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4 - 1Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
4 - 2Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Computer Software
Chapter
4Chapter
4
4 - 3Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
1. Describe several important trends occurring in computer software.
2. Give examples of several major types of application and system software.
3. Explain the purpose of several popular software packages for end user productivity and collaborative computing.
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
4 - 4Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
4. Outline the functions of an operating system.
5. Describe the main uses of computer programming software, tools, and languages.
4 - 5Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
What is Software?What is Software?
Definition:
• Various kinds of programs used to operate computers and related devices
4 - 6Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Types of SoftwareTypes of Software
4 - 7Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Types of SoftwareTypes of Software
• Application Software - performs information processing tasks for end users
• System Software – manages and supports operations of computer systems and networks
4 - 8Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Application SoftwareApplication Software
• General-Purpose – programs that perform common information processing jobs for end users
• Application-Specific – support specific applications of end users in business and other fields
4 - 9Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
How is Software Developed?How is Software Developed?
• Custom Software – software applications that are developed within an organization for use by that organization
• Commercial Off-the-shelf (COTS) Software – software that is developed by a software developer with the intention of selling the software in multiple copies
4 - 10Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
General-Purpose Application SoftwareGeneral-Purpose Application Software
• Software Suites• Web Browsers• Electronic Mail• Word Processing• Spreadsheets• Database Managers• Presentation Graphics• Personal Information Managers• Groupware
4 - 11Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Software SuitesSoftware Suites
4 - 12Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Integrated PackagesIntegrated Packages
Definition:
• Combine some of the functions of several programs into one software package
4 - 13Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Graphical User Interface (GUI)Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Definition:
• Icons, tool and status bars, menus, and so on, which gives an application its look and feel
4 - 14Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Web BrowserWeb Browser
Definition:
• Software interface used to point and click through the hyperlinked resources of the Internet
4 - 15Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Web BrowserWeb Browser
4 - 16Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Electronic Mail & Instant MessagingElectronic Mail & Instant Messaging
• Electronic Mail – software used to send and receive electronic messages and file attachments via the Internet, intranets or extranets
• Instant Messaging (IM) – software used to send and receive electronic messages instantly to facilitate real time communication and collaboration
4 - 17Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
E-mailE-mail
4 - 18Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Word Processing & Desktop PublishingWord Processing & Desktop Publishing
• Word Processing – software that supports the creation, editing, revision and printing of documents
• Desktop Publishing (DTP) – software that supports the production of materials that look professionally published
4 - 19Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Word ProcessingWord Processing
4 - 20Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Electronic SpreadsheetsElectronic Spreadsheets
Definition:
• Software that supports the development of electronic worksheets consisting of rows and columns used for business analysis, planning and modeling
4 - 21Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
SpreadsheetsSpreadsheets
4 - 22Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Presentation GraphicsPresentation Graphics
Definition:
• Software that helps convert numeric data into graphics displays and prepare multimedia presentations including graphics, photos, animation, and video clips
4 - 23Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Presentation SoftwarePresentation Software
4 - 24Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Graphics SoftwareGraphics Software
4 - 25Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Video SoftwareVideo Software
4 - 26Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Personal Information Manager (PIM)Personal Information Manager (PIM)
Definition:
• Software for end user productivity and collaboration
4 - 27Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
GroupwareGroupware
Definition:
• Software that helps workgroups and teams work together to accomplish group assignments
4 - 28Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Software AlternativesSoftware Alternatives
• Purchase Commercial Off-The-Shelf software
• Application Service Providers – companies that own, operate, and maintain application software and the computer system resources required to offer the use of the application software for a fee as a service over the Internet
4 - 29Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Software LicensingSoftware Licensing
• Purchasing the right to use specific software under the terms of the software licensing agreement
• Protects the vendor’s intellectual property right
4 - 30Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
System SoftwareSystem Software
• System Management Programs – programs that manage the hardware, software, network, and data resources of computer systems during the execution of various information processing jobs of end users
• System Development Programs – programs that help users develop information system programs and procedures and prepare user programs for computer processing
4 - 31Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Operating SystemOperating System
Definition:
• An integrated system of programs that manages the operations of the CPU, controls the input/output and storage resources and activities of the computer system, and provides various support services as the computer executes the application programs of users
4 - 32Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Operating System FunctionsOperating System Functions
4 - 33Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
User InterfaceUser Interface
Definition:
• The part of the operating system that allows you to communicate with it so you can load programs, access files, and accomplish other tasks
4 - 34Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Types of User InterfacesTypes of User Interfaces
• Command-Driven
• Menu-Driven
• Graphical User Interfaces
4 - 35Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Resource ManagementResource Management
Definition:
• Programs to manage the hardware and networking resources of a computer system, including its CPU, memory, secondary storage devices, telecommunications processors, and input/output peripherals
4 - 36Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
File ManagementFile Management
Definition:
• Programs that control the creation, deletion, and access of files of data and programs as well as keeping track of the physical location of files on magnetic disks and other secondary storage devices
4 - 37Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Task ManagementTask Management
Definition:
• Programs that control which task gets access to the CPU and for how much time
• Multitasking – approach that allows for several computing tasks to be performed in a seemingly simultaneous fashion
4 - 38Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Popular Operating SystemsPopular Operating Systems
