Upload
yoskaly
View
230
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
bio
Citation preview
C T Noguchi
Water
C T Noguchi
Water(Hydrogen bond)
OH
H
+
+
OH H+
+
Hydrogen bond
C T Noguchi
Hydrophobic interaction
Hydrophobicmolecule
OHH
O HH
OH
HO
HH
OHH
O HH
O HH
Hydrophobicmolecule
OHH
O HHOH
H
OH
H OHH
OHH
O HH
O HH
OHH
O HH
OH
HO HH
OHH
OHH
OH
H
OHH
O HH
OHH
O HH
OHH O H
H H2O molecules to bulk
C T NoguchiOrganic Acids
Fattyacid
hydrophylic
hydrophobic
C
OHO
C HH
C HH
C HH
C HH
C HH
C HH
C HH
C HH
C HH
C HH
C HH
C HH
C HH
C HH
C HH
C HH
C HH
H
C
OHO
Stearic acid
(C18)
CHO O
CHO O
Acetic acid (C2)
CH3-COOH
H-C-C-OHH
H O
(H2O)
CH3-COO- + H+
A) C) R-COOH
(weak acid)
(H2O)
-
+ H+
COO
C T Noguchi
Aqueous phase
Fattyacid
hydrophylic
hydrophobic
C
OHO
C HH
C HH
C HH
C HH
C HH
C HH
C HH
C HH
C HH
C HH
C HH
C HH
C HH
C HH
C HH
C HH
C HH
H
C
OHO
Stearic acid
(C18)
CHO O
CHO O
Micelle- ++ H
Aqueous phase
C T Noguchi
Phospholipid
fattyacid
hydrophylic
hydrophobic
polar group
PhospholipidPolar head group(hydrophilic)
Hydrocarbon chains(hydrophobic)
OH
H
HC CH C
H H
OH OH
Glycerol
C
OHO
C HH
C HH
C HH
C HH
C HH
C HH
C HH
C HH
C HH
C HH
C HH
C HH
C HH
C HH
C HH
C HH
C HH
H
C
OHO
Stearic acid
(C18)
CHO O
CHO O
P
C T NoguchiPhospholipid
Polar head group(hydrophilic)
Hydrocarbon chains(hydrophobic)
Plasma membrane(lipid bilayer)
Lipid Bilayer
C T Noguchi
Plasma Membrane
C T Noguchi
Liposomes for Drug Delivery
DRUG Protein DNA
C T Noguchi
Proteinsa) Organic acid
Amino Acid
b) Dipeptide
peptide bondc) Polypeptide (Primary structure)
C CNH
H
OH
R1
C CN
H
OH
R2
C CN
H
OH
R3
C CN
H
OH
R4
C CN
H
OH
R5
OHC CN
H
OH
R14
OHH C CNH
OH+( )
R15
C CN
H
OH
R6
C CN
H
OH
R7
C CN
H
OH
R8
C CN
H
OH
R9
C CN
H
OH
R10
C CN
H
OH
R11
C CN
H
OH
R12
C CN
H
OH
R13
CH
N
H
H
amino
C
OHOacid
R
C
OHO
R'
acid
(NH2CHCOOH) | R
C T Noguchi
Amino Acids
Hydrophobic amino acidsEssential amino acids
Serine
TyrosineThreonineTryptophanValine
Ser
TyrThrTrpVal
Proline Pro
LeuLysMetPhe
LeucineLysineMethioninePhenylalanine
AlanineArginineAsparagineAspartic acidCysteineGlutamic acidGlutamineGlycineHistidineIsoleucine
AlaArgAsnAspCysGluGlnGlyHisIle
C T Noguchi
Phenylketourea (PKU)(Lack of phenylalanine hydroase)
Hydrophobic amino acidsEssential amino acids
Tyrosine (Tyr)(Phe)PhenylalanineCOO-
H3N+ - C - HC
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
HOH
COO-H3N+ - C - H
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
phenylalaninehydrolase
O2 H2O
C T Noguchi
Phenylketourea (PKU)(Lack of phenylalanine hydroase)
Hydrophobic amino acidsEssential amino acids
Tyrosine (Tyr)(Phe)Phenylalanine
phenylalaninehydrolase
O2 H2O
COO-H3N+ - C - H
CH2
OH
COO-H3N+ - C - H
CH2
Aminoacid
hydrophobichydrophilic
C T Noguchi
Protein Folding(Secondary Structure)
alpha-helix (-helix)
beta-pleated sheet (-pleated sheet)
C T Noguchi
MOVING TO KEEP THE BEEF OUT OF DISEASE'S SHADOW;FDA, INDUSTRY WORK TO BOLSTER MAD COW SAFEGUARDS
Marc Kaufman, Washington Post Staff Writer
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) Mad cow disease Related to scrapie in sheep and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans. Appearance of vacuoles, clear holes, in neurons
(spongiform). BSE recognized in 1986 in UK. By 1993 1,000
cases per week. Transmission by protein supplements from sheep
used to feed cattle now banned in UK (banned inthe US by FDA in 1997).
