detection and rapid response to an exotic Phragmites population in Florida. Aquatics Magazine Fall(2014):3-5.

Pennings S., Grant, M. and Bertness, M. 2005. Plant zonation in low-latitude salt marshes: disentangling the roles of flooding, salinity and competition. J Ecol 93(1):159-167.

Pennings S.C. and M.D. Bertness. 2001. Salt marsh communities. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland.

Vasquez E., Glenn, E., Brown, J., Guntenspergen, G. and Nelson, S. 2005. Salt tolerance underlies the cryptic invasion of North American salt marshes by an introduced haplotype of the common reed Phragmites australis (Poaceae). Mar Ecol Prog Ser 298:1-8.

CISMA Update• Central Florida

CISMA

• Presented by:

Sherry Williams

• 2015 Fall General Workshop• Seminole County Natural Lands 25th Anniversary Event• Presentation to Florida Trail Association• Presentation to Seminole County Master Gardeners• Orlando Wetlands Festival• Invasive Species Workshop for Homeowners during National

Invasive Species Awareness Week

• Provided funding assistance to Oakland Nature Preserve

• Orlando Science Center Earth Day Event• Aquatics Workshop – Partnered with ECF CISMA and

UF/IFAS School of Forest Resources and Conservation

June Shout Outs

• FKIETF– Plant ID Class 5/26/2016

• TC – Workday 5/27/2016

• FERN– Suwannee River Team Webinar 6/3/2016

• FCIWG – Meeting 6/22/2016

• TC – Meeting 6/23/2016

• ECISMA – EDRR Ranking Meeting 6/30/2016

Time to start planning for the 10th Annual FLEPPC CISMA Session!

It’ll be hard but let’s make it the best CISMA Session to date!

Accepting Suggestions Now

FLEPPC 2017

New Reporting Method

–Google Form!• To be emailed & embedded on FISP Success Stories

page.

• Automatically fills a spreadsheet!

• So easy it can be done while talking on the phone ;-)

Next Month’s Call

– July 27, 2016

• Invasive Plant Control: There’s an App for That – Tony Pernas

• CISMA Update: Everglades

– Dennis Giardina

2016-2017 CISMA Call Agenda

Suggestions Needed!

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