Ministry of Environment and Water Management Romania - Regional Waste Management Plan - Region 2

Regional Waste Management Plan Region 2 South East

21 December 2006 1

Document Control Sheet

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND WATER MANAGEMENT

ROMANIA

REGIONAL WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN

REGION 2 SOUTH EAST

December 2006


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1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 5

2 ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT SITUATION .............................................................................................. 12

2.1 OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................................ 12 2.1.1 Short description of the region- relief, geology, hydrology................................................................. 12

2.1.1.1 Relief ..........................................................................................................................................................13 2.1.1.2 Geology Hydrology .................................................................................................................................14 2.1.1.3 Hydrographic network................................................................................................................................15 2.1.1.4 Climate .......................................................................................................................................................15

2.1.2 Natural Resources ............................................................................................................................... 16 2.1.2.1 Natural non - regenerative resources of raw materials................................................................................16 2.1.2.2 Natural regenerative resources....................................................................................................................17 2.1.2.3 Protected areas............................................................................................................................................18

2.1.3 Infrastructure ...................................................................................................................................... 21 2.1.3.1 Public roads network ..................................................................................................................................21 2.1.3.2 Railway network.........................................................................................................................................23 2.1.3.3 Airway transport .........................................................................................................................................23 2.1.3.4 Maritime transport ......................................................................................................................................23 2.1.3.5 Human settlements .....................................................................................................................................24

2.1.4 Utilities ................................................................................................................................................ 27 2.1.4.1 Water and sewerage network......................................................................................................................27 2.1.4.2 Heating system ...........................................................................................................................................28

2.1.5 General socio-economical development.............................................................................................. 29 2.1.5.1 Socio-economical state of the region..........................................................................................................29 2.1.5.2 GDP............................................................................................................................................................30

2.2 WASTE MANAGEMENT .............................................................................................................................. 30 2.2.1 Data concerning the quantity of generated waste ............................................................................... 31 2.2.2 Collection and transport of municipal waste ...................................................................................... 39

2.2.2.1 Existing sanitation services.........................................................................................................................39 2.2.2.2 Equipment ..................................................................................................................................................41 2.2.2.3 Transfer stations .........................................................................................................................................43

2.2.3 Treatment of waste in view of capitalization and disposal .................................................................. 43 2.2.3.1 Sorting stations ...........................................................................................................................................43 2.2.3.2 Composting ................................................................................................................................................43 2.2.3.3 Mechanical-biological treatment ................................................................................................................43 2.2.3.4 Processing in view of revaluation...............................................................................................................43 2.2.3.5 Heat treatment ............................................................................................................................................43

2.2.4 Waste disposal..................................................................................................................................... 44

3 REGIONAL OBJECTIVES AND TARGETS.............................................................................................. 48

3.1 PRINCIPLES ............................................................................................................................................... 48 3.2 REGIONAL OBJECTIVES AND TARGETS ...................................................................................................... 49

4 PROGNOSIS OF WASTE GENERATION AND SEPARATE COLLECTION DATA.......................... 60

4.1. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE WASTE GENERATION..................................................................................... 60 4.2. WASTE GENERATION AND SEPARATE COLLECTION FORECASTS................................................................. 61 4.3. FORECAST OF OTHER WASTE FRACTIONS .................................................................................................. 62

4.3.1 Packaging waste generation forecast.................................................................................................. 62 4.3.2 Forecast of Biodegradable waste generation ........................................................................................... 64

4.4 BREAKDOWN OF TARGETS INTO ABSOLUTE FIGURES................................................................................. 65 4.4.1 Municipal waste collection.................................................................................................................. 65 4.4.2 Packaging waste collection ................................................................................................................. 67 4.4.3 Reduction of the quantities of biodegradable waste disposed ............................................................. 67

5 SPECIFIC WASTE STREAMS..................................................................................................................... 70

5.1 HAZARDOUS WASTE AS PART OF MUNICIPAL WASTE ................................................................................. 70 5.1.1 Abstract of relevant legislation ........................................................................................................... 70 5.1.2 Hazardous waste types ........................................................................................................................ 71 5.1.3 Separate collection scheme for hazardous waste ................................................................................ 72

5.1.3.1 Different options for separate collection organised by the Municipality/County Council ..........................72 5.1.3.2 Privately organised Take back systems...................................................................................................74

5.1.4 Reduction of hazardous substances..................................................................................................... 74 5.1.5 Estimation of the generated hazardous waste included in household waste ....................................... 75


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5.2 WASTE FROM ELECTRIC AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT............................................................................. 76 5.2.1 Legislation........................................................................................................................................... 76 5.2.2 Estimation of electric and electronic equipment in Region 2 .............................................................. 76 5.2.3 Implementation Plan ........................................................................................................................... 77 5.2.4 Installation of collection points ........................................................................................................... 78

5.3 END OF LIFE VEHICLES .............................................................................................................................. 82 5.3.1 Legislation........................................................................................................................................... 82 5.3.2 Targets for recovery and recycling ..................................................................................................... 82 5.3.3 Treatment of end of life vehicles.......................................................................................................... 83

5.4 CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE (C/D WASTE)........................................................................... 86 5.4.1 Legislation and targets ........................................................................................................................ 86 5.4.2 Specific construction and demolition waste generation ...................................................................... 86 5.4.3 Collection ............................................................................................................................................ 89

5.5 SLUDGE FROM MUNICIPAL WATER TREATMENT ........................................................................................ 90 5.5.1 Legislation and targets ........................................................................................................................ 90 5.5.2 Current status ...................................................................................................................................... 90 5.5.3 Options for agricultural re-use and thermal sludge recovery ............................................................. 90 5.5.4 Future status........................................................................................................................................ 91

6 ASSESSMENT OF TECHNICAL ALTERNATIVES................................................................................. 93

6.1 SELECTION AND PRESENTATION OF TECHNICAL ALTERNATIVES ............................................................... 94 6.2 OVERVIEW OF TECHNICAL ALTERNATIVES ................................................................................................ 98

6.2.1 Collection and sorting of waste ........................................................................................................... 98 6.2.1.1 Collection ...................................................................................................................................................98 6.2.1.2 Transfer stations .........................................................................................................................................98 6.2.1.3 Collection stations ......................................................................................................................................99 6.2.1.4 Collection vehicles .....................................................................................................................................99 6.2.1.5 Collection containers ................................................................................................................................100

6.2.2 Separate collection and recovery of packaging waste....................................................................... 101 6.2.3 Sorting stations Sorting of separate fractions in automatic and manual facilities......................... 103

6.3 TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF BIODEGRADABLE WASTE........................................................................ 104

- GENERAL PROCESS DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................................ 107

6.4 MECHANICAL BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT FACILITIES (MBT).................................................................... 110 6.5 INCINERATION ........................................................................................................................................ 113 6.6 DISPOSAL: SANITARY LANDFILLS ........................................................................................................... 117 6.7 INTRODUCTION OF THREE WASTE MANAGEMENT CONFIGURATION ......................................................... 119

6.7.1 The 1st Case: Separate and mixed waste collection, garden and parks, food waste composting and disposal 2010................................................................................................................................................ 120 6.7.2 The 2nd Case: Separate and mixed waste collection, green and food waste composting, MBT, landfilling disposal .......................................................................................................................................... 121 6.7.3 3rd Case: Separate and mixed waste collection, garden, parks, food waste composting, incineration, residues landfilling .......................................................................................................................................... 122

7 CALCULATION OF NEEDED CAPACITY FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT...................................... 124

7.1 PROJECTS CONCERNING WASTE MANAGEMENT....................................................................................... 124 7.2 COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT................................................................................................................ 127 7.3 TRANSFER STATIONS .............................................................................................................................. 133 7.4 TREATMENT AND RECOVERY .................................................................................................................. 135

7.4.1. Target 2010 ....................................................................................................................................... 135 7.4.1.1. Biodegradable waste.................................................................................................................................135 7.4.1.2. Packaging waste .......................................................................................................................................135

7.4.2. Target 2013 ....................................................................................................................................... 136 7.4.2.1. Biodegradable waste.................................................................................................................................136 7.4.2.2. Packaging waste .......................................................................................................................................136

