CONS U LTANTS MINERALS RONALD LO UIS BO NEWITZ

~.fARGARET CARRUTHERS, RICHARD EFTHIM THE DEFINITIVE VISUAL GUIDE

LONDON, NEW YORK, MUNICH, MELBOURNE~ AND DELHI

Senlor Editors Angeles Gavirn-, Peter frances Senior Art Eclitor Ina Slradins

Designers Paul Dri~lalle ... Peter Laws Productioll ControUen Mdanie Dowland, Luca

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First puljli~hed as RfXk a"d C_ in Great Britaill in 2005 by Dorling Kindenley Limited

80 Su-and, London \"\'G2R ORL A Pengnin C'.ompany

This edition pnbli5hed 2008

Copyright " 2005, 2008 Dorling Kindcnley Limited

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~ INDEX

354

PdgC numbers in bold indicate main references ilnd illustrations. Page numbers in Ilalic reff'f to captions and illustratIons

A abalone shell 321 Abu 51mbeL Egypt 65, (;5 acanthi\(' 94, 126 accretion 10, 11. 12, } 2, 15 dchondril('s 75 dchrOllc 288 acicular crystals /01 actino!Jte 79, 8), H..J , 97, 225,

274.279,279.280 aUdmantinc lustre 93 dUdffiltc 160, 19.J ,)dulana 135, 236, 237 aegirine 47, 49, 242, 271. 276.

285 dgdte 88, 96. 108. lOS.219,

222. 218, 230-1 camt'han 227

dgatlzed wood 2"; I aggre,l},te~ 103, HH. 157 diabdslcr 59, In 212. 228 albilc 38. 77. 78, 97. 163, /63,

192.234,239, 261l, 276 288. 30i

cry,tells 99, 99, IOf dlchcmy 209 alexandrine 148 iliexandrit(' 159, 159 300 airxand rit(' effer! 1)9, 'i00 ,ileXdndrrlc sapphire 148 Alfred kwel 114 algae 332 allanite 197 aUophane 268 dlmdndine 71, 2fM, 300, 301 dlum slonc <i(! dlunrte dlummJ. 174 alummmm 1·U" 158, /67,

170,174,204, 2 18, 251. 253, 256, 264, 286, 300, 308

alloys 174, 181 colour from 66 or~ 166, 167 pro(cssil1,ll 167, 172, 17·1.

m alunrlf' 2 15 ilmalgdms 133 clmdzonslonc (amilzonitcJ

2:58,2.18 amber YO, 104, 107, 3 14-17,

:'>19, 329 Amber Room 315, 316-17 dmblygonite 193 .lmesite 256 tlmrthyst 90, 96. 96, 105,

lOll, 195,220,221. 221, 222-3

drnctrinc 222 tlmmol1ltl l 1 ammonit('s 61, ll~, 329, !.lO dmmollOlds 345 clmphibians 348. 3<19 amphiboles 35, 36, 38, ,16, 47,

68,242,24.5,25(', 270 amphibuhk M , 241. 251.

278

clmygdub 42 andlcimc 236, 243, 253, 255 anatase 163, 167. 189 ilndalusltt' 82, 84, 29~ , 309,

3\0 andesme 37, 37, 46, 234, 240 andf'Slte 32. 46, 46. 215. 233,

24(), 141. 25 L 251. 270, 272

andradite 300, 302 ilndrddltf' garnet _1((

10pdzoiJle andularia 237 anglo~pf'nns 336 ang\e;;lte 130. 182 208 ilnhydrilc 53, 58, 59. 170,

20S, 207, 209, 212, 29,1 dnkenle 183 anorthitc 78, 101. 234. 234.

240 anorthodast:' 23{ 238 dnorthositc 58, 146 Antero, Mount Colorado

290, 290 dnlhophyllile 279 anthracite 319 dntlgontt' 256, 257 ,mtimonides 126 antimony Ji2. 121. 126, 130,

136, 142. 14">. 172 • ap<lchc tl'drs ' ·n apatIte 38, 55, 84, 90. 95.

