Mirandilla_A-List Filipino Political Bloggers & Readers (Davao, Apr 9 11) [Compatibility Mode]

8/3/2019 Mirandilla_A-List Filipino Political Bloggers & Readers (Davao, Apr 9 11) [Compatibility Mode]

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‐

POLITICAL

BLOGGERS

AND THEIR READERS:WHO

THEY

ARE,

WHY

THEY

ACCESS

BLOGS,

& HOW THEY PERCEIVE, & PARTICIPATE IN,

POLITICS

Mary Grace Mirandilla‐Santos

SIRCA grantee

9 April 2011, Cafe Demitasse, Davao City



This work was carried out with the aid of a SIRCA (Strengthening ICTD Research Capacity in Asia) grant from the International Development

Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa, Canada, and administrative support from the Singapore Internet Research Centre (SiRC), Nanyang Technological

Universit Sin a ore. The ro ect was mana ed under the Centre for Research and Communication in Manila Phili ines.



Armchair Revolutionaries?



“Slacktivism”?



Internet, Blogging, and Politics

PUBLIC SPHEREPUBLIC SPHERE INTERNET has chan ed the nature of

ELECTRONIC ELECTRONIC

political communication and the landscape

of political

participation

User‐friendly Personalized

Low‐cost Social

,facilitating political communication, and influencing nature and level of

political participation.

But, only anecdotal evidence on Filipino bloggers, how they affect, .



Curious Connections

• Blogs are founded on bloggers’ motivation and

persona contexts: predisposition, resources, se ‐

interests, and

environment

• Political participation – based on actor’s intention to

influence distribution of social oods and social

values and

government

action

’

factors in understanding:

(ii) how blogs are used to promote participation

iii otential of blo s in enhancin artici ation



What we wanted to find out

• A‐list Filipino political bloggers o t ey are

Why they write political blogs

Whether and how they encourage readers to participate,

online and offline

• Political blog readers

Why they read political blogs

What their attitude is toward olitics

Whether and how they participate in politics, online and

offline



How we did it

• Online Survey ‐ st p no po t ca oggers une to ct

(McKenna & Pole, 2004 and Ekdale et al. ,2007)

64 olitical blo

readers

Feb

to

Ma

2009

(McKenna & Pole, 2004 and Gorospe‐Jamon, 1998)

•

Political bloggers Academics

Journalists Communications ex erts

•Focus group discussions (FGDs) e ro an a e

Cebu City (22 May 2010)



Some notes on Sampling

• No consensus on how to define a political blog earc a ty n oog e an a oo us ng terms:

“Philippine” “political” “politics” “blog”

,

• Selection criteria wor po itics in og escription or tags;

author is a private individual, Filipino citizen, 18 years old or up;

blo at least 1 ear with recent osts from March to Ma 2009

about politics, average of 2 posts per month

contact

detail

available

(or

active

comment

feature)

• A‐list Filipino bloggers are established and popular Independent ranking undertaken using http://popuri.us and

http://pagerankall.com



WHO are A‐List Filipino Political Bloggers?

Male, 25-34 y/o, Metro Manila-based; college-educated, employed, high-income; veteran

internet users; broadband at home & work

Blo in for 2-4 ears 1-2 hrs/da 3-5 da s/week

All blogs allow comments, almost all have links toother political blogs; Read 10+ other blogs

“ ”that has led to “an exchange of ideas amongindividuals even in the real world.”



WHY did they START to blog?

KEEP TRACK OF

63

top 2 box rating(Very much + much)THOUGHTS

INFORM PEOPLE ON53 53

47 47

40

INFORM PEOPLE ON

37 37

27

HELPSOCIETY

17 17

10 10

7

FORMULATE

NEW IDEAS

Keep trackof thoughts

Informpeople on

relevant info

Informpeople onrecent info

Help society Formulatenew ideas

Influencepublic

opinion

Let offsteam

Alternativeperspective

Serve aspolitical

watchdog

Influencemedia

Helporg/cause

Critiquepolitical

opponents

Critiquemedia

Earn money



WHY do they CONTINUE to blog?

