Mini Report Original

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MINI PROJECT REPORT

ON

ADVANCED HEALTH MONITORING

AND CONTROL SYSTEM

Submitted By

RIJIN P K

MEHUL MOHAN T

Under the Guidance of

Prof. V Vinod Kumar (ECE Dept.)

In partial fulfilment for the award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

GOVT. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KANNUR – 670563

November 2013



DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

GOVT. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING KANNUR

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report on ‘ADVANCED HEALTH MONITORING

AND CONTROL SYSTEM’ submitted by RIJIN P K (B0ENEC1730) and MEHUL

MOHAN T (B0ENEC1739) during the year 2013-2014 to Govt. College of Engineering,

Kannur towards the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology in Electronics & Communication, under Kannur University, is a

bona fide record of the work carried out by them.

Prof. V Vinod Kumar Prof. Alex Raj S.M Dr. P.Reena

Project Guide Project Coordinator Project Coordinator

Dr. T.P.Byjubai Head of Department

Place:Date:



ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is with great enthusiasm and the learning spirit that we bring out this project report.

We also feel that it is the right opportunity to acknowledge the support and guidance that camein from various quarters during the course of the completion of our project.

We are extremely grateful to the Principal Dr. T.D.JOHN, Govt. College of

Engineering Kannur, for providing the necessary facilities. We would like to express our

sincere gratitude to Dr. BAIJU BAI T P, Head of Department of Electronics and

Communication for giving us all the support and confidence to work with the project.

We express our sincere gratitude to our project coordinators Dr. P.Reena and Prof.

Alex Raj S.M and our project guide Prof. V Vinod Kumar for their great support given for

doing this project.

We express our sincere gratitude to our teaching and non-teaching staffs of Govt.

Collage of Engineering, Kannur for their valuable help in the successful completion of our

project.

We extend our thanks to family members and especially to our friends for encouraging

and helping us in critical situations and make the project successful.

Last but not the least we would like to thank God Almighty for giving us confidence to

do the project.



ABSTRACT

Advances in electronics and wireless sensor networks have opened up new

opportunities in healthcare systems. The future will see the integration of the abundance of

existing specialized medical technology with pervasive, wireless networks. They will co-exist

with the installed infrastructure, augmenting data collection and real-time response. An

example of an area in which future medical systems can benefit the most from wireless sensor

networks is in-home assistance. In-home pervasive networks may assist residents by providing

memory enhancement, control of home appliances, medical data lookup, and emergency

communication. The main requirements are Interoperability, Real-time data acquisition and

analysis, Reliability and robustness and new node architectures.

The proposed project integrate a coherent set of interacting portable devices, while

preserving mobility and independence and bringing optimum assistance to medical support.

Hospitals in the remote areas have a lack of doctors where they are available only once

in a week. The goal of this project is to monitor the parameters such as temperature, pressure

and Heart Beat of the patient and based on those results treatment is being performed. We

will be displaying the values on a computer monitor and updating it in real time. In future, we

will upgrade this project such that if there is any deviation in any parameter in the patient's status, the details will be sent to the prescribed doctors and the treatment is

performed in accordance to his guidance.



CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………... 1

CHAPTER 2. BLOCK DIAGRAM LEVEL DESCRIPTION …………………………….. 2

CHAPTER 3. HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS & PARTS IDENTIFICATION………… 5

CHAPTER 4. WORKING………………………………………………………………......15

CHAPTER 5. SOFTWARE SECTION……………………………………………………..16

5.1) FLOW CHART…………………………………………………………16

5.2) LABVIEW……………………………………………………………...17

CHAPTER 6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS……………………………………………18