191 , 193, 195, 2~R. 245, 255, 261

crystals 100. WO dpophyl1l1t' 96, 249, 267, 268 aquamannc 35, 30, lOO, IV5.

195,210,290, 292 drdgomte- 5,], 101 , 102, 1000,

160, 168, 180,250,314, 'i21. 322

drrvedsonitt' 276, 185 argen!ile 126, 142 Arlzolla Prtnjjed Forest

N<lltollal Pdrk of" 3~4-5 ,

(lrko.'>t' 6,], 69 drsenalcs 188 tlrsel1lC 112. 121. 126. 130,

134, 1<-1 L 142, 143. 188, 194, 200.201 , 202

pOisoning 202 MSf'!1lUeS 12(, arsemle 202 arsenopynle 141. 16<-1.202.

216 arthropods 3..JO, 3..J 1 asbestos ·10, 22-1. 225, 256

258. D6, 279, 21\<-1, 285 blu(' -;u crolldolite

ash. volralllc 50. 33-1 dssembldges 97 astensm 152 astf'fOld bf'11 iO dsteroid~ 10. 11 asteroids (st.1rlish) 347 aSllw!l()\pi1rrr 18, <-10 dslrobJcme 11 aSlmphyllite 276 atacdmllt' 170, 175 atmosphcre, formdllon 15 atoms 8 augltr W, 39, 42, 47. SI. 97,

238. 2<-12. 270, 272, 285 autichalClte 183

autUJ)ltf' 190, 191 dW[)tmlTle 22<-1 dxmite 2&'>, 294, 295 dzurilt 91. 92, 96, 101. 182.

184, 135. 190. 19·'" 215

B badldllds M bdll ddy 265 barium 183,21 L 250 bdtium fddspars 23,]. 234 barium sulphate 210, 210 barytf' 53. 94, 96, 143, 163,

183,200, 200, 208, 210 uystdls 101. 10/

bJrytocdlcite 183 basalt 16. 16, 30. 3(J, 32.32.

3<), 42,47, 2,1 l, 251, 252, 253, 267, 19<)

assemblages 97 Gldnfs Cdllscway 44-5 IUllar U, 270. 270, 272

balholitils J 7, 30, 33, .13 , _~4 - 5

bduxite 166. 167, 169, 174, 260

beddlllg 64, 64 bf'If'mnOJc1~ 346 beJll\(lIte 286, 2137 be-lltolllte 26 ... 265 beryl 94, 100, 102,262. 286,

2S6.290-3 goldrn S(( lwlllxior

bt.·rylhum 9. 36. 290 illg Bdng 8 bJOltte .11 , J.'i . .16, 37, 31, 38,

..J6, 47. 77. 82, 83, 33, 1!4. 97, 9i, 262, .10 ..

lllnb 349 birthstonl's lOS, 105 bismithinite 138 bIsml lth 112, 126. 130, 131l.

I·U bitumen 331 bivdlves 343. 344 black lark j({ sphalnite b!.xk light $rc ultrdvlo!et

hghl Bldck Princc's ruby 149, 157.

15i bladed CfvstaIs lO3, 103 blastoRb 7,47 bloodslol1c' 229 blue ground <it( ktmberlite Blue Jirart Diamond llO,

I/O· /J blue ;ohl1 172, I i3 blue Idce dgale 230 blue Vitriol $t( chalcanthlte blut'schlSI fl3 , 97 bllWStOI1f' 39, 39, 72- ) bog Iron 69, 169 bbhmile 166 Boltwood. RB 190 bomb tutls 50 bont 314 bordute 204, 20-1 207 bor.Jtes 90. 204.. 206 borax 25. 25, lOl. 176, 20·t,

205,206 bone dCld 206 bornite 126, 128. 131. 142,

143 boron 20·t 205, 20(', 207

uoronatrocainte 5(( ult'xile bOllial1,lleritf' 145 boumonitf' 144 bradl10pods 328, 342, 343 Bragilnld diamond 306 braurl\te 165 hralilidnite 91,193 breccia 53, 60 brick 6~, 265, 265 brimstone ~(( sulphur Bnllsh Impcnal Stdle Crown

149. 157, 157 brochdntite 2 15 brominc 170 bronze 112 bronzitf' 271 brookitt' 163 brurile 78. 90. 166, 168, 312 blyozoans 538 bunal suits, Chinese 2B2-3 bytowntle 37, 38, 23-1, 240

c cabochons JOB, 152 c~dmium 112. 130, 132 GJe51um 255 rabmllle 5(( hemimorphlle cdldverile 141 ("alc-tufa 55 Calcareous mlldstonc 61 caicitf' 56.133, /.l5, H4, 151.