Friday, February 9, 2001 ; Page A03
In Texas, more than 1,000 cattle being fattened for slaughter were immediatelyquarantined after federal officials discovered the animals had been inadvertently fed thekind of bone meal believed to have spread mad cow disease throughout Europe..
C T Noguchi
Five Britons' Mad Cow Deaths Traced toButchering Methods
By WARREN HOGEONDON, March 21 An investigation into five deaths fromthe human form of mad cow disease in one English villageconcluded that the cause was a traditional local butcherymethod of slaughter that permitted brain matter from diseasedanimals to contaminate meat. The five people died betweenAugust 1998 and October 2000 in Queniborough inLeicestershire the largest cluster of victims from the samelocality in an epidemic that has claimed 90 lives in Britain.
March 22, 2001
C T Noguchi
Prior to 1996 85-90% were sporadic (1/1,000,000) 5-10% familial
C T Noguchi
Prion Structure(http://mad-cow.org)
C T Noguchi
influences to refold.
encounters .
attaches to another .
Prions
fatal neurodegenerative disorders. scrapie (livestock) mad cow disease Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Gerstmann-Straussler-
Scheinker disease Fatal familial insomnia Kuru in Papua New Guinea
Eventually all refold .
< NormalInfectious >
Invasive form induces normal prionsto refold into abnormal shapes.
Prion diseases:
C T NoguchiFoods Derived from New Plant Varieties through
Recombinant DNA Technology 2000 Rice-Glufosinate tolerant 1999 Canola-Bromoxynil tolerant
-Phutaseed Cantaloupe-Modified ripening 1998 Canola -Male sterile
-Fertility restorer Cotton- Bromoxynil tolerant
-insect protected Flax-Sulfonylurea tolerant Potato-Virus protected Soybean-Glufosinate tolerant Sugar beet-Glyphosate tolerant Tomato-Insect protected
- Virus protected
1995 Canola- Glufosinate tolerant
-Glyphosate tolerant Corn- Glufosinate tolerant
-Insect protected Cotton- Glyphosate tolerant
-Insect protected 1994 Cotton - Bromoxynil tolerant Potato-Insect protected Soybean-Glyphosate tolerant Squash - Virus resistant Tomato Improved ripening
-Delayed softening
1997 Papaya-Virus resistant Radicchio rosso-Male sterile Soybean-High oleic acid Squash-Virus resistant 1996 Corn- Glyphosate tolerant
-Male sterile Cotton- Sufonylurea tolerant Oilseed rape- Male sterile
-Fertility restorer Potato- Insect protected Tomato-Modified ripening
1998-EPA permitted use of corn resistant to corn borer(cry9C gene from Bacillus thuringienis) in animal feed.
C T Noguchi
OCTOBER 2, 2000 VOL. 156 NO. 14 BIOENGINEERINGTempest in a Taco Shell
BY JEFFREY KLUGERKiller tacos they ain't. But so hot are the politics ofgenetically modified food that the folks at Kraft Foodslast week took the extraordinary step of pulling tons ofinnocent-looking Taco Bell taco shells off the shelves.Reason? Someone may have been fooling with theirgenes. It was the first recall of what the industry callsGM food--and others call Frankenfood...
C T Noguchi
Page A1Monday, March 19, 2001
Biotech Corn Is Test Case For IndustryEngineered Foods Future Hinges on Allergy Study
By Marc Kaufman-Allergic reactions are viewed as the primary threat to humanhealth posed by genetically engineered food.-StarLink corn is genetically modified to express Cry9C, aprotein that provides protection against the European cornborer.-After months of development, FDA officials believe they havea test for potential allergic reaction to StarLink corn.-FDA will test blood of individuals for antibodies to Cry9C.
C T NoguchiSaturday, March 31, 2001
Genetically altered crops taking further root, USDA says.By Philip Brasher
Associated Press
Soybean 63% in 2001 (48 million acres); 54% in 2000. Immune to Roundup (Monsanto) weed killer.
Corn 24% in 2001; 25% in 2000. StarLink has been withdrawn from market. StarLink plants die when treated with herbicide.
Cotton 64% in 2001 (~10 million acres); 61% in 2000. Immune to insect pests and/or herbicides.