MinPET – 4IR, Tech Transfer, Innovation, Commercialisation

MinPET – 4IR, Tech Transfer, Innovation, Commercialisation

4 Dec 2020 Simon Connell : Tastes of Nuclear Physics 1

Diamonds are rare but valuable• 1.7 cpht ~ 3.4 parts per billion.• In “lumps”, not finely dispersed.• Extreme case for high value buried in waste• Global rough diamond market 153 M ct, 2017 ~ 15.4 B$• Breakage also significant driver

MinPET Benefits• Less plant, less processing less energy, less water, greener• Marginal mines viable, longer life of mine, mine in arid regions• Audit tailings and return to greenfield • Protect diamonds from breakage

4IR

Diamond History

4 Dec 2020 Simon Connell : Tastes of Nuclear Physics 2MinPET at UP 224-08-2017

• Natural diamond genesis was mainly billions of years ago, a much younger earth.

• They had their genesis at 200-600 km depth, and then along residence at about 100km depth

• They were brought to the surface tens of millions of years ago, transported by volcanic material.

• They are now either in kimberlite pipes or dispersed alluvially.

• There won’t be any new natural diamond production.

• We need to protect what we have.

Diamond History


Wikipedia

Earliest use of diamond by humans4500 BC

Chinese axes

Archeological evidence that the Chinese could polish Corrundum, implying they had some diamond

Increasing hardness

Diamond History


The Valley of the Diamonds

Diamond mining in the Indian Kingdom of Motupalli

1600’s

From “The Hope Diamond”by Richard Kurin(not original ref)

MinPET – 4IR, Tech Transfer, Innovation, Commercialisation


MinPET developments have benefitted from ATLAS at CERN

• Sensor development• Simulation• High data throughput• Big Data analysis• High Performance Computing• Human resources• Machine learning

Dark Matter

What is PET ……. Medical PET …… the idea


Positron EmmissionTomography

positron

e-

Beta decay

Inject patient with radio-labelled sugar / biomolecule.Targets a metabolic function.• Cancer metabolizes fast• Active areas of the brain

too

What is PET ……. Mineral PET …… the idea


Positron EmmissionTomographypositron

e-

Beta decay

Inject patient with radio-labelled sugar / biomolecule.Targets a metabolic function.• Cancer metabolizes fast• Active areas of the brain

too

Energy (MeV)20 25 30 35 40

Cro

ss-s

ectio

n (m

b)

01234567

12C(g,n)11C

The extreme example of something very valuable in barren rock


Mirny Diamond Mine in Siberia, Russia, very big ….

But now mined out !

A lot of rock must be processed !

Where are diamonds to be found ?


Revenue(M$pa)

Produc2on(Caratspa)50000 168000000

53LargestDiamondMines2015127-million carats 100 million tons$14 billion

• 6000 known kimberlite pipes.

• 1% commercial• 60 diamond

mines

Tradiational diamond recovery is expensive, destructive


Successive stages of crushingCentrifuge

Greasetable

Expensive à breakage

The Diamond breakage issue




51.27 carats19.46 carats

Diamond Breakage – Loss of Revenue

US$ 215 000US$ 6 900 000

Total value as two stones: US$ 7 135 000Total value as one unbroken stone: US$ 17 700 000

US$ values are approximateEstimate loss of $10m



The Cullinan, about 3107 ct, was maybe twice as big ?

Stippled face vs cleaved face ….. breakage ?

MinPET in a Nutshell


planar PET array

ejection system

irradiation hopperproduce

PET isotopes

hold hopper ~30 min 11C dominates

Activation System

Detection System

Image ReconstructionClassification

30 MINUTE HOLD

HOPPER

PET Lines of Response (LoR)


positron

e-

11C beta decay

Irradiation converts normal 12C to 11C by irradiation with high energy photons

…. Detection ………. Reconstruction ……

PET Lines of Response (LoR)


Reconstruction of a Point SourceBack projection

Need1,000,000 Lines of Response per rock.