157, 176,177. 180, 183, 233,253. 21lY. 3H 32)

dSSOCl.ltiOns 132. 145, 168, 171. 194,210,244. 248, 250, 25 1. 260, 268. 269. 295

uystdl structure 176 cl)'s tals 100. IV2 depOSits 96 dissolutIOn 56 f1uofeS((-'nCt 160. 16J hdrdn('Ss 95 largest 110 U1 metamorphIC roc-ks 79.

79, 1J4 m(~tamorpI1lSm 76. 78 rdrdction 95 sand 20 in sf'dlmentary rocks 53,

54, 55,61,68,71 saUfles 41 trce 20

calcium 89. 179. 200, 23-1, 249, 256, 264, 266, 300

cdlollm t.drbomte 54, 54, 55, 56, 64, 68, 177, 180, 183

calomrl 100, 171 Cambndl1 ExplOSIon 337 Cdmhridn Penod 537. 340.

3-14 cameos lO8, 1(IS

cdmpyhtt' 200 CdllCnl1lte 58, 248 cafdts 109. 115 carbon 9. 88, 89, 112. 121.

122.319,330,331 carbon dlm,[(!t' IS, 331 CdrhOlldle fluordPdtite 195 carbonate hydroxyldpottte

195-carbonatf's 61, 88, 88. 89. 90,

176. 204

Carbolllferous Penod 338 341,346,348,349

cdrbunde 292 carnalhfe 25, 175 cafllclian 105, /05, 107, 116

116,227, 228, 118 246 ' carnelian agdte 227 carnoti te 188, 189 cassi terite 100, 135, 14 1 162.

164, 216,294, 312 ' castonite su pctali!e ca~s eye Ill, 152-3. 159,159 cat s-eye quartz 224 cava nsi!e 266 caves and Cdverns 56-7 celadonite 264 celestine 90. 208, 2il cdsian 234, 236, 237 ccphalopods 344, 345, 34(,

cen illl ,gadolimte 313 cerium 172. 188,297 cerium oxide 188 cerussite 99. 130, 17I, 182,

201. 208, 217 cesium 291 chab~zi te 250, 252 chalcanthite 25, 214 chalcedony 191. 226, 266 3~

varieties 227-3 1 chalcocite 90, 127, 131 ch alcophyllite 203 cbalcopytite 93, 94, 96, lOO,

128,131, 132. 134. JJ5. 142. 143, 144,21 4, 294

ch alcosme 5«( chalcocitr chalcotrichite 156 chalk 55, 93, 98, 176 chalybite src sidetite chamosite 69, 266 chatoyancy 152 chrlicerates 341 chemical elcments 91 chemical formulas 9{), 9 1 ch emiCdl rocks 52, 53 chert 55. 69, 70- 1, 7l. 94,

130,229 chcssyhtc 182 chiastohte 309, J09 childrenite 202 China:

bUrldl su its 282-3 jade cdlvmgs 280, 280. 2M

china d~y 259, 265 Chink Formation 66 chilons 343, 344 chlorapatite 195, 195 chlorargyrite 171 chlorite 68, 83, 97, 113, 179.

225. 226, 230, 264, 28-1. 299

ch loritOld 31 3 cho ndrllcs 75, 272, 272 cho ndrodite 312 chondnlles 10. 75 ch romates 90, 208 ch rome diopside 272 ch romian dinochiore 16~ chronute 40, 157, 158 chromltites 158 chromium 39, 40. 4 1. 70, 92..

