MIREA_Itenaria in Praehistorica

8/14/2019 MIREA_Itenaria in Praehistorica

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Itenaria in praehistorica. Studia In honorem magistri Nicolae Ursulescu Ediderunt V. Cotiug, F. A. Tencariu, G. Bodi, Iai, 2009, p. 281 293

ON V DASTRA HABITATION IN SOUTHERN ROMANIA:CONTEXT AND RESULTS FROM THE TELEORMAN VALLEY

PAVEL MIREA*

Key words: Neolithic, V dastra, Teleorman Valley, pit-features, pottery. Cuvinte cheie: neolitic, V dastra, Valea Teleormanului, gropi, ceramic .

Abstract: This study presents recent data regarding the presence of the V dastra culture east of the Olt, in an area where few discoveries of this kind were known. The researches carried out on theTelorman Valley, at M gura Buduiasca, were first taken into account. As a result of the archaeological excavations that were accomplished between 2001 and 2005, as well as the analysis performed on thearchaeological complexes and the inventory, there could be noticed some characteristics specific to theV dastra habitation and the paleoeconomy of these communities.

Rezumat: Acest studiu i propune s prezinte date recente legate de prezen a culturii V dastra laest de Olt, ntr-o zon n care erau cunoscute pu ine descoperiri de acest fel. Au fost avute n vedere, n

primul rnd, cercet rile efectuate pe Valea Teleormanului, la M gura Buduiasca. n urma descoperirilor de aici, din perioada anilor 2001-2005, dar i a analizelor efectuate asupra complexelor arheologice i ainventarului acestora, au putut fi observate unele caracteristici specifice locuirii V dastra i

paleoeconomiei acelor comunit i.

The purpose of this study is to unfoldrecent data regarding the presence of theVdastra culture east of Olt, taking intoaccount the archaeological research on theTeleorman Rivers Valley, carried out as partof a Romanian-British project, entitledSRAP1.

The Vdastra culture appellative,typical to the eastern Oltenia, was firstmentioned in the literature in 1932 (NESTOR1932, 56-57), based on the discoveries from theVdastra settlement situated west of Olt.There, at M gura Fetelor , the first Vdastradiscoveries were made by Cezar Bolliac,between 1871 and 1873. The archaeologicalexcavations continued in 1926 under the

*Teleorman County Museum, Alexandria, email:[email protected]

1 The project has been funded by the BritishAcademy, the Society of Antiquaries of London, theCardiff University, the Romanian Ministry of Culture andthe Teleorman County Council and has been directedby Dr. Douglass W. Bailey, Head of Archaeology andConservation, Cardiff University and Dr. RadianR. Andreescu, researcher with the National HistoryMuseum, Bucharest.

The discoveries east of the Olt River have convinced some researchers toconsider that the Vdastra cultures area of spread is wider than the territory betweenthe Jiu River and the Lower Olt and covers azone that stretches from the C lmui Valleyto the Vedea Valley (BERCIU 1961, 53;FLORESCU, DAICOVICIU, ROU 1980, 12;

supervision of Vasile Christescu (CHRISTESCU1933, 167-225) and later, in 1934, of DumitruBerciu (BERCIU 1937, 2). Most of the Vdastrasettlements were known in the south-easternOltenia (Fig. 1). Some of them werearchaeologically researched: Vdastra(MATEESCU 1959, 61-73; 1959a, 107-115; 1961, 57-62; 1962, 187-191; 1970, 67-75; 1971, 19-23),Cruovu (MATEESCU 1957, 103-113), Hotrani(BERCIU 1966, 93-98; NICA 1971, 5-33), Frcaude Sus ( NICA 1970, 31-52), Vldila and PiatraSat (NICA, CIUC1989, 29-41) and continued thelist of those discovered in the inter-war period: Orlea, Fr sinetul de Pdure, Reca,Corabia, Celei, imnic, Bratovoeti (BERCIU1939, 34).