7.5. COMPOSTING AND SORTING STATIONS .................................................................................................... 136 7.6. DISPOSAL................................................................................................................................................ 137

7.6.1. The capacity of new landfills ............................................................................................................. 137

8 COST ASSESSMENT FOR REGION 2 ..................................................................................................... 139

8.1 COSTING ASSUMPTIONS.......................................................................................................................... 139 8.2 COSTS OF PROPOSED REGIONAL INVESTMENTS ...................................................................................... 140 8.3 AFFORDABILITY IMPLICATIONS OF PROPOSED INVESTMENTS ................................................................. 142


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8.3.1 Macro Affordability ........................................................................................................................... 143 8.3.2 Existing Tariff Levels......................................................................................................................... 148 8.3.3 Tariff Impacts of Proposed Investments ............................................................................................ 149

8.4 ANNEXES OF THE CHAPTER 8.................................................................................................................. 152

9 IMPLEMENTATION MEASURES............................................................................................................ 167

10 MONITORING.............................................................................................................................................. 181


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1. Introduction The completion of the Integrated Regional Waste Management Plan for Region 2 marks a major milestone in the Regions Waste Management efforts. In effect, for the first time, an Integrated Regional Waste Management Plan, completed under the Strategic Environmental Assessment procedure, is fully compliant with the approved Romanian National Waste Strategy and the Romanian National Waste Management Plan. (Note: The Romanian National Waste Plan and Strategy were approved by Decision 1470 on September 9, 2004 and published in the Official Journal of Romania on 18 October 2004.) The Plan is further adjusted to take into account the regions specificities in regards to its rural/urban population, level of economic development, geography/climate and roadways. This Plan includes the period from 2004 through 2013, the ten year planning horizon currently used in Romania. Further, the Plan is to be revised in 2009, to permit its evolution and to incorporate changes in Romanian Law and economic context. Incorporation of Public Consultation Comments The compilation of the Regions Integrated Waste Management Plans also includes a marked increase in public participation in its elaboration. Here, comments from concerned groups were presented at or within 45 days of Plans Public Consultation held on October 9th in Galati. Participants to Plans Public Consultation included: concerned citizens, non-government organisations, private and public sector operators, government enforcement and regulatory officials, regional, county and municipal administrations, private business owners, European Union Consultants. All received comments were considered and responded to, with, where relevant, incorporated into this Plan. Benefits to Citizens and the Region The Regional Waste Management Plan will provide major benefits to the Region. The Plan will:

- comply with National Municipal Waste disposal requirements, - help qualify the Region for financial support from Romania and the EU, - optimize waste related investments and operational cost on a regional and county level, - provide for a set of coherent and comprehensive short, medium and long term

implementation actions, - create and foster a cleaner and more agreeable environment, without polluting the air,

land and waterways, - avoids and eliminates common nuisances caused by improperly treated and disposed of

waste, included the permanent condemnation of land from poorly treated waste, - protect public health and reduce environmental stresses placed on the regions fawn and

flora, - encourage waste reduction, clean production, recycling and recovery, thereby using less

natural resources with less waste landfilled, - encourage the active participation of private sector and - inform the regions inhabitants and include public participation in its implementation and

progress towards meeting regional goals for recycling and recovery and reduction of landfill biodegradable waste.


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Compliance with Romanian, EU Directives and Acquis The Regional Waste Management Plan complies with the requirements for Regional Waste Management Plans in Romania and in the European Union. The Plan closely follows the requirements of Romanias recent acquired EU environmental Acquis that encompasses a series of Directives that serve as the basis for waste management throughout the European Union. The most important of these are:

- Waste Framework Directive (1975), comprehensive law which regulates and defines most issues concerning municipal and hazardous waste and the need for waste management plans,

- The Landfill Directive, which specifies the design and good operating practices for landfills as well as reductions in biologic landfill waste,

- The Packaging Directive with cover the many aspects of packaging material recycling and recovery,

- The End of Life Vehicle and Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directives which specify special collection and recovery targets for both,

- Environmental Impact Assessment and Strategic Environmental Assessment Directives which define for new facilities and plans environmental protection measures and procedures to follow. In addition, the IPPC (Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive for dangerous facilities and landfills) further defines precautionary and information measures and integrated permitting for these, and finally,

- Air, Water and Incinerations Directives, which specify maximum emission norms and references measuring methods and procedures

All of these and related Directives have now become part of Romanian Law ( GEO nr 78/2000 on waste regime, approved with changes and modifications by Law 426/2001, modified by Emergency ordinance 61/2006). Further details on Romanian Legislation Acts can be found in the Plans Legislative Review and its technical annexes. Compliance with Romanias National Waste Strategy The Regions Waste Management Plan complies with Romanian and EU environmental laws and targets, goals and nation waste strategy. This strategy includes:

- Waste management is integrated into social-economic life, - Protection of primary resources: Recycling and recovery of waste are maximized, waste

production minimised - Hierarchy of waste management is respected (prevention, minimisation, reuse and recycling, energy recovery, treatment and sound disposal),

- Environmental Protection: Waste is treated and disposed of in an environmentally sound manner,

- Polluter pays: waste generators pay for waste collection and disposal, - Proximity principle: waste is treated near its source as economically sensible, similarly,

waste management is done on the local level, - Public participation: Public Consultation is held on the Plan and for the construction of all

major facilities. Further, printed and other information materials are provided to the Public,

- Encouragement of Private Sector enterprises, and - Monitoring and Reporting: Compliance with the Plans targets and information on waste

are regularly measured and reported to the Public. Developed under the Strategic Environmental Assessment Procedure The development of the Regional Waste Management Plan was completed in compliance with Romanias Strategic Environment Assessment Law. These steps included:

- An assessment of the regions current waste management and baseline environment report,

- A study of technical and cost alternatives for collection, treatment and disposal infrastructure,

- Independent environmental appraisal concluded with an Environmental Report,


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- Public Consultation, and - Monitoring measures and indicators of the Plans implementation

An Integrated Regional Approach and Implementation Measures A major objective of the Regions Waste Management Plan is to implement actions, procedures and cost effective investments, and encourage public participation that, in their aggregate, lead to environmentally sound, sustainable and economically acceptable integrated treatment of waste. These include:

- Regional Waste Management Plan: This sector describes the working details of the Regional Waste Management Plan. Included are details regarding collection (areas covered, frequency), treatment, disposal, recycling, separate collection, etc. County and Municipal level plans provide further detail on the local level.

- Implementation Measures o Economic and investment Plans: The Regional Waste Management Plan

provides cost effective and financial sustainable investments for Regional Municipal Waste Plan implementation. The Plan includes investment schedules as well as projected operating costs and revenues. Further, provisions are made for expected Romanian and EU grant funding, thus lowering local investment requirements. Considerations of the Regions ability to pay are considered and incorporated. Feasibility Studies will be required for all major investments, including Environmental Impact Assessments, site selection, cost-benefits analysis, public consultation, etc.

o Legal and Financial Instruments: The Romanian Legislature determines most legal and financial instruments. It is expected that future financial instruments, such as consignment on some packaging materials or recycle taxes on Electrical and Electronic Goods may be applied. Further, the current Environment Fund provides incentives for waste recycling, reduction, reuse or recovery.

o Specific Actions for Separately Collected Waste Fractions: Specific Action Programmes are designed for Separately Collected Waste Fractions that have been or are separate from Municipal Waste. These include End of Life Vehicles, Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment, Household hazardous waste, packaging materials, green waste, household sewer sludge, etc.

- Control and reporting over the Regional Waste Management Plan operations: Specific targets and control mechanisms are set for the RWMP operations. Results are reported to the Public.

- Public awareness building and informing the Public: Public awareness is raised through many actions. Amongst these are:

o Public Consultation, o Annual reporting on waste / and approach to waste targets, o Pamphlets, leaflets, stickers, signs, web site, related materials on:

Waste collection schedules, location of waste containers, disposal sites for Separately Collected Waste Fractions, etc.