CHAPTER 7. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE……………………………………20

BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………..21



LIST OF FIGURES

Fig.2.1. Block Diagram…………………………………………………………………….. 2

Fig 3.1. Arduino Duemilanove Microcontroller Board with ATmega 328P………………. 7

Fig 3.2. ATmega 328 Microcontroller ……………………………………………………...10

Fig 3.3. Temperature Sensor- Internal Diagram……………………………………………11

Fig 3.4. Temperature Sensor LM35………………………………………………………...12

Fig 3.5. Bottom View of LM 35……………………………………………………………12

Fig 3.6. Heartbeat Sensor LM35……………………………………………………………13

Fig 3.7. A sample measurement taken with the heartbeat sensor …………………………..13

Fig 3.8. Buzzer ……………………………………………………………………………...14Fig 5.1. Graphical user interface done using LabView…………………………………….17

Fig 6.1. Our equipment in action…………………………………………………………...19



ADVANCED HEALTH MONITORING AND CONTROL SYSTEM 1

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING


CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Nothing is important than HEALTH of a person. Hence monitoring of important

parameters like temperature, heartbeat, pressure etc. should be given utmost priority. Our

equipment can be used in hospitals and also for patients who can be under continues monitoring

while traveling from place to place. This can also be used for regular home use and therefore

intellectually helps lakhs of people. This simple equipment is a low cost device and has multi-

level applications.

Cardiovascular disease is one of the main causes of death in the many countries and in

1999, it accounted for over 15 million deaths worldwide. And things have been changed worse

now. Nowadays the number of heart patients have been increased inexorably especially in a

developing country like India due to change in life style, lack of food management, lack of

exercise etc. The most important part is, these people are not aware of these critical health

situations and thinks about a remedy only in the final stage of their disease. Even technology

advancements we have achieved till now will not be able to help those people. Prevention is

always better than cure. With the help of the equipment we have, it is possible to do tasks by

reducing human interference and also helps alarming people that their health condition is weak

and needs care. This equipment is most useful in remote areas where number of hospitals are

very less and doctors’ availability is also an issue.

The drastic conditions makes things even worse day by day. More number of people

are trapped by cardio vascular diseases and high pressure. We have to prevent this exponential

increase of this rate as today’s children are the future of tomorrow. We need a healthy

generation ahead and here we present a multi-purpose device which can decrease those largediseased patients by a quite comfortable margin by alarming those affected people and thereby

taking necessary steps to preserve the health of their respective life. Again it is the individuals’

responsibility to take care themselves. By using industry leading components, greater accuracy

with high precision and possibly with less errors can be achieved. Here we use a technique in

which the sensors can be attached on a plug n play basis (easy and way too convenient).

This equipment can be used in hospitals and also for patients who can be under

continues monitoring while traveling from place to place.






CHAPTER 2

BLOCK DIAGRAM LEVEL DESCRIPTION

Fig 2.1. Block Diagram

Patient






2.1. TEMPERATURE SENSOR

Temperature sensors are transducers which are used for the measurement of the

temperature in electronic methods. Here it is used to find the body temperature of a patient or

any human being. The temperature sensors needs to be in contact with the body of the person

in order to pick up the temperature. These transducers give out electrical output to the

corresponding body temperature they exists. These electrical signals are in the form of analog

voltage. Since our MCU has inbuilt analog pin input, the electrical output from the temperature

sensor can be directly connected to these analog pins without the need for analog to digital

conversion. Here we use the IC package type temperature sensors, whose output voltage is

linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature.

2.2. HEARTBEAT SENSOR

The Heartbeat Sensor provides a simple way to study the heart's function. This sensor

monitors the flow of blood through Finger. As the heart forces blood through the blood vessels

in the Finger, the amount of blood in the Finger changes with time. The sensor shines a light

lobe (small High Bright LED) through the ear and measures the light that is transmitted to

LDR. The signal is amplified, inverted and filtered, in the Circuit .By graphing this signal, the

heart rate can be determined, and some details of the pumping action of the heart can be seenon the graph.

2.3. MCU (MICROCONTROLLER UNIT)

MCU is the microcontroller unit, which controls all the functions of other blocks in this

system. MCU takes or read data from the sensors and controls all the functions of the whole

system by manipulating these data.