112. 146, 158,278,295, 296

colour (rom 149, ISO, l'i9, 271. 273. 274, 'fl2. 302. 303

rboniferou~ Pmoo '}~ 341. 346, ~ 349 bunde 292 naUite 25, 175 nelian IQ5. IOS,lOi, Ill, I I 6, 227, 218, 2J/!, ,Ut;

neiian agatl' 21i 'notite 188, 189 isitente 100, 135, 141. 16!,

164, 216.294,312 ,tomle 5« fX.1:alite 's eyr. 11 L 152-:'1, 159, I.~~ '5-('1'1' quartz 224 lansite 266 ICS and cavt'rn~ 56-7 Cldomte 264 l'Stine 90, 208, 2 11 sia n 2.14. 236. 237 }halopom 344, 345. :'I4n ian gadolimtr ~13 'ium 172 188, N7 'ium oXIde 188 '\Issilt' 99, 130, 171 182.

201. 208, 217 Hum 291 abdzitf" 250. 252 alcanthite 25, 2 14 a1m.:lony 191. 226 266. 3~1 larieties 227-3 1 alcocite 90, 127,131 alcophyllite 203 airopyritr 93, 94. 90, 100.

128. 131.132. 134. /35, 142 143, 144. 214 294

alcosint' SI( chalcoolt, alcotricrutt' 156 alk 55. 93, 98. 176 alyb!te 5« sidente amosite 69, 266 atoyan<.y 152 ,elict' ratcs 341 ,emica! elements 9 1 Lemiml formulds 90. 91 [em!cdl rocks 52, S3 [elt 55, 69. 70-1. i I. 94.

130, 229 l('ssyllte 182 liastolitl' 309. 3M li ldrenite 202 lind buridl SUItS 182-3 lade carviIl~ 280, .?811, .?f.I una ddY 259, 265 linle Formation 66 litons 343. 344 llorapatile 195, 195 110rargyritl' l71 llonte 68, 83, 97. In, 1;'0.

225, 226, 2~0 11>4, llH. 299

llOritOld 313 lOndrites is, 172.?i.? lOndrorlite 31 2 lOndrules 10.75 U()lTh1tt'S ~), 208 Home diopsirle 171 lromian dinochlort' .?~~ lromilt' 40. ISi, 158 lromitlles 158 lromium 39, 40, 41 7O. 0!

112. 146, 158.278, !'''i,

296 colour from 149, 15(1, 1 j'),

272 273, 274. ~L ".I! 303

chrysoberyl 152, 15J, 159.

224 chrysocolla 184. 266, 286 chrysoprasc 227 chrysotIle 40, 256, 258 cinnabar 93, J:53, n6, J71 cmnamo n slone S(f

hesso nite citrine 220, 221. 222, 507 clastIC rocks 52. 53. 60 clasts 52, 53 d ay 229

Terracoltil Army 62-3 clay mmcrals 53. 55. 61. 6R,

167,264- 5 day rocks 264-5 daystone 53 cleavage 82, 94 climatic history 33 1 clinochlore 267 d inochryso1ile 258 d illodase 192 dinopyroxene 101 dinozoisile 297 club-mosses 333, .133 (03170,89,214. 3].1. ~lR,

331 seams .119 .. HI

coali fi cation 519, 319 coball 121, 140, l·ll . H9.

191. 194 cobalt bloom s(( ~1)'thnle cobalt glac", .It( cobilllite cobalti te 140 cogwheel ore 5( ( bournonitr colemanite 'ID, 204, 205. 206 collecting 29- 5

eqUlPmMt 21. 2 1 localities 22 safety 20

Colorado Platcau 66. 1 R9 colour 92 colour ccntre 58. 92 columbite 164. 165. 189 Comsloel-: Lode 126. 126 conchiolin 322 concretions 70- I conglomeral<'S 53, 'i3 , 60.

164 conirers 336 contalt met,1morphism 76 continental crust 1(,. 17 Contrnr ntal DrIft 333 continental shIeld 17 convergent bOllndane~ 19 (opil1319 capahle 314. 5i9 copper 88. 89, 90. 90. I' 2.