KEEP TRACK OF

63

top 2 box rating(Very much + much)THOUGHTS

FORMULATE

53

50

47

43 43 43

40

INFORM PEOPLE ON

27 27

SERVE AS POLITICALWATCHDOG

17

10

3

HELP SOCIETY

Keep trackof thoughts

Formulatenew ideas

Informpeople on

relevant info

Serve aspolitical

watchdog

Help society Alternativeperspective

Influencepublic

opinion

Informpeople on

recent info

Let offsteam

Helporg/cause

Influencemedia

Critiquepolitical

opponents

Critiquemedia

Earn money



How blogs promote participation?

Activity Frequency Percentage Announce an event 18 60

Expressive participation

Encourage readers to contact an elected official 9 30%

Other 6 20%Free advertising for a candidate 4 13%

Don't know 2 7%

Raise mone 1 3%

Paid advertising for a candidate 0 0%Not applicable 5 17%



Encourage readers to participate OFF‐line

Activity Frequency Percentage Vote or re ister to vote 17 57%

Attend a peaceful demonstration 17 57%

Sign a petition 14 47%

Join a political group/movement 7 23%

Campaign for a candidate 4 13%

Other

Engage in charity

Partici ate in elections

3 10%

Be critical and analytical

Practice civil disobedience 2 7%

Unconventional &

illegal



Encourage readers to participate ON‐line

Activity Frequency Percentage Visit other websites 22 73%

Write/send comments to your blog 19 63%

Neutral, conflict‐free networking

Join an online cause 15 50%

Sign an online petition 10 33%

Political stand, support mobilization

r e sen commen s o o er ogs

Join a blogswarm 8 27%

Other 2 7

Donate money 1 3%

Don't know/ refuse 1 3%Not applicable 1 3%



Blogger Political Activities BEFORE and AFTER

Activit Prior to creating

blo After creating

blo Voted 87% 73%

Attended a rally, protest or march 67% 60%‐

Attended a political fund raiser 20% 17%

Worked on a campaign 37% 40%“ ”

en e a oca commun y mee ng

Others 17% 13%

N/A 3% 3%

about political issues, but only “somewhat” sure about theirinfluence on politics or political discourse.

• No significant difference before and after blogging (at 95% CI)

• Blo in did not si nificantl chan e artici ation in these

political activities

• Some activities are time‐specific, such as “voting”



Blogger & their Readers: Similar Profile

ProfileAnswer with highest Blogger

(%) Blog Reader (%)

N = 30 N = 64

Gender Male 80 59

Female 20 41 51%

Age 25 to 34 years old 53 48

Location Metro Manila 67 48

Other Regions 23 41 44%

40%

Abroad 10 9Refused ‐ 2

Educational attainment College 57 69

Employment Currently employed 87 88

Socio‐economic status Upper Income (P50,001 up) 40 42

Internet use (in years) 7+ years 70 66Internet use (mode) Broadband subscription at

home

87 84

Membership in a No affiliation 67 88

political organisation



WHY Readers Visit Political Blogs

Reasons Frequency Percentage Kee u dated Gain awareness and more

information 22 34%

Know/read views of others 16 25%Va i ate my opinion vis‐ ‐vis ot ers views 8 13%

Gain more info and learn 4 6%

Know about issues not icked u m mainstream

media 4 6%Passive; coincidental 2 3%

o ca y‐ nc ne

Educate the masses; exchange thoughts 1 2%

Entertainment; opinion 1 2%Written/recommended by a friend 1 2%

Weigh critical views/analyses 3 5%



HOW Blogs benefit readers

Benefits Frequency Percentage Raise social/political awareness 9 14%

Validate opinion vis‐a‐vis others' views 9 14%Know other people's views 9 14%

Help shape and inform one's opinion 5 8%

Keep updated 4 6%Know about issues not picked up by mainstream

media 4 6%

• a n reason or, an ene o , rea ng po ca ogs

are associated with INFORMATION.