The temperature sensor and heartbeat sensor sense the temperature and heartbeat of a

person respectively. These data are given to the microcontroller unit and it manipulates the data

it received. These data are given to a monitor for display purpose. The readings shown on

monitor like temperature and heartbeat are updated in real times as soon as the sensors are

connected to the microcontroller unit. Here we use ATmega 328 microcontroller on

an arduino duemilanove board.






2.4. DISPLAY SECTION

A computer monitor is used for displaying the state of the unit. Here it displays the

status of the sensors in real time. That is, the sensed values are updated at regular time intervals.

Labview software is used to show the status of the sensors with a graphical user

interface. Hence it is easy to read the sensed values for both patients and nurses/doctors as the

graphical user interface is really simple and easy to sum things up.






CHAPTER 3

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS & PARTS IDENTIFICATION

3.1. ARDUINO DUEMILANOVE BOARD

CONTENTS

3.1.1. Product Description

3.1.2. Arduino Duemilanove Microcontroller Board

3.1.3. Microcontroller

3.1.4. Sensors

o 3.1.4.1. Temperature Sensor

o 3.1.4.2. Heartbeat Sensor

3.1.5. BZ(Buzzer)






3.1.1 PRODUCT DESCRIPTION

Arduino Duemilanove Board:

Microcontroller : ATmega328

Operating Voltage : 5V

Input Voltage (recommended) : 7-12V

Input Voltage (limits) : 6-20V

Digital I/O Pins : 14(of which 6 provide PWM output)

Analog Input Pins : 6

DC Current per I/O Pin : 40 mA

DC Current for 3.3V Pin : 50 mA

Flash Memory : 32 KB of which 2 KB used loader

SRAM : 2 KB

EEPROM : 1 KB

Clock Speed : 16 MHz

USB powered

USB programmable






3.1.2 Arduino Duemilanove Microcontroller Board:

Fig 3.1. Arduino Duemilanove Microcontroller Board with ATmega 328P

3.1.2.1. INPUT AND OUTPUT

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Duemilanove can be used as an input or output, using

pinMode (), digitalWrite (), and digitalRead () functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin

can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor

(disconnected by default) of 20-50 KOhms. In addition, some pins have specializedfunctions:

Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data.

These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the FTDI USB-to-TTL Serial

chip.

External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on

a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value.

http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/PinMode

http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/DigitalWrite

http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/DigitalRead

http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/DigitalRead

http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/DigitalWrite

http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/PinMode






PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite ()

function.

SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI

communication using the SPI library.

LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH

value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.

The Duemilanove has 6 analog inputs, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024

different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to

change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the analogReference () function.

Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality:

I2C: analog input pins A4 (SDA) and A5 (SCL). Support I2C (TWI) communication

using the Wire library.

There are a couple of other pins on the board:

AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference ().

Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset

button to shields which block the one on the board.

3.1.2.2. COMMUNICATION

The Arduino Duemilanove has a number of facilities for communicating with a

computer, another Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provide UART TTL

(5V) serial communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An FTDI

FT232RL on the board channels this serial communication over USB and the FTDI drivers(included with Windows version of the Arduino software) provide a virtual com port to

software on the computer. The Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows simple

textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will

flash when data is being transmitted via the FTDI chip and USB connection to the computer

(but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1).

http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/AnalogWrite

http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/SPI

http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/AnalogReference

http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/Wire


http://www.ftdichip.com/Drivers/VCP.htm

http://www.ftdichip.com/Drivers/VCP.htm


http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/Wire


http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/SPI

http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/AnalogWrite






3.1.2.3. PROGRAMMING

The Arduino Duemilanove can be programmed with the Arduino software. The

ATmega328 on the Arduino Duemilanove comes pre-burned with a bootloader that allows you

to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer. It communicates

using the original STK500.

We can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP

(In-Circuit Serial Programming) header.

3.1.2.4. USB OVERCURRENT PROTECTION

The Arduino Duemilanove has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's USB

ports from shorts and overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own internal

protection, the fuse provides an extra layer of protection. If more than 500 mA is applied to the

USB port, the fuse will automatically break the connection until the short or overload is

removed.

