Minex Baze

COMMITTEE OF UNDERGROUND EXPLOITATION YU ISSN:1451-0162 OF THE MINERAL DEPOSITS UDK:622

No.2-3,2013 1 MINING ENGIEERING

KOMITET ZA PODZEMNU EKSPLOATACIJU MINERALNIH SIROVINA

Rudarski radovi je asopis baziran na bogatoj tradiciji strunog i naunog rada u oblasti rudarstva, podzemne i povrinske eksploatacije, pripreme mineralnih sirovina, geologije, mineralogije, petrologije, geomehanike i povezanih srodnih oblasti. Izlazi dva puta godinje od 2001.godine, a od 2011. godine etiri puta godinje. Glavni i odgovorni urednik Prof.dr Mirko Ivkovi,vii nauni saradnik Komitet za podzemnu eksploataciju mineralnih sirovina Resavica E-mail:[email protected] Tel:035/627-566 Zamenik glavnog i odgovornog urednika Doc.dr Jovo Miljanovi Rudarski fakultet Prijedor,Republika Srpska Urednik Vlado Todorovi Prevodilac Vasa Garaa Draana Toi tamparija:Grafomet,Kragujevac Tira:100 primerka Internet adresa www.jppeu.rs Izdavanje asopisa finansijski podravaju Ministarstvo za prosvetu, nauku i tehnoloki razvoj Razvoj Republike Srbije Komitet za podzemnu eksploataciju mineralnih sirovina Resavica ISSN 1451-0162 Indeksiranje asopisa u SCIndeksu i u ISI Sva prava zadrana Izdava Komitet za podzemnu eksploataciju mineralnih sirovina Resavica E-mail:[email protected] Tel:035/627-566 Nauno-tehnika saradnja sa Inenjerskom Akademijom Srbije ASOPIS MEUNARODNOG ZNAAJA VERIFIKOVAN POSEBNOM ODLUKOM MINISTARSTVA M24



KOMITET ZA PODZEMNU EKSPLOATACIJU MINERALNIH SIROVINA Ureivaki odbor Akademik dr Milenko Ljubojev,nauni savetnik Institut za rudarstvo i metalurgiju Bor Akademik Prof.dr Mladen Stjepanovi Inenjerska akademija Srbije Prof dr Vladimir Bodarenko Nacionalni rudarski univerzitet, Odeljenje za podzemno rudarstvo, Ukrajina Prof.dr Milivoj Vuli Univerzitet u Ljubljani, Slovenija Akademik Prof.dr Jerzy Kicki Dravni institut za mineralne sirovine i energiju, Krakov, Poljska Prof.dr Vencislav Ivanov Rudarski fakultet Univerziteta za rudarstvo i geologiju St. Ivan RilskiSofija Bugarska Prof. Dr Tajdu Antoni Stanislavov univerzitet za rudarstvo i metalurgiju, Krakov, Poljska Dr Dragan Komljenovi Nuklearna generatorska stanica G2, Hidro Quebec, Kanada Dr Ana Kostov, nauni savetnik Institut za rudarstvo i metalurgiju Bor Prof.dr Duan Gagi Rudarsko-geoloki fakultet Beograd Prof.dr Neboja Vidanovi Rudarsko-geoloki fakultet Beograd Prof.dr Neo uri Tehniki institut, Bijeljina,Republika Srpska Prof.dr Vitomir Mili Tehniki fakultet Bor Prof. Dr Rodoljub Stanojlovi Tehniki fakultet Bor Dr Miroslav R. Ignjatovi, vii nauni saradnik Privredna komora Srbije Dr Mile Bugarin, vii nauni saradnik Institut za rudarstvo i metalurgiju Bor Dr Dragan Milanovi, nauni saradnik Institut za rudarstvo i metalurgiju Bor Dr Ruica Lekovski, nauni saradnik Institut za rudarstvo i metalurgiju Bor Prof. dr Kemal Guti RGGF-Univerzitet u Tuzli, BiH

COMMITTE OF UNDERGROUND EXPLOITATUONOF THE MINERAL DEPOSITS



MINING ENGINEERING is journal based od the rich tradition of expert and scinetific work from the field of mining, udergound and open-pit mining, mineral processing geology, petrology, geomechanics, as well as related fields of science. Since 2001, published twice a year, and since 2011 four times year. Editor-in-chief Ph D. Mirko Ivkovi, Senior Research Associate committee of Undergoind Exploitation of the Mineral Deposits Resavica E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +38135/627-566 Co-Editor Ph.D.Jovo Miljanovi Faculty of Mining Prijedor, RS Editor Vladimir Todorovi English Translation Vasa Garaa Draana Toi Printed in: Grafopromet Kragujevac Web site: www.jppeu.rs MINING ENGINEERING is financially suported by The Ministry of Education, Science and Tehnological Development of the Republic Serbia Committee of Underground Exploitation of the Mineral Deposits Resavica ISSN 1451-0162 Journal interxing in SCIndex and ISI All righs reserved. Published by Committee of Exploitation of the Mineral Deposits Resavica E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +38135/627-566 Scentific-Tehnical Cooperation with the Engineering Academy of Serbia JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL IMPORTANCE, VERIFIED BY SPECIAL DECISION ON THE MINISTRY M24 COMMITTE OF UNDERGROUND EXPLOITATUONOF THE MINERAL DEPOSITS



Editorial Board Academic Ph D.Milenko Ljubojev, Principal Reasearch Fellow, Associate member of ESC Mining and Metallurgy Institute Bor E-mail: [email protected] Phone:+38130/454-109, 435-164 Academic Prof.Ph.D. Mladen Stjepanovi Engineering Academy of Serbia Prof.Ph.D. Vladimir Bodarenko National Mining University, Deportment of Deposit mining, Ukraine Prof. Ph.D. Milivoj Vuli University of Ljubljana, Slovenia Prof.Ph.D. Jerzy Kicki Gospodarki Suworkami Mineralnymi i Energia, Krakow, Poland Prof.Ph.D.Vencislav Ivanov Mining Fakulty, University of Mining and Geology St.Ivan Rilski Sofia Bulgaria Prof.Ph.D. Tajdu Antoni The Stanislaw University of of Mining and Metalhurgy, Krakow, Poland Ph.D.Dragan Komljenovi Nuclear Generating Station G2, Hidro-Qwebec, Canada Ph.D. Ana Kostov Principal Research Felow Mining and Metalhurgy Institut Bor Prof.Ph.D. Duan Gagi Faculty of Mining and Geology Belgrade Prof.Ph.D.Neboja Vidanovi Faculty of Mining and Geology Belgrade Prof.Ph.D.Neo uri Tehnical Institute, Bijeljina, Republic Srpska Prof.Ph.D.Vitomir Mili Tehnical Faculty Bor Prof.Ph.D. Rodoljub Stanojlovi JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL IMPORTANCE, VERIFIED BY SPECIAL DECISION ON THE MINISTRY M24



COMMITTE OF UNDERGROUND EXPLOITATUONOF THE MINERAL DEPOSITS Ph.D.Miroslav R.Ignjatovi Senior Research Assoicate Chamber of Commerce and Industry Serbia Ph.D.Mile Bugarin Senior Research AssoicateMining and Methalurgy Institute Bor Ph.D.Dragan Milanovi Senior Research AssoicateMining and Methalurgy Institute Bor Ph.D. Ruica Lekovski Senior Research AssoicateMining and Methalurgy Institute Bor Prof.Ph.D.Kemal Guti MGCF-University of Tuzla B&H JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL IMPORTANCE, VERIFIED BY SPECIAL DECISION ON THE MINISTRY M24