Reader Political Activities BEFORE and AFTER

Prior to accessing After accessing

Activity political blogs political blogs Voted 72* 50

,

Sent e‐mail or letters to elected officials 22 28

Attended a political fund raiser 8 5

Attended a local community meeting 33 31

Others 3 16**

None / NA 9

Write political blogs/post of their own 5

Attended President Aquino's funeral 2

* Incidence significantly higher before blog reading (at 95% CI)

**



Readers’ Political CYNICISM

• Cynicism – tendency to have a negative view of, or

negative ee ings toward, po itica y signi icant o jects,

such as

political

institutions

and

processes

Cynicism Percentage (N = 63)* Low 1.6%

Moderate

38.1%High 60.3%

• Highest

level

of

cynicism associated

with:

o a

– “Competence of candidates winning the elections”

– “Many politicians are under the control of vested interests”

“ ” –



Readers’ Political EFFICACY

• Efficacy – feelings of competency and beliefs that

one s actions are consequentia , w ic determines a

person’s incentive

to

participate

in

politics

Efficacy Percentage (N = 64) Low 12.5%

Moderate 48.4%

High 39.1%

• Highest

level

of

efficacy

associated

with:

– “Having a say about what the government does”

– “Ways to have a say other than voting”

“ ” ,



Observations: “Politics” of Political Blogging

• Male dominance among bloggers ggress veness an v o ence n on ne e ates

Stressful especially for women

“ ’ ” – • Bloggers of the same opinion stick together

Polarization—blogs

tend

to

invite,

nurture

a

following

from

like‐minded individuals who agree with blogger’s views

• Small audience, but can be influential when:

Blo

becomes viral

Blog is picked up by mainstream media

Gets attention of influential people and “gatekeepers”



Observations: Political Blogs & Social Change

• Blogging aids in creating public consciousness“ ” “ ” –

• Convergence or

complementation

of

different

media

– Necessary to effectively shape public opinion!

– Complemented by face‐to‐face mobilization

• Blogging is

only

one

form of

participation

• Blogging

alone

declining;

convergence

with – Facebook & Twitter increasingly used for political

information and mobilization!



Observations: Political Blogging & Journalism



Observations: Political Blogging & Journalism

• Low‐cost, non‐hierarchical, decentralized – ogs cr t c ze aga nst ourna st c stan ar s: accuracy an

accountability

• Traditional vs. Citizen Journalism: A Caution – In traditional journalism, stories go thru editor, publisher

as ega accoun a y

– In blogs,

blogger

functions

as

writer,

editor, and publisher!

–

for what she or he writes

‐

– Journalists as source of political information thru blogs

– ‐



What did we find out? (1)

• A‐list Filipino political bloggers & their readers are: – a or ty are young ma es

– Have the resources (money, time, literacy, broadband)

– ’

• Filipinos start to blog to keep track of thoughts and

n orm ot ers; cont nue to ormu ate new eas – In sync w/ readers’ reasons and perceived benefits

– ‐

• Credibility is currency in the blogosphere – A‐list bloggers show antagonism toward paid hacks

– Readers look to credible bloggers, with established




• Most engage in expressive, conventional, &

– Critical yet non‐hostile actors in political blogosphere

• No significant difference in participation for both

bloggers and readers before and after accessing blogs

– No indication

that

blogs

encourage

more

participation.

•

information, raise awareness and enrich knowledge

– increased knowled e of “real olitics” ma have contributed

to readers’ high level of cynicism

– may have downplayed value of resources, as most readers

feel only moderately efficacious and uncertain of influence




• Political blogs have yet to create tangible macro‐

impact on po itica participation – Most contribution limited to information‐sharing, for now

“ ” –

– More value‐added during urgent political issues or “crisis”

– Gain traction when it oes viral icked u b mainstream

media, and/or

attract

attention

of

gatekeepers.

• esp e m e mpac , ogs ormu a e new eas

– Could lead to more vibrant discussions, online/offline

– Support democracy by allowing expression and encouraging

participation despite the odds in Philippine politics.



Sidelined Issues

• Disengagement from online political discussion

– Bickering and personal attacks among bloggers and readers

•

wildfire thru blogs

–

information

• Censoring blogs?

– High‐

profile

case

of

bloggers

sued

in

court

by

private

individuals and government official

– How to impose Blogger Code of Eethics?



Future Research

• Catalytic effect of SNS, like Facebook, and micro‐

ogging site, Twitter in mo i izing netizens

•‐

,

,

influence political attitude vs. traditional media

• Content analysis

of

blogs

and

comments

thread

• ew governance approac us ng new me a or

political communication

– Pnoy rep ying irect y to a netizen s note on Face oo



Thank

ou.

. ‐

[email protected]

http://gracemirandilla.tumblr.com/

htt ://twitter.com/ racemirandilla/

Documents

Mirandilla_A-List Filipino Political Bloggers & Readers (Davao, Apr 9 11) [Compatibility Mode]