MiniLab 11.1 Transcribe and Translateteachers.sduhsd.net/ahaas/Biology/Central Dogma/Central Dogma...11.1 Transcribe and Translate, ... Worksheet 16 rksheet DNA Replication ... The

UNIT 4 CHAPTER 11 DNA and Genes 39

Name Date ClassC

opyr

ight

© G

lenc

oe/M

cGra

w-H

ill, a

div

isio

n of

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Procedure

! Use the data table below.@ Complete column B by writing the correct mRNA codon for each sequence of DNA

bases listed in the column marked DNA Base Sequence. Use the letters A, U, C, or G.# Identify the process responsible by writing its name on the arrow in column A.$ Complete column D by writing the correct anticodon that bonds to each codon from col-

umn B.% Identify the process responsible by writing its name on the arrow in column C.^ Complete column E by writing the name of the correct amino acid that is coded by each

base sequence. Use Table 11.1 on page 292 of your text to translate the mRNA basesequences to amino acids.

Molecules of DNA carry the genetic instructions for protein formation.Converting these DNA instructions into proteins requires a series of coordinatedsteps in transcription and translation.

MiniLabMiniLab11.1

Predicting

Transcribe and Translate

DNAbase sequence

A

Process

B

mRNAcodon

tRNAanticodon

E

Amino acid

C

Process

Data Table

AAT

GGG

ATA

AAA

GTT

D

40 CHAPTER 11 DNA and Genes UNIT 4

Name Date Class

Cop

yrig

ht ©

Gle

ncoe

/McG

raw

-Hill

, a d

ivis

ion

of T

he M

cGra

w-H

ill C

ompa

nies

, Inc

.

Analysis1. Where within the cell:

a. are the DNA instructions located?

b. does transcription occur?

c. does translation occur?

2. Describe the structure of a tRNA molecule.

3. Explain why specific base pairing is essential to the processes of transcription and trans-lation.

MiniLabMiniLab11.1 Transcribe and Translate, continued


Name Date Class

Cop

yrig

ht ©

Gle

ncoe

/McG

raw

-Hill

, a d

ivis

ion

of T

he M

cGra

w-H

ill C

ompa

nies

, Inc

.

Procedure

! Use the following base sequence of one strand of an imaginary DNA molecule: AATGCCAGTGGTTCGCAC.

@ Write the base sequence for an mRNA strand that would be transcribed from the givenDNA sequence.

# Use Table 11.1 on page 292 of your text to determine the sequence of amino acids in theresulting protein fragment.

$ If the fourth base in the original DNA strand were changed from G to C, how would thisaffect the resulting protein fragment?

% If a G were added to the original DNA strand after the third base, what would the result-ing mRNA look like? How would this addition affect the protein?

Analysis1. Which change in DNA was a point mutation? Which was a frameshift mutation?

2. In what way did the point mutation affect the protein?

3. How did the frameshift mutation affect the protein?

Gene mutations often have serious effects on proteins. In this activity, you willdemonstrate how such mutations affect protein synthesis.

MiniLabMiniLab11.2

Making and Using Tables

Gene Mutations andProteins


Name Date ClassC

opyr

ight

© G

lenc

oe/M

cGra

w-H

ill, a

div

isio

n of

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Master

18Master

RNA Translation Use with Chapter 11, Section 11.2

Basic ConceptsBasic Concepts

AUGA U G AAG U GCUC C A A

mRNA codon

Ribosome

Methionine

AUGA

A

U

U

G AAG U GCUC

C

C A A

tRNA anticodon

AUGA U G AAG

G

U

U

GCUC

C

C A A

Alanine

U AC

Peptide bond

AUGA U G AAG U GCUC C A A

U AC G UC

Alanine

Peptidebond

Methionine

AAA U G AAG UC

A A C

C A

Stopcodon

A U GU U

Anticodon

Aminoacid

Chain of RNAnucleotides

Transfer RNAmolecule

AA

U A C


Name Date Class

Cop

yrig

ht ©

Gle

ncoe

/McG

raw

-Hill

, a d

ivis

ion

of T

he M

cGra

w-H

ill C

ompa

nies

, Inc

.

Worksheet

18Worksheet

RNA TranslationBasic ConceptsBasic Concepts

Use with Chapter 11, Section 11.2

1. Compare and contrast the structure of tRNA and mRNA.

2. What is the function of tRNA?

3. What is an anticodon?

4. Which mRNA codon usually signals the beginning of protein synthesis?

5. How are amino acids joined together to form a protein?

6. Which anticodon bonds with the mRNA codon CCA? Which amino acid does thistRNA carry?

7. What is the function of a stop codon?


Name Date Class

Cop

yrig

ht ©

Gle

ncoe

/McG

raw

-Hill

, a d

ivis

ion

of T

he M

cGra

w-H

ill C

ompa

nies

, Inc

.

