Mini project report on Android Technology with sample code

7/23/2019 Mini project report on Android Technology with sample code

1/37

BHMVGCM ]AEDHGJGIS

EDB_]AV 2

2( CH]VGMQE]CGH

Bhmvgcm cu b ugl}ybva u}ben lgv `gfcja ma|ceau }db} chejqmau bh gpavb}chi usu}a`*

`cmmjaybva bhm nas bppjceb}cghu(Bhmvgcm cu b ugl}ybva pjb}lgv` bhm gpavb}chi usu}a` lgv

`gfcja ma|ceau fbuam gh }da Jchqt gpavb}chi usu}a` bhm ma|ajgpam fs Iggija bhm }da Gpah

Dbhmua} Bjjcbhea( C} bjjgyu ma|ajgpavu }g yvc}a `bhbiam egma ch b Kb|b-jcna jbhiqbia }db}

q}cjc{au Iggija-ma|ajgpam Kb|b jcfvbvcau* fq} mgau hg} uqppgv} pvgivb`u ma|ajgpam ch hb}c|a

egma(

]da qh|acjchi gl }da Bhmvgcm pjb}lgv` gh 1 Hg|a`fav 6??9 ybu bhhgqheam yc}d }da

lgqhmchi gl }da Gpah Dbhmua} Bjjcbhea* b eghugv}cq` gl 5= dbvmybva* ugl}ybva bhm }ajaeg`

eg`pbhcau ma|g}am }g bm|bhechi gpah u}bhmbvmu lgv `gfcja ma|ceau( Ydah vajabuam ch 6??4*

`gu} gl }da Bhmvgcm pjb}lgv` ycjj fa `bma b|bcjbfja qhmav }da Bpbeda lvaa-ugl}ybva bhm

gpah-ugqvea jceahua(

2(2( ]DA FCV]D GL BHMVGCM

Iggija Berqcvau Bhmvgcm Che(

Ch Kqjs 6??1* Iggija berqcvam Bhmvgcm Che(* b u`bjj u}bv}qp eg`pbhs fbuam ch _bjg

Bj}g* EB( Bhmvgcm)u eg-lgqhmavu ydg yah} }g ygvn b} Iggija chejqmam Bhms Vqfch

$eg-lgqhmav gl Mbhiav#* Vced @chav $eg-lgqhmav gl Ycjmlcva Eg``qhceb}cghu* Che#*

Hcen Uabvu $ghea \_ b} ]-@gfcja#* bhm Edvcu Ydc}a $gha gl }da lcvu} ahichaavu b}

Yaf]\#( B} }da }c`a* jc}}ja ybu nhgyh bfgq} }da lqhe}cghu gl Bhmvgcm Che( g}dav

}dbh }das `bma ugl}ybva lgv `gfcja pdghau(

B} Iggija* }da }ab`* jam fs Vqfch* ma|ajgpam b Jchqt-fbuam `gfcja ma|cea GU

ydced }das `bvna}am }g dbhmua} `bnavu bhm ebvvcavu gh }da pva`cua gl pvg|cmchi b

ljatcfja* qpivbmabfja usu}a`( C} ybu vapgv}am }db} Iggija dbm bjvabms jcham qp b

uavcau gl dbvmybva eg`pghah} bhm ugl}ybva pbv}havu bhm ucihbjam }g ebvvcavu }db} c}

ybu gpah }g |bvcgqu maivaau gl eggpavb}cgh gh }dacv pbv}(

UDBUDBHN Map} gl EUA* A_EA]6?2?

2


2/37

BHMVGCM ]AEDHGJGIS

2(2(2( Gpah Dbhmua} BjjcbheaLgqhmam

Gh 1 Hg|a`fav 6??9* }da Gpah Dbhmua} Bjjcbhea* b eghugv}cq` gl ua|avbj

eg`pbhcau ydced chejqma Iggija* D]E* Ch}aj* @g}gvgjb* Rqbjeg``* ]-@gfcja*

Upvch} Hat}aj bhm H\CMCB* ybu qh|acjam yc}d }da igbj }g ma|ajgp gpah u}bhmbvmu

lgv `gfcja ma|ceau( Bjghi yc}d }da lgv`b}cgh gl }da Gpah Dbhmua} Bjjcbhea* }da

GDB bjug qh|acjam }dacv lcvu} pvgmqe}* Bhmvgcm* bh gpah ugqvea `gfcja ma|cea

pjb}lgv` fbuam gh }da Jchqt gpavb}chi usu}a`(

2(2(6( Dbvmybva

Iggija dbu qh|acjam b} jabu} }dvaa pvg}g}spau lgv Bhmvgcm* b} }da @gfcja Ygvjm

Eghivauu gh Lafvqbvs 26* 6??4( Gha pvg}g}spa b} }da BV@ fgg}d mcupjbsam ua|avbj

fbuce Iggija bppjceb}cghu( B )m-pbm) egh}vgj {gg`chi gl c}aù ch }da mgen yc}d b

vajb}c|ajs rqcen vaupghua(

B pvg}g}spa b} }da Iggija CG eghlavahea gh @bs 64* 6??4 dbm b 164 @D{

Rqbjeg`` pvgeauugv bhm b Ushbp}ceu ebpbec}c|a }gqed uevaah* bhm quam }da Q@]U

eajjqjbv u}bhmbvm( C} dbm 264 @F gl VB@ bhm 61< @F gl ljbud* udgychi }db}

Bhmvgcm)u à`gvs varqcvaàh}u bva vabughbfja( ]da ma`g ybu ebvvcam gq} quchi b

5(< @fc}'u DUM_B eghhae}cgh(

2(6( LAB]QVAU

2(6(2( Bppjceb}cgh Lvbàygvn

C} cu quam }g yvc}a bppjceb}cghu lgv Bhmvgcm( Qhjcna g}dav a`fammam `gfcja

ah|cvghàh}u* Bhmvgcm bppjceb}cghu bva bjj arqbj* lgv chu}bhea* bh bppjceb}cghu

ydced egà yc}d }da pdgha bva hg mcllavah} }dbh }dgua }db} bhs ma|ajgpav

yvc}au(]da lvbàygvn cu uqppgv}am fs hqàvgqu gpah ugqvea jcfvbvcau uqed bu

gpahuuj* URJc}a bhm jcfe( C} cu bjug uqppgv}am fs }da Bhmvgcm egva jcfvbvcau(

Lvg` }da pgch} gl uaeqvc}s* }da lvbàygvn cu fbuam gh QHCT lcja usu}a`

pav`cuucghu }db} buuqva bppjceb}cghu db|a ghjs }dgua bfcjc}cau }db} `gfcja pdgha

gyhav ib|a }da` b} chu}bjj }cà(


6


3/37

BHMVGCM ]AEDHGJGIS

2(6(6( Mbj|cn \cv}qbj @bedcha

C} cu at}vaàjs jgy-à`gvs fbuam |cv}qbj `bedcha* ydced ybu mauciham aupaecbjjs

lgv Bhmvgcm }g vqh gh a`fammam usu}aù bhm ygvn yajj ch jgy pgyav uc}qb}cghu( C}

cu bjug }qham }g }da E_Q b}}vcfq}au( ]da Mbj|cn \@ evab}au b upaecbj lcja lgv`b}

$(MAT# }db} cu evab}am }dvgqid fqcjm }cà pgu} pvgeauuchi( Egh|avucgh fa}yaah

Kb|b ejbuuau bhm (MAT lgv`b} cu mgha fs chejqmam mt }ggj(

2(6(5( Ch}aivb}am Fvgyuav

Iggija `bma b vcid} edgcea gh edgguchi YafNc} bu gpah ugqvea yaf fvgyuav( ]das

bmmam b }yg pbuu jbsgq} bhm lvbà ljb}}ahchi( ]yg pbuu jbsgq} jgbmu b pbia

yc}dgq} ybc}chi lgv fjgenchi ajaàh}u* uqed bu at}avhbj EUU gv at}avhbj

Kb|bUevcp} bhm bl}av b ydcja vahmavu bibch yc}d bjj vaugqveau mgyhjgbmam }g }da

ma|cea( Lvbà ljb}}ahchi egh|av}u lgqhmam lvbàu ch}g uchija gha bhm jgbmu

ch}g }da fvgyuav( ]daua lab}qvau chevabua upaam bhm qubfcjc}s fvgyuchi }da

ch}avha} |cb `gfcja pdgha(

2(6(=( Gp}c c{am Ivbpdceu

Bu Bhmvgcm dbu 6M ivbpdceu jcfvbvs bhm 5M ivbpdceu fbuam gh GpahIJ AU

2(?* pguucfjs ya ycjj uaa ivab} bppjceb}cghu jcna Iggija Abv}d bhm upae}beqjbv

ibàu jcna Uaeghm Jcla* ydced egà gh Jchqt |avucgh( B} }dcu `gàh}* }da

udgg}chi jaiahmbvs 5M ibà Mgg` ybu pvauah}am quchi Bhmvgcm gh }da `gfcja

pdgha(

2(6(1( URJc}a

At}vaàjs u`bjj $x1??nf# vajb}cghbj mb}bfbua `bhbiaàh} usu}a`* ydced cu

ch}aivb}am ch Bhmvgcm( C} cu fbuam gh lqhe}cgh ebjju bhm uchija lcja* ydava bjj

malchc}cghu* }bfjau bhm mb}b bva u}gvam( ]dcu uc`pja maucih cu `gva }dbh uqc}bfja lgv b

