Group Members

Saima Naaz 03

Madiha Ayoub 29 Dedicated to: Rubab Noor 50 Mr. Salman Ali khan

Durr e shehwar 51

Sobia Asghar 58

BBA morning

6th semester

Madiha Ayoub

Roll No 29 Topic Levels Of management

Introduction

Kinds of Information System:∆ TPS (Transaction processing system)∆ OAS (Office automation system)∆ KWS (Knowledge work system)∆ MIS (Management information system)∆ DSS (Decision Support System)∆ ESS (Executive support system)∆ GDSS (Group decision support system)∆ CSCW (Computer supported

collaborative work)

Introduction

Management Information System

A system that provides people with either data or information relating to an organization’s operations.

An organizational method of providing past, present and projected information related to internal operations and external intelligence.

Management

Management in business and organizations is the function that coordinates the efforts of people to accomplish goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively.

Levels of Management

Strategic Management

∆ Consist of BOD and other Chief Executives (ranking officers)

∆ Develops over all organizational goals, strategies, policies, and objectives

Strategic Management

Characteristics: Decisions affect the whole organization Decisions leave a long term impact Managers develop objectives and

allocate resources Decisions usually involve a huge

investment

Strategic Management

Examples of strategic decision: Developing and producing a new

product in market Opening of new branches in abroad Mergers or acquisition

Tactical Management

Middle level management Decisions involve financial or personal

consideration Guidelines come from top level

management Develop medium range plan Set objectives of department

Tactical Management

Find best operational measures to accomplish strategic decisions

Make plans and compare performance with standards

Determine variances and take remedial measures to avoid them in future

Tactical Management

Examples of tactical management decisions: Acquisition of hardware Acquisition of software Training of staff

Operational Management

Lower level management Deals with routine activities Make short term plans Done activities efficiently and

effectively In charge of small group or subordinates Take decisions that affect their small

units for short period

Operational Management

Examples of operational management: Preparation of payroll Inventory management

Management level and information requirement

Top level managers spend more time on strategic planning than supervisors

Operational managers spend more time on operational decisions than top managers

Information directly related to the level of management and structure of decision situation

Information system for operational management

Operational managers require detailed reports for day to day affairs

Pre-established procedures and decision rules

A large percentage of decisions are programmable

Procedures are quite suitable Informational source come from internal

data generated from transactions

Information system for tactical management

Information is required by manager of department,

Profit center to measure performance, Decide control actions Formulate new decision rules Require information only in summary

form Use both internal and external data

Information system for strategic management

Require summarized data from a variety of sources

Depend upon external data such as:• Competitor’s policy• Market condition,• Govt. policies

Fatima Sial

Roll No 51Topic Approaches of management

Contingency approach to management

Contingency means “Situational”. An organization face different situations and for each problem use different

methods for solution. For example For internal and external problems or projects the organization use different

methods.

Contingency approach to management

There are following types of contingency approach to management:

1. External environment

2. Internal organization

3. Time factor

4. Personal factor

External & Internal Environment

External Environment:

External environment includes government, technology, politics and also customers, suppliers, competitors etc.

Internal Organization:

It includes all owners, employees, culture, tangible assets, plans, procedures etc.

Stages of Growth and Time Factor

SOG is helpful in decision making process for the organization. Decision that is appropriate today may not be appropriate tomorrow. There are six stages of growth as follows:

Six Stages of Growth

1. Initiation

2. Contagion

3. Control

4. Integration

5. Data Administration

6. Maturity

Timing Factor

It’s also very important contingency. A good manager often have a sense of timing.

That when and what type of decision is taken for the organization.

Good and bad mood of the manager also effects his or her decision.

Personal Factor

Organizations don’t manage but the people do. Important factor for the management is the manager. Manager style for one organization may not be effected for the other manager.

Saima Naaz

Roll No 03Topic Mintzberg’s Managerial Role

Managerial Roles

In 1916 Henri Fayol proposed one of the earliest theory describing what mangers do.

Background: Born in Istambul in 1841 In 19 working in mining company Develop 14 principle of management In 1916 step down as director published his "14 Principles of Management" in the book "

Fayol Management Function

. Fayol suggest the management consist of six management functions Forecasting. Planning. Organizing. Coordinating. staffing Controlling.