Worksheet

16Worksheet

DNA ReplicationBasic ConceptsBasic Concepts


1. What is the first step in the process of DNA replication?

2. How does each separated strand begin to rebuild a new strand?

3. What is the origin of each strand in the replicated DNA?

4. What kind of substance facilitates the hydrogen bonding of nucleotides into a new DNAmolecule?

5. If the sequence of bases in one strand of DNA is C-A-A-G-T, what is the sequence ofbases on the matching strand?

6. What is the result of the replication of one molecule of DNA?

7. Explain how DNA replication ensures continuity of form and function from one cellgeneration to the next.


Name Date ClassC

opyr

ight

© G

lenc

oe/M

cGra

w-H

ill, a

div

isio

n of

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Master

17Master

DNA Transcription Use with Chapter 11, Section 11.2

Basic ConceptsBasic Concepts

G

RNA

C

C

C

T

G

T

A

= DNA backbone

= RNA backbone

DNAstrand

A

T

U

A

C

G

G

C

U

A

R

R

R

R

R

D

D

D

P

P

P

P

P

PP

P

RNAstrand

DP

DNA strand


Name Date Class

Cop

yrig

ht ©

Gle

ncoe

/McG

raw

-Hill

, a d

ivis

ion

of T

he M

cGra

w-H

ill C

ompa

nies

, Inc

.

Worksheet

17Worksheet

DNA TranscriptionBasic ConceptsBasic Concepts


1. How many strands of mRNA are transcribed from the two “unzipped” strands of DNA?

2. What are the three parts of an RNA nucleotide?

3. How does base pairing differ in RNA and DNA?

4. What is the function of mRNA?

5. What is a codon?

6. If a sequence of codons on a DNA strand is AAC TAG GGT, what is the correspondingsequence in a strand of mRNA?

7. Describe what occurs after the process of base pairing is completed.

8. Describe what occurs when a molecule of DNA “unzips.”


Name Date ClassC

opyr

ight

© G

lenc

oe/M

cGra

w-H

ill, a

div

isio

n of

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Nitrogenous Base SequenceMaster

28Master Section FocusSection Focus


A G G G GA

A A

C

A A

C U U U U U U U U U

A A A

C

CU

A

GU

G

UA

UU

C

mRNAStop codon

tRNA

1 What would be the resulting sequence of amino acids in this growing protein chain, based on the sequence of bases in the illustrated messenger RNA?

2 Why is this exact base sequence important?


Name Date Class

Cop

yrig

ht ©

Gle

ncoe

/McG

raw

-Hill

, a d

ivis

ion

of T

he M

cGra

w-H

ill C

ompa

nies

, Inc

.

DNA and GenesChapter

11Chapter


Critical ThinkingCritical Thinking

1. What are the functions of mRNA?

2. What are the functions of the proteins that mRNA helps to produce?

3. How could a substance that stops the synthesis of mRNA cause the liver to stop functioning (the death ofliver cells)?

4. Why do you suppose that it took two days for Caesar to die?

The Roman emperor Claudius Caesar (10 B.C.–A.D. 54) had an appetite for the delicate

taste of mushrooms. Historians believe that Caesar’swife, Agrippina, wanted to poison him. She mixedinto Caesar’s favorite dish of mushrooms a few of thepoisonous species Amanita caesarea. These poisonousmushrooms contain a substance that blocks theactivity of an enzyme required for the cells to tran-scribe messenger RNA from DNA. For the first

10 hours after Caesar ate the mushrooms, all seemedwell as the mushroom poisons entered the bloodstream and were absorbed by the liver and kidneys.About 15 hours after eating the mushrooms, Caesar’sliver cells stopped functioning. Nausea, diarrhea,and delirium affected him as his liver and kidneyscould no longer filter and detoxify wastes and otherharmful substances from the blood. He died twodays later from liver failure.

Why Did Caesar Die?


Name Date ClassC

opyr

ight

© G

lenc

oe/M

cGra

w-H

ill, a

div

isio

n of

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

DNA StructureMaster

26Master Section FocusSection Focus


HO

CH2

C

O

O

PHO O

HHH

C

OH H

C

N

CH

C

H

CH

C

NO NH2

C

Nitrogenbase

Phosphate

Deoxyribosesugar

DNA nucleotide

1 What are the three components of this DNA nucleotide?

2 What is the function of DNA in the cell?


Name Date ClassC

opyr

ight

© G

lenc

oe/M

cGra

w-H

ill, a

div

isio

n of

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

DNA and GenesChapter

11Chapter Reinforcement and Study GuideReinforcement and Study Guide

In your textbook, read about what DNA is and the replication of DNA.