Technological developments compensated unforeseen systematic problems exactly.

Comparison of activated and normal kimberlite

4 Dec 2020 Simon Connell : Tastes of Nuclear Physics ‹#›

Activated kimberlite vs normal kimberlitesingles spectra (after 60min hold time)

• No long lived species

• PET signal is dominant

17

MinPET Activation of kimberlite is very transitory

MinPET in a Hospital


First “killer” experiment (2007) Karolinska Hospital

Medical Gamma therapy + Medical PET

5cm

“Patient”

Detector development


Detector Development – with Italian Partner

BGO segmented scintillator crystals

Light guide concentrator to SiPM

High throughput front end electronics

Housing

R&D jointly Italy and SA

Detector development


• IAEA Country Programme Framework Technical Cooperation: circa R2.8M • Development of Mk3 detectors with NeT Instruments• TIA seed fund: visit to commission detectors

Typical results


10 cm cube kimberlite2.3kg

12.5 carat diamond

Typical results


Typical results


Typical results


10 cm cube kimberlite2.3kg

7 mm diamond2.9 carat

Typical results


CaCO340Ca -> 38K16O -> 15O12C -> 11C

All three are PET isotopesWorst case of “background”

Typical results


1.431 kg of CalciteL = 15cm

10.3 ct diamond

Typical results


Typical results


350g kimberlite (50mm)

2.9 carat diamond

Typical results


350g kimberlite (50mm)

0.23 carat diamond4 x 5.5 x 0.6 mm3

F = 3mm

Typical results


410g drill coref = 74 mmL = 40 mm

5.0 carat diamond

Typical results


3.33kg kimberlite

22.9 carat diamond

18 cm

10 cm

Typical results


0.91 ct

95mm long

Typical results


7.9 ct

5.5 kg170 mm long

Full Physics Sim : Geant4 Monte Carlo


Full physics model of MinPET

• Electron accelerator • Mixed radiation field from the Activation stage

• Treat Nuclear Physics with TENDL • GDR X(g,n)Y• Other channels and 2nd order processes

• Simulate moving rockstream• Each time slice separate geant4 run

• Simulate Radiation Damage in Diamond• Simulate Activation in Kimberlite• Simulate Detector Response• Produce Data nTuples (Sim or Exp)• Create 4D Sinogram• Perform 3D Reconstruction (MLE - GPU)• Perform AI Classification

Full Physics Sim : Diamond Damage by MinPET


Estimate vacancies produced by shower and secondaries from 40 MeV e-g beamGR1 @ 0.3 ppb

Paleo-exposure to diamond

Paleo-dose10 Bq/g integrated back in time for 2 billion years

Estimate primary vacancies produced by natural photons > 185 keV

Nature = 104 x MinPET dose (+ some annealing of V and aggregation of defects)

MinPET’s effect on diamonds is many orders less than exposure in nature …Damage study concludes beow low temp laser induced Photo Luminescence

Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, High Performance Computing


We now have an “all singing and all dancing”Artificial Intelligence to classify the diamonds.

Detection à Classificationt < 5 s N

umbe

r of c

lass

ifica

tions

~ significance

Training data from Simulation• Big effort to develop accuracy in SIM• Benchmarking to experiment• High performance computing• Large data sets

Full Physics Sim : Validation Scale-up tool


Take home message .....

Demonstrated MinPET in a FULL-DRESS-REHEARSALRate equivalent to 1 MinPET unit ... Run of Mine ... 500 tph

Benchmarked Computer Simulations for FDR

Complete exclusion of “unknown unknowns” to 10%

Validatedscale-up tool

A FDH is when all actors

perform with all costumes

and props in sequence

High Throughput data


https://cds.cern.ch/record/2244345/files/ATL-DAQ-PROC-2017-007.pdf

16 GB/s

20 x 1 GB/s ….......

