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1 | P a g e Terms of reference for the Physiographic Study of Nzoia Watershed
MINISTRY OF WATER AND IRRIGATION
KENYA WATER SECURITY AND CLIMATE RESILIENCE PROJECT-1
TERMS OF REFERENCE
PHYSIOGRAPHIC SURVEY OF NZOIA WATERSHED
MARCH 2016
2 | P a g e Terms of reference for the Physiographic Study of Nzoia Watershed
1. Introduction and Context
The government has planned a large-scale water investment program to close the massive water
infrastructure gap that has been estimated at US$5–7 billion. This is to be supported by the establishment
of a strong and modern institutional and legal structure that aligns the water sector with the Constitution
of Kenya 2010 through a Water Bill reflecting the new devolution principles under discussion in
Parliament. Towards this end, the Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MoWI) is undertaking an ambitious
agenda for the water sector through a long-term, transformational program aimed at building water
security and climate resilience for economic growth and social well-being. The Kenya Water Security
and Climate Resilience (KWSCR) program responds to this need. The overarching development
objective of the program is to improve water security and build climate resilience in Kenya.
A) The first phase of the program, Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project
(KWSCRP-1) was approved by the World Bank board on June 18, 2013 and declared effective on
October 24, 2013. The project development objectives of KWSCRP-1 are to: (i) increase availability and
productivity of irrigation water for project beneficiaries; and (ii) enhance the institutional framework and
strengthen capacity for water security and climate resilience for the country. KWSCRP-1 focuses on the
progressive development of a water investment pipeline, integrated and participatory basin planning, and
technical assistance to the evolving water sector institutions and sector reforms at a critical period of
constitutional and political transition.
The project has three inter-related components supporting the project development objective: (i) water
resources development; (ii) effective water sector institutions; and (iii) support for project
implementation.
Under the support to Effective Water Sector Institutions is the sub-component on Strengthening
Water Management and Planning executed by the Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA),
the lead agency in water resources management in Kenya with the following mandates:
Water allocation and apportionment
Monitoring and assessment of water resources,
Gathering and publishing information on water resources
Receiving and determining applications for permits of water use
Regulation and protection of water quality
Management and protection of water catchments
Water conservation and control
Determine and collect water use charges
Coordination with other bodies for better water management
Advising the minister with respect to water resources management
Under the KWSCRP-1 sub-component on Strengthening Water Management and Planning, WRMA
is focussing on Hydro-met Modernization, Real-time Forecasting and Disaster Risk Management
Decision Support, Water Resources and Climate Risk Information Systems (WCIS), Water Resources
Planning and Allocation; and Institutional Capacity Strengthening and Partnerships.
The strengthening of the Water Resources Knowledge Base aims to upgrade the water resources
monitoring network, extend forecasting and early warning capacity, and improve the knowledge base in
order to provide timely information to support real-time decisions in Kenya’s six main basins. The
3 | P a g e Terms of reference for the Physiographic Study of Nzoia Watershed
activity requires collaborative working and data sharing arrangements between various institutions,
including KMD, WRMA/WRRA, Basin Boards and other relevant agencies.
The Lower Nzoia Irrigation Project
The key activities under this first operation revolve around the development of Lower Nzoia Irrigation
Scheme which is under the first investment operation in the series, KWSCRP-1. It is a flagship project
of the Kenya Agricultural Sector Development Strategy (ASDS) and of Kenya Vision2030 and is
expected to contribute to food security, economic growth and enhanced climate resilience for farmers.
Located in Western Kenya, not far from the town of Kisumu, the Lower Nzoia Irrigation Scheme is the
first new generation large scale public scheme to be developed by the National Irrigation Board (NIB).
The scheme would derive its water from the Nzoia River, which flows into Lake Victoria a very short
distance downstream, and irrigate 4,043 hectares, of which about50% would be devoted to high value
crops (fruit, vegetables) and the other 50% to rice in rotation with soya beans, cereals and other legumes.
The success of the sub-project relies on the effective transition from current rain-fed subsistence
agriculture to commercial farming based on horticulture, and on the uptake of efficient irrigation
management, operation and maintenance processes that will ensure scheme functionality and
sustainability.