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Fig. 1. Vdastra discoveries in the Danubian basin.1. Altimir; 2. Baniska; 3. Beciu; 4. Bistrentsi; 5. Boldeti-Gr ditea; 6. Borovo; 7. Bratovoieti; 8. Brenitsa; 9. Celei;10. Chitila; 11. Corabia; 12. Cruovu; 13. Devetaki; 14. Frcau de Sus; 15. Fr sinetu de Pdure; 16. Ghinoaica;17. Hotrani; 18. Hotnitsa; 19. Iasen; 20. Ipoteti; 21. Koprivets; 22. Krushovitsa; 23. Krushuna; 24. Mgura;25. Novgrad; 26. Orlea; 27. Orlovets; 28. Ostov; 29. Peturnitsa; 30. Piatra Sat; 31. Pleven; 32. Radovanu; 33. Re

ca;

34. Ruptsi; 35. Slatina; 36. Sudii; 37. Suhindol; 38.imnic; 39. Todorovo; 40. Turnene; 41. Vdastra; 42. Vldila

DUMITRESCU, VULPE 1988, 34; URSULESCU,PETRESCU-DMBOVIA, MONAH 2001, 149).

The presence of the Vdastra culturewas postulated at least for the westernMuntenia, even though the researches hadno revealed significant artifacts that could beconnected to this culture nearer than theeastern bank of the Olt, first at Slatina(BERCIU, BUTOI 1961, 139-142; BUTOI 1973, 139)and Ipoteti (COMA 1962, 217; 1973, 35-36) andlater at Beciu (MIREA 2005, 78, 92).

The pottery uncovered in the settlementof Radovanu II, along the Arge River, whichwas attributed by the author of theresearches to a local facies, namedRadovanu II , chronologically situatedbetween the end of the Boian-Bolintineanuphase and the beginning of the Boian-Giuletiphase ( COMA 1977, 327), could belong,stylistically speaking, to the Vdastra style.Moreover, the discoveries at Chitila-Ferm were attributed to the same culture, whosespread could be much wider, on a territory

south of Carpathians, from the Jiu to theeastern Romanian Plain, in the hilly area andthe Buzu Plain (BORONEAN 2005, 49-50, 60-61). From this point of view, we mention thediscoveries of some Vdastra potteryfragments with excised decoration atBoldeti-Gr ditea, Ghinoaica and Sudi i. If we are to consider the first one as an isolateddiscovery, the two later ones revealedVdastra materials mixed with Dudetiand Boian-Bolintineanu pottery. Victor Teodorescu noticed the presence of severalceramic fragments with a typical Vdasta I /Dudeti decoration of some Bolintineanuarchaeological complexes (FRNCULEASA2007, 30).

The Vdastra settlement at MguraBuduiasca was first attested in 2001 whenthe diggings revealed pottery fragments withexcised decoration at an archaeological levelseriously disturbed by post-Neolithicinterventions. The archaeological excavationscarried out in the following years (2002-2005)


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ON VDASTRA HABITATION IN SOUTHERN ROMANIA283

Fig. 2. The Teleorman Valley at Mgura Buduiasca.

led to the discovery of some complexes withVdastra finds (ANDREESCU, BAILEY 2002, 195-199; 2003, 189-190; 2004, 184-189).

On the origins of the Vdastra cultureseveral theories, rather contradictory, havebeen expressed in course of time. On the onehand, Dumitru Berciu considered that it aroseon an ancient Vina foundation and someLBK influences (BERCIU 1961, 56-57). Later, heemphasized the idea that it was the Dude ticulture that established its basis ( BERCIU 1966,93-98). On the other hand, unlike DumitruBerciu, Corneliu Mateescu considered thatthe origins of the Vdastra culture should besought within the Star evo-Cri culture.

Marin Nica expressed an other theory on

the origins of the Vdastra culture. Based ontypological observations on the pottery andstratigraphical facts of the new sites, heshowed that the Vdastra culture wascreated on the basis of the Dude ti culture,with LBK influences, and that certainStar evo-Cri elements were transferred tothe Vdastra culture by the Dudeti culturalbackground (NICA 1970, 50; 1997, 107). Vladimir Dumitrescu also showed that Vdastraculture has in its origins characteristics of theDudeti culture of Oltenia and Western

Muntenia and belongs to the cultural group

with black pottery (DUMITRESCU, VULPE 1988,34).