SADRAJ CONTENS

Nenad Anel MINING IN MEDIEVAL EAST SERBIA (14TH to 16th Century) 7 Mirko Ivkovi, Svjetlana Ivkovi STANJE MEHANIZOVANOSTI TEHNOLOKIH FAZA RADA PODZEMNE EKSPLOATACIJE U RUDNICIMA JP PEU.........................................14 THE STATE OF MACHANIZATION OF TEHNOLOGICAL FAZES IN UNDERGROUND EXPLOITATION IN THE MINES OF JP PEU Jovo Miljanovi. Neo uri, Mirko Ivkovi, arko Kovaevi PRIMJENA TEHNOLOGIJE KOMBINOVANOG PODGRAIVANJA RUDARSKIH PROSTORIJA U RMUSOKO..........................................................20 USING OF COMBINET TECHNOLOGYS IN ROOF SUPPORTING IN UNDERGROUND MINE SOKO Jovo Miljanovi. Draana Toi, Tomislav Miljanovi, Mirko Ivkovi VERIFIKACIJA POUZDANOSTI I EFIKASNOSTI SISTEMA ODVODNJAVANJA NA PK BUHA.31 VERIFICATION OF RELIABILITY AND EFFICIEN CY OF THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM ON THE OPEN PIT BUHA Slobodan Majstorovi, Vladimir Malbai. Jelena Trivan, Ljubica Figun, Miodrag elebi ASPEKTI BEZBJEDNOSTI I ZATITA IVOTNE SREDINE PRILIKOM UPOTREBE ANFO EKSPLOZIVA U RUDNIKU SASE SREBRENICA............42 SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION BY USE OF ANFO EXPLOSIVES IN MINE SASE SREBRENICA



UDK: 330.1:622:061,5(045)=861 doi:10.593/rudrad 1301175S

*Nenad Anel MINING IN MEDIEVAL EAST SERBIA (14TH to 16th C entury)

Abstract: This study is an attempt to help in clarifying complex issues concerning the history of medieval mining in Eastern Serbia. Historical sources from the Middle Ages show that there were mining activities in several places in eastern Serbia and that the ores mainly excavated were iron, copper, lead and silver. However, the mines of eastern Serbia did not become as famous as the mines in the other regions of Serbia and did not have the same significance. In eastern Serbia, mining activities took place in areas of Kuajna, Ridan, Rakovica, Petakovica, and villages Rakova Bara, ovdin and on Mali Bubanj. . Also, there were mining activities in Resava region, on the mountan of Stara Planina and in the vicinity of Majdanpek, and there is data about gold panning in the Pek river. Unfortunately, contemporary works at active mining sites threaten to permanently destroy the material remains of immense historical and archaeological importance. Key words: Eastern Serbia, mining, Middle age, material remains

Introduction

Eastern Serbia is a very diverse mountainous-basin region, which stretches from Djerdap in the north to the Zaplenjsko-luznicka valley and the Ruj mountains to the south. In the West it leans against the Pomoravlje area and in the east to the borders of Bulgaria and Romania. During the Middle Ages, from the formation of the Serbian medieval state until the fall to the Ottoman Empire, the territory of present-day eastern Serbia and its boundaries were subject to frequent and rapid changes. Expansion or withdrawal of the Serbian authorities in these areas was necessarily conditioned by strengthening or weakening of the power of the Serbian state, as much as the strength and weakness of its eastern neighbors. It is important to point out that the extreme east, along the basin and along the Timok, Negotin Krajna and part of the great bend of the Danube in Djerdap, has never been an integral part of the Serbian medieval state, but the region was often exposed to its powerful influence, primarily because of the ethnic composition of the population in these areas. Historical sources from the Middle Ages show that in several places in the east Serbia, mining was the main and that the main mining operations were of iron ore, copper, lead and silver. However, the mines in eastern Serbia have not reached fame and did not have such an important role as the mines in other Serbian areas had. A rich treasury of the Dubrovnik archives, which gives us the most information related to mining in medieval Serbia, gives very little information about mining in this part of Serbia. *Filozofski fakultet Ni, [email protected] It is known that the Dubrovnik merchants did not often travel often to the areas east of the Great and South Morava, because of their distance and the lack of economic interests. The only exception being the Kuevo and Branicevo areas because of its rich mining operations, therefore we have more information on these areas.



Based on the geological composition of the soil, terrain, altitude, and other natural factors, and primarily the mild climate (warmer autumn than spring), the region of eastern Serbia is optimal for mining activities for great part of the year. Due to their significance, prehistoric mining in eastern Serbia, especially the remains of the mine Rudna Glava near Majdanpek, and are among the world's oldest European registries of arheo-metalugic centers, dating back to the time of the Gradac phase of the Vinca culture. Arheometalurgi: the Serbian medieval archeology is a new field of work, so that the study of the mines throughout archaeological research has no tradition in our science. It is very rare that modern mines, with only the remains of old works, performed technical recording, let alone archaeological research. Therefore a unique opportunity to reconstruct the image of a medieval mine has been missed. Minimal remains of the underground mining archeology, tools and equipment for the mining and processing of ore, traces of settlements and cemeteries, communications and fortifications, are collected and recorded in a small number of places exclusively thanks to the supporters of the profession. Only recently the need for the collection of available data was found. 1988 can be marked as the year when serious archaeological researches on medieval mining and metallurgy began. Serious and detailed research of the remains of mines in eastern Serbia, will give concrete answers and the results of this rich but economically neglected area of the medieval Serbian state. When it comes to sites with traces of ancient mining in eastern Serbia, one should bear in mind that it is not easy to determine the exact boundaries of the area, because it does not match the current geographic representations. The accepted division is that of V. Simic five zones: Negotin Region, potes Tupunica-Rtanj, Kucajna with the surounding area, Resava and Stara Planina.

Kuajna Rudite Kucajna belongs to the Homolje ore field, with mines Ridan and Rekovi, and is a direct continuation of the Banat mines and the mines around Dognacke and Moravice. Since ancient times, the mining industry in this region has been very developed, as evidenced by numerous caved shafts, and the remains of ancient and medieval period settlements. The history of the Kuajna mines is a long and reliable and it dates back to Roman times. However, it is possible that there were mining activities before the Romans, during the time of the exploitation of gold mines in the valley and its tributarie Peka. Roman mining works in Kucajna were very extensive. They appear to have gone down to 80 m in depth. Certainly, the main objects of exploitation were gold, silver and copper. Above the Kuceva of today, there was a Roman town Guduskum, which was the center of the mining operations in the area. It is likely that in Kucajna there was a continuity between the Roman and medieval mining. Already in the 10th century the Arabian geographer Masudija writes about Klaaninu (Kucajna) as a live trading site. In the view of V. Simic, this trade could not rely on anything else but on the mining probucts. During the medieval Serbian state, Kucajna is not mentioned explicitly, but in written documents we encounter a place called Zeleznik near Kueva, as the trading post for iron, copper and lead, which are also visited by merchants from Dubrovnik. At the beginning of the 1359. The Dubrovnik Grgo Skrini, wrote "in Selesnich in Chuceua" to its government to lead a single consignment merchants from Dubrovnik, seized Prince Vojislav Vojinovic. Another interesting mention of Dubrovnik is found in the 1363, where the will of Dubrovnik Domanje Peter Sparks mentioned two residents Zeleznik, brothers and Hvaloje Dobrohval. Zeleznik .This should not be confused with Recic Zeleznik, west of Majdanpek, where we find the gold-bearing wire, since there was no lead ore present. Question Kuevo field