3.1.2.5. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

The maximum length and width of the Duemilanove PCB are 2.7 and 2.1 inches respectively,

with the USB connector and power jack extending beyond the former dimension. Three screw

holes allow the board to be attached to a surface or case. Note that the distance between digital

pins 7 and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"), not an even multiple of the 100 mil spacing of the other pins.

http://arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/Bootloader

http://arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/Bootloader






3.1.3. MicroController

Fig 3.2. ATmega 328 Microcontroller

The high-performance Atmel 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller combines 32KB

ISP flash memory with read-while-write capabilities, 1KB EEPROM, 2KB SRAM, 23 general

purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, three flexible timer/counters with

compare modes, internal and external interrupts, serial programmable USART, a byte-oriented

2-wire serial interface, SPI serial port, 6-channel 10-bit A/D, programmable watchdog timer

with internal oscillator, and five software selectable power saving modes. The device operates

between 1.8-5.5 volts.

By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the device achieves

throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz, balancing power consumption and processing

speed.






3.1.4. SENSORS

3.1.4.1. TEMPERATURE SENSOR

Fig 3.3. Temperature Sensor- Internal Diagram

This LM 35 based temperature sensor circuit is used for measuring the body

temperature. 1st pin of this IC is its supply. It is connected to the source through a current

limiting resistor (100ohm). 10uF capacitor is for noise filtering of the source. 3rd pin of LM35

is grounded.

Output from LM35 is taken from its second pin, which is connected to a variable load

resistor (100K preset). By the preset we can adjust the output to a desired level. 0.1uF capacitor

is for filtering the sensor output.

The output of the temperature sensor is fed to analog pin of the microcontroller. The

temperature sensor is in continuous contact with the body of the person/patient.

For measuring the temperature here we use a temperature sensor LM 35. The LM35

series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage is linearly

proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35 thus has an advantage over

linear temperature sensors, as the user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage from

its output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 does not require any external






calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of ±1⁄4°C at room temperature and ±3⁄4°

cover a full −55 to +150°C temperature range. Low cost is assured by trimming and calibration

at the wafer level. The LM35’s low output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent

calibration make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy.

Fig 3.4. Temperature Sensor LM35

It can be used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As it draws only

60 μA from its supply, it has very low self -heating, less than 0.1°C in still air. The LM35 is

rated to operate over a −55° to +150°C temperature range, while the LM35C is rated for a −40°

to +110°C range (−10° with improved accuracy). The LM35 series is available packaged in

hermetic TO-46 transistor packages, while the LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D are also

available in the plastic TO-92 transistor package. The LM35D is also available in an 8-lead

surface mount small outline package and a plastic TO-220 package.

3.1.4.2. HEARTBEAT SENSOR

The Heart Beat Sensor provides a simple way to study the heart's function. This sensor

monitors the flow of blood through Finger. As the heart forces blood through the blood vessels

in the Finger, the amount of blood in the Finger changes with time. The sensor shines a light

lobe (small High Bright LED) through the ear and measures the light that is transmitted to

LDR. The signal is amplified, inverted and filtered, in the Circuit .By graphing this signal, the

Fig 3.5. Bottom View of LM 35






heart rate can be determined, and some details of the pumping action of the heart can be seen

on the graph.

Fig 3.6. Heartbeat Sensor LM35

Fig 3.7. A sample measurement taken with the heartbeat sensor






Figure shows that the blood flowing through the Finger rises at the start of the heartbeat.

This is caused by the contraction of the ventricles forcing blood into the arteries. Soon after the

first peak a second, smaller peak is observed. This is caused by the shutting of the heart valve,

at the end of the active phase, which raises the pressure in the arteries and the earlobe.

Note: Thumb finger nail should be faced to LDR and flesh should be faced to LED.

3.1.5. BUZZER

A buzzer is used to alarm people that the health of the person is not well and he/she

needs care. In this way, it is easy to help ill people in an efficient way and hence monitoring

becomes easier.