The Nzoia Watershed Management Sub-component aims to improve sustainability of the Nzoia
Irrigation Scheme by integrating conservation activities with the needs of local communities to develop
sustainable economic activities. Recognizing that a robust watershed management strategy entails
addressing ecosystem degradation at the watershed level, this sub-component supports an integrated,
participative approach to water resources management, introducing sustainable livestock, agriculture,
forestry and land management practices, and integrating conservation activities with the needs of local
communities to develop sustainable economic activities. Activities under the sub-component will be
based on livelihoods, to ensure that communities will have incentives to play an active and engaged role
in conservation activities.
2. Overall Project Institutional and Implementation Arrangements
2.1 Project Implementation and Role of PMU
Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MoWI) is the implementing agency of the project through the Project
Management Unit (PMU), reporting to the Principal Secretary (PS), Water. The core functions of the
Nairobi based PMU will be coordination and facilitation, fiduciary (procurement and financial
management), environmental and social safeguards supervision, monitoring and evaluation (M&E) and
impact evaluation (IE), annual work programming and budgeting, and reporting. The PMU also provides
technical support to executing agencies the designated Project Implementation Unit (PIU). PMU support
to PIUs involves developing the required capacities for procurement, financial management, monitoring
and evaluation, environmental and social safeguards implementation, and investment and activity
implementation. PIUs typically implement most project activities. The WRMA- PIU will be the
implementing agency for this component.
4 | P a g e Terms of reference for the Physiographic Study of Nzoia Watershed
3. Objective of the Physiographic Survey of Nzoia Watershed Consultancy
The main objective of this Physiographic Survey of Nzoia Watershed Consultancy is to characterize the
Nzoia water shed along several land characteristics including land cover, land use, soil characterisation,
slope characterisation, land cover changes, agro-climatic zones, catchment de-gradation, morphology,
geology etc. The ultimate product will be the zoning of the soil erosion hotspots and zones for catchment
management as well as interventions. The study shall recommend catchment management activities and
zone the respective areas that will support the WRMA PIU and stakeholders in implementing the Nzoia
Water shed Project.
3.1. Rationale
The consultant will undertake a physiographic study of the Nzoia watershed in view of the threat of rapid
silting of the Lower Nzoia Irrigation Scheme. The physiographic study refers to the study of the surface
features of the earth and involves looking at the distribution of land, water, soil and rock material that
forms the land surface of the catchment area. The distribution of the land, water, soil and rock determines
the vegetation cover and its growth rate. In addition, it also determines the type and quantity of
sedimentation that originates from or is deposited within the catchment. The physiographic study of the
watershed will provide WRMA and other stakeholders with the necessary baseline information to
develop a catchment management plan to guide the management of the watershed in order to ensure that
water resources developments undertaken within the watershed and especially on the downstream side
achieve their economic lifespan.
4. Scope of Services
Nzoia Watershed
5 | P a g e Terms of reference for the Physiographic Study of Nzoia Watershed
Fig. 1
The Nzoia River is the largest river within the with a drainage area of 12,853 km2, or 70% of LVNCA
and lies between longitude 34° and 36° east and latitude 0°00' and 1° 15' North( Fig. 1). It has a total
length of 334 km (Kirugara and Naveja 1995). It dominates the northern half of the Lake Victoria basin
with 24 tributaries. Its major tributaries include Ewaso Rongai, Koitobos, Kuywa, Sosio, which originate
from Mt Elgon. Others such as Noigamneget, Sergoit, Sosiani, Nureri and Kipkaren originate from
Cherangany hills.
The River Nzoia drains to Lake Victoria and traverses the following counties: West Pokot, Keiyo
Marakwet, Trans Nzoia, Nandi, Uasin Gishu, Bungoma, Siaya, Kakamega and Busia. The water shed
altitude varies from 1070 m above sea level at Lake Victoria up to 2700 m in the northern end of the
watershed and highest at the peak of Mt. Elgon at 4,321m above mean sea level (amsl). The annual
rainfall ranges between 900 and 2200 mm.
The study will seek to characterise this watershed along the soil erosion zones. This will form the basis
for the mitigation measures to curb high sedimentation coming from the watershed.
6 | P a g e Terms of reference for the Physiographic Study of Nzoia Watershed
The study will involve but not limited to activities defined by the following tasks:
TASK 1 – Desk Study
A detailed desk study shall be carried out starting with a thorough search for all available data, maps,
reports from all available sources, stakeholders (both government and non-governmental institutions).
