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Minnesota First Detectors
Thousand Cankers Disease (TCD)
What is it? Where is it?
Why is it important?
What are we doing about it?
Declining black walnutK.Kromroy
Minnesota First Detectors
What is TCD?
Disease of walnuts (some species)
Caused by a twig beetle and a fungus together
Ned Tisserat, Colorado State Univ.
Minnesota First Detectors
What is TCD?
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Eastern black walnut Butternut
Two species in Minnesota are affected:
Minnesota First Detectors
All photos Whitney Cranshaw , Colorado State Univ.
What is TCD?
Walnut twig beetle (WTB) Originally associated with
Arizona walnut Feeds on inner bark of
trunk and branches
Minnesota First Detectors
What is TCD?
Fungus carried by beetle; introduced into wounds
Fungus kills the bark and phloem
Causes a canker (dead area below the bark)
Ned Tisserat, Colorado State University
Jim LaBonte, OR Dept. Ag.
Minnesota First Detectors
Ned Tisserat, Colorado State University
What is TCD?
Cankers grow together, girdling and killing the branch or trunk
Minnesota First Detectors
Wh
itne
y C
ran
sh
aw
, Co
lora
do
Sta
te U
niv
ers
itySymptoms of TCD
Min
ne
so
ta D
ep
t. of A
gric
ultu
re
Yellowing, wilting foliage Branch die-back, death
Minnesota First Detectors
History of WTB and TCD Prior to 2003
Original description of WTB, New Mexico
1928 Early 1990’s
2001 2003
Reports of black walnut decline and mortality in
Oregon & Utah
Report of black walnut mortality, northern New
Mexico; WTB associated.
Reports of black walnut decline and mortality in
Boulder and Denver, Colorado
Minnesota First Detectors
Where is TCD now?
Minnesota First Detectors
Why is it important?
Threatens all eastern black walnut in its native range
No known control
Minnesota First Detectors
MissouriIowa
WisconsinMinnesota
0
20,000,000
40,000,000
60,000,000
80,000,000
100,000,000
120,000,000
18.5 million
41.9 million
18.5 million
41.9 million
100.9 million
Miles, P.D. 2010 Forest Inventory EVALIDator web-application
5.9 million
Number of Black Walnut Trees over 1″ dbh on Forested Land
Minnesota First Detectors
Black walnut moves through Minnesota – hundreds of logs each year
Min
ne
sota
De
pt. o
f Ag
.
Korea’s new regulations
Minnesota First Detectors
Value of black walnut
Social Culture around walnuts for food Bark used for medicine, dye
Ecological Harder to measure Nuts as food for wildlife (squirrels, beaver, red-
bellied woodpecker Important species of riparian (riverbank)
corridors
Minnesota First Detectors
PREVENTION Education Regulation
What are we doing?
EARLY DETECTION
Minnesota First Detectors
Education: Pathways of Introduction
PATHWAY ESTIMATED APPROACH RATE
Timber Low; little timber shipped from west to east
Firewood Low to moderate; firewood distributors, long-distance campers
Wood packing Low to moderate
Nursery stock Low; no reports of infested nursery plants
Scion wood Low; programs in west revised to prevent spread
Natural spread Low; beetle flies 1-2 miles
Newton & Fowler, 2009
Minnesota First Detectors
http://www.furnituredesignidea.com/3729/cool-wooden-furniture-heartwood-design-furniture
http://www.primocraft.com/Bar-Features/Walnut-Burl-Inlay.html
Pathway: Wood for Hobbyists
Internet sales Mail-order companies Hobby shows
Minnesota First Detectors
http://www.woodweb.com/cgibin/forums/vawp.pl?read=531138Minnesota Dept. of Agriculture
Pathway: Wood for Hobbyists
Black walnut logs, slabs, and burls with bark attached
Minnesota First Detectors
Photos courtesyMike Greenheck
Education
Presentations Newsletters Websites E-mail notices Site visits
To Partner organizations Mill owners Loggers Tree care companies Nurseries
Minnesota First Detectors
Regulation
Who regulates the movement of walnut logs?
Infested western states - No
APHIS - No
Eastern states - Yes
Minnesota First Detectors
Regulation
Minnesota First Detectors
USDA APHIS funds
Core CAPS
2011 Visual surveys in 15 statesMap from J. Juzwik, USFS
Early Detection
Forest Service and MDA conducted visual surveys – no TCD found
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Visual Assessment: Early symptoms
Thinning crown
Yellow or wilting leaves
Tree may be infested 7 or more years before showing crown symptoms
J.J
uzw
ik, U
SF
S
Minnesota First Detectors
Symptoms – oozing cankersM
inn
es
ota
De
pt. o
f Ag
.
Minnesota First Detectors
Actively declining symptoms
Whitney Cranshaw, CO State University
B.Moltzan, USFS
Rapid wilting
Top-down dieback
Minnesota First Detectors
Signs
photos W. Cranshaw , CO State Univ.
Many holes on branches over 1.5″ dbh
Larval galleries
Minnesota First Detectors
Small cankers in inner bark
J.Juzwik, USFS
Minnesota First Detectors
Old cankers under bark on black walnut lose their color
Minnesota Dept. of Ag.
Minnesota First Detectors
Large dead areas on branches and stems
J.Juzwik, USFS
Minnesota First Detectors
What might be mistaken for TCD?
Anthracnose Fusarium canker
J.Juzw
ik, US
FS
Jose
ph
O’B
rien
, US
FS
Minnesota First Detectors
Unknown
What else might be mistaken for TCD?
Site stress
J.Juzw
ik, US
FS
Ch
oin
ski
Minnesota First Detectors
Other insects
Asian ambrosia beetle
Insects found on girdled black walnut in Indiana and Missouri:
Ambrosia beetles
Weevils
Bark beetles
Similar results in trap catches and branch samples in IA and WI
80% of beetles in MO
Natasha Wright, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Bugwood.org
Minnesota First Detectors
Lure
Early Detection: a trap with a lure
Much better than visual survey and crown sampling
Lure available commercially
Develop trapping guidelines
Survey funding? S.S
ey
bo
ld, U
SF
S
Minnesota First Detectors
Tree removal Proper disposal
BuryBurn
Sanitation
Management
Min
ne
so
ta D
ep
t. of A
g.
Minnesota First Detectors
Treatments tested Debarked only Debark + heat Fumigation – methyl bromide
Insecticides Protectants Systemics
Insect Repellent
Studies in progress because walnut moves!
Management
Photo by Kathy Keatley Garvey)
Minnesota First Detectors
Questions?