pjb}lgv` uqed bu Bhmvgcm(


5


4/37

BHMVGCM ]AEDHGJGIS

2(6(


5/37

BHMVGCM ]AEDHGJGIS

2(6(26( @amcb Uqppgv}

Bhmvgcm ycjj uqppgv} bm|bheam bqmcg'|cmag'u}cjj `amcb lgv`b}u uqed bu @_AI-=*

D(6


6/37

BHMVGCM ]AEDHGJGIS

EDB_]AV 6

6( MA]BCJAM MAUEVC_]CGH GL ]DA ]G_CE

6(2( G_AVB]CGH

6(2(2( Bhmvgcm Vqh}cà

Bhmvgcm chejqmau b ua} gl egva jcfvbvcau }db} pvg|cmau `gu} gl }da lqhe}cghbjc}sb|bcjbfja ch }da egva jcfvbvcau gl }da Kb|b pvgivb``chi jbhiqbia(A|avs Bhmvgcm

bppjceb}cgh vqhu ch c}u gyh pvgeauu* yc}d c}u gyh chu}bhea gl }da Mbj|cn |cv}qbj

`bedcha( Mbj|cn dbu faah yvc}}ah ug }db} b ma|cea ebh vqh `qj}cpja \@u allcecah}js(

]da Mbj|cn \@ ataeq}au lcjau ch }da Mbj|cn Ataeq}bfja $(mat# lgv b} ydced cu

gp}c`c{am lgv `chc`bj à`gvs lgg}pvch}( ]da \@ cu vaicu}av-fbuam* bhm vqhu ejbuuau

eg`pcjam fs b Kb|b jbhiqbia eg`pcjav }db} db|a faah }vbhulgvàm ch}g }da (mat lgv`b}

fs }da chejqmam &mt& }ggj(]da Mbj|cn \@ vajcau gh }da Jchqt navhaj lgv qhmavjschi

lqhe}cghbjc}s uqed bu }dvabmchi bhm jgy-ja|aj à`gvs `bhbiaàh}(

6(2(6( Jchqt Navhaj

Bhmvgcm vajcau gh Jchqt |avucgh 6(< lgv egva usu}a` uav|ceau uqed bu uaeqvc}s* à`gvs

`bhbiaàh}* pvgeauu `bhbiaàh}* ha}ygvn u}ben* bhm mvc|av `gmaj( ]da navhaj bjug

be}u bu bh bfu}vbe}cgh jbsav fa}yaah }da dbvmybva bhm }da vau} gl }da ugl}ybva u}ben(

C} dajpu }g `bhbia uaeqvc}s* à`gvs `bhbiaàh}* pvgeauu `bhbiaàh}* ha}ygvn

u}ben bhm g}dav c`pgv}bh} cuuqau( ]davalgva* }da quav udgqjm fvchi Jchqt ch dcu `gfcja

ma|cea bu }da `bch gpavb}chi usu}a` bhm chu}bjj bjj }da mvc|avu varqcvam ch gvmav }g vqh

c}(

Ma|ajgpavu db|a lqjj beeauu }g }da ubà lvbàygvn B_Cu quam fs }da egva

bppjceb}cghu( ]da bppjceb}cgh bvedc}ae}qva cu mauciham }g uc`pjcls }da vaqua gl



7/37

BHMVGCM ]AEDHGJGIS

eg`pghah}u> bhs bppjceb}cgh ebh pqfjcud c}u ebpbfcjc}cau bhm bhs g}dav bppjceb}cgh

`bs }dah `bna qua gl }dgua ebpbfcjc}cau $uqfkae} }g uaeqvc}s eghu}vbch}u ahlgveam fs

}da lvbàygvn#( ]dcu ubà àedbhcu` bjjgyu eg`pghah}u }g fa vapjbeam fs }da quav(

Qhmavjschi bjj bppjceb}cghu cu b ua} gl uav|ceau bhm usu}aù(

BVEDC]AE]QVA

]da lgjjgychi mcbivb` udgyu }da `bkgv eg`pghah}u gl }da Bhmvgcm gpavb}chi usu}a`(

Abed uae}cgh cu mauevcfam ch `gva ma}bcj fajgy(

Lciqva 6(2; Bvedc}ae}qva gl Bhmvgcm

6(2(5( Jchqt Navhaj

Bhmvgcm Bvedc}ae}qva cu fbuam gh Jchqt 6(< navhaj( C} dajpu }g `bhbia uaeqvc}s*

à`gvs `bhbiaàh}* pvgeauu `bhbiaàh}* ha}ygvn u}ben bhm g}dav c`pgv}bh}


9


8/37

BHMVGCM ]AEDHGJGIS

cuuqau( ]davalgva* }da quav udgqjm fvchi Jchqt ch dcu `gfcja ma|cea bu }da `bch

gpavb}chi usu}a` bhm chu}bjj bjj }da mvc|avu varqcvam ch gvmav }g vqh c}( Bhmvgcm

pvg|cmau }da uqppgv} lgv }da Rqbjeg`` @U@9N edcpua} lb`cjs( Lgv chu}bhea* }da

eqvvah} navhaj }vaa uqppgv}u Rqbjeg`` @U@ 96??B edcpua}u* fq} ch }da uaeghm dbjl

gl 6??4 ya udgqjm uaa `gfcja ma|ceau yc}d u}bfja |avucgh Rqbjeg`` @U@ 96??*

ydced chejqmau `bkgv lab}qvau;

YEM@B'DUQ_B bhm AI_VU ha}ygvn uqppgv}

Fjqa}gg}d 2(6 bhm Yc-Lc uqppgv}

Mcic}bj bqmcg uqppgv} lgv `p5 bhm g}dav lgv`b}u

Uqppgv} lgv Jchqt bhm g}dav }dcvm-pbv}s gpavb}chi usu}a`u Kb|b dbvmybva beeajavb}cgh bhm uqppgv} lgv Kb|b bppjceb}cghu

Reb`avb qp }g


9/37

BHMVGCM ]AEDHGJGIS

6(2(1( Bhmvgcm Vqh}cà

B} }da ubà ja|aj }dava cu Bhmvgcm Vqh}cà* ydava }da `bch eg`pghah} Mbj|cn

\cv}qbj @bedcha cu jgeb}am( C} ybu mauciham upaeclcebjjs lgv Bhmvgcm vqhhchi ch

jc`c}am ah|cvghàh}* ydava }da jc`c}am fb}}avs* E_Q* à`gvs bhm mb}b u}gvbia bva

}da `bch cuuqau( Bhmvgcm ic|au bh ch}aivb}am }ggj mt* ydced egh|av}u iahavb}am

fs}a egma lvg` (kbv }g (mat lcja* bl}av }dcu fs}a egma faegàu `qed `gva allcecah} }g

vqh gh }da u`bjj pvgeauugvu(

Lciqva 6(6 ; Egh|avucgh lvg` (kb|b }g (mat lcja

Bu }da vauqj}* c} cu pguucfja }g db|a `qj}cpja chu}bheau gl Mbj|cn |cv}qbj `bedcha

vqhhchi gh }da uchija ma|cea b} }da ubà }cà( ]da Egva jcfvbvcau bva yvc}}ah ch Kb|b

jbhiqbia bhm egh}bchu gl }da egjjae}cgh ejbuuau* }da q}cjc}cau* CG bhm g}dav }ggju(

6(2(


10/37

BHMVGCM ]AEDHGJGIS

pvgeauuau( ]da _benbia @bhbiav naapu }vben gl }da bppjceb}cghu* ydced bva chu}bjjam

ch }da ma|cea( ]da Ychmgyu @bhbiav cu Kb|b pvgivb``chi jbhiqbia bfu}vbe}cgh gh

}da }gp gl jgyav ja|aj uav|ceau }db} bva pvg|cmam fs }da Uqvlbea @bhbiav(

]da ]ajapdghs @bhbiav egh}bchu gl b ua} gl B_C haeauubvs lgv ebjjchi bppjceb}cghu(

Egh}ah} _vg|cmavu ybu fqcj} lgv Bhmvgcm }g udbva b mb}b yc}d g}dav bppjceb}cghu* lgv

chu}bhea* }da egh}be}u gl pagpja ch }da bmmvauu fggn ebh fa quam ch g}dav bppjceb}cghu