• Microsoft Windows
• UNIX
• Linux
• Mac OS X
4 - 39Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Other System Management ProgramsOther System Management Programs
• Performance Monitors – programs that monitor and adjust the performance and usage of one or more computer systems to keep them running efficiently
• Security Monitors – programs that monitor and control the use of computer systems and provide warning messages and record evidence of unauthorized use of computer resources
4 - 40Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Application ServersApplication Servers
Definition:
• Software which provides an interface between an operating system and application programs of users
• Middleware – software that helps diverse software applications and networked computer systems exchange data and work together more efficiently
4 - 41Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Programming LanguageProgramming Language
4 - 42Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Programming LanguagesProgramming Languages
4 - 43Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Machine LanguagesMachine Languages
• All program instructions had to be written using binary codes unique to each computer
• Programmers had to have a detailed knowledge of the internal operations of the specific type of CPU
4 - 44Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Assembler LanguagesAssembler Languages
• Alphabetic abbreviations and symbols are used to represent operation codes and storage locations
• Language translator programs are required to convert the instructions into machine instructions
4 - 45Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
High-Level LanguagesHigh-Level Languages
• Instructions that use brief statements or arithmetic expressions
• Each statement generates several machine instructions when translated by compilers or interpreters
4 - 46Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Fourth-Generation LanguagesFourth-Generation Languages
• Nonprocedural – programmers specify results while computer determines the sequence of instructions that will accomplish those results
• Natural Language – very close to human language
4 - 47Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Object-Oriented LanguagesObject-Oriented Languages
• Ties together data element and the procedures or actions that will be performed upon them
4 - 48Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Web LanguagesWeb Languages
• HTML – a page description language that creates hypertext or hypermedia documents
• XML – describes the contents of Web pages by applying identifying tags or contextual labels to the data in Web documents
• Java – an object-oriented programming language that is simple, secure and platform independent
4 - 49Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
HTMLHTML
4 - 50Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Web ServicesWeb Services
Definition:
• Software components that are based on a framework of Web and object-oriented standards and technologies for using the Web to electronically link the applications of different user and different computing platforms
4 - 51Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Web ServicesWeb Services
4 - 52Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Language Translator ProgramsLanguage Translator Programs
• Assembler – translates the symbolic instruction codes of programs written in an assembler language into machine language instructions
• Compiler – translates high-level language statements
• Interpreter – compiler that translates and executes each statement in a program one at a time
4 - 53Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Programming ToolsProgramming Tools
• Graphical Programming Interfaces
• Programming Editors
• Debuggers
• CASE tools
4 - 54Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Case #3: Growth of Linux in BusinessCase #3: Growth of Linux in Business
Statistics:• Linux runs almost 15% of all servers
• Growing at 23% per year
• Over 10% of IBM mainframe sales run Linux
• Only 1% of PCs use Linux but 30% of chief technologists were considering moving their companies’ PCs to Linux
4 - 55Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Case #3: Growth of Linux in BusinessCase #3: Growth of Linux in Business
How did Linux get into the mainstream?• Low-cost alternative in sagging economy
• Intel loosened its relationship with Microsoft
• IBM made an effort to be Linux-compatible
• Fear of Microsoft gaining a stranglehold on corporate customers
4 - 56Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Case #3: Growth of Linux in BusinessCase #3: Growth of Linux in Business
Open Source:
• Free
• Stable
• Easily fixed if bugs appear
4 - 57Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Case #3: Growth of Linux in BusinessCase #3: Growth of Linux in Business
1. Should businesses continue to switch to the Linux operating system on servers and mainframes? Why or why not?
2. Should business and consumer PC users switch to Linux PC operating systems like Lindows and software suites like Sun’s Star Office? Why or why not?
4 - 58Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Case #3: Growth of Linux in BusinessCase #3: Growth of Linux in Business
3. Should the IT departments of companies like Merrill Lynch contribute their software improvements to the open-source community for products like Linux? Explain your reasoning.
4 - 59Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Case #4: Using Java in BusinessCase #4: Using Java in Business
Benefits:
• Java can run on any hardware or operating systems
• Easy to modify code as needs expand
• Networking capabilities reduce the need for remote servers
• Easy to integrate with middleware and databases
4 - 60Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Case #4: Using Java in BusinessCase #4: Using Java in Business
1. What are the benefits of Java as a programming language for retail POS applications compared to other programming languages?
2. What are the benefits of Java for the development of e-commerce portals for customers and suppliers like PartsEdge?
3. Why do companies like Mark’s Work Wearhouse frequently team Java with the Linux operating system?
4 - 61Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
SummarySummary
• Computer software consists of applications software that directs the performance of a particular use of computers to meet the information processing needs of users, and system software that controls and supports the operations of a computer system as it performs various information processing tasks.
4 - 62Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
SummarySummary
• Application software includes general-purpose and application-specific categories.
• General-purpose application programs perform common information processing jobs for end users.
• Application-specific programs accomplish information processing tasks that support specific business functions.
4 - 63Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
SummarySummary
• System software can be subdivided into system management programs and system development programs.
• System management programs manage the hardware, software, network, and data resources of a computer system during its execution of information processing jobs.
• System development programs help IS specialists develop computer programs to support business processes.
4 - 64Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
SummarySummary
• An operating system is an integrated system of programs that supervises the operation of the CPU, controls the input/output and storage functions of the computer system, and provides various support services.
4 - 65Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
SummarySummary
• Programming languages require the use of a variety of programming packages to help programmers develop computer programs, and language translator programs to convert programming language instructions into machine language instruction codes.
4 - 66Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
End of Chapter
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