position in the Middle Ages, and therefore the position of the aforementioned square and mine Reflex Kucevo caused in our historiography a lot of controversy and confusion. Only recently has the enigma been successfully resolved. Today Kuevo is a town and municipality in the center of the Branicevo; Peck on the river, which is located in the former medieval parish Zvid. South of the present day Kueva is a well known mine, the subject of our investigation - Kucajna. It was difficult to locate Kucevo, mentioned in the Dubrovnik sources and thus the mine of Zeleznik. On the basis of the Ottoman defter of Smederevo Sandzak, particularly on the basis of that from 1476/8, we conclude that the nahija of Kuevo, and therefore the area adjacent to the medieval Branievo countriside, but not in the mountainous regions of east Kuajske mountains, as it was long considered, but west, respectively on the left bank of Velika Morava. The Imperial has of Zeleznik was listed in 1476/8. The coal basin Kosmaj and Avala, the westernmost part of the area with mines Kuevo, Zeleznik gave primarily silver and lead, with operation continuing since ancient times, the Middle Ages and the Ottoman period to the present day. In the Middle Ages Kucajna was called Kuchou, Cuciaena, Caciena. Between 1459 and 1521 it was the seat of government for the whole region, and at that time referred to as the Koanji, Kucevo and Cucievo. In Kucajna there was also a Dubrovnik settlement. The charter of Knez Lazar from 1381 refers to "mount Kucajna" and "Saski num" while Hrisovulja of despot Durda Brankovic mentions "the village Sasu" in Kueva. In Kucajna lead, copper and iron were produced, and it is interesting that the production of gold and silver, whih was done very abundantly, was never mentioned. The great content of precious metals in ores in Kuajna probably could not remain undetected by skilled metallurgist that the Sass were. Dubrovniks mentioned in his letters Kucajna for the last time in 143 ,when the mine has almost certainly ceased to woek because it is no longer visited by their merchants. In the Middle Ages in Kucajna, and the other Serbian mines coins and weapons were produced. During knez Lazar here was a mint (a place where coins areproduced) on coins and weapons, supported by the data from various traditions. Aspro has been forged here at the end of the reign of Sultan Suleiman II. After the fall to the Ottomans in 1458, it was on the Hungarian border area almost for a century, and subject to constant hostilities, and in such circumstances it was difficult to organize mining production. After winning the Banat area in 1551 and 1552 , the border is moved to the north and then begin extensive works, which led to the opening of Kucajna in 1553. Kucajna.The decision of Porte made the center a kadiluk, to serve the new mine and surrounding imperial whose landed estates allocated 48 villages, whose inhabitants worked in the mines, delivering wood, ore transporting, guarding roads and more. Then a mass immigration to Kucajna began, and among many ethnic communities special position and role had Jews. They moved to Kucajna 1551 or 1552, and have dealt mainly with financial matters. As skilled traders and financiers, they eventually took the lease of the mine, which was greatly influenced by the recovery and restoration of pre Turkish production volume, in the second half of the sixteenth century. Ridan The remains of the old smelter are placed around Golubac, in the village of Dvorite, and these are are the remains of the old smelter - and in places Ridan remains of old mining works - mostly shafts which were made to depths up to 15 meters. The surface was covered with these works is almost 3 acres. Based on archaeological research the shafts belong undoubtedly to the medieval period. On Ridan in the Middle Ages, iron ore and minerals that are mined are melted in the village of Dvorite.



Rekovica (Orekovica) This mine is named after a small river or Oreskovici or Rekovici (newer name), which spreads from the western branch of the Homoljske mountains and close to Mali Laola flows into Mlava. And this one mine isone of those very uknown to our history. Based on the traces of old mining operations and the amount of residual slag the volume of work on this mine was of greater importance. From here the ores of iron, and copper and lead with gold and silver were mined. Analysis, carried out only partially, indicates only the production of iron. The ore was mined on both sides of the river Rekovi. That the iron ore was mined is certifirmed also by the name of the hill Plavevice, toponyms, which is characteristic for the production and processing of iron. Majdanpek The Majdanpek mine has a lot of tradition and quite an interesting historical development. Opened back in Roman times, worked during the Roman times, the Middle Ages, during the 20 year Austrian rule in the 18th century (1718-1738). Re-opened the 1847 and has been working continuously up to this day. We can say that the Majdanpek mine has worked in all periods of our mining operations. However, while our medieval mines have become famous for their richness, any metal was developed by trade and handicrafts, Majdanpek remained in the shadow of it, and we have very little information from the time. According to V. Simic, Majdanpek has always been a small mine, regardless of the prism of observation: the old, or middle of the new century. In the Middle Ages, when the Serbian mining was then famous throughout Europe, and many of our mines are mentioned in charters, chronicles and guided correspondence between Dubrovnik, Venice and our mines, there is no trace of Majdanpek. Its current name is of Arabic origin (Maden-metal), and was created at the time of the Turks. As for the minerals that are present in the region of Majdanpek, we find copper and iron. The presence of Sasa miners in this region testifies the name of the river Sask. On this river there were many medieval smelting points, as evidenced by the remains of old waste grounds.Old underground works that were found, whose shapes and dimensions comply with the medieval period (dimensions ranging from 0.6 to 1 meter) , provide testimony about mining in this region in the Middle Ages. In addition to these material remains, in many ancient works of Majdanpek well preserved medieval wooden trough were found which were later on used for the transfer of ore and waste rock, and in many places preserved wooden support, which undoubtedly proves the existence of mining activities on the site in the middle ages. Unfortunately, at the present time, work on the exploitation of ore deposits in the Majdanpek are of such proportion that almost nothing of the old works was left. It is unlikely that future archaeological and geological investigations at the site may make some new and important historical discoveries. Petakovica (Melnica) In the surroundings of the villages of Melnice there used to be a large deposit of old slag and plenty of lead ore, and they are still found in small traces even today. A variety of mountain streams (Melnick, and Vitanovaka Branicki river, stream Petkovic and others), gave the power for the smelter. The deposit of iron ore, lead and silver is located about 8 kilometers south of Kucajna. In the neighboring village of Vitanovac, there is a monastery which, according to tradition, was built by King Milutin, and that was probably built becouse of the surrounding mines.



Rakova bara, ovdin, Mali Bubanj At the village of Rakova Bara, in Sumedj, large amounts of old slag were found, which prove that in their neighborhood there were smelters. Since there was no trace of mining shafts, it is considered that the ore was brought to the smelter from one of kuajna mines. On the western side of the Crnog Vrha, towards ovdin, the shoots thicker wire hematite ore are noticed as well as the remains of old mines, which were likely to serve for the mining of iron ores, hematite and limonite. In this area there are no remains of troskita, but it is assumed to be in the vicinity. In the village of Ranovca, northwest of Kucajna, on Mali Bubalj, there were noticed remains of hematite with limonite "which in the form of bulky rocks are sticking out of the grass." In the immediate vicinity of the site we have not uncovered troskita, which does not mean that the ore was not mined. V. Simic believes that it is unlikely that the medieval miners, especially experienced Sass, a so favorable ore occurrence near a mining center what was Kucajna, could have remained unknown. The ore from there could be transferred to a suitable place for melting, where there was plenty of water and fuel. Resava The Resava area is divided into Lower (includes the villages of Medvedja - Subotica, down to the river to Velika Morava), Middle (from the village of Medvedja to Despotovac and both banks of the Resavica River) and Upper (an area from Despotovac to the springs of the rivers Resava and Resavica). Turkish census mentions Branicevo Resava as a separate nahija. Since the nahija Resava includes the basin of the river Resava, and in Branievski subailuk there were five districts that corresponded to medieval parishes (Lucica, Homolje, Pek, Zdrelo and Zvizd), the conclusion that the district who were referred by the rivers (Resava) were named after the former medieval parishes. In the case of Resava this conclusion is almost certain. To the old mining operations in Resaca the first to drew attention was Felix Hofman. During the 70s of the nineteenth century he examined this region twice: For the first time in 1874 and he described the borders of the fields with the advent of coal betwean Crnica and Resavica for the first time in 1874, and for the second second time in 1879 he examined the occurrence of ore and coal, which gravitate to the track with just established Moravian railway. Both times he came upon the remains of former mining of copper and as he noted "residual ore heaps and hills of slag in the valley of Crnica, then the old mining around Crvene Jabuke and finally slag at Grza and Resavica". Bulk slag was observed in the Valley of the Bigrenike River, then in the region of Dubrave. Thies according to him were the remains of a former copper mine, whose ore was mined in red sandstone. In 30s of the twentieth century, a new mining researchers in Resava could not find Hoffmans sites. It was probably used as a building material, but they survived many medieval mining toponyms: Rupni stream, Gumnishta, Majdan, Kolita, Rupine, Kovanica, Maevac. Beside them were found the remains of mining operations (village Sladaja, Stenjevac, Strmosten, Vrlane, Roevci, Troponje), and there were even found tools and lamps, coins, pottery in the villages (Gloanj, Troponje, Svilajnac, Medvedja). Interestingly according to tradition from the vilage of Strmosten, in which the Sass lived in Seliste and Serbs in Staaro Selo. At both locations whose pottery was found on the remains of mining tools and money, and there are other small churches.