}gg( ]da Vaugqvea @bhbiav cu quam }g u}gva jgebjc{am u}vchiu* fc}`bpu* jbsgq} lcja

mauevcp}cghu bhm g}dav at}avhbj pbv}ugl }da bppjceb}cgh( ]da \cay Usu}a` iahavb}au b

ua} gl fq}}ghu bhm jcu}u quam ch QC( G}dav eg`pghah}u jcna Hg}clceb}cgh `bhbiav cu

quam }g equ}g`c{a mcupjbs bjav}u bhm g}dav lqhe}cghu(

6(2(9( Bppjceb}cgh Jbsav

B} }da }gp gl Bhmvgcm Bvedc}ae}qva ya db|a bjj }da bppjceb}cghu* ydced bva quam fs

}da lchbj quav( Fs chu}bjjchi mcllavah} bppjceb}cghu* }da quav ebh }qvh dcu `gfcja pdgha

ch}g }da qhcrqa* gp}c`c{am bhm u`bv} `gfcja pdgha( Bjj bppjceb}cghu bva yvc}}ah

quchi }da Kb|b pvgivb``chi jbhiqbia(

6(6( MA\AJG_CHI B__JCEB]CGHU

6(6(2( Bppjceb}cgh Fqcjmchi Fjgenu

Ya ebh }dchn gl bh Bhmvgcm bppjceb}cgh bu b egjjae}cgh gl eg`pghah}u* gl |bvcgqu

nchmu( ]daua eg`pghah}u bva lgv }da `gu} pbv} rqc}a jgguajs egqpjam* }g }da maivaa

ydava sgq ebh beeqvb}ajs mauevcfa }da` bu b lamavb}cgh gl eg`pghah}u vb}dav }dbh buchija egdauc|a bppjceb}cgh(

Iahavbjjs* }daua eg`pghah}u bjj vqh ch }da ub`a usu}a` pvgeauu( C})u pguucfja $bhm

rqc}a eg``gh# }g evab}a `qj}cpja }dvabmu yc}dch }db} pvgeauu* bhm c})u bjug pguucfja }g

evab}a eg`pja}ajs uapbvb}a edcjm pvgeauuau cl sgq haam }g( Uqed ebuau bva qheg``gh*

faebqua Bhmvgcm }vcau |avs dbvm }g `bna pvgeauuau }vbhupbvah} }g sgqv egma(

Iggija pvg|cmau }dvaa |avucghu gl UMN lgv Ychmgyu* lgv @be GUT bhm gha lgv

Jchqt( ]da ma|ajgpav ebh qua Bhmvgcm pjqich lgv Aejcpua CMA gv g}dav CMAu uqed bu


2?


11/37

BHMVGCM ]AEDHGJGIS

ch}ajjcK( Lcvu} u}ap lgv Bhmvgcm ma|ajgpav cu }g maeg`pgua }da bppjceb}cgh ch}g }da

eg`pghah}u* uqppgv}am fs }da pjb}lgv`( ]da `bkgv fqcjmchi fjgenu bva }daua;

Be}c|c}s

Ch}ah} Vaeac|av Uav|cea

Egh}ah} _vg|cmav

6(6(2(2( Be}c|c}s

Quav ch}avlbea eg`pghah}* ydced egvvaupghmu }g gha uevaah b} }c a( C} àbhu

}db} lgv }da uc`pja bppjceb}cgh jcna Bmmvauu Fggn* }da ma|ajgpav udgqjm db|a gha

be}c|c}s lgv mcupjbschi egh}be}u* bhg}dav be}c|c}s eg`pghah} lgv mcupjbschi `gva

ma}bcjam chlgv`b}cgh gl edguah hbà bhm a}e(

6(6(2(6( Ch}ah} Vaeac|av

Ybnau qp b pvamalcham be}cgh }dvgqid }da at}avhbj a|ah}( Lgv atb`pja* lgv }da

bppjceb}cgh jcna A`bcj Chfgt* }da ma|ajgpav udgqjm db|a ch}ah} vaeac|av bhm

vaicu}av dcu egma }dvgqid T@J }g ybna qp bh bjbv` hg}clceb}cgh* ydah }da quav

vaeac|au a`bcj(

6(6(2(5( Uav|cea

B }bun* ydced cu mgha ch }da fbenivgqhm( C} àbhu }db} }da quav ebh u}bv} bh

bppjceb}cgh lvg` }da be}c|c}s ychmgy bhm naap }da uav|cea ygvn* ydcja fvgyuchi

g}dav bppjceb}cghu( Lgv chu}bhea* da ebh fvgyua Iggija @bpu bppjceb}cgh ydcja

dgjmchi b ebjj gv jcu}ahchi `quce ydcja fvgyuchi g}dav bppjceb}cghu(

6(6(2(=( Egh}ah} _vg|cmav

B eg`pghah}* ydced bjjgyu udbvchi ugà gl }da mb}b yc}d g}dav pvgeauuau bhm

bppjceb}cghu( C} cu }da fau} ybs }g eg``qhceb}a }da bppjceb}cghu fa}yaah abed

g}dav(Bhmvgcm ycjj udcp yc}d b ua} gl egva bppjceb}cghu chejqmchi bh a`bcj ejcah}*

U@U pvgivb`* ebjahmbv* `bpu* fvgyuav* egh}be}u* bhm g}davu( Bjj bppjceb}cghu

bva yvc}}ah quchi }da Kb|b pvgivb``chi jbhiqbia(


22


12/37

BHMVGCM ]AEDHGJGIS

6(6(6( Bhmvgcm@bhclau}(t`j

]da Bhmvgcm@bhclau}(t`j lcja cu }da egh}vgj lcja }db} }ajju }da usu}a` ydb} }g mg yc}d

bjj }da }gp-ja|aj eg`pghah}u $upaeclcebjjs be}c|c}cau* uav|ceau* ch}ah} vaeac|avu* bhm

egh}ah} pvg|cmavu mauevcfam fajgy# sgq)|a evab}am( Lgv chu}bhea* }dcu cu }da &ijqa&

}db} be}qbjjs upaeclcau ydced Ch}ah}u sgqv Be}c|c}cau vaeac|a(

B ma|ajgpav udgqjm pvamalcha bhm jcu} bjj eg`pghah}u* ydced da ybh}u }g qua ch }da

upaeclce Bhmvgcm@bhclau}(t j lcja( C} cu b varqcvam lcja lgv bjj }da bppjceb}cghu bhm

cu jgeb}am ch }da vgg} lgjmav( C} cu pguucfja }g upaecls bjj ijgfbj |bjqau lgv }da pbenbia*

bjj }da eg`pghah}u bhm c}u ejbuuau quam* ch}ah} lcj}avu* ydced mauevcfa ydava bhm

ydah }da eav}bch be}c|c}s udgqjm u}bv}* pav`cuucghu bhm chu}vq`ah}b}cgh jcna

uaeqvc}s egh}vgj bhm }au}chi(

Dava cu bh atb`pja gl Bhmvgcm@bhclau}(t`j lcja;

2( :7t j |avucgh0&2(?& ahegmchi0&q}l-4&78

6( :`bhclau} t`jhu;bhmvgcm0&d}}p;''ueda`bu(bhmvgcm(eg 'bpn'vau'bhmvgcm&

5( pbenbia0&mn( ma|(bhmvgcm(dajjg&8

=( :bppjceb}cgh bhmvgcm;cegh0&Omvbybfja'cegh&8

1( :be}c|c}s ejbuu0&(DajjgBhmvgcm& bhmvgcm;jbfaj0&Ou}vchi'bppWhb`a&8


13/37

BHMVGCM ]AEDHGJGIS

uevaah }da quav uaau bhm c} `bs db|a gha gv `gva :ch}ah}-lcj}av8 ajaàh}u }g mauevcfa

}da be}cghu }db} be}c|c}s uqppgv}u(

6(6(5( Bppjceb}cgh Jclaeseja

Ch Bhmvgcm* a|avs bppjceb}cgh vqhu ch c}u gyh pvgeauu* ydced ic|au fa}}av

pavlgv`bhea ch uaeqvc}s* pvg}ae}am à`gvs bhm g}dav fahalc}u( ]davalgva* Bhmvgcm cu

vaupghucfja }g vqh bhm udq} mgyh egvvae}js }daua pvgeauuau ydah c} cu haamam(

C} cu c`pgv}bh} }db} bppjceb}cgh ma|ajgpavu qhmavu}bhm dgy mcllavah} bppjceb}cgh

eg`pghah}u $ch pbv}ceqjbv Be}c|c}s* Uav|cea* bhm Fvgbmebu}Vaeac|av# c`pbe} }da

jcla}cà gl }da bppjceb}cgh)u pvgeauu( Hg} quchi }daua eg`pghah}u egvvae}js ebh vauqj}

ch }da usu}a` ncjjchi }da bppjceb}cgh)u pvgeauu ydcja c} cu mgchi c`pgv}bh} ygvn(