Information on home composting and useful advice on waste reduction, recycling, reuse,

Contact information for regional/ county waste treatment, Tariffs, fines and penalties

Waste included / excluded from the Regional Waste Management Plan The Regional Waste Plan includes the following waste: Municipal Waste (households, assimilated waste from businesses, government services), as well as some special waste flows:

- hazardous municipal waste - end of life vehicles


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- construction and demolition waste - sludge from waste water treatment plants - waste from electric and electronic equipment

Types of waste making the subject of the RWMP were established by MEWM and NEPA.

The table below presents types of waste and their codes, according to the European waste list and the Governmental Decision 856/2002, regarding waste management registration for the approval of the list of waste, hazardous waste included.

Waste type Code

(European waste list; GD 856/2002)

Municipal hazardous and non hazardous wastes (household waste and similar commercial, industrial and institutional wastes) including separately collected fractions:

separately collected fractions (except 15 01)

garden and park wastes

Other municipal wastes (mixed municipal waste, waste from markets, street-cleaning residues, bulky waste, etc.)

20

20 01 20 02

20 03

Packaging (including separately collected municipal packaging waste)

15 01

Construction and demolition waste 17 01; 17 02; 17 04

Sludge from Waste Water Treatment Plants 19 08 05

End-of-life vehicles 16 01 06

Waste from electric and electronic equipment.

20 01 35* 20 01 36

Excluded from the Plan are:

- Hazardous Industrial and Medical Waste, - Waste from thermal processes, - Radioactive waste, - Mining waste, - Animal and animal by-product waste, - Air and water emissions, and - Waste explosives

Waste Management Plan Structure and Contents The Regional Waste Management Plan for Region 2 South East is composed of sections that describe the regions current waste situation, objectives, treatment alternatives, and least cost methods: Briefly, it contains:

- Current Situation: Provides information on the Regions current waste situation.

- Regional Waste Management Objectives and targets: Sets targets to comply with National and EU objectives.


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- Prognosis of waste production, collection, treatment, disposal, recycle and minimisation: Forecasts waste generation, collection, recycle, and disposal, assuming investments and implementation actions are undertaken.

- Assessment of potential technical alternatives: Explores the various technical alternatives to be considered for waste collection, recycle, treatment and disposal.

- Comparative analysis: Helps choose least cost options of waste management scenarios.

- Affordability assessment: Calculates operating, financial and investment costs, including considerations for Romanian and EU grant assistance as well as the application of the polluter pays principle.

- Waste Plan and Implementation measures: Implementation measures include a list of actions, schedules and plans that will allow for the implementation of the Regional Waste Plan. Includes for Municipal Waste:

o Operating Plans (schedule, locations, procedures, etc.) o Reduction in organic waste and packaging from MSW, o Investment (equipment, facilities), o Manpower and training plans, o Public awareness building and continued public participation measures, o Financial measures, incentives and instruments, legal measures,

- Waste Plans for other Separately Collected Waste Fractions

o Household hazardous waste o End of Life Vehicles o Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment, other Bulky waste o Wastewater treatment plant mud o Construction and Demolition Waste

- System monitoring: System monitoring includes:

o Measurable performance targets and indicators, and o Annual report on these and waste statistics to the Public

Summary of Operating Targets Operating targets have been set and included in the Regional Waste Management Plan. These targets include:

- targets for increasing waste collection to un-serviced rural areas, - old landfills closed and re-cultivated, - new landfills built and operated, - biodegradable waste diverted from landfill, - recycling targets for packaging waste, waste electrical and electrical equipment end of

life vehicles. Current Waste Objective Targets, %

Description 2006

2007

2008

2009

2011

2013

2015

2016

NWP% of Regional Population waste collected (rural & urban) 60 89 100

Indicative % of waste to non-complying landfills (weight) 50 75

Indicative % of household waste deposited in sanitary landfills 50 75 100


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(weight) Reduction of biological waste by weight vs. 1995 (can be postponed 4 years for 2006 and 2009)

75 50 35

Indicative % Home Garden waste collected 15 40 75 90

Packaging Waste Recovered/Incinerated with energy recovery

50 60

Packaging Waste Recycling total by weight 25 55

Of which glass, paper/cardboard, metal 15

Of which paper/cardboard 60 Of which metal 50 Of which plastics 15 22.5 Of which glass 60 Of which wood 15 Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment kg/inhabitant 2 3 4

End of Life Vehicles made prior to 1980 Reuse and Recovery by weight (reuse and recycling)

75 (70)

End of Life vehicles, reuse and recovery, made after 1980 (reuse and recycling)

85 (80) 95

(85) -

NB Indicative targets are not national objectives. These are given to inform the public of probable regional outcomes to application of the Plans Implementation Actions. What will change? As Plan implementation begins, citizens and businesses will see important changes in the Regions waste management practices. Counties and Municipalities will define specifics to implementation plans encompassing the below:

- Closure of existing non-compliant landfills and connection of inhabitants to existing sanitary landfills. In general, one or two transfer stations per county will be needed

- expansion of waste collection to rural regions, - operating the equipments in strict environmental protection conditions - significant increased separation of waste fractions in homes, business and institutions

that avoid mixing waste and promote recycling and recovery (1), - locating and construction of new collection and sorting centres for separately collected

waste factions, - recourse to cost effective solutions:

o i.e. encouragement of home biological composting in rural areas, simple local composting of garden and biological waste for cities

- continuous and planned renewal of collection vehicles, containers, treatment and disposal facilities,

- long term planning for more advanced facilities (incinerators, bio mechanical treatment, advanced composting),

- increased public and private sector participation, - new financial instruments and tariffs promoting waste reduction and recycling, - regular and improved reporting and knowledge on waste quantities, - increased participation of public and private sector and


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- monitoring and reporting to the Public of Plan implementation and results.

(1) Recycling and Recovery Operations for Separately collected waste factions. Supporting activities include:

- Recycle bins or communal collectors and locations for : paper/cardboard, PET and

plastics, metals, aluminium cans, textiles, glass, - Collection areas for household hazardous waste, batteries/accumulators, bulky home

waste, end of life vehicles, waste electrical and electronic equipment (white and brown goods), used tyres,

- County or Municipal sorting centres will later dispatch materials to recycling companies,

- Separate collection of biodegradable home and garden waste (green waste), usually to be composted at the landfill site, (Also home composting for these in rural areas encouraged),

- Construction waste (bricks, cement, plaster, roofing tiles, wood) these will not be permitted within the sanitary landfill, separate disposal sites will be created with their recycling encouraged,

- Composting of household sewer waste, and - Information and education materials for households and business on proper disposal

for waste and how to avoid needlessly mixing household waste fractions


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2 Assessment of current situation

2.1 Overview

2.1.1 Short description of the region- relief, geology, hydrology

The South-East Region (2) comprises 6 counties (Brila, Buzu, Constana, Galai, Tulcea and Vrancea), 34 towns and including 11 municipalities, 339 communes with 1455 villages. The total area is 35762.09 km2, which represents 15% from the total surface of the country Romania.

The South-East Region has common boundaries with: Bulgaria in the South; the South Region Muntenia (Region 3) in the South and South-West; the Center Region (Region 7) to the West; the North Region (Region 1) to the North; the Republic Moldova and Ukraine to the North-East and also has a natural boundary with the Black Sea to the East on a length of 245 km.

More than 2/3 of the total surface of the region are represented by plains and low hills. The part in the North-West also comprises a portion of the (Courbura) Carpathians (a highly seismic area).

The confluence of the Danube with its two big affluents, the rivers Siret and Prut and the connection of several old and important commercial roads takes place within this region. The Danube river continues until it divides into three branches: Chilia, Sfntul Gheorghe and Sulina, forming the greatest delta in Europe.

The South-East Region (2) comprises the historical region, Dobrogea, which separates two different worlds, the Euro-Asean Steppes and the Mediterranean Europe. This area was roamed by the migratory tribes coming from the East, towards the warmer zone of the Balkans and Asia Minor, in search for conquests. So, Dobrogea was roamed by the Gothic shepherds and farmers, Scythian riders, Hellenian traders, soldiers of the Roman legions and sailors from everywhere.

The climate is temperate-continental, with frosty winters to the West and more moderate to the South of the region. The area of the Plain of the Danube has canicular days and mild winters. In the Eastern part of the country, influenced by the Black Sea, which delays the cooling and the warming of the air.