The village idilje, in several places, Hoffman was first to discover the occurrence of iron ore. In the wider area of about 3 km limonite ore strands were found about 8 feet thick, in which the Fe 2 O 3 (iron) is present even at 84%, and with no harmful ingredients. Examples of these ores were displayed in 1885, on the mining exhibition in Budapest. Certainly, such a high-quality ore could not remain unnoticed during the Middle Ages, especially in an area that is rich in metallurgical resources (forests and mountain streams). Troskita which Hoffman observed, at least in most cases, are not from melting copper ore. According to the recent studies, the red sandstones were not able to supply copper ore in that number, because it has smaller copper reserves. V. Simic believes that most of these troskita are from smelting iron ore. Although discovered in the second half of the nineteenth century, about the old iron mining in Resava, very little is known. It was only hinted at, though it was undoubtedly present. During the reign of Despot Stefan Lazarevic, when it Resava fortresses and monasteries Manasija were built, there was a need to revive the production and processing of iron, which certainly existed before. The center of the state shifted to the north, and the manufacture of iron was needed not only to build the fort, but also to defend the country against the Turks. Manasija was in his own estate, and probably had its own iron mines and a village blacksmith, as other monasteries in Serbia. In Veliki Popovic, in the early twentieth century there was still a small blacksmith, and whose descendants carry the surname Kovac, Kovacevic, Kovacic. Stara Planina Of all the medieval mining district in eastern Serbia, there is the least information related to Stara Planina Mountains, which does not necessarily mean that there was a minimum of mining activities there. The traces of iron mining has been detected in the village of Topli Do, just below Midzor, in the heart of Stara Planina, been detected. Geologist and university professor Sava Markovic observed in the river basin of Toplodolska river, troskita of iron smelters near running water, which means that these were medieval and Ottoman. Mines from which ore is melted were not observed. Heritage Museum in Knjaevac during 1986 conducted investigations of the ancient mining on Stara Planina. And received data for about 30 sites (mines, slag dumps present, processing, etc.) and they all testify to the ruins of ancient mining. However, the fact is that most of the slag dumps are present next to mountain rivers and streams indicate that here, except in antiquity, mining was also performed in the Middle Ages. On this site it is necessary to make additional research. In the period from 1956 to 1962, the pioneer of our modern geology and one of those most important scholars dealing with our mining history,V. Simic, performed the research on the soil terrains of eastern Serbia, namely the gold-bearing area of the river Pek. On this occasion, he encountered many remnants of old mining activities and production of gold, of which the most of them were destroyed. These remains were various hills and mines, barely noticeable traces of water and water tanks, and more. Old mining works at gold-bearing quartz works on most wires were covered again, and the old gold mining works were destroyed both by time and people. The remains of these old works especially destroyed in the twentieth century, when intensive construction of roads and railways through the valley of Pek has begun. Each new work inflicted destruction among new mounds, remaining in the place of former mines.



River Pek In parts of eastern Serbia gold production has never ceased. Its residents, regardless of the time when they lived here, were always ready to after heavy rains gather by streams and collect the gold that was washed with water in large mountain areas. Nearly five thousand years, and probably more, it is the addition of gold beads and leaves. The best example of this is the River Pek, where the old works stretch from north to south, a distance of about 30 km. Besides Pek, and its tributaries, Porecka river and Timok were used for washing and collecting of gold. Most of these works is of ancient origin. To enable the smooth operation of the Romans around the gold-bearing areas of eastern Serbia they erected numerous castles. Beside them was a permanent Roman guard. The remains of one of the watchtowers were found in the region of Pekka at Mark's Tavern. The Roman town Pincum (Veliko Gradite), that the mane itself originates from , was probably the center they poured to all the gold obtained in the region of Pek. The Roman presence in the region is confirmed by many remains of materials: ceramic vessels, tools of bronze and iron, money, and more. There is no data on the organized production of gold, in the period of the Middle Ages, in the area. However, unorganized, incidental and secret production must have existed. It conducted by miners, when it was worth more now argue cause and get gold, farmers or agricultural laborers, when they had no other work in the field or around the house. Organized production could be achieved in gold mines, as they were still in Roman times excavated up to 50 feet of deep. In addition, the Romans were not only rich, but almost all gold-bearing placers roomier gold-bearings. Mining in Peka in the Middle Ages is very poorly documented. There are few written sources that say something specific about the mining sector. Gold production in general is not mentioned, but this is not surprising because this metal is not specifically mentioned in another mining areas. Conclusion Mining in the region of Eastern Serbia in the Middle Ages is mainly related to mining and processing of iron ore, on a smaller scale lead and silver and copper and very little washing auriferous particles in rivers. Based on archaeological research in the region of Eastern Serbia many remains of iron and slag dumps were found. Smelters were located next to many rivers, whose fortune was the driving force of production. They were used in the Middle Ages and in the early period of Ottoman rule. Further archeological research requires specialized research division of the old slag dumps, which were unfortunately carried out in a small number of cases. Based on the survey, we can conclude that in the region of Eastern Serbia mining activities were carried out in the areas of Kucajna, Ridana, Rekovia, Petakovice and villages Rakova Bara, ovdi and on Mali Bubanj. Mining operations were also carried out in the area of Resava and in the area of Stara Planina. Recent research testifies to the rich mining activities around Majdanpek. Unfortunately, the threat to the remains of medieval mining operations has become more pronounced. Modern works in active mines, mining exploitation in the field, are the main culprits in the destruction of remains of immense historical and archaeological importance. It remains our hope that, in the future, we can develop an awareness of the necessity to preserve these precious monuments of Serbian culture and the material in the region can continue to be test, which will give a full and clear picture of the medieval history of mining in the region of Eastern Europe.



UDK: 65.05:519,21:330.23 (0,45)=20 doi:10,5937/rudrad 13011553S

Mirko Ivkovi*, Svjetlana Ivkovi **

THE STATE OF MECHANIZATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL FAZES IN UNDERGROUND EXPLOITATION IN THE MINES OF JPPEU

Abstract

Work in underground coal mines is currently based on hard physical labor, with regards to the fact that procurement of equipment was lacking. Practically the current work resembles that of 50 years ago, so that the work jeald is low despite the efforts of the miners.

The last mechanized wide seam stooped working in 1991, the machines for merchandised development of mining facilities is not present in any mine for more then 20 years, and no mine has loading equipment.

For the last twenty years the transport equipment in procured in parts so that brace downs are frequent and work delays, which has as a direct result a reduced yeald in production.

PROBLEMS IN PRODUCTION AND EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE

1. The equipment for the development of mining facilities

Currently in the mines of JPPEU there is no working equipment of this type. How ever unbelievable that seams we can conclude that we are, in terms of using mechanization in the development of mining facilities, far below the level at which we were more then 30 years ago, which means that we have rapidly dearest. We have to mention that over the past years according to the program of operations, procurement of this type of equipment was planed but never completed. It is clear that thirty years ago we have developed mining facilities in a more modern fashion and if all around us in the region modern machinery is employed, we have a problem to first of all get back to the level at which we once were and then to follow the modern developments and use of this type of equipment as to achieve adequate levels in this aspect.

In different times it was attempted to make functional two machines of this type the ALPINA F6A and the AM50. The first was even functional for a short period of time in 1995, but as it was made functional with inadequate parts produced in coordination local developers which was evident in the quality and reliability in the machine operations, this machines work was of short duration and marked with frequent delays and other problems, all thou the results, while the machine was operational were acceptable, and better then the classical method of developing mining facilities.

*Prof.dr Mirko Ivkovi, JP PEU Resavica **Svjetlana Ivkovi, Ugaljprojekt-Beograd



2. Equipment for mechanized coal exploitation

In the nineties of the last century in some of the mines which are now part of JPPEU there was mechanized steal hydraulic support of different world developers.

This equipment worked with high production levels which resulted in higher production and financial results. The equipment was operated and maintained by workers which, with the help of developers and foreign experts were trained specifically for this task.

As of 1992 there have bean no further attempts in introducing technology of mechanical exploitation because of inadequate finances.