]g ma}av`cha ydced pvgeauuau udgqjm fa ncjjam ydah jgy gh à`gvs* Bhmvgcm

pjbeau abed pvgeauu ch}g bh &c`pgv}bhea dcavbveds& fbuam gh }da eg`pghah}u

vqhhchi ch }da` bhm }da u}b}a gl }dgua eg`pghah}u( ]daua pvgeauu }spau bva $ch gvmav

gl c`pgv}bhea#(

2( B lgvaivgqhm pvgeauu cu gha }db} cu varqcvam lgv ydb} }da quav cu eqvvah}js

mgchi( \bvcgqu bppjceb}cgh eg`pghah}u ebh ebqua c}u egh}bchchi pvgeauu }g faeghucmavam lgvaivgqhm ch mcllavah} ybsu( B pvgeauu cu eghucmavam }g fa ch }da

lgvaivgqhm cl bhs gl }da lgjjgychi eghmc}cghu dgjm;

c( C} cu vqhhchi bh Be}c|c}s b} }da }gp gl }da uevaah }db} }da quav cu

ch}avbe}chi yc}d $c}u ghVauqà$# à}dgm dbu faah ebjjam#(

cc( C} dbu b Fvgbmebu}Vaeac|av }db} cu eqvvah}js vqhhchi $c}u

Fvgbmebu}Vaeac|av(ghVaeac|a$# à}dgm cu ataeq}chi#(


25


14/37

BHMVGCM ]AEDHGJGIS

ccc( C} dbu b Uav|cea }db} cu eqvvah}js ataeq}chi egma ch gha gl c}u ebjjfbenu

$Uav|cea(ghEvab}a$#* Uav|cea(ghU}bv}$#* gv Uav|cea(ghMau}vgs$##(

]dava ycjj ghjs a|av fa b lay uqed pvgeauuau ch }da usu}a`* bhm }daua ycjj ghjs

fa ncjjam bu b jbu} vaugv} cl à`gvs cu ug jgy }db} hg} a|ah }daua pvgeauuau ebh

egh}chqa }g vqh( Iahavbjjs* b} }dcu pgch}* }da ma|cea dbu vabedam b à`gvs pbichi

u}b}a* ug }dcu be}cgh cu varqcvam ch gvmav }g naap }da quav ch}avlbea vaupghuc|a(

6( B |cucfja pvgeauu cu gha dgjmchi bh Be}c|c}s }db} cu |cucfja }g }da quav gh-

uevaah fq} hg} ch }da lgvaivgqhm $c}u gh_bqua$# à}dgm dbu faah ebjjam#( ]dcu

`bs geeqv* lgv atb`pja* cl }da lgvaivgqhm Be}c|c}s cu mcupjbsam bu b mcbjgi }db}

bjjgyu }da pva|cgqu Be}c|c}s }g fa uaah fadchm c}( Uqed b pvgeauu cu eghucmavam

at}vaàjs c`pgv}bh} bhm ycjj hg} fa ncjjam qhjauu mgchi ug cu varqcvam }g naap bjj

lgvaivgqhm pvgeauuau vqhhchi(

5( B uav|cea pvgeauu cu gha dgjmchi b Uav|cea }db} dbu faah u}bv}am yc}d }da

u}bv}Uav|cea$# à}dgm( ]dgqid }daua pvgeauuau bva hg} mcvae}js |cucfja }g }da quav*

}das bva iahavbjjs mgchi }dchiu }db} }da quav ebvau bfgq} $uqed bu fbenivgqhm

`p5 pjbsfben gv fbenivgqhm ha}ygvn mb}b qpjgbm gv mgyhjgbm#* ug }da usu}a`

ycjj bjybsu naap uqed pvgeauuau vqhhchi qhjauu }dava cu hg} ahgqid à`gvs }g

va}bch bjj lgvaivgqhm bhm |cucfja pvgeauu(

=( B fbenivgqhm pvgeauu cu gha dgjmchi bh Be}c|c}s }db} cu hg} eqvvah}js |cucfja

}g }da quav $c}u ghU}gp$# à}dgm dbu faah ebjjam#( ]daua pvgeauuau db|a hg mcvae}

c`pbe} gh }da quav atpavcahea( _vg|cmam }das c`pjaàh} }dacv Be}c|c}s jcla-eseja

egvvae}js $uaa Be}c|c}s lgv `gva ma}bcju#* }da usu}a` ebh ncjj uqed pvgeauuau b}

bhs }cà }g vaejbc` à`gvs lgv gha gl }da }dvaa pva|cgqu pvgeauuau }spau(

Quqbjjs }dava bva `bhs gl }daua pvgeauuau vqhhchi* ug }das bva nap} ch bh JVQ

jcu} }g ahuqva }da pvgeauu }db} ybu `gu} vaeah}js uaah fs }da quav cu }da jbu} }g fa

ncjjam ydah vqhhchi jgy gh à`gvs(

1( Bh a`p}s pvgeauu cu gha }db} mgauh)} dgjm bhs be}c|a bppjceb}cgh eg`pghah}u(

]da ghjs vabugh }g naap uqed b pvgeauu bvgqhm cu bu b ebeda }g c`pvg|a u}bv}qp

}cà }da hat} }cà b eg`pghah} gl c}u bppjceb}cgh haamu }g vqh( Bu uqed* }da

usu}a` ycjj gl}ah ncjj }daua pvgeauuau ch gvmav }g fbjbhea g|avbjj usu}a`

vaugqveau fa}yaah }daua a`p}s ebedam pvgeauuau bhm }da qhmavjschi navhaj

ebedau(


2=


15/37

BHMVGCM ]AEDHGJGIS

Lciqva 6(5 ; Ljgyedbv} Udgychi ]da Jclaeseja Gl Bh Be}c|c}s


21


16/37

BHMVGCM ]AEDHGJGIS

Ch }da lgjjgychi atb`pja ya ycjj mcupjbs b pvgeauu ljgy lvg` }da Bhmvgcm

Usu}a` pgch} gl |cay }g ia} b ejabv cmab dgy }da bppjceb}cghu fadb|a( Ja}

buuqà }da

Lciqva 6(=

_guucfja ueahbvcg; B quav }bjnu }g dcu lvcahm |cb `gfcja pdgha bhm da cu bunam

}g fvgyua }da ch}avha} $b }bjn cu dgjm lgv b `gàh}#* lchm b pce}qva gl dc` ch dcu

_cebub Bjfq`* uahm c} |cb A`bcj fben }g dcu lvcahm bhm vauqà b }bjn(

Ch }dcu uc}qb}cgh* }dava bva = mcllavah} bppjceb}cghu bhm = mcllavah} pvgeauuau

vqhhchi* fq} lvg` }da quav pgch} gl |cay hgha gl }da` bva c`pgv}bh}* bu

Bhmvgcm `bhbiau E_Q ygvn bhm à`gvs qubia fs c}uajl( C} àbhu }da quav ebh

}vb|aj }dvgqid }da bppjceb}cghu lgvybvm bhm fben yc}dgq} }dchnchi bfgq} dgy

`qed à`gvs cu jal} gv ydced pvgeauuau bva vqh b} }da }cà(Lcvu}js* bu }da quav

cu }bjnchi }g dcu lvcahm* b upaeclce ]bjn bppjceb}cgh cu gpaham* ydced egh}bchu }da

be}c|c}s `bhbiav( Ch }da lgjjgychi u}ben ya ebh uaa }yg pvgeauuau vqhhchi* }da

`bch usu}a` pvgeauu bhm ]bjn bppjceb}cgh pvgeauu( @gvag|av* falgva igchi }g

Yaf Fvgyuav bppjceb}cgh* }da usu}a` ub|au b ]bjn u}b}a ] ch gvmav }g vaà`fav

}db} pvgeauu;

Lciqva 6(1


2


17/37

BHMVGCM ]AEDHGJGIS

B} }dcu pgch}* bu b quav dgjmu b }bjn bhm gpahu b yaf fvgyuav* }da usu}a` evab}au

b hay pvgeauu bhm hay yaf fvgyuav be}c|c}s cu jbqhedam ch c}( Bibch* }da u}b}a

gl }da jbu} be}c|c}s cu ub|am $Y#;

Lciqva 6( bhs bppjceb}cgh ebh pqfjcud c}u ebpbfcjc}cau bhm bhs g}dav bppjceb}cgh

`bs }dah `bna qua gl }dgua ebpbfcjc}cau $uqfkae} }g uaeqvc}s eghu}vbch}u ahlgveam fs

}da lvbàygvn#( ]dcu ubà àedbhcu` bjjgyu eg`pghah}u }g fa vapjbeam fs }da

quav(

Qhmavjschi bjj bppjceb}cghu cu b ua} gl uav|ceau bhm usu}aù* chejqmchi;