Fig 3.8. Buzzer






CHAPTER 4

WORKING

Our advanced health monitoring system consists of a temperature sensor, a heartbeat

sensor, a microcontroller unit, a computer monitor (preferable a laptop for portability and easy

handling). The temperature sensor senses the temperature of the human body. Its output is

analog voltage which is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The

LM35 thus has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the user

is not required to subtract a large constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient

Centigrade scaling. The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming. Low cost

is assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The LM35’s low output impedance,

linear output, and precise inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or control circuitry

especially easy. It is in contact with human body to measure the body temperature and the

output pin is connected to the analog pin of arduino Duemilanove board.

The heartbeat sensor monitors the flow of blood through Finger. As the heart forces

blood through the blood vessels in the Finger, the amount of blood in the Finger changes with

time. The sensor shines a light lobe (small High Bright LED) through the ear and measures the

light that is transmitted to LDR. The signal is amplified, inverted and filtered, in the Circuit

.By graphing this signal, the heart rate can be determined, and some details of the pumping

action of the heart can be seen on the graph. Its output is also connected to the microcontroller

unit and the microcontroller manipulates the data it just received.

The manipulated data has to be sent to the computer monitor to see the values. Here we

us use a graphical user interface program implemented using virtual instrumentation software

from National Instruments called Labview for displaying the parameters that we got from our

sensors on to the computer monitor. The further steps can be taken for the care of the person

depending on the values. A small alarm system is provided to alarm for any unusual change in

the critical parameters like body temperature and heartbeat from a preset threshold value.






CHAPTER 5

SOFTWARE SECTION

5.1. FLOW CHARTSTART

INITIALISATION OF TEMPARATURE AND

HEARTBEAT SENSORS

READ TEMEPERATURE AND

HEARTBEAT SENSOR OUTPUT VALUES

CHECK

HEART

RATE

CHECK

TEMPERATURE

NO NO

YES BUZZER

BEEPif temp < 36

or temp > 38

If bpm <68

or bpm >76

YES

DISPLAY

TERMINATE

STOP

YES NO






5.2. LABVIEW

The user interface monitoring system is designed using virtual instrument

software from National Instruments called LabView. The variation in the parameters can be

recorded for a period of time and can be updated in real time.

Fig 5.1. Graphical user interface done using LabView






CHAPTER 6

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

ADVANTAGES & APPLICATIONS:

Enables reliable remote patient monitoring

Can be used in home for any individual

Portability and easy to use graphical user interface

Maintains freedom of mobility

Offers safety and activity monitoring sensors for home and medical use

Offers prompt feedback for better self-management

Offers out-of-box security for easy use

DISADVANTAGES:

× Accuracy is not high. For better accuracy, better precision sensors have to be used.

× Sensor values are ambient room temperature dependent.

RESULT

Sensed values obtained:

SL NO. SENSOR OBTAINED VALUE

1. TEMPERATURE (LM35) 36-38

2. HEART RATE 68-74






Fig 6.1. Our equipment in action






CHAPTER 7.

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

The proposed project integrate a coherent set of interacting portable devices,

while preserving mobility and independence and bringing optimum assistance to medical

support. Hospitals in the remote areas have a lack of doctors where they are available only once

in a week. The goal of this project is to monitor the parameters such as temperature and Heart

Beat of the patient and based on those results treatment is being performed. If there is any

deviation in any parameter in the patient's status , concerned people are alarmed. In future

we will be able to send and display sensed values wirelessly, use of better precision sensors for

cutting edge accuracy, touch screen control for older people, video conferencing with

experienced doctors, add additional parameters like ECG, EEG, blood pressure etc.

Future Scope:

Sending and displaying sensed values wirelessly.

Use of better precision sensors for cutting edge accuracy.

Touch screen control for older people.

Video conferencing with experienced doctors.

Additions like ECG, EEG, blood pressure etc.

We have made great effort to complete this project successfully. In the meanwhile, we faced

some difficulty for the accurate measurement of parameters. However we achieved what wehave actually wanted at the end.



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Mini Report Original