In a first attempt to divide Vdastraculture into periods, based on theobservations on the site from M guraFetelor , it has been concluded that theVdastra II layer overlaps the Vdastra Ilayer (BERCIU 1937, 1-7; 1961, 51). At that pointin the research there was a strong convictionthat those two layers consisted of materialsfrom two different cultures. It was DumitruBerciu who proposed a different division intoperiods, based on the new discoveries fromVdastra. He stated that V dastra I andVdastra II shouldnt be regarded as twodifferent cultures but a single one whose

evolution emphasizes at least four mainphases (Vdastra I, II, III, and IV), thathavent been yet stratigraphically proved(BERCIU 1961, 51-53; 1966, 96-97).

Sebastian Morintz divided Vdastraculture into two phases, the second onebeing subdivided into two stages (MORINTZ,CANTACUZINO 1963, 53). Later, CorneliuMateescu came to a similar conclusion,based on the stratigraphical information fromthe Vdastra and Cru ovu sites (MATEESCU1961, 58; 1970, 70).

As a result of the diggings fromFrcaele, Hotrani, Piatra Sat and Vldila,


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a b

Fig. 3. Vdastra complexes from Mgura Buduiasca. c d

There is only one case where theThe investigated settlements at eastof the Olt (Slatina, Ipoteti and Beciu) aresituated on high terraces. At MguraBuduiasca the only site that wassystematically researched, the settlementseemed to be situated on the low terrace of the Teleorman River and the archaeologicalcomplexes stretched on a surface of about600 m on the east-west axis and 300 m onthe north-south axis (Fig. 2).

archaeological remains can indicate aapproximate 5 m2 wide agglomeration of daub and pottery fragments. No remarkswere possible, the dwelling being seriouslydisturbed by a post-Neolithic habitation. Theinventory of the researched complexes issimilar. Among them, we mention ceramicfragments, animal bones, pieces of tools or the entire objects (of flint, stone or bone),fired daub and hearth fragments, in differentquantities (ANDREESCU, BAILEY 2003, 190; 2004,185-186; 2005, 225-226). Neither the micro-survey, nor the examination of the distributionof the archaeological materials from theresearched complexes that were consideredto be domestic pits, can confirm this fact.Certain social customs should be taken intoaccount, which contributed to this creation of store places (CHAPMAN 2000). The massivedaub fragments, some of them carryingwooden prints, but also the large hearth

The complexes attributed to theVdastra culture are usually represented bypits of different shapes and sizes. Thoseelements that could define best their functions (pit-houses, refuse-pits etc.) aremissing in most of the cases. Some of themconsist in simple shapes, almost circular or oval, with diameters and depths of no morethan 2.80 m and 0.40 m, respectively. Othersare oval or almost circular, with a maximumdiameter of 2.00 m and depths between 0.60and 1.00 m.


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286 PAVEL MIREA

fragments discovered in the filling of the pits,therefore situated in a secondary position,would imply the existence of surface

dwellings, probably in the wide area.Among other materials, two fragments of human bones were discovered in twocomplexes. Their presence in no funeralcontexts, noticed in several complexes atMgura, Vdastra types as well as Star evo-Cri and Dudeti, raised a series of controversies concerning certain socialcustoms (LAZR, SOFICARU 2005, 231).

The absence of surface dwellings andthe aggregation of some domestic complexescould suggest the existence of such areas, if

not at the periphery of the settlement,probably at certain distances from thedwelling areas (ANDREESCU, BAILEY 2005, 224).This seems to characterize the early anddeveloped Neolithic stages in the westernareas of the Balkans and the region of theLower Danube where this settlement type,wide in surface, with oval or circular half-sunken structures and sometimes even withsurface constructions resembling temporarydwellings, are typical (BAILEY 2000, 62). It ismost likely that many of the social andeconomic activities developed outside thesettlement, their archaeological traces beingdifficult to track (BAILEY 2000, 265).