2( B vced bhm at}ahucfja ua} gl \cayu }db} ebh fa quam }g fqcjm bh bppjceb}cgh*

chejqmchi jcu}u* ivcmu* }at} fgtau* fq}}ghu* bhm a|ah bh a`fammbfja yaf fvgyuav

6( Egh}ah} _vg|cmavu }db} ahbfja bppjceb}cghu }g beeauu mb}b lvg` g}dav bppjceb}cghu

$uqed bu Egh}be}u#* gv }g udbva }dacv gyh mb}b

5( B Vaugqvea @bhbiav* pvg|cmchi beeauu }g hgh-egma vaugqveau uqed bu jgebjc{am

u}vchiu* ivbpdceu* bhm jbsgq} lcjau

=( B Hg}clceb}cgh @bhbiav }db} ahbfjau bjj bppjceb}cghu }g mcupjbs equ}g` bjav}u ch}da u}b}qu fbv

1( Bh Be}c|c}s @bhbiav }db} `bhbiau }da jcla eseja gl bppjceb}cghu bhm pvg|cmau b

eg``gh hb|cib}cgh fbenu}ben

6(6(1( Jcfvbvs

Bhmvgcm chejqmau b ua} gl E'E.. jcfvbvcau quam fs |bvcgqu eg`pghah}u gl

}da Bhmvgcm usu}a`( ]daua ebpbfcjc}cau bva atpguam }g ma|ajgpavu }dvgqid

}da Bhmvgcm bppjceb}cgh lvbàygvn( Ugà gl }da egva jcfvbvcau bva jcu}am

fajgy;

Usu}a` E jcfvbvs - b FUM-mavc|am c`pjaàh}b}cgh gl }da u}bhmbvm E

usu}a` jcfvbvs $jcfe#* }qham lgv a`fammam Jchqt-fbuam ma|ceau

@amcb Jcfvbvcau - fbuam gh _bena}\cmag)u GpahEGVA> }da jcfvbvcau

uqppgv} pjbsfben bhm vaegvmchi gl `bhs pgpqjbv bqmcg bhm |cmag lgv`b}u*


6?


21/37

BHMVGCM ]AEDHGJGIS

bu yajj bu u}b}ce c`bia lcjau* chejqmchi @_AI=* D(6 }da

jcfvbvcau qua ac}dav dbvmybva 5M beeajavb}cgh $ydava b|bcjbfja# gv }da

chejqmam* dcidjs gp}c`c{am 5M ugl}ybva vbu}avc{av

Lvaa]spa - fc}`bp bhm |ae}gv lgh} vahmavchi

URJc}a - b pgyavlqj bhm jcid}yacid} vajb}cghbj mb}bfbua ahicha b|bcjbfja

}g bjj bppjceb}cghu

6(5( UGL]YBVA MA\AJG_@AH]

]da laamfben gh ma|ajgpchi bppjceb}cghu lgv }da Bhmvgcm pjb}lgv` dbu faah `ctam(

Cuuqau ec}am chejqma fqiu* jben gl mgeqàh}b}cgh* chbmarqb}a RB (]da lcvu} pqfjcejs

b|bcjbfja bppjceb}cgh ybu }da Uhbna ibà(

Ugl}ybva Ma|ajgpàh} nc}

C} chejqmau ma|ajgpàh} bhm mafqiichi }ggju* b ua} gl jcfvbvcau* b ma|cea a`qjb}gv*

mgeqàh}b}cgh* ub`pja pvgkae}u* }q}gvcbju* bhm LBRu( Varqcvaàh}u bjug chejqma

Kb|b Ma|ajgpàh} Nc}* Bpbeda Bh}* bhm _s}dgh 6(6 gv jb}av( ]da ghjs gllcecbjjs

uqppgv}am ch}aivb}am ma|ajgpàh} ah|cvghàh} $CMA# cu Aejcpua 5(6 gv jb}av* }dvgqid

}da Bhmvgcm Ma|ajgpàh} ]ggju _jqich* fq} pvgivb`àvu ebh qua eg``bhm jcha

}ggju }g evab}a* fqcjm bhm mafqi Bhmvgcm bppjceb}cghu(


62
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAQhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAQ


22/37

BHMVGCM ]AEDHGJGIS

_bv}cbj Jcu}chi gl Gpah Dbhmua} Bjjcbhea _bv}cecpbh}uEgva ]aedhgjgis \ahmgvu

Lciqva 6(26

6(=( UAEQVC]S CUUQAU

Bhmvgcm `gfcja pdgha pjb}lgv` cu igchi }g fa `gva uaeqva }dbh Bppjau c_dgha gv bhs

g}dav ma|cea ch }da jghi vqh( ]dava bva ua|avbj ugjq}cghu hgybmbsu }g pvg}ae} Iggijapdgha lvg` |bvcgqu b}}benu( Gha gl }da` cu uaeqvc}s |ahmgv @eBlaa* b à`fav gl Jchqt

@gfcja $Jc@g# Lgqhmb}cgh( ]dcu lgqhmb}cgh kgchu pbv}ceqjbv eg`pbhcau }g ma|ajgp bh

gpah `gfcja-ma|cea ugl}ybva pjb}lgv`( @bhs gl }da eg`pbhcau jcu}am ch }da Jc@g

Lgqhmb}cgh db|a bjug faegà à`favu gl }da Gpah Dbhmua} Bjjcbhea $GDB#(

Bu b vauqj}* Jchqt uaeqva egmchi pvbe}cea udgqjm uqeeauulqjjs fa fqcj} ch}g }da Bhmvgcm

ma|ajgpàh} pvgeauu( Dgya|av* gpah pjb}lgv dbu c}u gyh mcubm|bh}biau* uqed bu

ugqvea egma |qjhavbfcjc}s lgv fjben-db} dbenavu( Ch pbvbjjaj yc}d ivab} gppgv}qhc}cau lgv

`gfcja bppjceb}cgh ma|ajgpavu* }dava cu bh atpae}b}cgh lgv atpjgc}b}cgh bhm dbv (

U}abj}ds ]vgkbhu dcmmah ch bhc`b}am c`biau* pbv}ceqjbv |cvquau pbuuam lvg` lvcahm }g

lvcahm* quam lgv upschi bhm cmah}c}s }dal}* bjj }daua }dvab}u ycjj fa be}c|a lgv b jghi vqh(

Bhg}dav ugjq}cgh lgv uqed b}}benu cu U@gfcja Usu}aù `gfcja pbenbia( Uaeqvc}sUdcajm

bh ch}aivb}am bppjceb}cgh }db} chejqmau bh}c-|cvqu* bh}c-upb`* lcvaybjj bhm g}dav `gfcja

pvg}ae}cgh cu qp bhm vabms }g vqh gh }da Bhmvgcm gpavb}chi usu}a`( Eqvvah}js* }da `bch


66


23/37

BHMVGCM ]AEDHGJGIS

pvgfja` cu b|bcjbfcjc}s lgv |cvquau }g pgua bu bh bppjceb}cgh bhm mg }dchiu jcna mcbj pdgha

hq`favu* uahm }at} àuubiau gv `qj}c-àmcb àuubiau gv `bna eghhae}cghu }g }da

Ch}avha} mqvchi hgv`bj ma|cea qua( C} cu pguucfja lgv ugàfgms }g qua }da I_U lab}qva }g

}vben b pavughu jgeb}cgh yc}dgq} }dacv nhgyjamia( Dahea U@gfcja Usu}aù cu vabms }g

hg}cls bhm fjgen }daua uaeqva bjav}u( Fq} }da }vq}d cu }db} c} cu hg} pguucfja }g uaeqva sgqv

`gfcja ma|cea gv pavughbj eg`pq}av eg`pja}ajs* bu c} eghhae}u }g }da ch}avha}( Bhm

hac}dav }da Bhmvgcm pdgha hgv g}dav ma|ceau ycjj pvg|a }g fa }da ateap}cgh(

6(1( EG@_BVCUGH

6(1(2( Upaeqjb}cghu Yc}d Eajjqjbv Ebvvcavu

Iggija Bhmvgcm ah}avu b }bhijam àuu gl eajjqjbv ebvvcav ygvjm( Bu b hay pjbsav ch

}da `gfcja `bvna}* Bhmvgcm fvchiu bh gpah pjb}lgv` yc}d }da hay vqjau( Gh }da gha

dbhm }dava cu GDB yc}d `bkgv eg`pbhcau bhm ebvvcau* uqed bu ]-@gfcja bhm Upvch}(

Gh }da g}dav dbhm* }dava bva }yg jbviau} eajjqjbv ebvvcau B],] bhm \avc{gh Ycvajauu

ch Qhc}am U}b}au* ydced db|a b |au}am ch}avau} ch gpavb}chi usu}aù gl }dacv gyh( C} cu

pvamce}bfja*}db} Upvch} gv ]-@gfcja ycjj fa lcvu} ebvvcavu pvg|cmchi ma|ceau yc}d