To asses the existing situation and identify the optimal solutions concerning waste management for Region 2 SE, there have to be taken into consideration all specific aspects of the region from a geographic and economic point of view. The relief shows wide and vast plains but also mountains up to 1700 meters, along the Black Sea we find the Littoral/Coast which requires special attention for its protection and even more the very sensitive area of the precious Danube Delta. The region also encompasses to a large extend agricultural activities, including wine yards but also tourism and at the other extreme end heavy industrial and petro-chemical and shipment activities.


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Table 2-1 Surface of Region 2 SE.

Region 2 SE Km2 %

Brila Buzu Constana Galai Tulcea Vrancea

TOTAL SURFACE

35762.09 100 4765.70 6103 7071.29 4466.32 8498.75 4857.03

Farmland 23289.70 65.12 3812.72 4028 5681.32 3586.57 3625.15 2555.94

Forests and other lands with forest

vegetation 5635.72 15.76 227.48 1648 356.84 438.23 1034.11 1931.06

Waters and ponds 4669.93 13.06 377.35 122 458.17 130.19 3443.30 138.92

Other surfaces 2166.74 6.06 348.15 305 574.96 311.33 396.19 231.11

Source: County/Regional Departments for Statistics 2003 The total area of the Region represents about 14,6 % of the total area of the country, which is slightly above the regional average. The land-use is dominated by farming and agriculture, which uses about 65 % of the area. The biggest counties (area-size) are Tulcea and Constanta. 2.1.1.1 Relief The relief of the region is extremely diverse, from the Continental Platform of the Black Sea to the Carpathians Curve. In the North-East of the region there are the Carpathians Curve, with a general aspect of average and small altitude mountains, made of large peaks, rounded or narrow and fragmented ones, separated by transversal, deep valleys and large slopes or depressions with extended alluvial plains. The Vrancea Mountains are ripple mountains, made of peaks, resulted from the fragmentation of the erosion platform of 1700 m (Goru-1785 m, Lcui1777 m, Giurgiu1720 m, Pietrosu1672 m, Zboina Frumoas -1657 m). The Buzu Mountains consist of two prominent massifs, Penteleu and Siriu, with altitudes of over 1600 m, separated by large valleys and the depressions ntorsura Buzului and Comandu.

At the exterior of the Carpathians, there is the Sub-Carpathians Curve. They are in the form of two ranges of depressions enclosing two ranges of hills. At the lap of the mountains there is a first range of sub-mountain depressions (Vrancei, Loptari, Chiojd etc.), enclosed by a range of hills (Riui, Bisoca, Dlma etc.), with up to 900 m of altitude. A second range of depressions follows (Dumitreti, Policiori) closed by a second range of hills (Mgura, Odobeti, Deleanu, Bljeni), which also can exceed 900 m of altitude. In the area Policiori-Berca-Arbnai, appear the muddy volcanoes, an interesting, pseudo volcanic phenomenon, related to the gas emissions alongside a local fault. At Andreiau de Jos, another special phenomenon appears, related to the gas emissions, the live fire. The Sub-Carpathians Curve is still in a continuous rising movement, relatively slow, but more accentuated in the sector between uia and Clnu. These "neotectonic movements", associated to the clayey rocks, create a greater dynamic of landslides. The neotectonic rising movement is increased by a movement of the Sub-Carpathians Curve towards the exterior (to the Lower Siret Plain), due to the pressure exercised by the Carpathians Curve. This structure, in two parallel strips, curved under the shape of concentric arches, generates two distinct zones from the geomorphological point of view: Internal Sub-Carpathians (in the interior) and the External Sub-Carpathians (to the exterior). A special characteristic is represented by the contact with the mountain region between the rivers Prahova and Buzu where, due to the penetration from the Carpathians towards the Sub-Carpathians of the Paleogen spur of flysch Ivneu, a transition zone is created, of the mountain and sub-mountain characteristics, named as such: the Carpathian-


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Sub-Carpathian zone of interference. These facts are important and shall be taken into consideration when preparing maps of suitable and unsuitable areas for landfills and during detailed site selections.

The central part of the region is occupied by the Romanian Plain, which comprises a higher zone, with altitudes between 50-100 m (Rmnicului Plain, Brganului Plain), having the aspect of a smooth surface, slightly waved, due to the existence of alluvial zones, and a lower zone of subsidence, with altitudes descending to 5 -10m (Buzu Plain, Lower Siret Plain). Alongside the most important rivers (Siret, Ialomia, Clmui) appear sand dunes (e.g. Hanu Conachi). In the Brganului zone, the plain is covered by thick layers of loess, in which cavities were formed, some of which being filled with small lakes. To the North-East of the region, the Romanian Plain gets into contact with the Southern part of the Moldavian Plateau. Here, the altitudes can exceed 200 m, the general inclination being towards the North-South direction.

The Eastern limit of the Romanian Plain is represented by the Danube Flood Plain, the area of marshes (Balta Brilei), a zone with altitudes of maximum 10m, and in its greates parts being drained (Insula Mare a Brilei) artificially.

To the East of the Danube Flood Plain, lays the Dobrudja Plateau, divided into two great divisions:

The Massif of Northern Dobrudja and the Massif of Southern Dobrogea.

The Massif of Northern Dobrogea is made of several sub-divisions:

- The Mcinului Mountains, a Hercinic massif, with mountain aspects, made of hard rocks (granite), with altitudes exceeding 400 m (Greci Peak - 467 m). - The Tulcea Hills, with more reduced altitudes (around 100-200 m) - The Nalbant Depression - The Babadag Plateau, occupies the central network of the Massif of Northern Dobrogea, its altitude reaching up to 400 m. - The Casimcea Plateau, towards the contact with Plateau of Southern Dobrogea; here green schists can be found - The Plateau of Southern Dobrogea has reduced altitudes of 100-200 m, being covered with a layer of loess. To the North, lays the Medgidiei (Dorobanului) Plateau, separated from the Oltinei Plateau and the Negru Vod Plateau by the former Carasu Valley (at present the Danube-Black Sea Canal). The Seaside Zone has a low shore to the North, where appear lagoons maritime and coasts, and a high shore, with cliffs, to the South.

At the Danubes Mouth to the Black Sea the Danube Delta was formed, on a surface of approximate 580.000 ha.

2.1.1.2 Geology Hydrology Underground water resources The ground water is stored to the horizons by gravel and sands, by the infiltration of precipitation waters, the thawing of snow as well as the waters of the hydrographic network. In the whole region of South Moldova, one can notice a concordance between the distribution of underground waters and the main morphological units. In the zone of the mountain lap plains, the underground waters are gathered in villa-fronchien deposits from 20-60 m to the West, till 3-5 m at the contact with the divagation plain. Underground waters in the divagation plains appear at reduced depths of 0-5 m, and their mineralization increases towards the Plain of the Lower Siret. The lithologic, tectonic and structural variety, specific to the three big relief units, directly influences the distribution and character of underground waters.


21 December 2006 15

Mineral sulphurous, ferruginous, chlorosodic waters, sometimes rich in iodine, are to be found at Siriu, Nehoiu, Monteoru, Fiici, Balta Alb, Strjeni, Nifon, Loptari. Mineral and thermal waters: There are four geothermal wells with geothermal waters, two of them at nsurei, one at Mihai Bravu and another one at Victoria. The water has a temperature at the well shaft of 90-95oC and a powerful clorurated-sodic-sulfurous-potasic-magnesium-calcium character. In present they are not used. In the past there has been used one in Insuratei to prepare the heating agent for households. 2.1.1.3 Hydrographic network