Mintzberg's Managerial Roles:

Henry Mintzberg’s (1973),

Ten management roles in three categories

Interpersonal roles

Informational roles

Decisional roles

Subdivision of categories

Interpersonal Roles:

“Interpersonal roles of a manger are concerned with his interacting with people both inside the organization and outsiders”

Three types of interpersonal roles Figure headLeader Liaison role

Figure head

Ceremonial and symbolic in nature Attending social functions Awards to outstanding employees

Leader

Manager’s leader role involves leading his subordinates and motivating them for willing contributions.

Manager is responsible for activities of his subordinates.

Liaison role

In liaison role involve contact with people outside of the managers particular work unit. Manager serves as a connecting link between his and outsiders or between his unit and other organizational units.

Informational Roles:

Informational role involves receiving collecting of information and distributing them as required. It is of three types:

Monitor role

Disseminator role

Spokes person

Monitor

“In monitoring role manager collects the information which can affect the organizational activities by reading magazines and periodicals, reports from the departments, talking with others to learn changes in the public’s taste”

Disseminator:

In disseminator role manger distribute the information to his subordinates and superiors by sending circulars, holding meetings and making phone calls.

Spokesperson

In spokesperson role the manager represents his organization or unit with interacting with outsiders. These may customer, financer, govt. suppliers or other agencies in society. It can be done by attending press conferences, meetings and by issuing notices.

Decisional Role

It is very important role. Manager has to take decisions daily. In decisional role he performs four roles. Entrepreneur Disturbance handler Resource handler Negotiator

Entrepreneur

As an entrepreneur the manger assumes certain risks which can affect the organization. He has to take decisions like expansion or diversification, initiation of new projects, development of older procedures etc.

Resource Allocator

As a resource allocator managers fulfil the demand of various units in terms of human physical and financial. He tries to utilize these resources in such way that no department suffers for their inadequacy.

Negotiator

As negotiator manager has to take decisions regarding prices with suppliers and customers. He also deals with trade unions and negotiates with them regarding working conditions and wage fixation.

Rubab Noor

Roll No 50Topic Planning

Plan

A plan is a blueprint for goal achievement that specifies the necessary resource allocations, schedules, tasks and actions.

Planning

The word planning incorporates both ideas: It means determining the organization’s goals and defining the means for achieving them.

In short, planning is preparing for tomorrow, today. It’s the activity that allows managers to determine what they want and how they will achieve it.

Planning

Planning answer six basic questions: What needs to be accomplished? When is the deadline? Where will this be done? Who will be responsible for it? How will it get done? How much time, energy, and resources are

required to accomplish this goal

Types of planning

R.N. Anthony was one of the first people to formally recognize three different types of planning

Forms of planning

Strategic Planning

Strategic planning generally refers to long range, organization wide planning activities that take place at the highest level of organization.

In organizations the upper level management is responsible for formulating wide strategic plans.

Strategic planning process

Tactical planning

The tactical plan describes the tactics the organization plans to use to achieve the ambitions outlined in the strategic plan

If the strategic plan is a response to “What?” the tactical plan responds to “How?”

Tactical planning includes:

Operational Plan:

The operational plan describes the day to day running of the company. The operational plan charts out a roadmap to achieve the tactical goals within a realistic timeframe.

Creating the operational plan is the responsibility of low-level managers and supervisors.

Operational planning includes:

Information system and Planning:

Role of information system in planning:

Transaction processing system

Lower level Management

Management Reporting System

Middle level Management

Decision support system

Upper level Management

Control and contingency planning:

Good management typically means having control systems in place to monitor, audit, or otherwise track activities.

A contingency plan goes into effect if something seriously wrong happens with the master plan. Usually a contingency plan deals with specific and explicit departures from the master plan.

Contingency Planning:

Sobia Asghar

Roll No 58Topic Characteristics of effective communication

Characteristics of effective information

Information is something is perceived Information reduces uncertainty about situation The human mind processes information in chunks taken from short term The rate at which people can process data into information in finite

Content :

The most important quality of any MIS output is that it contain the

types of information that people really need.

Example :

Upper level manager and lower level manager

Desirable Qualities of InformationQuality Description

Availability Is accessible to those who needComprehensibility Is understandable to those who need it .Usefulness Is in a form the makes it capable of being used.Accuracy is correct .Consistency Is not self-contradictory .

Presentation :Presentation refers to the method of increasing the likelihood that report of screen information will be both comprehensible and useful .

Techniques of presentation:

Eliminating unnecessary information Carefully formatting critical information. Putting information into its most useful form. . Using color. Using graphics.