Ming and Qing China

HIST 1004Feb. 2/3/13

But first… Japan before 16th century

• 12th century – loose confederation of daimyo• Castle town• Samurai – warrior elite• Kyoto/Heian-Kyo/”Tranquility and Peace Capital” (794-1869)

Shogunate• Emperors are ceremonial• Shogun - military and bureaucratic commanders (1192-1867)• Kamakura Shogunate

(1192-1333)• Ashikaga Shogunate

(1336-1573)• Tokugawa Shogunate

(1603-1867)

Minamoto no Yoritomo, first shogun (1192-1199)

Hideyoshi (d. 1598)

• Daimyo civil wars• Hideyoshi unifies Japan

(briefly)• Invasion of Korea

(1592-1598)• Attempt at imperial Japan• Without Hideyoshi, plan falls apart

Tokugawa Shogunate (1603-1867)

• Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1616)• Edo and Kyoto• Trade networks• Shogun gives land to daimyo • Daimyo pays samurai

Daimyo and Merchant Elites

• Rice economy• Rice: peasants to daimyo to samurai• Edo and Osaka rice exchanges• Merchants buy rice on speculation• Daimyo buy luxury goods from merchants

Japan and European Merchants

• 1543: Portuguese arrive• Firearms and other imported technology• Little interest in European goods or vice versa• Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, and English as mediators in trade with China

Christian Missionaries

• 1550 – Francis Xavier and other Jesuits arrive in Japan

• 1580 – 100,000 Japanese Christians• Christianity and daimyo• 1571 - Nagasaki port under Jesuit rule• 1613 – Date Masamuneembassy to Vatican

Shogun and Christianity

• Suspicion of the foreign• 1614 – Christianity banned• Japanese Christians charged with sedition• 1617 – persecution of Christians• 1633-1639 – Closing of Japan

“Dutch Studies”

• Limited trade with Dutch through Dejima island• Interest in… – weapons technology – shipbuilding – mathematics and astronomy – anatomy and medicine– Geography

• The Thousand Autumns ofJacob de Zoet – David Mitchell

Ming China (r. 1368-1644)

• Remove Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty• Emphasis on Chinese-ness• “Middle Kingdom” vs. “barbarians”• “Son of Heaven”• “Mandate of Heaven”

Confucian Hierarchy

• Junior Official – Senior Official• Younger Brother – Older Brother• Wife – Husband• Modeled within the state• “Inner Barbarians” and Tributary System

Silver and Pirates

• Focus on silver based economy• Taxes must be paid in silver• Stimulates economy, but requires trade with

Americas• Suspicion of greedy merchants and pirates

Movement of Silver

Fall of the Ming

• Wanli Emperor (r. 1573-1620)• Military pressures– Mongols– Manchus– Japanese pirates– Japanese invasion of Korea

• Ming call on Manchu military support

Qing Dynasty (r. 1644-1912)

• Manchu rulers of China• Manchu minority, adopt Chinese ways• Kangxi (r. 1662-1722) – Qing Golden Age• Expanded and solidified borders• Economic boom• Growth of urban elites

Chinese and Manchu

• Chinese style governance vs. nomadic Manchu culture• Beijing vs. Chengde• Military Banners• Manchu language restrictions• No intermarriage between Manchu and Han

Chinese and Manchu

• Confucian state ideology• Maintain examination system• Chinese scholar-officials with Manchu supervisors• Queue – lose your hair or lose your head

Europeans in China

• 1513 – Portuguese arrive, not allowed to trade• Tome Pires• 1522 – Portuguese expelled• 1557 – Macao• Kowtow