The hydrographic network of the Region 2 South-East is mainly formed by the Danube with its two big affluents, the rivers Siret and Prut and from the affluents of these rivers. The most important are: Brlad, Ramnicu.Srat, Buzu, Elan, Horincea, Chineja. The Danube divides into three branches starting at Tulcea: Chilia, Sfntul Gheorghe and Sulina, forming the greatest Delta in Europe. From the seashore hydrographic basin, the natural lakes having the largest surface are: Taaul, Siutghiol, Techirgiol, Periteasca, Babadag, and from the Danube hydrographic basin: Razelm, Sinoe, Golovia, Oltina. From the antropic lakes, in Tulcea County the largest lake of this type is lake Horia, from the locality with the same name, and in Buzau County- lake Siriu. The flowing waters from the South-East Region belong to the type of accentuated continental regime, with predominant flow in spring and summer, with high waters in spring and high floods during summer and autumn. 2.1.1.4 Climate The climate of the Region 2 South-East belongs to the moderate, temperate, continental, transition climate, with a series of local peculiarities, given by certain factors (the relief, the Black Sea, the Danube). The annual average temperatures vary, especially due to the relief. Thus, if in the Danube Flood Plain, the South of Dobrogea, the Cliff Zone and the Danube Delta the multi-annual average exceeds 11o C (11,2o C Mangalia and Murfatlar), in the Romanian Plain it presents values between 10-11o C, it decreases in the Sub-Carpathian zone to values between 6 and 10o

C (7,5o C Bisoca Station). In the mountain zone the average temperature reaches values between 0 and 6o C (2,2o C Penteleu Station), while on the highest peaks, even below 0o C. The average temperature of the month of January generally has negative values, between 0 and -6o C, except for a small portion in the zone of Mangalia, where the average temperature of the month of January is positive (between 0 and 1o C). The average temperature of the month of July generally has values between 20 and 23o C, in the plain zone, decreasing in the hilly zones to values between 16 and 20o C, and between 8 and 16o C in the mountain zone. The absolute maximum coincides with the absolute maximum at country level, i.e. 44,5o C, registered on 10.08.1951, at Ion Sion, in Brila County. The predominant winds come from the Eastern and Northern directions, mainly the icy North wind during winter. There are also winds with local character, for instance the marine seashore breezes and mountain breezes, in the zone of the Curve Carpathians. Also in the zone of the Carpathians and Sub-Carpathians Curve, appear winds bearing a foehn character. The quantity of precipitations is influenced firstly by the altitude, but also by the continental climatic influences from the East. Thus, in the Southern zone of Dobrogea, on the seashore and in the Danube Delta the quantity of precipitations is below 400 mm/year (Sulina 358 mm/year the least average value in Romania). In the Romanian Plain and in a major part of Dobrogea


21 December 2006 16

Plateau the values are between 400 and 500 mm/year, increasing towards the Sub-Carpathian zones up to 700-800 mm/year and over 1000 mm/year in the mountain zone.

2.1.2 Natural Resources

2.1.2.1 Natural non - regenerative resources of raw materials The natural not-regenerative resources of raw materials represent sources for energy made especially from fossil fuels, whose typical representatives are mainly hydrocarbons. Oil, associated gas and free gas fields are situated in two distinct geological units i.e.:

- in the South-East zone of the Moesic Platform; oil- and gas-fields - in the Northern zone of the Northern Dobrogea Promontory.

Within the south-eastern part of the Moesic Platform there are shown and exploited a series of oil and gas fields on the structural alignment oriented south-west north-east Urziceni-Grbova- Brgneasa - Padina Jugureanu Oprieneti Plopu - Bordei Verde Licoteanca Stncua - Berteti. Having as a study object the hydrocarbons fields from the Promontory Bordei Verde - nsurei the oil fields from Oprieneti, Plopu, Bordei Verde Est, Bordei Verde Vest, Filiu, Licoteanca, Berteti, Stncua, Frumuia, Independena - Schela, Matca, Grivia Nord have been revealed. In the Western area of the Bordei Verde-nsurei lift, in an area conventionally restricted, between this lift and Dambovita River, there are found oil and associated gas fields along Moara Vlsiei-Urziceni-Jugureanu. Out of this, the oil fields from Jugureanu and Padina are being exploited. The free gas fields from the South-Eastern part of Moesic Platform have been evidentiated and are exploited in Oprieneti, Bordei Verde, Licoteanca, Berteti, Stncua, Jugureanu, Padina, Graditea, Balta Alb, Buciumeni, Cudalbi, Frumuia, Grivia Nord, Independena. The presence in the Sub-Carpathians of limestone has permitted their exploitation. There are a lot of quarries, many of them of interest. The biggest ones are in Ciuta, Vipereti Zebil, Bididia, Niculiel and Trei Fntni. Limeston is used both for roads, but mostly to obtain the clank. Around Patargele locality are being extracted quartz sands and diatomite. From Criveni, where it exists a quartz sand quarry, this is transported to Patarlagele, and from here to Buzau, Scaieni, Azuga, where is used to make glass. Diatomite is exploited in the quarry from Burdusoaia Hill, the left part of Buzau, where it meets Sibiciu Valey. This place represents the sector accessible to exploitation, where diatomite is found on a big surface, in the Oligocene deposits. In the county there are other places with diatomite, but the reduced dimension of the levels and the week quality of the diatomite, do not allow, for the moment, its exploitation. In the Region 2 South-East exists and are under exploitation fields of alluvial clay with sandy intercalations and granules of CaCO3 at Baldovineti, dusty-sandy clay at Brila, with balance reserves of about 1200 thousands tons and marl clay with a high degree of refractoriness at Furei balance reserves of about 8200 thousands tons, Simileasca and Berca (Stuc). The loessoid deposits forms the raw material for inferior ceramic, such clays being used also for brick making. In the bank of Buzau, Ramnicu rivers and other rivers there are important reserves of sands and gravel, in many of the places existing gravel pits of great productivity. For construction of houses, or for the arrangement of forest roads are used the grit stone placks from Tarcau or Kliwa.


21 December 2006 17

Geological investigations and drilling works carried out to find new oil reserves have found salt fields, at different levels in the ground, at Mnzleti, Bisoca, Bratileti, Goideti, that can be exploited in the future. Besides these, in the underground of the county are found gyps and amber. The amber, due to its variety of shape and to the big dimensions of extracted parts, has been extracted since the past century, without constituting a permanent activity. It was found in Mljet Sibiciu Coli Bozioru Plotina Terca perimeter, in Oligocene deposits. The dimensions of the elements vary from a few grams to a few klograms. The largest pieces were found in Sibic river bank, near Colti. As ornamental rocks, granite is exploited at Macin, gassy limestone at Baschioi, magnesian limestone at Mahmudia, Carjelani and Codru Babadag. Other natural resource is considered to be the complex of sulphide minerals, that are valorised at Mina Altan Tepe (Stejaru commune) and Somovo; barites from Somova area. At Isaccea, volcanic rocks, of porphyritic nature, represent underground resources from which results, by processing, sands and gravels. At the South of Revrsarea locality there is a new quarry front opened, to exploit category C greenstone, in volcanic field from Dealul Asan. An important category of surface waters is the salted therapeuticall lakes, with vegetable slime. These are: Srat Lake I and II, Cineni Bi, Movila Miresii, Batogu. The mud reserve has been estimated only for Lacul Srat I Brila, the only therapeutic lake whose resources are valorised at present. The total existing volume or estimated is of 138404,5 cubic m3 the approved volume for exploitation is 535,62 m3. 2.1.2.2 Natural regenerative resources Most important for the existence of humanity are some regenerative natural resources being a real and vital base for the economic and social development of human society Water constitutes one of the most important natural resources. As it is well known that the surface water, which has the greatest stability in the natural environment of the Earth, is an ideal solvent and is considered the place of the life birth, the place of life conservation. Soil In the Southern part of Covurluiului Plain, carbonated chernozem,formed in the driest part of the steppe, can be found on xerophile loans with graminaceae. This sub-type is better known under the name of light maroon chernozem or carbonated chocolate-like chernozem. In the Covurlui Plateau, as in the Covurluiului Plain, on the loessoid deposits appears the leachate chernozem. Another sub-type of chernozem is the phreatic-humid one or the meadow chernozem, which is formed on lower relief. The hidric regime of these soils is favourable to the cultivation of vine because it has a system of deep radicular roots, by the help of which the plants can use the water from the aquifer layer. Forest grey soils and the brown-grey ones meet in the Eastern part of the sandy zone Hanu Conachi - Tecuci and, in the communes Blbneti and Nrteti, to the North of the county, where the humidity is higher. A great share in the soil cover is represented by the alluvial soils including alluvial deposits, locally glazed and saline, which are found in the large flood plains of Buzu, Siret and the Danube. A great part of them had been marshes or lakes before.