3. Transport equipment for the transport of men and coal

Race Transporters

Racke Transporters are transport equipment which is most prevalent in the mines of JPPEU and it is deployed in the transport of coal close to the excavation points. In our country there are no more companies, of the type GEOMASINE, which completely develop this type of equipment, therefore we are forced to complete these machines ourselves by buying separate parts from different vendors. This type of equipment works closest to the excavation points, therefore it is subject to the greatest pressures and therefore the most breakdowns, and it is hence the subject of constant monitoring and repair. The repair of these machines is mostly done in house. Because of grate problems with the transport beds we have started the production of these beds with grater quality of metals, with positive results. And in two cases two complete transporters were acquired with a so called sigma profile which has also given positivity results especially in the investment mines where the majority of the work is in dirt.

Transporters with a rubber transport cloth

With these types of transporters it has to be mentioned that in the mines of JPPEU there are mostly long transport paths, where transports of this type are employed.

These transports are formed in the mines themselves from different parts acquired from different vendors. The problem is also that in our country there are no vendors that produce complete cloth transports which can be overcome in short distance region tracks.

For cloth transports of grater length (over 350 meters) there are no local producers in regards to the production of transport stations.

The good in this part is that these transport distances are already covered with existing transporters from an earlier period, so that this problem can somewhat be overcome but the problems with there maintenance arise every day and present grater and grater working problems.

The transport of manpower is not adequately resolved in any mine.



Rail Transport

This type of transport has a very low transport capacity because the locomotives are older then 50 years and their maintenance is difficult and brace downs are very common because the railways are in a very pore stare.

Because the locomotives are electrically powered we have to focus on grater use of diesel machines.

Equipment for the transport of materials

In JPPEU different types of this equipment are in use: delivery system with a endless rope and hanging rail, delivery system with a diesel locomotive with an upper rail, rail locomotive transport, as well as a new system of delivery combining wire and endless rope which was first used in the Tadenje mine and after in some other mines and which will be in ever grater use.

A cable system of the SARF type work in the mines of Rembas, Soko, Jasenovac. While in RMU Stavaljh there is a similar system of the type ECO Velenje. In the Lubnica mine there is also a similar cable system which was produced in our country from imported parts and parts produced in our country. The systems are reliable and acceptable for use in mines and by its use the supply of the mines with materials has bean greatly simplified. The reliability of these systems is connected to constant maintenance and everyday rail corrections by direction and height, by the maintenance and replacement of the rope...

The diesel locomotive of the SARF type with the upper rail operates in the Bogovina mine and there are a lot of problems. Namely the machines are weary old of which one is out of use and the other is under constant repair with constant working delays.

The vitlovska delivery is done by the use of Bitlova (most commonly it is the PV11/15 of local manufacture) with the upper rail and rope which is in use in all the mines of JPPEU. A special problem with the cable car and vitlovske equipment is the lack of reliable backing systems because the current manufacturer did not pay enough attention to this system besides numerable interventions so that a different solution needs to be found.

Water extraction equipment

As the other equipment in JPPEU so to is this type of system relatively old and as an example we need to mention that in this year no new pumps were acquired although the problem of water in the mines is more pronounced then before. The water from the mines is pumped by the use of centrifugal and submersible pumps, by PVC or metal pipelines. As well as the pumps which are weary old there is also the problem of an old and rundown pipeline. In the past years a lot of effort has bean spent to unify the pumps working in JPPEU and certain results were achieved so that today the majority of the pumps is of the VPN type form the Jastrebac Nis manufacturer. Which are good for extracting mine water which contains hard particles because they work with a low number of rotations and are massive.



Equipment for the production of compresed air and equipment that work on compressed air The production of compressed air for the use in the mines and out of them is done in stable compressor rooms which are placed in the entrances of the mines. The compressors in JPPEU are mostly produced by UNITEX or FAGRAM Smederevoand are all pistoned except the vijcan compressor in Bogovina. As a problem in their operation there is the service of the machines after a set number of working hours which is usually not done on time which results in delays later on.

On the basis of a detailed analysis it can be derived that t in the mines of JPPEU that all the equipment form all five drupes is weary old, so that its maintenance is exponentially harder. The conditions need to be made so that the equipment which is weary expensive to maintain because of its long working history, needs to be replaced by newer equipment. This work did not examine the equipment in the mines themselves, separation buildings, heating buildings... but the situation of the mentioned equipment can be made as universal for all the equipment in the company and that the problems are similar if not the same.

Example of an investment in a new mine

To illustrate the needed investments for opening a new mine we will use the example of a mine in Melenci for which a study of has been prepared. The complete cost of the project were calculated to be 44 million euros of which for the equipment in the mine 17 million euros are allocated. The complete capacity of production would be achieve in 4 years after finishing the initial investment.

Here it is discussed of a mine field with an estimated 35,5 million tones of coal A and B reserves estimated to be 10 million tones. The grater part of the field would be mined by the mechanized wide shaft method and a part by the mechanized column method. The capacity of one wide shaft is estimated to be 450000 tones per year and for the mechanized column method 150000 tones per year.

On the basis of the developed method of the cost of one ton production it is derived that the operative cost is 26,7 euros per tone or based on the awerage heat jeald of 12,8 GJ per tone we arrive at a cost of 2,1 euros per GJ the cost is derived without the cost of VAT which is changeable so that the cost assessment is simpleminded.

Too show the lack of investment in active mines in the tables below we have given the investments in active coal mines ower the period 2002 2009.



Table 2. Shows the planed and the realised investment values for the period 2002 2009 by srtucture. Services Structure

Planed (USD)

Realised (USD)

Relation 3/2

% Part

USD/t

1 2 3 4 5 6 Geological Operations

7.892.381 1.705.992 21,6 4,0 0,41

Mining Operations

63.692.308 27.191.677 42,7 63,8 6,56

Construction Operations

5.413.119 2.604.366 48,1 6,1 0,62

Equipment

29.310.070 9.845.057 33,6 23,1 2,37

Other Services

15.635.142 1.305.933 8,4 3,1 0,32

Sam Total 121.943.020 42.653.025 35.0 100 10,28 Table 3. Shows the planed and realised investment values for the period 1995 2009 by structure Services Structure

Planed (USD)

Realised (USD)

Relation 3/2

% Part

USD/t

1 2 3 4 5 6 Geological Operations

11.365.381 5.997.472 52.8 6,1 0,72

Mining Operations

121.924.308 70.216.865 57.6 71,6 8,23

Construction Operations

14.083.119 3.812.068 27.1 3,9 0,44

Equipment

59.181.070 16.153.185 27.3 16,5 1,89

Other Services

24.866.142 1.892.758 7.6 1,9 0,22

Sam Total 231.420.020 98.072.348 42,4 100 11,50



Conclusion

All the projects, analysis and studies which were conducted to define the expansion directions of underground exploitation of coal in the Republic of Serbia, were achieved on the basis of objective situations and conditions which characterize the state of active mines, to the conclusion that without grate measures on the sector of investments there can be no further successful operation. Because of constant problems with production and the lack of investments in the needed level, the mines are financially spade and register a reduction in the capacity of production and a ever grater problem to maintain the level of production and extraction.

A special problem for underground exploitation is the lack of technical development which is a result of the lack of mechanization and modernized technological phases, and this besides production has a negative effect on safety in the mines. Without the modernization of equipment the mines cannot count on development, and the continued existence of certain mines is in question.

With all this in mind, it is necessary that the state as the owner of the mine, and with acceptance of the arguments given for the need to maintain the underground exploitation of coal, by providing the necessary funds needed to put the mines on a path to optimize the necessary technical-thenological system elements.