Iggija Bhmvgcm( ]dcu ahuqvau arqbj ma|ajgpàh} }cà lgv }da ha}ygvnu* IU@ ucma

bhm EM@B(Fq} }da `bch pvgfja`* ydced lbeau bjj }da eajjqjbv ebvvcavu bvgqhm }da

ygvjm* cu }da b|bcjbfcjc}s }g mgyhjgbm bhm qua lvaa bppjceb}cghu }db} egqjm fjgen

bj`gu} a|avs eg``qhceb}cghu pvgmqe} }das uajj( B quav mgau hg} haam }g pbs lgv I_U

`bppchi uav|cea bhs`gva( Da ebh uc`pjs mgyhjgbm b lvaa gha }db} }bpu ch}g Iggija

@bpu(

Ch lbe}*yds pbs lgv eajjqjbv `chq}au b} bjj ydah b quav ebh mgyhjgbm Unspa* I}bjn gv

g}dav ejcah} bhm kqu} qua dcu mb}b pjbh7 GUu uqed bu Bhmvgcm }dvab}ah ebvvcavu yc}d b

jguu gl egh}vgj g|av }da bppjceb}cghu gh }da pdghau gh }dacv ha}ygvn bhm }das `bs

lchm }daùaj|au faeg`chi hg}dchi `gva }dbh ycvajauu Ch}avha} uav|cea pvg|cmavu*

lgveam }g eg`pa}a gh pvcea bhm fbhmycm}d(

Bhg}dav bupae} cu dbvmybva egu}; Iggija Bhmvgcm gyhu 2? paveah} gl }da }g}bj egu}

gl b pdgha* ydced eg`fcham yc}d lbjjchi dbvmybva pvceau egqjm a|ah}qbjjs vauqj} b


65


24/37

BHMVGCM ]AEDHGJGIS

lav}cja qhjgenam dbhmua} `bvna}( Ch eghejqucgh* Iggija dbu b fa}}av u}bv} ch }dcu vbea

}dbh bhs eg`pbhs dbm falgva }g fvchi hay vqjau }g }da `gfcja `bvna} yc}d bjj

ebvvcavu* `gfcja ma|ceau bhm c}u equ}gàvu(

6(1(6( @bhqlbe}qvavu Ybv

_vauah}js* Iggija `bch eg`pa}c}gvu jcna Hgncb* @cevgugl} bhm Bppja mg hg} uaa

Iggija Bhmvgcm bu b uavcgqu vc|bj gv }dvab} }g }dacv fquchauu u}vb}aicau( Dgya|av* }da

eqvvah} uc}qb}cgh cu hg} ug qhugpdcu}ceb}am( ]dava cu b dqia ljqvvs ch }da eg`pbhcau*

ydced bva hg} ch }da jcu} gl GDB(

Lgv chu}bhea* Hgncb* ydced cu }da jbviau} dbhmua} `bhqlbe}qvav ch }da ygvjm*

hgybmbsu gyhchi ugà 53! `bvna} udbva* ybu gha gl }da eg`pbhcau uhqffam gh

}da ch|c}b}cgh jcu} }g }da 5=-pbv}s Gpah Dbhmua} Bjjcbhea }db} cu ivgychi mbcjs(

Ch egh}vbu}* Hgncb cu fqschi eg`pbhcau bhm mq`pchi ebud ch}g ma|ajgpàh}* ydcja

Iggija cu vajabuchi bh gpah pjb}lgv` dgpchi }da bppjceb}cghu bhm uav|ceau ycjj fqcjm

}daùaj|au yc}d }da dajp gl b u}vghi ma|ajgpav eg``qhc}s* ma|ajgpàh} egh}au}u

bhm jbvia bjjcbhea gl ivbhm eg`pbhcau(

Maupc}a gl }dcu* Hgncb cu vabms }g eg`fb} ydb}a|av Iggija dbu }g }dvgy yc}d Iggija

Bhmvgcm ch 6??4( Bhg}dav eg`pbhs Bppja dbu bjvabms u}vgnam }da `bvna} yc}d

c_dgha bhm c}u ejguam gpavb}chi usu}a`( Beegvmchijs* c_dgha ch }da QU va`bchu jgsbj

}g B],] `gfcja ebvvcav lgv lc|a sabvu(

]db} cu pjah}s gl }cà lgv Iggija }g eghrqav }da `bvna} yc}d gpah Bhmvgcm(Gf|cgqu

bm|bh}bia gl Bhmvgcm cu egu}; ydcja c_dgha cu pvceam b} b yacid}s =??* Iggija ubsuc} dgpau }g vabed b `gva `bchu}vab` `bvna} fs pvcechi Bhmvgcm-pgyavam ma|ceau b}

bvgqhm 6??( @cevgugl}* uajjchi 62 `cjjcghu egpcau gl Ychmgyu @gfcja ugl}ybva*

u}bsu ebj` b} }dcu pgch}* ybc}chi lgv ugà pbv}ceqjbv vauqj}u lvg` Iggija Bhmvgcm(

]dcu hcea bhm dabj}ds eg`pa}c}cgh cu kqu} ydb} }da `gfcja chmqu}vs haamu b} }da

`gàh}*b} jabu} lgv }da eghuqàvu( ]da ybvu fachi ybiam fa}yaah Iggija bhm }da

lcajm ycjj ghjsevab}a fa}}av* edabpav dbhmua}u bhm `gva bm|bheam bppjceb}cghu(


6=


25/37

BHMVGCM ]AEDHGJGIS

6(1(5( @bvna} Vauabved

B hay iahavb}cgh gl `gfcja ma|cea quavu cu eg`chi ch }da hat} maebma( ]daua quavu

bva igchi }g atpjgva }da `gfcja ch}avha} blvaud yc}d c}u hay lab}qvau* eg`pb}cfja

`gfcja pdghau* hay uav|ceau bhm bppjceb}cghu(

]dcu cu b dqia jabp lgv `gfcja bm|av}cuaàh} fquchauu* ydava va|ahqa egqjm vcua 4

}càu `gva fs 6?26( Iggija Bhmvgcm cu igchi }g pvauah} hay ugjq}cghu }dvgqid }da

lbu} uabved ahicha* gpah ugqvea bppjceb}cghu bhm g}dav uav|ceau(

]da Najuas Ivgqp* ydced ygvnu yc}d pqfjce gpchcgh pgjju bhm u}b}cu}ceu* pqfjcudam

}da vauqj}u vajabuam Ge}gfav 22 6??9*ydced ubs* }db} gha dqhmvam gq} gl 1??* gv 6?

paveah} gl pagpja ygqjm fa ch}avau}am ch pqvedbuchi b Iggija pdgha( Maupc}a }da

lbe}* }db} Iggija Bhmvgcm cu ch bjpdb |avucgh bhm c} cu qhnhgyh lgv }da equ}gàvu

bhm `gfcja `bvna}* }da vauqj}u jggn pvg`cuchi(

]da mcbivb` fajgy udgyu }da u}qms* ydced ybu eghmqe}am ch Uap}a`fav 6??9 |cb bh

ghjcha 5?-rqau}cgh uqv|as gl 1?? Q(U( `gfcja pdgha quavu biam 24 bhm gjmav( _agpja

mg hg} lchm b iggm Ch}avha} atpavcahea ch }dacv pdghau }gmbs* ug }das bva `gva

ch}avau}am ch ivb|c}b}chi }gybvm bh Ch}avha} gv }aedhgjgis eg`pbhs }ajapdgha


61


26/37

BHMVGCM ]AEDHGJGIS

Lciqva 6(25

faebqua }das }dchn eghhae}c|c}s fa}yaah ma|ceau bhm }g }da Ch}avha} cu igchi }g fa

`qed fa}}av gh }dgua pdghau( ]das qua Iggija uabved* I@bcj* Iggija @bpu* _cebub

bjfq`u bhm g}dav pgpqjbv uav|ceau gh }dacv eg`pq}avu* bhm }dcu cu ydb} }das atpae} }g

db|a ch }dacv `gfcja ma|ceau ch }da ejgua lq}qva(

6(1(=( @gfcja Bmu

Kbcnq - bh be}c|c}s u}vab` bhm udbvchi uav|cea }db} ygvnu lvg` }da Yaf bhm `gfcja

pdghau ybu fgqid} fs Iggija bu c`pgv}bh} ch|au} ah} ch}g }da `gfcja

bm|av}cua`ah}(_agpja yghmavam yds Iggija pvalavvam }da `cevg-fjgiichi uav|cea }g

]yc}}av* ydced cu `qed `gva pgpqjbv hgybmbsu(

]da bhuyav jcau ch Kbcnqu qhcrqa bfcjc}s }g eg`fcha `cevg-fjgiichi yc}d quavu

jgeb}cgh( Bh ch}aivbj pbv} gl }da uav|cea cu b Kbcnq ejcah} bppjceb}cgh lgv Us`fcbh U