21 December 2006 18

In the frame of site selections, the geological and geotechnical conditions of the soil and sub soil have to be investigated more in detail on the very specific location before any detailed design or construction may start. Such investigations shall as well comprise groundwater situation, its depth, quantity, quality and exact flow direction. 2.1.2.3 Protected areas The natural values are part of complex systems, and the human action effects, that influence the proper functioning of these systems are also affecting the protected areas. The persons involved in environmental activities have tried to protect as many lands, but the need for farmland diminishes the possibilities. The protected area is part of the areas with very rich natural resources/values, but that have a smaller surface. The scope of this area is to protect the ecological systems existing on its surface, but is enough only one valuable thing from an historical or cultural point of view and its realization is justified. Protected area can have a local or national importance. Because of the environment conditions and of the physical-geographical positioning, Romania has a diverse natural capital that includes mountains, fields, major hydrographic networks, humid areas and one of Europes largest Delta systems (Danube Delta). The historical analysis of nature protection measures has the following stages: 1928-1944 1928 The first congress of naturalitilor from Romania adopted a decision concerning the

elaboration of the nature protection law in Romania. 1930 - Law number 213 for the protection of natural monuments in Romania 36 territories are protected as natural reservations, national parks, natural monuments, with

a total surface of 15.000 ha 1944-1989 In 1972 the number of protected areas reaches 190 objectives, with a surface of almost

100.000 ha, the protected area representing only 0.0042 of the country surface. 1973 is adopted Law number 9 (Environment Law) with provisions concerning the protection

of reservations and natural monuments without regulating their administration. 1979, Retezatul and Pietrosul Rodnei have been acknowledged as Reservation of the

Biosphere under the UNESCO programme - Man and Biosphere (MAB). 1990 present After 1997 has been set, the Department for Biodiversity Preservation that plans and

controls all activities concerning nature conservation in protected areas. 1991 Danube Delta is a Ramsar site and site of the Worlds Natural Patrimony for 50% of its

surface. In 1992 is acknowledged as Biosphere Reservation. 1996 with the financial assistance of the World Bank the programme National Strategy and

Action Plan to preserve biodiversity and sustainable use of its components in Romania has been realised, due to Romanias accession to the Biological Diversity Convention (Rio)

1995 was adopted the Environment Law number 137 that comprises regulations concerning nature and protected area preservation and recognises all protected areas previously declared by any law, order, decision.

The national network of protected area represents, according to Emergency Ordinance 236/2000 concerning the regime of natural protected areas, the conservation of natural habitats, wild flora and fauna approved by Law 426/2001, Article 4 letter l and Article 16, paragraph (1), the ensemble of natural protected areas from Romanias territory.


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In May 2000 has been elaborated the Strategy for Eenvironment Protection for short and medium term (2000-2004) that represents the prior decisions and the responsibilities of institutions and structures involved in this sector of activity.

According to the legislative harmonisation calendar assumed through PNAR 2000, and also according to the priorities and necessities identified after, have been elaborated normative acts that contribute to the acceleration of the harmonizing process of national legislation with the requirements imposed by the environment acquis. On the territory of Region 2 South-East existed, at the beginning of 2004, 113 protected areas, out of which a biosphere reservation (Danube Delta), a national park (Macinului Mountains) and a natural park (Balta Mica a Brailei), 19 of these being a national parks. The total surface of these areas was of about 630 760,5 ha (50760,5 ha without the Danube Delta). new reservation and National Parks have been declared or the surface of existing ones has been extended through GD 2151/2004. In 2004, by decisions of Local Councils Dudesti and Rosiori (Braila county) has been instituted a provisory protection regime, until the declaration of Natural Reservation for Tataru Lake, with a surface of 137 ha. Therefore, in Region 2 South-East there are 3 Natural Parks, the total surface of the natural protected areas being of approximately 693 845,8 ha (112 845,5 ha without the Danube Delta). If we dont take into consideration the Danube Delta, we see that the surface of natural protected areas has grown with about 122% to 50 760,5 ha from 112 845,8 ha. At county level, the situation is as follows:

Table 2-2: Surface of protected areas in Region 2 SE

Total surface of

county (km2)

Total surface of protected areas

(ha)

Percentage (%)

Region 35762,09 112393 3,14 100

Brila 4765,7 20265 4,25 18

Buzu 6103 2922 0,48 3

Constana 7071,29 17083 2,42 15

Galai 4466,32 9300 2,08 8

Tulcea 8498,75 20801 2,45 19

Vrancea 4857,03 42022 8,65 37

Forests The increase of the forest areas versus the degraded lands, unsuitable for agricultural purposes, the creation of protective forest belt in the area of agricultural lands, maintenance and rational exploitation of forests, constitute permanent objectives of the Environmental Protection Strategy. The hills are partially covered by leaf-bearing forests, combining the rustle of the Oak, hornbeam and common Ash with the fragrance of the Lime tree. The vast lime forest surfaces - unique in Romania - constitute an important melliferous basis.


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Other forests: - Acacia, Abele, Oak tree, Ash tree,; - Willow forests and other soft essences (Arin, Abele) represents the native element of the forest fund, but in decline, located in the marsh area, on the interior sand banks and on the banks; - Mixed forests make the connection between the Arin forests, united around the mash and hollow grounds, being composed of white and Black Abele, Elm tree, Mulberry tree, American Maple, Pennsylvania Ash tree; - Forest under plantation regime on the area where deforestation occurred, of the native Willow forests, on sands banks. There have been introduced, based on economic criteria fast growing Abele species Euro-American Abele, Italian Abele. Flora 1)The steppe vegetation is represented by graminaceae and dycotyledonous plants. Dryness resistant bushes such as represent the graminacea: hair grass, couch grass, small lucerneand so on. Besides these associations of steppe vegetation, there are also spread vegetal associations derived or secondary, represented by Andropogan Ischaemun, which is resistant to grazing and is easy to grow on degraded lands. On the small heights, that separate the hills, on the more steep parts, where vertical and linear erosion led to the disappearance of loess deposits and to the appearance of basic rocks or alluvial deposits, because of decomposition, the basic rock separates into small fragments and after washing, fine particles are washed away. On the disaggregated soil on the heights grassy steppe vegetation can be found with a reduced quantity of humus accumulated. In these parts, where the fine surface material prevails, there are favourable conditions for fruit trees and the culture of wine. Where coarse material is predominant, there are conditions for protected plants and for grazing. 2) Lawn: - flood plain lawn - located in the hollow grounds, on the interior banks or in mixed forests;

- steppe lawn on higher hollow plains, is covering bigger areas.

3) Reed plot it has the smaller development, being a part of the lawn structure, or isolated on limited areas, in plain area with sand banks. 4) Aquatic ecosystems In the Danube flood-plain lasting high floods, covering a period of several months, as well as those lasting for a shorter period of time, negatively influence all the functional structure of these ecosystems; anyhow, their phytocenoses are much more complex and better represented than those of the terrestrial ecosystems. Fauna Fauna belongs to the biotope of the steppe and sylvo-steppe as well as the biotope of flood-plains and marshes. The spontaneous fauna is represented, both by sedentary animals, and by migratory ones. The fauna elements populating, the sylvo-steppe zone are adapted to agro-biogenesis and one can mention the field mouse, the hamster, the steppe polecat, and as concerns birds, ducks, geese, starlings, crows, bustards. The fauna populating the flood plains and the marshes comprises: the fox, the otter, and from among birds, the duck, the goose, the sea gull, the moor hen. Fish: Carp, Pike, Zander, Mackerel, Sturgeons (Beluga, common Sturgeon, Sevruga, Sterlet), Plaice, Pream, Blicca Bjorkna, Leiciscus Idus, silver crucian, roach, Scardinius Erytrophtalmus, Perch, Ruff, Acerina Schraetser, Lepomis Eupomotis Gibbosus, Rapacious Carp, Bleak, broad


21 December 2006 21

Snout, Silver Carp, small Chub, Pungitius Platigaster, Amphibia: the small frog (Rana Esculenta), the lake frog (Rana Ridibunda), the tree frog (Hyla Arborea). Birds are represented by: the pelican, the swan, the wild duck and goose, the egret, the cormorant, the sea gull. They are concentrated especially in the mixed forest zone, in marshes and in moor zones. Among the animals presenting synergetic interest we mention: the wild Boar, the Enot dog, Ondathra Zibethica , the otter, the wild cat , the hare , the fox , the weasel, the polecat, the badger. Specific fauna can be found in the Danube Delta. Special research programmes and protection measures are carried out to safeguard these species.