UDK:622.83:55,8.013(0,45)=861 doi:105937/rudrad 1301037P Jovo Miljanovi *, Neo uri **, Mirko Ivkovi***, arko Kovaevi*

USING OF COMBINED TECHNOLOGYS IN ROOF SUPPORTING IN

UNDERGROUNG MINE SOKO Abstract Complexed mining-geological conditions of coal mining, as they are in mine Soko require continuous work on the research of new technical solutions development and supporting of mining underground rooms. A special chapter in this work is detailed manner the existing techniques and technologies and supporting of mining facilities at the mine Falcon. Test sidewise support underground mining premises EH-(-60 )z in undergound mine "Soko" combined frame support as shown in this work was performed under the applicable Additional exploitation of coal mining project of K - 24 to R-10 faults in the excavation area OP-4 north wing, of the Western mining Field "Soko" . Describes the development of new solutions and technologies supporting in function to increase the stability of the mining space, extending their service life, functionality and elimination of standing and difficult reconstruction of the premises in underground mine "Soko". INTRODUCTION The stability of underground rooms and other mining facilities is one of the main problems that accompany underground coal mining. The mining-geological conditions of exploitation, such as the Falcon mine , mine construction investment for the most part ( in time and costs) related to the development of underground rooms. Thus, finding optimal solutions development and support the underground passageways , basic preparation and excavation has special significance and impact on the overall investment. [1] The mine Soko prevazileenja to these problems , and the right choice of technology development and supporting of mining facilities , work began on the introduction of new technology , whose main goal is the improvement of the general condition of underground chambers and improve the quality, timbering and thus increasing their lifetime , and creating the conditions for a safe and secure work [ 2], [ 3]. Design solutions related to the test sidewise support underground mining premises EH- (-60 )z in underrmine "Soko" define the parameters of the combined frame support and activities related to the introduction of new technologies Soko mine timbering AT hanging support . Voltage conditions and experiences, and suggest that the mining areas exposed to intense pressures and strains, and therefore reduces their service life and as a result there is a need for Constantine maintenance facilities .

* Faculty of Mining Prijedor, e.mail: [email protected] ** Tehnical Institute of Bijeljina. ***JP PEU Resavica



ENGINEERING-GEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COAL LAYER AND RELATED ROCKS From the engineering- geological point of view , the rocks that make up the deposit "oko" and his immediate environment can be classified into three groups (related rocks, semi-cohesive and non-related rocks). Ing to coal seam starts basal limestone breccia and conglomerate over which lie sandy clays and shales, marly - sandy clays, sandy marl and lime - flutter sandstones. Immediate floor of coal seam consists of carbonaceous clay that make the transition from the footwall shale to coal. The coal seam is a complex lithological composition of the permanent dirt bands carbonaceous clay, clay, marl and tuff. Roof of coal seam is made of marl, sandy marl and clay and shale, clay and marl friable sandstone and sand, gravel in places.

Figure 1. Geologialc column of Sokobanja tertiary basin

Tests of physical- mechanical properties of rocks were carried out on samples from the coal seam

and direct Podine and the withdrawal of coal seam , 1974 / 75th year.

ROOF SUPPORTING SYSTEM IN UNDERMINE ''SOKO'' The mine Soko work environment are mostly marl overlying sandstones and to a lesser extent coal and marl ( overlying and underlying stratum ), and sand and carbonaceous clay. Mining areas in the mine through a long period of exploitation were imported through all kinds of rock material.



Figure .2 Classification of facilities by type of rock

materials in which the work of the mining areas

Excavation preparation, which consists of excavation hall, podgraivana a trapezoidal wooden frames on the "sor" reinforced beams. Usually distance podgradnih framework for the preparation of excavation is 0.8 m. Circular steel lining was applied for opening sidewise support facilities and basic preparation , stretching from the export and ventilation shafts and appropriate navozista that Podgraden cast concrete frame support, up to the level of floor hallway . Lining of cast concrete was used for the export sidewise support and ventilation shafts and their associated. Shapes and dimensions of the cross section of the room opened and basic preparations are quite uniform. The cross sections are generally circular cross-section area of 9.62 m2 and 12:56. In addition to the circular cross section of underground rooms , navozita export and ventilation shafts, a low arched shape.

a) b )

Figure 3. Classification of premises a) the type of construction of supporting b ) the shape of the cross section

The technology of the existing methods and supporting of mining areas Making room in the mining pit shall be semi mechanized and discharge profile is done drilling and blasting operations, shipping odminiranog materials is done by hand excavation and removal as head of the site is carried out using a double strand grabuljastih carriers. The facilities were made through coal, and mining using the methane explosives safety while initiating explosives shall millisecond electric detonators.



Figure 4. Steel circular permissive lining with necessary

dimensions and values APPLICATION OF COMBINED TECHNOLOGY SUPPORT OF THE EXAMPLE OF MINING ROOM EH- (-60 )Z Combination lining includes a steel roof supports and AT hanging support , which will act in concert as a whole underground mining premises EH-(-60 ) z in mine "Soko" [ 4]. Way of support has steel support underground rooms is done according to the prescribed methodology and practices for underground coal mining. Rehearsal rooms sidewise support EN (-60 )z in undermine "Soko" is the initial activity of the application of technology supporting by AT hanging support . Action at the hanging support is based on the principle of preventing the spread of the contour deformation layers of underground facilities and to prevent the spread of deformation in fractured communities and at the same time particulary cracks creating a zone of increased mass in the vicinity of underground facilities. It can be said that AT hanging support active support units , or to enter into effect before the contour deformation underground rooms. Compared with AT anchors, steel support is passive suburb or receives load after forming the contours of the room. Contact spacing and mass along the entire length of the well is important to prevent the spread of strains in the depth range. This type of support is due to the characteristic mode of action , in the literature no longer listed as the type of lining , but as a system ojaenja , since their actions "changes " physical- mechanical properties of the mass in the vicinity of metro station, in the zone that corresponds to the length of the installed anchors AT . Experimental verification of the effects of AT hanging support consists of three phases: -Site Investigation



-Test sidewise support -Confirmation of the solution For the location of the trial supporting in undermine "Soko" is selected underground chamber EH ( 60 ) z , which will be carried out during the first phase of testing and research. Activities in the first phase are: The purpose of a trial installation of elements hanging support to determine the suitability of equipment for drilling wells and installing ankerskih anchors into precise conditions. Test pulling briefly associated anchors, which is performed to measure the links strenght adopted system hanging support in terms of competing [ 4]. TERMS AND TECHNOLOGY OF SUPPORT AND APPLICATION AT NANGING SUPPORT AND FOLOXING THE STRESS AND STRAIN The initial activity of the first phase of the technology requires the choice of location of mining areas where detailed studies were made of rock massif in the past. The methodology used to select the appropriate solution for support the hanging support is based on the measurement and monitoring of certain parameters "in situ" and that after the beginning of the systematic application. Once on the basis of measurement and monitoring scheme established with the installation of anchors that achieves successful control of the massive , it is possible to make changes and corrections of the existing method supporting by steel supports. This , like any other modification , whether in the way of installing AT hanging support, either in the form and amount of installing steel support is necessary to confirm the results of measuring and monitoring the behavior of the massive share of 30 to 60 m, with a minimum interval of about two weeks [ 4]. During the third phase of the trial for support the need for measuring and monitoring results confirm the massive support has approved manner. Based on the monitoring behavior of rock mass around an underground room - strain and burden which they are exposed AT anchors determines the effectiveness of the solution. Changes in stratigraphy and environmental changes in the stress state of underground rooms , which can be determined by measuring devices and monitoring may lead to a situation when you need to change the way - for support the solution. Given procedure is more reliable compared with analytical or empirical approach where the load bearing capacity of the lining and the mass calculated in order to reach certain assumptions about the behavior and effectiveness of mass support. It is important to emphasize that these assumptions may be incorrect, specially in sites with varying characteristics. Load transfer characteristics of the mass over the cured two-component mixture at anchor, in terms of the ability to accept bolt load, and in terms of evaluation of effectiveness, will be determined by installing anchors with a measuring tape . The next step is the analysis of data obtained from monitoring and measuring, as well as



information about the tests pulling briefly associated anchors, to determine the effectiveness of the solution and if necessary modified to improve. These changes may be related to the profiles of underground facilities (for example, the transition from the ring to the trapezoidal profile), or increasing the axial distance between the steel frame , and reduce the amount of steel lining. Ongoing monitoring - monitoring of the behavior of the massif is made using sonic extensometers and strain gauge two-height. Equipment for use anchors with two-component mixture in coal mines with underground mining include special pneumatic or hydraulic rotary drills and accessories make the anchor rods, cartridges with two-component mixture, steel or plastic mesh, etc.. [ 4]. After placing the cartridge with two-component mixture into the well , carried out by injection anchors its rotation for mixing components. As the anchor installed to the bottom of wells , drill stops to fast hardened mixture. Two-component mixtures are based on this system timbering. The basic component is a resin -based material , and the second catalyst , which is a smaller cartridge, inside the first. These compounds are classified according to the time that harden at : - faster , - slower and - mixtures which harden in the interval between the first two. For two-component mixtures are related to two properties that are important for their proper installation and supporting of the system's reliability. These are: the time (period) to the time of initial curing and hardening. Time to cure is the time during which the mixture can be confused without a significant change in viscosity , or prior to a change in state of the mixture from a liquid to solid. The beginning of this interval is the start of mixing of the components , and not a moment when the entire length of the anchor installed .