27/37

BHMVGCM ]AEDHGJGIS

Quchi uqed b }aedhgjgis* c} cu uc`pja }g }vben mgyh b quav |cb pdghau C_ bmmvauu*

ydaha|av da egàu ch}g @eMghbjm gv cu uc}}chi ch }da bcvpgv}(Iggija cu hg} b `cjjcgh

`cjau bybs lvg` fachi bfja }g pqud bm|bheam bm|av}cuchi }g chmc|cmqbju fbuam gh

}dacv pvglcja* }dacv jgeb}cgh bhm }dacv b|bcjbfcjc}s( ]das bjvabms gllav vaicghbj bhm

jgebj }bvia}chi lgv bmu lgv maun}gp quavu* fq} }dcu egqjm fa `qed `gva qualqj lgv b

`gfcja pdgha( Bhm cl }da bmu bva }vqjs vaja|bh}* ch}avau}chi bhm qhgf}vquc|a* pagpja

`cid} be}qbjjs u}bv} }g jcna }da`(

6(1(1( @gfcja Uav|ceau

Bmmchi }g c}u lbu} ivgychi uqc}a gl `gfcja bppjceb}cghu bhm uav|ceau* Iggija dbubppjcam lgv b pb}ah} lgv b `gfcja pbsàh}u uav|cea }db} ygqjm bjjgy quavu }g `bna

pbsàh}u b} va}bcj udgpu quchi }dacv `gfcja pdghau( ]da ]at} @auubia _bsàh}

pb}ah} mauevcfau b usu}a` ydava Iggija gllavu `gfcja lgequam pbsàh}u ebjjam

I_bs( ]dcu mauevcfau b usu}a` ydava b U@U àuubia ygqjm fa uah} egh}bchchi b

pbsàh} b`gqh} bhm g}dav chlgv b}cgh( ]db} pbsàh} b`gqh} ygqjm }dah fa

|bjcmb}am* mafc}am lvg` }da quav)u beegqh}* bhm eg``qhceb}am lvg` uav|av }g uav|av(

_bsàh} eghlcv`b}cgh }db} dbm faah vaeac|am ygqjm bjug uc`qj}bhagqujs fa uah} }g

}da vaja|bh} pbv}s* bu cjjqu}vb}am ch }da mcbivb` fajgy;


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28/37

BHMVGCM ]AEDHGJGIS

Lciqva 6(2= ; Lciqva mauevcfau Iggijau `gfcja lgequam pbsàh}u ebjjam I_bs

Mauevcfam bu &b eg`pq}av-c`pjaàh}am à}dgm gl allae}qb}chi bh ajae}vghce gh-jcha

pbsàh}*& }da usu}a` àh}cgham ch }da pb}ah} bppjceb}cgh cu uc`cjbv }g atcu}chi

`gfcja pbsàh} uav|ceau(

]daua uav|ceau jcna `gfcja |avucgh gl _bs_bj db|a faah b|bcjbfja lgv ugà }cà fq}

db|a dbm jc}}ja uqeeauu fqvu}chi yc}d àvedbh}u bhm yc}d equ}gàvu( ]da `bch

mcllavahea fa}yaah atcu}chi `gfcja pbsàh} usu}aù bhm I_bs cu* gl egqvua* }db}

I_bs cu evab}am fs Iggija bhm ycjj fa abucjs bmgp}am fs Bhmvgcm _jb}lgv`( ]da

`gva cuuqau vaibvmchi Ipbs bva sa} }g fa vajabuam(

6(1(


29/37

BHMVGCM ]AEDHGJGIS

eg`pghah}u yc}d sgqv gyh c`pvg|am |avucghu( ]dcu ycjj qhjabud b

hay vgqhm gl evab}c|c}s ch }da `gfcja upbea(

]ghu gl fqcj}-ch uav|ceau gq} gl }da fgt( Jgeb}cgh fbuam uav|ceau qua

I_U gv eajj }gyav }vcbhiqjb}cgh }g ja} sgq equ}g c{a }da quav

atpavcahea mapahmchi gh ydava }das bva( B lqjj-pgyavam URJ

mb}bfbua ja}u sgq dbvhauu }da pgyav gl jgebj u}gvbia lgv geebucghbjjs

eghhae}am eg`pq}chi bhm ushedvghc{b}cgh( Fvgyuav bhm @bp |cayu

ebh fa a`fammam mcvae}js ch sgqv bppjceb}cghu( Bjj }daua fqcj}-ch

ebpbfcjc}cau dajp }g vbcua }da fbv gh lqhe}cghbjc}s ydcja jgyavchisgqv

ma|ajgpàh} egu}u(

Bq}g`b}ce `bhbiaàh} gl }da bppjceb}cgh jcla eseja( _vgivbù

bvacugjb}am lvg` abed g}dav fs `qj}cpja jbsavu gl uaeqvc}s* ydced ycjj

pvg|cma b ja|aj gl usu}a` u}bfcjc}s hg} uaah falgva ch u`bv}

pdghau(]da ahm quav ycjj hg jghiav db|a }g ygvvs bfgq} ydb}

bppjceb}cghu bva be}c|a* gv ejgua ugà pvgivbù ug }db} g}davu ebh vqh(

Bhmvgcm cu gp}c`c{am lgv jgy-pgyav* jgy-à`gvs ma|ceau ch b

lqhmbàh}bj ybs }db} hg pva|cgqu pjb}lgv` dbu b}}a`p}am(

Dcid rqbjc}s ivbpdceu bhm ugqhm( U`gg}d* bh}c-bjcbuam 6M |ae}gv

ivbpdceu bhm bhc`b}cgh chupcvam fs Ljbud cu àjmam yc}d 5M

beeajavb}am GpahIJ ivbpdceu }g ahbfja hay nchmu gl ibàu bhm

fquchauu bppjceb}cghu( Egmaeu lgv }da `gu} eg``gh chmqu}vs u}bhmbvm

bqmcg bhm |cmag lgv`b}u bva fqcj} vcid} ch* chejqmchi D(6


30/37

BHMVGCM ]AEDHGJGIS

ch}avbe} yc}d quavu* bjghi yc}d }da }aedhcebj qhmavpchhchiu }g `bna c}

pguucfja( Fq} }da fau} pbv} gl Bhmvgcm cu }da ugl}ybva }db} sgq bva

igchi }g yvc}a lgv c}( ]dcu fggn ycjj dajp sgq ia} gll }g b ivab} u}bv}(

6(1(9( Bhmvgcm Bhm Kb|b @A

Kb|b _jb}lgv`* @cevg Amc}cgh gv Kb|b @A $pva|cgqujs nhgyh bu Kb|b 6 _jb}lgv *

@cevg Amc}cgh gv K6@A# cu b upaeclceb}cgh gl b uqfua} gl }da Kb|b pjb}lgv` bcàm b}

pvg|cmchi b eav}clcam egjjae}cgh gl Kb|b B_Cu lgv }da ma|ajgpàh} gl ugl}ybva

lgv u`bjj* vaugqvea-eghu}vbcham ma|ceau( ]dgqid* mg hg} eghlqua c} yc}d Iggija

Bhmvgcm* a|ah }dava bva ugà uc`cjbvc}cau;

Aejcpua pjqi-chu lgv K6@A bhm Bhmvgcm jggn |avs uc`cjbv bhm ch}avlbea |avs

yajj yc}d }dacv vaupae}c|a UMNu>

Fg}d K6@A bhm Bhmvgcm uaa` }g udbva }da ubà egva Kb|b B_Cu* uqed bu

kb|b(q}cj bhm kb|b(ha}( Fq} }dacv B_Cu lgv ivbpdceu* QCu* a}e( bva |avs

mcuuc`cjbv bhm pdcjgugpdcau lgv ma|ajgpchi bppjceb}cghu bva |avs mcllavah}>

Bhmvgcm uaaù }g fa `gva }cid}js ch}aivb}am $qp }g a|ah }da GU uav|ceau

pvg|cmam bhm dgy }das ch}avbe} yc}d }da B_Cu#* ydcja K6@A cu lbv


5?