115, il6. ll8, 119, 119, 126. 142, 183. 200,21 5, 216. 245. 266, 286, 2Y5

alloys 12Il, 143, 162 in art 203, 20J associiltions 96 colour rrom 1Il2, 196,214 crySlals 100 deposits 96 DevII's srr IlIdelinr domesllc uses 128 inoustriil l uses 127 mining IM. 197,2 14, 2J.l ores 91. 96, [27. 128. 130.

13l . 134, 142, 14"" 156, 182, 184.194

smel ting 127 tenacity 94 uses 127. 128

COpper glace 5(( chakoute coral [04, 320. 320, 12C!, .1.11,

3",9 (Oral reefs 320 . .120. 339

cordienle 82. 84, 84. 279. 287, 297, 309

cornelian S~ camehan coronadlle 200 corundum 85, 88, 95, 148-51 . 152, 166,263, 294. 297. 309 rovell ite 131. 142 COWnt' shell 321 Cretaceous Period 41. 55,

338, 345, 'HR cnnoids 347 (fondolite (blue asbestos)

225, 225. 285, 285 crOCOlte 93, 2 16 crustacedns 140 cryoJite 170, [72, 174 cryptocrystalline qUilrtz 134 cryslal heilling 105 crystals 98-103

aAA'"cga!es 103, 103, [04

atomic structure 98 (jescnption 98 rdces 102, 102 fo rms 102, 102 habits 102-1 New Age beliefs IOS symmetry 98 syslems 100-1 twin 99

ruprile 146, I sf> cupronickel /35 lya!101m:hite 216 cydosillultes 286 cystoids 347

D Dactyl dsterold 74 danburite 294 d iltlng:

Eorlh 14 rddiO("drbon .HO radiometriC 68, 304, 330 rock 262, 304, 3:;0

dd tolitr 313 (khque.,(rIKe 25 demantold'j02. 302 dendritIC aggf('ga les J[)J

drSt'rt roses 210 Dl'vil's Tower. ~VyomlJlg ) ,

4&-9 Dl?vonian Period 3",2, 341.

3..[ 5, 348. 349 dldbasr 2') "" 270. 313 diamond 9) , 93, /0,1. 105.

122- 3. 151. 157, 2JJ. 293. 306, 308. 308

crystals 4I. 100. 104, 107 cutllng lOll. lOll. 109 /0<)

ha rdness 95. 143 Hope I l l . 124- 5 1<kntifying 3lH Matura ) 05 minmg 106, 12'), 123 sorting and grading 107.

107 sources olD, 41 value 109

dlaspoIT 166 dlrklte 259, 26..[ Dinosaur Quarry. USA 3s(}-1 dmosdtlrS '>4(\, ",49. 350-1 dlopside ..j 1. 76, 73. 85. 237.

24 5,270, 171. 272, 276, 295, 302, 312

dloptdse ]9..[,286 dlOJ'ite 53, 37, 46, 146. 239.

24[ dlpyre 254 display 25

disthene 5U ky<Hlite d ivergent boundanes 18 dolente 33, 39,72-3,270,

m dolomite 54, 58, 78, 97, 127.

135,145. 158,176.177, 181. 272, 312

dolomitK hmestone 59 dolomitk marbles 78, 236 dolomitization 5..[ dolostone 5«( dolomltt' double refraction 304, 308 dravite 288 durrenite 203 duU l u~tre 91, 93 dumortierite /03, 313 dunes 29 dunite ..[0, 40 duralumin 174 dykes JJ, 39, 40 dynamu: metamorphism 76 dysprosium 113

E Earth 10

acnellon 12. 12 chemi(dl composition [5 ("Ore 12. 12. 13. ]..[ crust 12. 14, I.J.. 16-19:

continental 16, 17; oceamc 16

dating 14 formation 12-15 mantle 12. 12. 14, If>, 40

41,42 oxygen III 15 size 12

earthquakes 19 eilrthy lustre 93. 93 echinoderms 346 t'Chinolds 346 eckermdnlllir 2Il5 ",ffIorescence 25 Egypt, allCJent 37. 68. [05

golo ' 14, 11 6- 17 wail pamting J 84

Eilat stolle 266 elbaik 288. 2H9, 289 elrctriC<l1 chilrge 88 Elgin J\·larbles 79 emerald 36. n lOO. 105, 107.