a) b ) Figure 5. Effect of temperature of the working environment on the two-component mixture (

EXCH ) a) faster mixture , b) slower mixture



Methods for measuring and monitoring the stress state and deformation The main objective of the applied solution timbering is to confirm the parameters of the solution, including detailed monitoring of the behavior of the massif around the room and measure the response of anchor to load the massif. Current measuring and monitoring should also ensure a safe working environment by pointing to possible changes in behavior that require massive additional roof supports or supporting of a different way . Control of stress state and strain contours underground chamber system for supporting of AT anchors is critical, as exceeding certain values affect the stability of anchors and requests promptly take appropriate measures (installation of additional AT anchors, placing steel support, etc.). A certain number of anchors with strain gauges installed under the scheme of installation of anchors and sonic extensometers are weighing station, through which confirms the effectiveness of the scheme of installing anchors. Reading is done the appropriate instrument that is designed for use in methane mode , and also is equipped with a memory unit that stores sensed data. Data analysis is done on the computer using specialized software, with the possibility of graphical interpretation aksijanlnog loads and bending moments anchors. They can be described as a wire extensometers . Each pointer - an indicator was hanged on an anchor which is placed at a certain depth in the borehole .

Figure 6. Schematic diagram of strain gauge



Asymmetric deformation point is simple konsktrukcije and is an integral part of the system of support has , easily prepared and relatively inexpensive, and because of this relatively often installed along the underground room . In this way it provides the opportunity for continuous visual signal level of the massive deformation of the making of the room. The undermine "Soko", these devices were installed at a distance of 10 m during the trial supporting of the room. COMBINED CONCEPTION IN SUPPORT OF COMBINED SUPPORT IN UNDERGROUND MINE "SOKO" Activities related to the first phase of technology transfer support has hanging support AT undermine "Soko" were made in order to be able to implement the second phase of transfer: systematic installation of AT hanging support . The test results of the first phase were used for the selection and installation verification scheme preleminarne AT hanging support, which is the subject of this project. When a specific solution installation AT hanging support to provide satisfactory results in measuring and monitoring obtained by sonic eksenzometara and anchor with tape measure, can be accessed by any change of the way of support has steel support [5]. The result of the second phase of the trial of support has to be a way for support the underground rooms combined support (steel and AT hanging support) . Start installing AT hanging support the EH- room (60) z in undermine "Soko" was carried out according to the initial schedule of installation, while maintains the existing method of support has a steel frame support permissive circular diameter of 3.5 meters, which are installed on the axial distance of 0, 7 to 1.0 m. In order to obtain reliable data measurements of rock mass deformation takes from 30 to 60 m face advancement EH- site facilities (60) z and installation of lining combined with a minimum interval of two weeks. After this period, on the basis of the results to an optimal scheme of installation ankara and possible correction applied steel lining. Any change in any method of installation AT hanging support, either in the form and amount of built-in steel support, confirming the results of measuring and monitoring the behavior and mass support. The aim of introducing AT hanging support (in combination with steel support) in the undermine "Soko" is to improve the control of massive prolongation of the room and reduce the need for reconstruction of the room - EN (60) z or reconstruction of floor hallway [6]. In Figure 7, shows the initial installation scheme AT anchor in an underground room EN- (-60) z , of the room in a circular cross -section, which is podgrauje circular steel frame support permissive 3.5m.



Figure 7. Home installation scheme AT hanging anchors the room EH-( -60) z To begin installation of the recommended density of elements hanging support - number of anchors per square meter of surface contours of underground rooms should be at anchor 1.2 anc/m2. Home installation scheme AT anchors in room EN- ( -60 ) z is provided with a relatively high density of - 1.2 ankera/m2 . With the beginning of the systematic installation of anchors in the second phase are carried out additional tests , which will be the measurement data indicate the need for further improvement schemes installation. As the figure shows five anchor length 1.8 m, overlying the anchors, only the central axis of the room should be built vertikanlno while the other four anchors to be installed at an angle of 10th The distance between the mounting points overlying anchors should be at 0.76m. Depending on the results of monitoring and measuring behavior results roofing and subsequent testing possible improvements and optimization methods timbering will result in reducing the number of anchors in the scheme of installation and increasing the axial distance between the steel support frame. After each modification for support the way, in order of their confirmation , you will need to advance the forehead site from 30 to 60 m, with a minimum interval of stabilization massive two weeks in order to obtain reliable measurement results. Commitment to the underground rooms of the second phase of the trial was used for support the steel mesh. Steel mesh is made of wire diameter 3-6 mm at a distance of 50 mm. Just rows and columns of the network through which the post anchors should have a wire at a distance of 75 mm.



Figure 8.Steelnetworks for advocacy room

Figure 9. The order of installation of steel mesh panels

of the room in EH (60 )z with a circular profile

4. CONCLUSION Previous studies of the state of stress in the mine Soko, indicating that the mining areas subjected to intense pressure and deformation, and therefore reduces their service life. In addition to stability produced a manufacturing system is a very important and timely development of facilities in order to maintain the continuity of the production process, the production process of new excavation unit. The current way of creating and supporting of the rooms showed more limited especially in terms of increased underground pressures affecting the mining deformation space smaller or greater intensity. In order to overcome these problems and a proper choice of technology development and supporting of mining facilities, the mine ''Soko'' test was performed to introduce a new technology, whose main goal is the improvement of the general condition of underground chambers and improve the quality, timbering and thus increase their lifetime, and creating the conditions for a more secure and safer operation. Tehnoogija installation AT hanging support and test sidewise support underground mining premises EH- ( -60 ) z in undermine "Soko" combined frame support was performed in accordance with the present design solutions . Based on the solutions presented in this paper can be concluded as follows: New technology AT hanging support can be successfully applied for the sidewise support mining areas combined support (steel and AT hanging support), and that can create conditions for the development of mechanized underground spaces, which significantly increases the effects of these technologies timbering. The introduction of AT hanging support the mine Hawk provides a rationalization of support the underground rooms as well as the extension of service life and reliability and functionality. AT hanging support in combination with steel support Meaningful for Soko mine because it provides greater stability of underground rooms which positively affect the safety and humanization of work in harsh underground mining conditions.



REFERENCES [1] Jovanovic P.: Design and calculation of the horizontal underground openings support,

Mining and Geology faculty, Belgrade 1994. [2] Miljanovi J., The maximum step advencement defiwing with mechanized hydraulic

(MHRS) within conditions of mine Strmosten journal Arehives for Tehnical Sciences 7/2012, Tehnical Institute of Bijeljina.

[3] Ivkovi M., Eexamination and to form harmful injfluence on natural environment from effect underground exploation coal., journal Arehives for Tehnical Sciences 1/2009, Tehnical Institute of Bijeljina.

[4] URP of support testing in underground opening EH-(-60)z in RMU with the combined support, Faculty for Mining and Geology, Belgrade 2010.

[5] Ljubojev M., Popovic R., Rakic D.: The basis of mechanical models settings of support interaction with rock mass, The Mining works journal no. 1/ 2006, Bor, 2006.

[6] Trivan J.,analysis of infuencing factors in the selection of the underground tehnological process in the coal layers, journal Arehives for Tehnical Sciences 6/2012, Tehnical Institute of Bijeljina.



