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Minority Minority Movements:Movements:
The Civil Rights Movement
Civil War: Results 13th Amendment: 1865 – President Andrew
Johnson Abolished Slavery
14th Amendment: 1868 – President Andrew Johnson Defined Citizenship – anyone born in the USA
15th Amendment: 1870 – Ulysses S. Grant African Americans males got the right to vote
Plessy vs. Ferguson: 1896
Homer Plessy, a man of mixed race, refused to give up his seat in the “White” car on a train and was arrested!
The U.S. Supreme Court decided Louisiana law which stated, “separate but equal accommodations in rail cars” was constitutional
This then applied to schools, restaurants, movie theaters, buses, and more
Does this look separate, but equal?
See the Difference?
Confused? If you said that you thought all the above
rules were unfair, wait until you hear about how this was allowed to happen!
Jim Crow Laws: 1880’s – 1960’s
Majority of US states enforced segregation laws, known as the Jim Crow Laws, between blacks and whites
Segregation: Legal separation of people based on their race or ethnicity
Jim Crow Laws These Laws:
Separated blacks from whites in public places and housing
Banned any intermarriage and adoption between the two races
Made it difficult for African Americans to get the same type of education and jobs as white Americans
No blacks and whites could serve together in the military
They could ride the same buses and trains, but had to sit in different sections
Putting an end to it all…
African Americans refused to let this continue.
After years of segregation…something had to be done.
Now let’s look at Brown vs. the Board of Education, another Supreme Court case that occurred almost 70 years after Plessy vs. Ferguson…
Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka
(Kansas): 1954
A class action lawsuit was filed against the Topeka School Board by 13 parents calling for the district to reverse its policy of racial segregation
The students often had to travel much further to get to their segregated schools and sometimes the travel was dangerous
The Kansas court system ruled in favor of the Board of Education so the case was sent to the U.S. Supreme Court
Brown vs. Board cont.
The Supreme Court declared that state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students were unconstitutional
Overturned Plessy vs. Ferguson decision which allowed “separate, but equal” schools
Thurgood Marshall was the lawyer for the plaintiffs and later became a U.S. Supreme Court justice
But there were others…
Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott: 1955
Rosa Parks refused to move from her seat on a bus for a white passenger and was arrested and fined
As a result, black passengers refused to ride buses for 13 months as a form of boycott
It was seen as the first large-scale demonstration against segregation in the U.S.
The U. S Supreme Court decided that bus segregation was unconstitutional
Many additional civil rights protests followed
Freedom Rides:1961
Black and white volunteers rode buses through the south to see if bus travel was still segregated
View: Freedom Riders united streaming clip
Results Many “Freedom Riders” were arrested
Many are beaten, nearly to death
They catch the attention of Americans across the country and the government then takes legal action!
Jim Peck Participated in 1st
Freedom Ride in 1961
Was arrested for sitting in “wrong” section of bus
Was beaten up for “not minding his own business” and participating in Freedom Rides
Was denied treatment from a segregated hospital after the attacks
Civil Rights Act: 1964
Signed into law by President Johnson (after Kennedy)
This act bans any form of discrimination based on color, race, religion, or national origin in public places
Encouraged the desegregation of all public schools
The federal government is also allowed to enforce desegregation
Desegregation: An end to separation based on race
24th Amendment: 1964
Abolished “poll tax” Poll tax – A fee you had to pay in order to vote
This made it difficult for poor African Americans to vote
Voting Rights Act: 1965
Congress passes this act, making it easier for African Americans to register to vote It enforces the “no poll tax” rule and
takes away literacy tests
What do they want?
Civil Rights Act: 1968
President Johnson
Bans any discrimination in housing Allows all people a fair chance to rent, own, or
sell their property
Women’s Women’s SuffrageSuffrage
Movement for Women’s RightsMovement for Women’s Rights
What is Women’s Suffrage?
The right for women to vote and run for office
It can also include women’s property rights, marriage rights, and economic rights
Susan B. Anthony•“Pioneer” of Women’s Rights Movement
•Arrested for illegally voting in 1872 elections
•Founded National Woman’s Suffrage Association (NWSA) dedicated to women’s rights in 1869
•Made many famous speeches on women’s rights
•Fought for rights of all minorities
Key Events in the Women’s Rights
Movement1920-Nineteenth Amendment Passed
•Constitutional Amendment passed to allow women the right to vote
•Amendment was originally written by Susan B. Anthony in 1878, but took over 40 years to pass through Congress!
Key Events in the Women’s Rights
Movement1939-1945: World War II
•Women leave their homes and take the jobs of men who are off at war
•Women help the U.S. economy “bounce back” after the Great Depression
•Women keep the U.S. safe and running efficiently