Understanding the paleoeconomy of theVdastra communities in this part of Muntenia depends on the extent of theresearches. Most of the animal bonesassemblages are now being analyzed. Thatis why all the information concerning theanimal breeding can only create a generalview on the issue. We mention that for themoment Bos taurus prevails (BLESCU,RADU, MOISE 2005, 185).

The palaeobotanical Vdastra samplesare now being analyzed and, for that reason,they are no references to the nature of thecrops that were grown. Parts of somecompound tools, such as sickles (flint bladefragments with a specific gloss on certainparts), grinders, and sandstone crushers (thatwere probably used also for crushing thecereal grains) and fragments of horn tools(mattocks and dibbles) represent indirect

evidence.Various flint tools have been discoveredat Mgura Buduiasca, in Vdastra contexts

(Fig. 4). The typological analysis of the itemsdiscovered in a complex, illustrates the factthat the finished products exist in a proportion

of almost 40% and most of them are blades,in fragments of blades and scrapers. Other kinds of tools represent isolated cases, such

Fig. 4. Various flint tools.

as a reworked flake, an awl and a sickle

blade. The presence of the flakes in aproportion of over 50%, the percussors andthe cores in large number (almost 8%),suggest the possibility that they weremanufactured on the spot. The items aremade especially of flint stone with nuancesthat range from grey and yellowish-grey tobrown and black-grey (73%). In lower proportions, there are yellowish-cream andyellowish-brown colored pieces. Three toolsof polished stone made, three flat, trapezoidalsmall chisels have also been discovered ino

the same complex (Fig. 5).

Fig. 5. Stone chisels.


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Tools like mattocks and dibbles wereThe only piece that has remained from one of them is its proximate segment. Threesandstone grinder fragments and a weightmade of the same mineral represent the lithicinventory. Grinder fragments and a cylindricalsandstone rubber have been identified insome other complexes. The items have ovalor rectangular shapes, their useful part beingflat or slightly widened. One of the pieces of this kind has a circular dimple on one side.Another complex contained three grinder fragments, three fragmented sandstonerubbers and a stone weight (Fig. 6).

manufactured of deer horn. The boneand horn made tools were used duringcertain occupations and domestic activities:processing and assembling leather and textile

Fig. 7. Various bone tools.

materials, knitting vegetal and animal fibersprocessing wood, cooking meals, but alsoworks like cultivating plants. The category of bone items also includes certain adorningobjects, like a bracelet fragment of Spondylus and two perforated astragals 3.

The Vdastra pottery is recognizedespecially by its specific ware categorydecorated by the excision technique; that isconsidered the guiding fossil. The pots,decorated with spirals, meanders, trianglesseries of rhombuses arranged in varioustypes of combinations, and with white fillingare real masterpieces (Fig. 8). It has beenconsidered, with good reason, that beside thepainted pottery of the Cucuteni culture, theVdastra pottery represents perhaps thehighest expression of pottery art of all theEuropean Neolithic period (DUMITRESCU 1968,20-21).

Fig. 6. Various stone tools.

Among the finds at Mgura Buduiasca,there are bone and horn tools, almostfragmented. From the first category we maymention the spatulas, the lutes and the awls(Fig. 7). It wasnt possible to reconstruct thechanes opratoires , but it has been noticedthat the majority of the pieces are made of half rib fragments and cattle and sheep/goatmetapodes. As a polisher, a Bos taurus astragal was probably used, the traces onone side indicating this function.

3 Dr. Adrian Blescu and Dr. Valentin Radu,from the Alexandra Bolomey National Centre of Pluridisciplinary Researches of the National HistoryMuseum, to whom we express our gratitude, haveaccomplished the lab determinations.


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Fig. 8. Vdastra excised decorated pottery.