Review of all the existing literature and reports shall be done with a focus on the Nzoiz watershed and
water resources monitoring data on the watershed;
In addition it will also involve the review of the existing literature and reports on the geology and
hydrology of the Nzoia watershed. This will be done by the consultant along with staff from WRMA,
Kenya Forestry Services and the County governments.
TASK 2 – Remote Sensing and Satellite Imagery Interpretation
The consultant shall undertake analysis of remote sensing imagery with a view to come up with change
detection in the catchment, establish current land use changes, delineate lineaments through land use
classification, soil classification and geo-tectonic studies.
Furthermore the soil and rock types (geology), land use, slopes etc of the watershed shall be determined.
The imagery will be evaluated in different temporal scales and suitable resolution. The satellite image
interpretation shall include but not limited to the following:-
1) Assessing the land use/cover changes and classes. This will be crucial in identification of the
indigenous trees and percentage forest cover that was natural vegetation in the areas and what is
in existence today.
2) Delineate land cover units and classes-(vegetated, bare land, forested, riparian zones and the
wetlands
3) Land use patterns (farming activities at the household level (grazing, farming, quarrying etc.)
4) The size of the farms and the vegetation cover changes
5) Slope characterization
6) Soil cover including soil moisture content
7) Geology
8) Rainfall patterns
9) Evaporation patters
This will ultimately come up with GIS layers looking at the aspects above, most importantly the
characterisation and zones of the soil erosion areas. A model to zone erosion phenomena for example
RUSLEs model will help integrate the main erosion factors on a GIS platform.
The consultant is expected to build capacity of the WRMA and County Government staff in the Nzoia
watershed in carrying out the imagery processing and interpretation. A comprehensive capacity building
programme shall be prepared by the consultant in consultation with the stakeholders.
TASK 3 – Field Survey, Data Collection and issue identification
The field survey sole aim is ground truthing what has been processed through the imagery analysis as
well as collection of secondary data and literature not available during the desk study. This phase will
7 | P a g e Terms of reference for the Physiographic Study of Nzoia Watershed
focus on ascertaining land use and settlement trends, and sustainability of the livelihood systems based
on land use policy and legislative framework governing the lives of the watershed and the riparian
communities. Other tools to be employed in field data and information gathering will include
observation, focus group discussion, participatory observation and photo recording to capture observed
information.
During the field survey, water samples will also be collected from selected sites along Nzoia River and
any other tributary to examine the impact of activities on the River and therefore help in determining the
quality of the water.
It shall also include the following:-
i). Validation of the characteristics on the ground in the Nzoia catchment
ii). Data collection and issue identification including “hotspots”
i). Collection of samples for water quality and sediment load analysis. Determine water quality and
sediment load during the wet seasons of the Basin. This will be done one time collection and
analysis of the river water samples during the wet season. Water samples should be collected at
the stations representing upper, mid and lower parts of the catchment and also at the tributary
confluences with the Nzoia River and at a point in the Lower Nzoia. The analysis data and
previous sedimentation data on sedimentation will form the Baseline of the sediment load in the
River Nzoia. Existing data will be provided by the Water Resources Management Authority;
iii). Discharge measurements at the sampling points.
iv). Review of Secondary data from field data collection: - The field session will also serve to gather
all the secondary documentation from various organizations. The study shall review the progress
made in crafting and implementing appropriate institutional arrangements; policy, legislations &
organizational structures for addressing issues of poverty through wealth creation. Among the
framework documents to be accessed shall be development plans, legislative acts and strategy
documents. Among the reports to be reviewed MUST include the various documents used in
sedimentation studies of the dam to be availed by the client and other stakeholders.
v). Issue identification – catchment degradation issues, patterns, spatial distribution and their
relationship with land use shall be assessed
TASK 4 – Laboratory Analysis
The consultant shall undertake analysis of the samples collected from the above points for both water
quality and sediment loads. This analysis shall be carried out by a qualified laboratory, but the consultant
shall ensure comparative analysis benchmarked to the existing standards for water use, and sediment
load monitoring for agricultural and domestic purposes.