2.1.3 Infrastructure

2.1.3.1 Public roads network The importance of Romania as transit country will increase with its accession in 2007. Two major European transport corridors No. 4 and No. 9 cross this Region. Besides these, the region has direct access to other important transport axis that connect it to the neighbouring countries, as well as to the rest of the continent. The most important roads for this region are A2, E85, E584 and E87, most of them being in good condition or rehabilitated. The same things are valid for transport infrastructure. At the end of 2003, the total length of the road network was of 10.565 km, the railway network was of 1.329 km, out of which 573 km are electrified. Without any doubt, the existing infrastructure has to be modernised and continuously developed in order to achieve the high European standards. The implementation of important infrastructure projects, consisting in the construction of at least on bridge over the Danube, will be the main objective of Regional Operational Plans co-financed by many convergent funds after Romanias accession to the EU.


21 December 2006 22

Table 2-3:Public roads situation, 2003

Region 2 South East 2003

Length of public roads (km) 2808

modernised with easy road layers (garment)

1844 3996

Out of total public roads 10565

National roads 1718 modernised with easy road layers (garment)

1637 74

Communal and county roads 8847

modernised with easy road layers (garment)

207 3922

Density of public roads per 100 km2

29,5

Source: Statistical County Department 2003 The major roads in the region between the county-capital and Bucharest are in good condition mainly the important South-North connection (E85) and also after completion the express way Bucharest-Constanta (A2). All the major roads usually carry heavy traffic with both trucks and passenger cars. This region also includes the international corridors 4(IV) and 9(IX), which will add additional traffic in future but in present also, for industrial and commercial activities. Table 2-4: Distances between the county capitals in Region 2 South East (km)

Brila Buzu Constana Galai Tulcea Focani Brila - 108 178 32 92 92 Buzu 108 - 230 136 200 74 Constana 178 230 - 191 124 271 Galai 32 136 191 -- 124 115 Tulcea 92 200 124 124 - 185 Focani 92 74 271 115 185 -


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2.1.3.2 Railway network

Table: 2-5 Railway situation in Region 2 South-East in 2003

Region 2 South East 2003

Railway network length (km) electrified:

1329 573

Out of total railways: lines with normal gauge with one way with two ways lines with big gauge

1329 788 525 16

Density of railway lines per 1000 km2 37,2 Source: Statistical County Department 2003 The connection between North and South and between Constanta and Galati are the most important railway routes in region. These lines are all electrified. 2.1.3.3 Airway transport Within the region, in Constana County, two airports are operating the International Airport Mihail Koglniceanu and a utilitarian airport from Tuzla. In 1996, the new air station of the Airport Mihail Koglniceanu was commissioned. The location of airports and auxiliary roads are relevant in the context of site selections location, especially for landfill-sites. These locations, including their surrounding shall be addeded in the RWMP as negative areas. 2.1.3.4 Maritime transport The Danube is navigable for maritime vessels of up to 7 m draught between Sulina and Brila, in the rest, it is navigable for vessels with draught of 2 to 2,5 m . The construction of the Danube-Black Sea Channel and the commissioning of the Danube-Main-Rhine Channel allowed for the creation of a river way of great European importance, connecting The North Sea with The Black Sea. Maritime navigation mostly takes place with vessels of big tonnage. Approximately 60% of Romanias imports and exports are unrolled through Constanta Harbour. The internal navigable network and the Black Sea consist of 35 ports, out of which 3 are maritime, 6 river-maritime ports and 26 river ports. Constanta Harbour represents a milestone for the entire traffic on the Black Sea and a key point for the Black Sea- North Sea relation. By using the Constanta Harbour, the route between the Suez Channel, the Eastern part of the Mediterranean and Central Europe is shortened by 400 km. The Black Gate- Midia Navodari Channel, a ramification of the main channel has an internal economic significance because it connects the main channel to the Midia maritime Harbour and Luminita quarry. The river ports along the channel are Medgidia port capable of supporting an annual traffic of 1.2 million tonnes and Basarabi port for an annual traffic of 700.000 tonnes. At the same time, the usage of RO-RO and ferryboat existing systems in Constanta harbour ensures the connection between the European continent and the Middle East. These routes are used especially for energy resources and transport of goods. Both the river ports as well as the maritime ones have, at present, free areas near the customs.


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2.1.3.5 Human settlements The total population of Region 2 South-East is of 2,85 millions inhabitants or about 13,1 % of the total population of the country which is slightly above regional average, but the density per km2 is significantly lower than the country average. The largest county is Tulcea, in terms of surface, Constanta county has the biggest number of inhabitants and Galati county has the biggest density. Table 2-6: Administrative organization of territory in 2003

Administrative unit Total area Km2

Number of population

Density of population inh. /km

Number of

villages and

cities

Number of cities

Nr. Of commun

es

Romania 238391 21733556 91,2 265 93 2686 Region 2 South East

35762 2846811 79.6 33 11 336

Brila County 4766 371749 78.3 4 1 39 Buzu County 6103 496214 81.3 4 1 81 Constana County 7071 713563 101.1 11 5 55 Galai County 4466 621161 138.7 4 2 49

8499 256492 30.2 5 2 43 Tulcea County Out of which Biosfera Delta Dunarii Reservation

4409 14966 4.65 1 7

Vrancea County 4857 387632 79.8 5 1 59 Source: County Statistical Department

Table 2-7: Human settlements

Total region Type of settlement No. of

settlements No. of inhabitants

Rural area

- < 500 inhabitants 0 0

- 500-1500 inhabitants 27 30068 - 1500-5000 inhabitants 235 744856

- > 5000 inhabitants 74 509600

Total rural area 336 1.284.524 (45,1%)

Urban area

- < 20000 inhabitants 22 205669

- 20000-100000 inhabitants 6 293565

- 100000-300000 inhabitants 4 753088

- > 300000 inhabitants 1 309965

Total urban area 33 1.562.287 (54,9%)

TOTAL REGION 369 2.846.811


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Source: County Statistical Department

The population in Region 2 South East is grouped in 33 cities, out of which 11 are municipalities and 339 communes that include 1455 villages. Out of the total of 2.846.811 inhabitants registered in 2003, 1.562.287 inhabitants (54,9) live in urban area and 1.284.524 (45,1%) inhabitants live in rural area. The percentage of rural and urban inhabitants in the total population of the region, 2003

45%

55%

Populatia in mediu urban

Populatia in mediu rural

In the following two tables is presented the number of settlements and of inhabitants for each type of settlement and for each county, that present distinct administrative structures of population distribution. Table 2-8:Number of human settlements, July 2003

Source: Statistical Yearbook 2003/4

Type of settlement Number of settlements(rural/town/municipality)

Region 2 Brila Buzu Constana

Galai Tulcea RBDD Vrancea

RURAL

5.000 inh 74 3 17 12 20 7 0 15

Total rural 336 39 81 55 59 36 7 59

URBAN

< 20.000 inh 22 3 2 7 2 3 1 4

20.000100.000 inh 6 0 1 3 1 1 0 0

100.000300.000 inh

4 1 1 0 1 0 0 1

> 300.000 inh 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

Total urban 33 4 4 11 4 4 1 5

TOTAL 369 43 85 66 63 40 8 64


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Table 2-9: Number of inhabitants per type of settlement, July 2003

Number of inhabitants(rural/towns/municipality) Type of settlement

Region 2 Brila Buzu Constana

Galai Tulcea RBDD Vrancea

RURAL

5.000 inh. 509600 16765 112792 89503 150679 41118 0 98743

Total rural 1284524 130604 303733 208882 267812 123615 10365 239513

URBAN

< 20.000 inh. 205669 23079 19426 74946 11316 26036 4601 46265

20.000100.000 inh.