31/37

BHMVGCM ]AEDHGJGIS

`gva jcfavbj ch c}u upaeclceb}cghu lgv }da ma|ajgpav bhm `gfcja ma|cea

`bhqlbe}qvav(

B ujgyav bppjceb}cgh ma|ajgp`ah} bhm pavlgv bhea }daua bva }da `bch

mcubm|bh}biau Kb|b)u K6@A db|a lgv }gmbs( K6@A bppu bva uaeghm-vb}a ec}c{ahu ch

}da pdghau( ]das mg hg} db|a bh beeauu }g `gu} gl }da jgy-ja|aj lab}qvau* jcna ebjj

B_C* at}avhbj eghhae}c|c}s $QUF# bhm g}dav( ]dava cu hg ybs }g vapjbea gv at}ahm

fqcj}-ch pdgha bppu jcna egh}be}u* ebjahmbv bhm ebjju(

Lgv chu}bhea* K6@A bppjceb}cghu ch Hgncb ma|ceau yc}d U


32/37

BHMVGCM ]AEDHGJGIS

Gpah cu bh ch|bvcbfjs uqfkae}c|a }av`( Us`fcbh bhm @cevgugl} ebh ejbc` b maivaa

gl gpahhauu lgv }dacv `gfcja pjb}lgvù* lgv atb`pja* fq} qj}c`b}a egh}vgj gl B_C

beeauu bhm ugqvea egma va`bchu yc}d b uchija ah}c}s( Gh }da egh}vbvs* bu Iggija dbu

pgch}am gq}* }davau hg}dchi naapchi bhs gl }da bjjcbhea à`favu lvg` quchi

Bhmvgcm }g fqcjm b Sbdgg" Ig pdgha(

@g}gvgjb dbu dbm ugà uqeeauu majc|avchi dcid-|gjqà Jchqt-fbuam ma|ceau uqed bu

}da @chi bhm VB[V CC }g `bvna}( Fq} `gfcja Jchqt chc}cb}c|au db|a lbcjam }g uebja

gh }da fbucu gl b}}vbe}c|ahauu }g }dcvm-pbv}s ma|ajgpavu> c}u faah uqppjs-pqud yc}d

}da ma|ajgpàh} lgequ ch Kb|b @A gv g}dav bppjceb}cgh lvbàygvn eg`pghah}u(

C`pgv}bh}js* Bhmvgcm chejqmau bj`gu} }da ah}cva}s gl }da bppjceb}cghu-vajb}am

ugl}ybva u}ben* jauu nas }aedhcebj pcaeau uqed bu }ajapdghs pvg}gegj u}benu* ydced

bva jal} }g ucjcegh |ahmgvu( Bhmvgcm fqhmjau evc}cebj eg`pghah}u uqed bu b Jchqt

navhaj lvg` Ychm Vc|av* |bvcgqu gp}c`c{am ivbpdceu ahichau* egmaeu* hg}clceb}cgh

ugl}ybva* b ejabh vgg` K\@ c`pjaàh}b}cgh* bhm }da ND]@J gpah ugqvea

fvgyuav( ]da jb}}av lgvù }da fbucu gl Bppjau Ublbvc bhm Hgncbu U


33/37

BHMVGCM ]AEDHGJGIS

6(1(2?( Mcubm|bh}biau

Uaeqvc}s - @bnchi ugqvea egma b|bcjbfja }g a|avsgha cha|c}bfjs ch|c}au }da

b}}ah}cgh gl fjben db} dbenavu(

Gpah Ugqvea - B mcubm|bh}bia gl gpah-ugqvea ma|ajgp`ah} cu }db} bhsgha ebh

uevq}chc{a }da ugqvea egma }g lchm |qjhavbfcjc}cau bhm yvc}a atpjgc}u(

Jgich - _jb}lgv` mgauh)} vqh gh bh ahevsp}am lcja usu}a` bhm dbu b |qjhavbfja

jgi-ch(

Cheg`pa}ahea - Iggijau mapahmahea gh dbvmybva bhm ebvvcav pbv}havu pq}u }da

lchbj pvgmqe} gq} gl }dacv egh}vgj(


55


34/37

BHMVGCM ]AEDHGJGIS

EDB_]AV 5

EGHEJQUCGH BHM LQ]QVA UEG_A

Bhmvgcm dbu faah evc}cec{am lgv hg} fachi bjj gpah-ugqvea ugl}ybva maupc}a ydb} ybu

bhhgqheam fs Iggija( _bv}u gl }da UMN bva pvgpvca}bvs bhm ejguam ugqvea* bhm ugà

fajca|a }dcu cu ug }db} Iggija ebh egh}vgj }da pjb}lgv`( Ugl}ybva chu}bjjam fs ahm-quavu

`qu} fa yvc}}ah ch Kb|b* bhm ycjj hg} db|a beeauu }g jgyav ja|aj ma|cea B_Cu( ]dcu

pvg|cmau ahm-quavu yc}d jauu egh}vgj g|av }dacv pdgha)u lqhe}cghbjc}s }dbh g}dav lvaa bhm

gpah ugqvea pdgha pjb}lgvù* uqed bu Gpah@gng(

Yc}d bjj qpeg`chi bppjceb}cghu bhm `gfcja uav|ceau Iggija Bhmvgcm cu u}appchi ch}g

}da hat} ja|aj gl @gfcja Ch}avha}( Bhmvgcm pbv}cecpb}au ch `bhs gl }da uqeeauulqj gpah

ugqvea pvgkae}u( ]db} cu* bvedc}ae} }da ugjq}cgh lgv pbv}cecpb}cgh bhm }da ma|ajgpavu ycjj

hg} ghjs egà fq} ycjj pjbs yajj }gia}dav( ]dcu cu hg}bfja egh}vbu} yc}d Bppja bhm

g}dav eg`pbhcau* ydava uqed bvedc}ae}qva gl pbv}cecpb}cgh cu ejabvjs fajb}am(

]da lcvu} Bhmvgcm fbuam gllcecbj ma|ceau `bs yajj fa jbqhedam ugà}cà ch }da abvjs

dbjl gl 6??3( Gf|cgqujs* }db})u bh bia bybs ydah c} egàu }g dbhmua} maucih* bhm

Bhmvgcm `bs yajj lchm c}uajl eg`pa}chi bibchu} }da lgv}deg`chi Hgncb }gqed uevaah

pdghau bhm `bsfa a|ah }da c_dgha 6(


5=


35/37

BHMVGCM ]AEDHGJGIS

EDB_]AV =

VALAVAHEAU

2( d}}p;''yyy(bhmvgcm(eg` - Bhmvgcm Gllcecbj Yafpbia

6( d}}p;''egma(iggija(eg`'bhmvgcm' - Gllcecbj Bhmvgcm Iggija Egma Yafpbia

5( d}}p;''yyy(gpahdbhmua}bjjcbhea(eg`' - Gpah Dbhmua} Bjjcbhea Yafpbia

=( d}}p;''yyy(bhmvgcmycnc(eg` Bhmvgcm Ycnc

1( d}}p;''iggijafjgi(fjgiupg}(eg`' - Gllcecbj Iggija Fjgi


36/37

BHMVGCM ]AEDHGJGIS

Fq}}gh `Fq}}ghWmcbj 0 hqjj>

'++ Ebjjam ydah }da be}c|c}s cu lcvu} evab}am( +'

OG|avvcma

pqfjce |gcm ghEvab}a$Fqhmja ub|amChu}bheaU}b}a# ~

uqpav(ghEvab}a$ub|amChu}bheaU}b}a#>

`JchabvJbsgq}WhgWfq}}gh 0 hay JchabvJbsgq}$}dcu#>

Àmc}]at}Whq`fav 0 hay Amc}]at}$}dcu#>

Àmc}]at}Whq`fav(ua}]at}$&1112666>

`JchabvJbsgq}WhgWfq}}gh(bmm\cay$Àmc}]at}Whq`fav#>

`Fq}}ghWmcbj 0 hay Fq}}gh$}dcu#>

`Fq}}ghWmcbj(ua}]at}$&Mcbj">

`JchabvJbsgq}WhgWfq}}gh(bmm\cay$`Fq}}ghWmcbj#>

`Fq}}ghWmcbj(ua}GhEjcenJcu}ahav$hay \cay(GhEjcenJcu}ahav$# ~

pqfjce |gcm ghEjcen$\cay |# ~

pavlgv`Mcbj$#>

#>

ua}Egh}ah}\cay$`JchabvJbsgq}WhgWfq}}gh#>

pqfjce fggjabh ghNasMgyh$ch} nasEgma* NasA|ah} a|ah}# ~

cl $nasEgma 00 NasA|ah}(NASEGMAWEBJJ# ~

pavlgv`Mcbj$#>

va}qvh }vqa>

va}qvh lbjua>


5


37/37

BHMVGCM ]AEDHGJGIS

pqfjce |gcm pavlgv`Mcbj$#~

cl$`Amc}]at}Whq`fav"0hqjj#~

}vs ~

u}bv}Be}c|c}s$hay Ch}ah}$Ch}ah}(BE]CGHWEBJJ* Qvc(pbvua$&}aj;& .

`Amc}]at}Whq`fav(ia}]at}$####>

eb}ed $Ateap}cgh a# ~

a(pvch}U}ben]vbea$#>

''cl

59

Documents

Mini project report on Android Technology with sample code