1 GB/s stored for 25s

ATLAS MinPET

Randell Heyman

Scale-up : Data Rates - we need to process 16 GBs How does ATLAS do this with 160 GBs ?

Partition data into Regions of Interest, analyze in parallel, then data fusion

https://cds.cern.ch/record/2244345/files/ATL-DAQ-PROC-2017-007.pdf

Gem Diamonds own Letśeng mine in Lesotho


www.gemdiamonds.com

The Lesotho Legend

910 carats

Lesotho Promise603 carats

Letšeng Star550 carats

Letšeng Legacy493 carats

Leseli La Letšeng478 carats

Gem DiamondsAnnual Report and Accounts2017

Joint research with Gem Diamonds

Producer of especially large

PolyPET – Element sensitive PET

4 Dec 2020 Simon Conneall : Tastes of Nuclear Physics 41

Analysis of• Coal C – Calorific Value O – Moisture

• Explosives• Narcotics• Plastics



• Carbon as a proxy for Calorific value• Oxygen as a proxy for Moisture content

Must be on-line, real-time

Measure Coal quality



hHPGe_0000Entries 32768Mean 516.7Std Dev 6.932

490 500 510 520 530 5400

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000





hHPGe_0003Entries 32768Mean 513Std Dev 16.19









HPGe tA=257.93s

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700Time [minutes]

3-10

2-10

1-10

1

10

210

310

410

dNg/

dT DataBackgroundFit CombinedFit Oxygen-15Fit Carbon-11Fit Potassium-38 and Iron-53Fit long

• Time differential detection of PET activity• Each isotope has its own half life• Elemental analysis by lifetime analysis



PolyPET sampler3kg sample every 5 min

Main supply belt

Activation40 MeV electrons

Bremsstrahlung target

PET Scanner5 min sampling

Total Body PET


• 40 x more efficient• Lower dose, multiple scans• Time variation (mili seconds) – PET Video• Time variation (minutes) - Dynamics

Disruptive Medical Technology.

Innovation, Commercialisation


1. Fundamental Research + Idea2. Disclosure then Protection of IP with TTO

• 11 Patents related to MinPET• Secrecy

2. Market Research3. Economic Modelling4. Business Case5. Plant Integration6. Benchmark Competitor Technologies7. Fund Raising8. Proto-type Development9. Technology Readiness Levels10. Scale – up11. Legal Issues (challenges to IP)12. Various impediments (need grit)13. Discussion to levels of CEOs in companies14. Venture capital15. Technology Partners16. Customers

Students Welcome

https://panip.febe.uj.ac.za

https://panip.febe.uj.ac.za/

Partners, Funders


Engineering Company Conversations

Research collaborations :

Funders :

These examples show the approved forms of application for the primary horizontal logo. The full-colour logo may only be applied to a white background. The logo may only be used as a one-colour application in white, black and UJ orange.

Please note that the one-colour logo may ONLY be applied on a white, black or UJ orange background and NOT on a faculty colour background.

The colour usage may not deviate from the examples given, unless otherwise specifi ed in this manual.

180º

270º

225º

135º

CORPORATE COLOUR USAGE

UJ LOGOS | CORRECT LOGO USAGE | CORPORATE COLOURS | PRIMARY HORIZONTAL LOGO

Full colour

One colour

IP jointly held by :These examples show the approved forms of application for the primary horizontal logo. The full-colour logo may only be applied to a white background. The logo may only be used as a one-colour application in white, black and UJ orange.



180º

270º

225º

135º



Full colour

One colour

These examples show the approved forms of application for the primary horizontal logo. The full-colour logo may only be applied to a white background. The logo may only be used as a one-colour application in white, black and UJ orange.



180º

270º

225º

135º



Full colour

One colour

For Nico, and all of you …. Thank YouThe warriors of the Zulu Impi called out to the young men: Grow up to be yet braver than we !

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MinPET – 4IR, Tech Transfer, Innovation, Commercialisation