293565 0 38828 119770 43092 91875 0 0

100.000300.000 inh

753088 218066 134227 0 298941 0 0 101854

> 300.000 inh 309965 0 0 309965 0 0 0 0

Total urban 1562287 241145 192481 504681 353349 117911 4601 148119

TOTAL 2846811 371749 496214 713563 621161 241526 14966 387632

Source: Statistical Yearbook 2003/4 The following table 2.10 shows the balance between rural and urban population per county in absolute number and percentage. Compared with the entire country, Region 2 is more urban than the average. The most urban county is Constanta where 70% of the population is living in agglomerations bigger than 20.000 inhabitants, while the most rural counties are Buzau and Vrancea Table 2.10 Population balance in urban and rural areas in 2003

RURAL URBAN

Inhabitants % Inhabitants %

Romania 11599199 52.86 10343357 47.14

Region 2 SE 1284524 45.12 1562287 54.88

Brila 130604 35.13 241145 64.87

Buzu 303733 61.21 192481 38.79

Constana 208882 29.27 504681 70.73

Galai 267812 43.11 353349 56.89

Tulcea 123615 51.18 117911 48.82

RBDD 10365 69.26 4601 30.74

Vrancea 239513 61.79 148119 38.21


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Table 2-11 Population evolution

Year

Number of inhabitants

of the South-East Region 2

Density of the population (inhab/km2)

Number of tourists in the

administrative territory

1999 2.943.177 82,29 1.007.453

2000 2.934.319 82,05 980.776

2001 2.932.124 81,98 994.292

2002 2.867.936 80,19 984.217

2003 2.846.811 79,60 1.018.617

Source: County Statistical Departments 2003 From this table it can be seen that the population and its density/km2 are continuously decreasing, while the number of tourists will grow in the future.

Population evolution in 1999-2003 for Region 2 SE

2.1.4 Utilities

2.1.4.1 Water and sewerage network Water distribution network The total length of the distribution network for drinkable water is 7067 km. The total number of localities having drinkable water supply installations at the end of 2003 was 582, put of which 33 municipalities and towns. The volume of the drinkable water distributed to the consumers in Region 2 South-East in 2003 was of 170.396 thousand m3 out of which 117.612 m3 for household purposes.

Region 2

2780000280000028200002840000286000028800002900000292000029400002960000

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Year

Inh

ab

ita

nts

i


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Sewerage system In Region 2 South-East the number of localities (municipalities and towns) in which public sewerage systems exist is 89, including 33 municipalities and towns. The total length of the public sewerage system is 2416 km. The following table shows the number of existing municipal wastewater treatment plants. No exact operational details about their technologies or their capacities are known. Table 2-12 Waste water treatment plants in Region 2 South East Region 2 S-E Brila Buzu Constana Galai Tulcea Vrancea

Number 20 3 2 9 2 2 2

In what concerns the industrial treatment stations, their capacities, the quantity and type of produced sludge is not known. These data have to be recorded separately, once these stations are properly exploited and new stations are built. From the above table it can be seen that the littoral county of Constanta disposes of 9 treatment plants and most probably is still not yet covered adequately. Despite this fact also the other counties discharging into the Danube river should increase their treatment capacities(mainly Tulcea, Galati and Braila at the entrance to Danube Delta, but also the other more remote counties of Buzau and Vrancea. In the near future many existing sewerage systems and waste water treatment plants will be rehabilitated and expanded (if necessary) and new systems and plants will be built and set into operation. This will consequently increase the volume of sludge to deal with. Options are utilisation in the agricultural sector(depending on content of heavy metals), co-incineration in power- or cement plants, co-disposal with domestic-/municipal waste or disposal on separate and special sludge disposal sites. All these applications and technologies require special knowledge and their potential impacts on the environment have to be watched and monitored very carefully. 2.1.4.2 Heating system Table 2-13 Heating systems

Coal Wood and

wood waste

Natural Gas / Heat supply on

natural gas

Light liquid fuel

Nr. South-East REGION 2

Total househol

ds from

which heated with:

No. % No. % No. % No. %

1 TOTAL 938.386 5.309

0,6

409.830

43,7

522.240

55,6

1007 0.1

Source: County Statistical Departments 2003 In the context of waste management a significant importance is the one had by the households that have central heating or that use wood. This applies especially to rural and to semi-urban areas. This being the case, it is estimated that in rural area the generated quantity of wood will not be significant.


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2.1.5 General socio-economical development

2.1.5.1 Socio-economical state of the region Table 2-14 Industrial and commercial activities in the Region

Branch CAEN Code

Number of economic

agents (nr.)

Share of economic agents (%)

Agriculture, Forestry, Fishery(total) 01/02/05 3.182 4,67

Industry (total) from which : 14-37 8.787 12,89

extractive activities 14 85 0,12

Processing Industry (total) 15-37 8.702 (12,77)

Electrical and thermal energy, gas and water 40/41 103 0,15

Building 45 3.118 4,57

Commerce and Services 50-55 41.184 60,43

Transport and Warehousing 60-63 4.003 5,87

Others 64-99 7.786 11,42

Total 68.163 100

Source: Offices of the Register of Commerce 2003 Additional to the type and number of the various industrial and commercial activities also the number of employees is of a certain interest. The quantity of residues (mainly industrial) could be very well be estimated in relation to specific generation rates/employee, but such indicators are strongly depending on type and standard of production. Tourism The Region 2 South-East is in the context of tourism one of the most important in Romania, both for domestic and international clientele. This region becomes an important sector of the countrys economy because of the low unemployment rates and of the low profits. Although the number of nights spent in the region by the tourists has slightly decreased in the last years, it is expected that after the accession to the EU and improvements of both, infrastructure and services, the number of tourists will increase. Tourism is mainly concentrated on the coast of the Black Sea, Constanta County and Danube Delta. Of less importance is the tourism to the mountain areas from Vrancea and Buzau counties and also to the cultural and historical heritage. The concentration of touring activities in Constanta county and its development since 1995 can be seen in the following graph:


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Evolutia numarului de innoptari in

judetele Regiunii Sud-Est (mii)

0

20004000

60008000

10000

Sud-

Est

Brail

a

Buza

u

Cons

tant

aGa

lati

Tulce

a

Vran

cea

1995

2000

2001

2002

2003

It has to be mentioned that all these touring zones require special attention and protection for their maintenance and sustainability. Especially the Danube-Delta has to be protected in order not to be overloaded with touring activities. Also, along the coast, the development of the sanitation infrastructures has to keep pace with the development of tourism. 2.1.5.2 GDP The unemployment rate has decreased from the average level of 13% to 8.2% in 2003. Any impact of this criteria on the rate and/or infrastructure of waste generation may be deducted from the GDPs evolution in the country/region. GDP reflects the general economic development.

Table 2-15 GDP for Region 2 South East

SEC Methodology 1995

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

GDP South East 66.167,2 92.868,2 131.652,3 171.122,8 -

Source: Romanias Statistical Yearbook

2.2 Waste management The data presented in this chapter refer to the household waste and assailable waste from commerce, bulky waste, waste from gardens, parks, markets and street waste. The base data concerning the generation of municipal waste are provided by the sanitation operators based on the questionnaires received by the LEPAs and then centralised in a regional data base by the REPA for Region 2 South East. These data reported by the sanitation operators are based mostly on estimation, not on precise figures, that would have resulted after weighing. Most figures are estimated and calculated by the sanitation companies based on the type of trucks used for collection and the number of trips made. The volumes were then converted into weight by applying an estimated specific density. The specific weights used are not exactly known and additionally are different depending on the compaction rates achieved inside the truck body.


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In future the number of landfills will be lowered and all will then be equipped with weighbridges, which means that the figures will become more accurate in combination with a proper and consequent reporting system.

2.2.1 Data concerning the quantity of generated waste Since 1999, the estimated waste generation in the region is slightly above 1 mil tonnes (1,165 mil tonnes in 2003). The major portion (57%) of the municipal waste is domestic waste (57%) collected from household (1.1) quantity that has been relatively constant in the last years, but it is estimated to grow because of the extension of the sanitation services coverage area. Similar to domestic waste collected from industries, commerce and institutions (1.2) has a portion of 16% or about 190 000 tonnes/year. The other waste categories collected are of minor percentages:

Documents

Ministry of Environment and Water Management Romania - Regional Waste Management Plan - Region 2