Label the diagram. Use these choices: nucleotide, deoxyribose, phosphate group, nitrogenousbase, hydrogen bonds, base pair.

Section 11.1 DNA: The Molecule of Heredity

1. __________________

2. __________________

3. __________________

Complete each statement.

7. __________________ , guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) are the four __________________

in DNA.

8. In DNA, __________________ always forms hydrogen bonds with guanine (G).

9. The sequence of __________________ carries the genetic information of an organism.

10. The process of __________________ produces a new copy of an organism’s genetic information,

which is passed on to a new cell.

11. The double-coiled shape of DNA is called a __________________ .

6. ____________________

5. ____________________

4. ____________________


Name Date Class

Cop

yrig

ht ©

Gle

ncoe

/McG

raw

-Hill

, a d

ivis

ion

of T

he M

cGra

w-H

ill C

ompa

nies

, Inc

.

ChapterDNA and Genes, continued

Chapter

11Reinforcement and Study GuideReinforcement and Study Guide

Section 11.2 From DNA to Protein

In your textbook, read about genes and proteins and RNA.

Complete the chart on the three chemical differences between DNA and RNA.

In your textbook, read about the genetic code.


4. Proteins are made up of __________________________ .

5. There are twenty different types of __________________________ .

6. The message of the DNA code is information for building __________________________ .

7. Each set of three nitrogenous bases that codes for an amino acid is known as a

__________________________ .

8. The amino acid __________________________ is represented by the mRNA codon ACA.

9. ________________________ and ________________________ are mRNA codons for phenylalanine.

10. There can be more than one __________________________ for the same amino acid.

11. For any one codon, there can be only one __________________________ .

12. The genetic code is said to be universal because a codon represents the same

__________________________ in almost all organisms.

13. ______________________ , _____________________ , and _____________________ are stop codons.

14. ____________________________ and __________________________ are amino acids that are each

represented by only one codon.

Structure DNA RNA

1. strand of nucleotides a. b.

2. sugar a. b.

3. nitrogenous base a. b.


Name Date ClassC

opyr

ight

© G

lenc

oe/M

cGra

w-H

ill, a

div

isio

n of

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Chapter

In your textbook, read about transcription from DNA to mRNA.


15. Proteins are made in the cytoplasm of a cell, whereas DNA is found only in the

__________________________ .

16. The process of making RNA from DNA is called __________________________ .

17. The process of transcription is similar to the process of DNA __________________________ .

18. __________________________ carries information from the DNA in the nucleus out into the cyto-

plasm of the cell.

19. mRNA carries the information for making proteins to the __________________________ .

In your textbook, read about translation from mRNA to protein.

Label the diagram. Use these choices: transfer RNA (tRNA), amino acid, amino acid chain, codon,anticodon, messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosome.

DNA and Genes, continuedChapter

11Reinforcement and Study GuideReinforcement and Study Guide

Section 11.2 From DNA to Protein

PHE

AR

G

PHEGLY

THRGLY

GLY

GC

GC

UA

UA

UA

UA

CGGC

C

GG

GCC

UAU

A

CG AG

U

GU

UU

U

20. __________________

22. __________________________

24. __________________

23. ___________________

21. _____________________________

26. __________________

25. __________________


Name Date Class

Cop

yrig

ht ©

Gle

ncoe

/McG

raw

-Hill

, a d

ivis

ion

of T

he M

cGra

w-H

ill C

ompa

nies

, Inc

.

Worksheet

18Worksheet

Translation: From RNA to Protein

Reteaching SkillsReteaching Skills


1. Where does mRNA come from?

2. Where does translation take place in a eukaryotic cell?

3. What is the role of the mRNA codon?

4. What is the role of the tRNA anticodon?

5. What is the role of ribosomes in protein production?

6. Number the mRNA codons in the transparency from left to right. Write down theanticodon each codon pairs with. Then translate each codon into the amino acid it codesfor. Use the chart in your text to help with your translation.

7. What binds amino acids together in a protein?

8. Why is the genetic code called a “universal” code?

(1) (6) (11)

(2) (7) (12)

(3) (8) (13)

(4) (9) (14)

(5) (10)

Documents

MiniLab 11.1 Transcribe and Translateteachers.sduhsd.net/ahaas/Biology/Central Dogma/Central Dogma...11.1 Transcribe and Translate, ... Worksheet 16 rksheet DNA Replication ... The