TASK 5 - Data Analysis, issue Analysis and Collation
This stage will be aimed at consolidation of the gathered evidence into further classification of the
thematic areas as in the initial Image analysis of Nzoia watershed. This will be expected to be a
participatory session to include relevant stakeholders from WRMA, County governments, KARLO, KFS
etc., to draw conclusions from the interpretations of the satellite imagery and data analysis. The existing
image data will be used to assess the land cover change and trends in land use. The remote sensing data
will be on a GIS platform to develop the land cover classes and used it to present the data as a basis for
monitoring the land cover change. The results will be used to illustrate past and present processes
8 | P a g e Terms of reference for the Physiographic Study of Nzoia Watershed
impacting on growth, development and the livelihood systems of the communities in the Nzoia
Catchment.
This shall result in the following:-
i). Option assessment
ii). Identification of catchment management problems and mitigation measures.
TASK 6 – Development of Physiographic Map
Development of a physiographic map of the watershed shall be done in consultation with the
stakeholders. This shall include key attributes of catchment characteristics, watershed characterising the
erosion infrastructure, administrative boundaries and major landmarks as well as priority areas for
interventions. The maps shall be thematically presentedThe scale for such maps shall be 1:25,000. Where
need be a more detailed scale shall be used e.g. where there is high erosion and land degradation.
TASK 7 – Options assessment and recommendations of catchment management activities
Catchment management activities shall be recommended for high priority zones “hot spots”. These
activities shall be clearly defined as well as the processes involved (technical, legal, environmental and
administrative) and requirements for their implementation. In addition, for each proposed activities
zoning shall be done for the respective areas.
Priority interventions shall be similarly defined in consultation with the stakeholders and the criteria for
prioritization documented. A stakeholder workshop shall be held within the Nzoia catchment to discuss
the consultant’s proposals.
TASK 8 – Preparation of Report
Prepare a detailed report giving the key findings of the study, conclusions and recommendations;
5. Outputs of the Study
At the end of the study a detailed status report on the physiography of the Nzoia watershed shall be
prepared including maps and data collected and analysed. This will provide baseline data for the
development of the Nzoia watershed management plans to ensure the proposed dam achieves its design
lifespan.
The outputs for this study will include but not limited to the following elements:-
TASK 1 – Desk Study
The desk study shall produce a list of previous studies, data and reports. It shall summarize the known
existing situation within the Nzoia catchment the lessons learnt from previous interventions carried out
by all stakeholders. It shall further provide a baseline from interviews to stakeholders and beneficiaries.
This will direct and underpin the detailed groundtruthing to verify the feasiubility of selected solutions
to the degradation.
9 | P a g e Terms of reference for the Physiographic Study of Nzoia Watershed
TASK 2 – Remote Sensing and Satellite Imagery Interpretation
The remote sensing and satellite imagery studies will materialize with thematic maps zoning according
to current land use, slope, lineaments, soil mapping classification and geology. These base maps shall
include rainfall and agroclimatic characteristics as well as land degradation and anthropogeneic
characterization on demographics and settlement.
The GIS layers for the catchment characterisation and erosion zones shall be populated with factual
information collected during the field surveys at a Scale of 1:25,000.
A detailed training report for WRMA, KFS, and County Government staff shall be prepared, as well as
stakeholder consultation report.
At the end of Task 2, an Inception report shall be prepared. This will detail the outputs from the Desk
study and the remote sensing and satellite imagery interpretation
TASK 3 – Field Survey and Data Collection
The field survey report shall confirm the remote sensing and satellite imagery results. Data shall be
provided in tabular, graphics, narrative and maps at 1: 25,000 and geo-referenced. All data shall be
entered to a suitable data base
TASK 4 – Laboratory Analysis
The laboratory report shall contain both the results and standards (KEBS) for comparative analysis,
conclusions and recommendations, e.g. water treatment for use, or souil treatment and/or sediment
monitoring.
TASK 5 - Data Analysis, Issue Analysis and Collation
The outputs from the data analysis include a status report and projections into the future and a
classification of the thematic areas as in the Nzoia watershed. The participation of relevant stakeholders
from WRMA, LVNWSB and County governments shall also be documented. GIS layers shall be used
to define thematic outputs at a scale of 1:25,000 as well as options, hotspots and mitigation measures. It
shall include issue analysis
TASK 6 – Development of Physiographic Map
The physiographic map of the Nzoia watershed shall include catchment characteristics, infrastructure,
administrative boundaries and major landmarks as well as priority areas for interventions at a scale of
1:25,000.