UDK:622.272(0,45)=861 doi:10.5937/rudrad 1301085M Jovo Miljanovi,* Draena Toi*, Tomislav Miljanovi**,Mirko Ivkovi*** VERIFICATION OF RELIABILITY AND EFFICIENCY OF THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM ON THE OPEN PIT "BUVA" Abstract Monitoring and evaluation of the drainage system of effectiveness and reliability on open pit "Buva" include surveillance, monitoring and recording of the all constructed drainage facilities, and an analysis of the overall functionality of the drainage system on open pit "Buva". The purpose of monitoring the drainage system has been striving at all times have access to state of the water flows and hydrodynamic processes in order to create a controlled system of the work of all structures for mining of groundwater and surface water. Based on the results of monitoring and recording of rainfall and the groundwater level measurements, it is possible to make a final assessment of the efficiency and reliability of the entire drainage system Keywords: drainage mining, monitoring, the drainage facilities. INTRODUCTION Drainage in the mining includes a number of complex measures that imply a constant control of the underground and surface waters in the all phases of mine development and mineral deposits exploitation. The surface and groundwater waters endanger the mining facilities and disrupt the work in them. The drainage facilities in mining are the hydroelectric facilities used for drainage and protection of water inflow. With increased depth of exploitation, the conditions of surface drainage of open pits are more complex, which results in an increased number of drainage objects. This applies especially to iron open-cast mines, with a large coefficient of water abundance, such as mine "Buva" mine. In order to successfully solve the problem of drainage must be especially detailed knowledge of the hydrological and hydro-geological characteristics of the deposit and its surrounding rocks, as well as physical- mechanical properties of rocks and tectonic disturbances, which are often medium of water. After identification of the possible water threats to mine, the protective measures introduce which for specific conditions represent a rational solution in terms of safety and cost. The reliability and efficiency tests of the drainage system shall be carried out through the control of drainage facilities made for the surface and groundwater protection through the monitoring of the water flows and the hydrodynamic processes. *Faculty of Mining Prijedor, e-mail: [email protected] * Faculty of Mining Prijedor, e-mail: [email protected] ** PD Kolubara *** JP PEU Resavica, e-mail:[email protected]



The main goal of monitoring is to determine precisely the reliability of the existing drainage facilities and to modify or customize the new regime of drainage conditions in the open pit. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ORE DEPOSIT OMARSKA According data from meteorological station in Prijedor, deposit area is a region of moderate continental climate, which is characterized by a sudden rises in temperature in the spring, by minimum of winter precipitation, by moderate cold winters, and hot summers and frequent incursions of cold air. In the wider area of the open pit "Buva", terrain slope is generally from east to west and from north to south, with the existence of watersheds to the north of the mining areas, which are directed towards to the mine and the water that drains from a large area to the contour of exploitation area. The terrain morphology is suitable for discharge of main pipeline and providing of gravity drainage of pumped water because it does not require additional work on the dam construction and the uniform and peak flows of pumped from water drainage wells, which directly affects the cost of drainage. Hydrogeological complex - a complex of permeable and impermeable layers made of: clay, sands, which are occasionally interspersed with the fine-grained sands, either laterally or vertically, and belong to the Pliocene sediments. The geological conditions and relationships between the properties of the rock of collectors and insulators caused the hydrogeological characteristics of the exploration area. Within of terrain are the properties of the rock mass with the characteristics of the hydrogeological collectors and isolators. RELIABILITY TESTING OF THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM Modern approach to the process of managing drainage system and monitoring the effects of works, provides that in all stages of the development of the open pit applies the controlled operation of all facilities and the overall system to protect the mine from surface water and groundwater, and continuous monitoring of the water flows and the hydrodynamic processes. The goal of these activities is to determine the safety of drainage facilities and their effects on lowering of groundwater levels, as well as through the hydrodynamic tests provide the reliable hydrogeological parameters to updated hydrodynamic model to provide the efficient and effective support to the management of drainage system. As the process of dewatering depends upon a number of natural factors (precipitation, flows, temperature regime of groundwater and surface water in the pit background, etc.), so that is necessary a good knowledge of these parameters regime. Monitoring will include the following: - Measurement of the water levels in the alluvial layer, - Measurement of the water level in the ore body, - Measurement of the water levels of river Gomjenica, - Measure of the amount of precipitation, - Monitoring of pump hours and the amount of pumped water.



THE ACTIVE HYDROTECNICAL FACILITIES FOR OPEN PIT "BUVA" PROTECTION Open pit "Buva" in order to protect the flow of water in the exploitation area, the relocation of the river Gomjenica, and circumferential channel are made that accepts all water and gravity leakage through the two culverts on the east side of the "eastern water collector". In order to protect the open pit of shallow alluvial water was done as follows: - from the southeast side are made the waterproof screens , Dk -1 and Dki -1, with a total length of 2000 m, -from the north is made drainage trench Du 2 a length of 900 m. For the protection of deep underground water from the ore bodies, 6 wells were drilled in the ore body and made a reconstruction of these two old wells. The main water collector consists the two tanks used for mud settling and discharge of clean water in the river Gomjenica. In accordance with the progress of mining operations, the temporary sumps were made. On open pit "Buva " in the 2012 were active: - 8 wells Eb 1-8, located on the west side of the mine, - Drainage trench, Du 2, from east - west, - 6 wells in the ore body, Bu 138, 282, 291, 11, 30 and 275, - Water sump in the southwest part of the mine, at the first position of crusher at elevation 132 m, - Water sump in the southern part of the E 130.

Figure 1 Layout of the designed facilities of mine protection by groundwater and surface water.

MEASUREMENT AND OBSERVATION OF PROTECTION SYSTEM BY INFLUENCE OF UNDERGROUND AND SURFACE WATERS In determining the system effectiveness it is necessary to carry out the systematic measurements of flow stations and groundwater levels in wells, cuttings, drainage, drainage channels and monitoring wells, from the moment of activation of drainage facilities until their liquidation or until such time as no longer needed for their work. By regular measurements will define the speed of reduction of groundwater level and to determine the reference level at which reduced the flow of the well. Provision of such information will be achieved by timely replacement of pumps by which drainage system bring into a state that uses only the necessary and sufficient amounts of electricity, while maintaining the efficiency and reliability.



By comparing the pumped surface waters from drainage system and well system over a long period of time, can make some conclusions about reliability and efficiency of drainage wells, and knowing the total amounts of pumped water and the amount of excavated overburden define the abundance coefficient of deposit. The measurement points of the observation and monitoring of the groundwater regime are practically all locations of wells with piezometers in the fill, piezometric wells in the immediate and wider area of the open pit, the working levels of the open pit and waste disposal, drainage cuts, the drainage channels, river Gomjenica. Monitoring of the groundwater regime and the effects of this system is a drainage expert task for surveillance, monitoring, measuring and processing of data required is a well organized and equipped with the service. THE MONITORING RESULTS ON HYDROTECHNIC FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT FOR OPEN PIT "BUVAC" IN THE PERIOD 2010-2012 Responsible personnel for the organization of monitoring of the developed plan at regular intervals carry out their activities in domains such as mapping of bench and waste disposal, measuring the groundwater levels and flows in well, measure of rainfall, record the water levels of rivers, and upon the completion of certain work completed report. CONTROL OF THE RAINFALL AMOUNTS AND THE GROUND WATER LEVELS After the construction of drainage facilities in the open pit "Buva" as they are put into exploitation the regularly observing, monitoring and recording of rainfall were made, the NPV of over 30 locations, the hours of work stations and their capacities over the amount of water pumped. Groundwater level is measured at more than 30 facilities (the wells and piezometers) every Monday, and the amounts of precipitation measured every day, if any, so that the analysis can be performed and make some conclusions about the impact of the change in precipitation of the groundwater levels. Daily precipitation amounts are added and observed in dependence of the changes in the level of water in the alluvial part of each monitoring well especially the weekly rainfall.

The measured values of rainfall and groundwater levels in 2010 In Table 1 and in Figure 2 the graphical representation of the total amount of rainfall for the total amount of rainfall per month in 2010. Table 1 Amounts of precipitation in 2010

MONTH Month precipitation amount (l /m)

January 71,5February 114,5March 108,9April 73,1May 153,3



Figure 2 Graphical layout of the total quantity of precipitation f

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