Published articles have regularlypresented this category of special ceramics,references to the other types being indirect,or even ignored (MATEESCU 1957, 103-113; 1959,61-71; 1959a, 107-114; 1961, 57-60; 1962, 187-190;1970, 67-75; 1971, 19-23; NICA 1970, 31-51; 1971, 5-32; NICA, CIUC 1989, 17-41). The studyperformed on an assemblage of pottery from Mgura Buduiasca revealed interesting data.From the amount of 2536 ceramic fragmentsonly 113 can be attributed to that specialcategory decorated by the excision technique(4.4%). Only 25% of all the ceramicfragments are decorated by differenttechniques (incision, flute, clay slip,impressions and painting after firing).Regarding the method of surface treatment, itcan be noted that the coarse ceramics withrough surface prevail (76%), and it is followedby the fine, burnished ones (13%), and by theceramics with smooth surfaces (11%).

The Vdastra pottery was handmade, byusing the coiling technique. As a result of thepreliminary analysis, it has been presumedthat the clay contained sand and organic

material (chaff), separately or in differentlymixed proportions, used as a degreasingsubstance. The microscope detailed studywas performed on a total of 800 ceramicfragments, from three pits. The clay contained mineral inclusions (quartz, ironoxides and limestone silt) as well as organicfibers. The color of the pottery fragments onthe outside (ranging from light brown andreddish brown to different shades of grey)and in the middle suggests that the pots hadbeen fired at a temperature of about 750 o C.In order to identify possible sources of clay,several samples of clay were taken from thesurrounding area of the settlement in theTeleorman Valley and the Clnia Valley (atributary of he Teleorman River). Thesamples have been tested to establish their plasticity and firing degree. The conclusionwas that the pottery was most likely producedby using local clay. The samples displayedthe same kind of mineral inclusions and

colour shades after firing (VAN AS, JACOBS,THISSEN 2005, 63-67).


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Fig. 10. Anthropomorphic figurines.

fragment had a cylindrical shape, perhapswith a semispherical calotte (Fig. 11).Vdastra zoomorphic figurines have not yetbeen discovered at Mgura Buduiasca.

From another complex comes acylindrical object, slightly prolonged, claymade, with an incised decoration that depictstwo human figures (ANDREESCU 2007, 57) (Fig.12).

Fig. 11. Anthropomorphic lid.

Fig. 12. Decorated clay object

One fragment of a clay object, of a discshape, is decorated on one side with irregular circular pricks (Fig. 13).

Fig. 13. Clay object.

Several fragments specific to the so-called small cult altars or cult tables, thatare typical of the entire early and developedNeolithic in the Balkan area, have beendiscovered at Mgura Buduiasca (Fig. 14). Of different shapes and sizes, clay made,burnished, with excised or incised decoration,white filled sometimes, the small cult altarshave long disputed functions: clay lamps, miniature representations, small cult tables, vessels for burning substances on ritualoccasions, bowls, recipients used for ritual


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Fig. 14. Cult tables fragments.

or profane purposes ( SCHWARZBERG 2003, 79).The discoveries at Mgura Buduiasca

confirm the presence of the Vdastra culturealong the Telorman Valley. Even though it isa singular reality for the moment, it raisesimportant questions about its origin and itsconnection to the neighboring territories:South-Eastern Oltenia, Central and SouthernMuntenia and Northern Bulgaria.

The various theoretical aspects thatwere emphasized in what concerns thestarting point and the evolution of theVdastra culture have often beencontradictory. The traditional type analysisovervalues the cultural-historical approachspecific to the Romanian archaeology(ANGHELINU 2003; DRAGOMAN 2006, 131-148).

A real synchronism between the culturalphenomena in the second half of the fifthmillennium B.C. has been difficult toestablish. It is most likely that we are dealingwith local evolution and influences among theneighboring cultural areas as well as withchronological differences among the variousregions where Vdastra materials have beenresearched. In the absence of certain 14C test

results, this chronological image can beconsidered as incomplete.

AcknowledgementsMany thanks are due to Alexandra

nreanu, for translating the text intoEnglish and to Stephen Mills for reading thistext.

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MIREA_Itenaria in Praehistorica