On completion of Tasks 3, 4, 5 and 6, a Catchment Mapping and Zoning Report shall be prepared together
with thematic maps at the defined Scale.
TASK 7 – Options assessment and recommendations of catchment management activities
Assessment of catchment degradation mitigation options shall be carried out upon completion of the
analysis. Catchment management activities shall be recommended for high priority zones “hot spots”
10 | P a g e Terms of reference for the Physiographic Study of Nzoia Watershed
and presented in suitable maps at 1:25,000. For each proposed activity, zoning shall be done and priority
interventions defined.
A stakeholder workshop report shall be prepared detailing the deliberations and recommendations made.
TASK 8 – Preparation of Reports
A detailed consolidated report shall be prepared giving the key findings of the study, conclusions and
recommendations for the following outputs:-
At the end of Task 7, a Draft Report shall be prepared. This consolidated study report (with issue analysis,
options assessment, and recommended priority actions based on cost-effectiveness) shall detail all the
outputs from Task 1 – 7 including comments made by the client during preliminary submissions.
These reports and maps shall include but not limited to the following:-
(i) Detailed report with maps (1:25,000), statistics, graphs and tables
(ii) catchment characterization maps at 1:25,000
(iii) catchment maps (drainage, soils, quarries, sand harvesting, land use, agro climatic zones,
catchment degradation hotspots) at 1:25,000
(iv) Land tenure mapping 1:25,000
(v) water storage structures e.g. sand dams, pans, earth dams – Their characteristics discussed and
proposed locations on maps 1:25,000
(vi) Water resource protection maps at 1:25,000
(vii) riparian zones maps at 1:25,000
(viii) Land use maps showing encroached riparian zones at 1:25,000
(ix) Catchment protection maps at 1:25,000
(x) Recommendations for catchment management zones e.g. construction of gabions, contour
ploughing and terracing, etc. in narrative reports
6. Reporting Requirements and Deliverables
The work is expected to be undertaken within 4 months and will involve the following milestones:
Time (Weeks)
Task
No.
Activity 2 4 6 8 1
0
1
2
1
4
1
6
1
8
1 Desk study. Data collection on catchment characteristics
2 Remote sensing and satellite imagery interpretation.
Preparation and submission of Inception Report/discussion with
client
3 Field Study, Data Collection on catchment characteristics
4 Laboratory analysis
5 Data analysis, Issue Analysis and collation
6 Development of Physiographic Map
7 Catchment Mapping and Zoning Report
8 Options assessment and recommendations of catchment
management activities and stakeholder workshop
11 | P a g e Terms of reference for the Physiographic Study of Nzoia Watershed
9 Preparation and submission of Draft Consolidated Report and
stakeholder workshop report
10 Submission of Final Report
The following are the principal deliverables for this assignment.
i) Inception report – an inception report describing the methodology to be employed in pursuing
the assignment; propounding steps/actions to be taken towards achieving desired goals shall be
submitted to MoWI Project Management Unit (PMU), through WRMA four weeks after signing
of the contract. The inception report will be reviewed and approved by PMU and the World Bank
prior to commencement of the fieldwork.
ii) Catchment Mapping and Zoning Report – shall be submitted to MOWI PMU through WRMA,
twelve (12 No.) weeks after signing of the contract.
iii) Draft Consolidated Report – shall be submitted to MoWI PMU through WRMA, sixteen (14
No.) weeks after signing of the contract.
iv) Final Report - shall be submitted to MoWI PMU through WRMA, sixteen (16 No.) weeks
after signing of the contract.
7. Qualification and Experience of Study Team Members
The study team should have the capacity to cover the catchment area effectively. The team will be
composed of personnel with qualifications in hydrology, geology and water quality.
Key staff should have at least 15 years of relevant practical field experience (in addition to the appropriate
academic qualifications) in the following areas:
GIS and Remote sensing
Field hydrology
Water quality;
Field Geology
Social Development
Catchment Restoration expert
Staff Category Staff Months
Team leader 2
Remote sensing and GIS 1.5
Hydrologist/ Water quality 1
Geologist 1
Social Development 1
Catchment restoration expert 1
i) The role and qualifications for each key staff
Team leader: The team leader will be responsible for overall team supervision, quality assurance
and reporting. The team leader shall have wide experience in water catchment management,
Planning and conservation. He/she should have at least BSc. degree water resources management,
12 | P a g e Terms of reference for the Physiographic Study of Nzoia Watershed
hydrogeology, hydrology or other related water sciences and would have been involved in similar
studies in the last five years preferably in the same capacity. Should demonstrate expertise
training and practical field experience of at least 15 years.
Remote sensing/ GIS: The expert will responsible for remote sensing imaging analysis,
developing maps and databases from the watershed. He/she should have at least BSc. degree in
GIS and remote sensing. Should demonstrate expertise training and practical field experience of
at least 10 years.
Hydrologist: The hydrologist will be responsible for hydrological data and information collection,
analysis and reporting. He/shall be responsible for collection, analysis and reporting on water
samples collected from the watershed. He/she should have at least BSc. degree water engineering,
hydrology or other related water sciences. Should demonstrate expertise training and practical
field experience of at least 10 years including water quality especially on sedimentation.
Geologist: The geologist will be responsible for analysis of data and information on rocks and/or
soils from the watershed. He/she should have at least BSc. degree in Geology. In addition s/he
must have experience in geological and hydrogeological survey in the area. S/he should
demonstrate expertise training and practical field experience of at least 10 years.
Socio development expert: The socio-development expert will be responsible for community
development issues and socio-economic analysis and reporting on data collected from the
watershed. He/she should have at least a degree in sociology. Should demonstrate expertise
training and practical field experience of at least 10 years.
Catchment restoration expert will be responsible for catchment restoration and management
issues, analysis and reporting on data collected from the watershed. He/she should have at least
a degree in natural resource/range management. S/he must have sound working knowledge of the
principles and practices of environmental management, including waterways management
(revegetation and erosion control management), land and water management, biodiversity
conservation and catchment planning. S/he should demonstrate expertise training and practical
field experience of at least 10 years.
The team members shall have a good understanding and be well versed with the water sector in Kenya,
understands the reforms that have taken place, a good understanding on the constitutional requirements
for the water resources management sub sector and the water resources monitoring practices in Kenya.
8. Reporting Scheme
The Consultant will be engaged based on specific terms and agreed work schedule at the negotiation
stage. The WRMA PIU shall be the focal point for the deliverables and compliance with the contract.
The consultant will report to the Project Manager of the Project Management Unit (PM, PMU) through
WRMA PIU.
All submissions are to be provided in 12 hard copies and three soft copies of editable version in English
language.
9. Payments
The payments will be paid along the delivery of the following reports with the following deliverables:
An inception report four weeks after contract takes effect- 20%
13 | P a g e Terms of reference for the Physiographic Study of Nzoia Watershed
Catchment Mapping and Zoning Report to be prepared 12 weeks after contract takes
effect.- 20%
Draft Consolidated Report and Stakeholder workshop report submitted 14 No. weeks after
signing of the contract - 40%
Acceptance of Final Report, including Client feedback and feedback at the stakeholder
workshop, after 16 weeks after contract takes effect-20%.
10. Facilities to be provided by Client and Consultant
The consultant shall provide transport, telephone, office space, stationery, computers and
accommodation to all its staff during the assignment.
The Client shall provide all available data, reports, maps and other information in its possession which
might require during the assignment. The consultant is nevertheless obliged to ensure a comprehensive
data and literature search from all other sources sufficient to undertake the study.
11. Confidentiality Statement
All data and information received during the assignment, from respondents, institutions and the World
Bank are to be treated confidentially and are only to be used in connection with the execution of these
Terms of Reference. All intellectual property rights arising from the execution of these Terms of
Reference are assigned to the Government. The content of written materials obtained or prepared in this
assignment will not be disclosed to any third parties without the expressed advance written authorization
of the Government and/or the World Bank.
12. Reference
The following documents should be used in this study
1. All documents related to the Nzoia Irrigation Scheme Feasibility and The feasibility study for
the Nzoia Dykes as well as reports from the Western Kenya Community Driven Development.
2. Any other relevant hydrological, agro-climatological, geomorphological, hydro chemical,
ecological, hydrogeological, geological, demographic reports, etc., maps and data for the study
area.
3. Appropriate Remote sensing imagery for the area