113,290, 292-3. ')(l ) Brazilian 5«( elbaitc Cape s(( prehnitr Hooker liO synihetK BY Uralian 302

emer}' 166 enargite 142 ell5talite 153. 271 eosphonte 202 epidote 69. 76, 78, 83. 236.

276. 284. 295. 294. 296 epsom!le 215 erosion 28. 29, 117 erythrite 191 (,tKhrorte 202 euciase 31 1 eucryptlte 255, 27", extrusive rocks 28. 30. 30. 32

F faITlmg 109 fayJlite 91. 9 I. 298. 299, 299 reldspar 89. IH 218. 219,

233, 23'4-41 , 245, 264 <1lkali 34. 38. HI. 234, 235,

23f>, 239, 259

assoualions 97, 97 III rgneous rocks 34, .15. 36,

36,46. 51 1Il mdamorphJC rocks JI,

i6, 81, 83. 84 1Il rneteontes 75 in sedimentary rocks 61.

64, 68, 68, 69, 69 fcldsPdthollJS 42, ..[7, 242- 3.

248 fdsic rocks ",2 rerberitr 2 16 ferguson!te T 64 ferns 332 frrroanthophyllite 279 rerro-dxJnlte 295 ferrocolumbit(' [65. 165 frrroglaurophilne 284 rerrohornblende 278 ferropigeonitt' 270 frrronchterite 284 ferro~lhte 271 fire agate 230 fire opal 233. 233 fish 348 flint 43, 55, iO-l, iD. 71 jlosjmi 180 flUofdpahtr 195 fluordpophylli1e 267 fluorescence 95.160-1. 172.

194 fluorine 170. 172-1, 195, 2(\4 fluonte 92, 92. 95. J.l3. 160,

161 . 170, 172-3,210,294 crystal st1Ut1ure 17n crystals 99. 99, 100 largesl I I I

f1uororichterite 2fW flUorsPilf 172 fool\ gold su pyrite foramllllfera 317 furammiferal limestone 357 forslefllt' 79, 91. 9 I. 260. 298.

299, 299. 312 rorhjic,11ion agilte 230, 230 fossil ruds ')3 1 fossil rccord )')(}- \ f()ssilization 70 stag~ ')213- 9

fossils 31. 54. 54. 55, 55. 61, 61 , ~4, 79. 82, 326-5 1

III amber 314 tWill 320. 3213. 3.1 1 d!i\toms 328 huntl11g ror 22 rmprl?ss!ons 329. 329 ITldex fos<;i ts )30, UO inVClkbrdte~ 337"47 Ul Jet 3/C! pl<.lnl~ .332- 6 shdt J2,~ soft tISsue 314. ",29.329 trace 329. 329 vertebrates 34&-9

rrat1ure 94 Franklin Mnw, New jersey

158, 15,~

rranklinile 157, 158. 310 Frdsch proll'ss 120 frl?slnv<lter orgunisms 68 frost 154 fuchsite 22..[ . 2('3 fulgurite 85 rumoroles 88

G gabbro 16, "'), -:.7. 3R, 39. 39,

40, 47. 146.241. 241.151. 270,272

assemoldgt, 97

gadolinite 313 gdhlllte 157. 162 galaxies, rOflnatlon 8. 9 galcnd 93, 'IS , 95, 126. 129,

130, 172. 182,208.210 ilssooations 136. 142, 143,

144, 145, 200. 201 crystals lOO

garnet 36, 40, 41. 76. 77. 78. 83,8"" 84. 84, 85. 97. 97, J 58, 242. 292. 2%

andrddrte srr topdwlrle assoCldtlons 97. 164. 2i6.

311 Bohemian ~u pyrope colour from 79 crystals 100, /02 gemstones 105. J09, 151.

191 group 300-3 Malaya 301 stdr stones 152

gas, naturdl 89, 3",1 gastropods 344 gemslonE'S

beauty 104 cilbOchons 108. 152 carving 108 cat's eyes 152-3 cutting [08-9 definition 104-5 early mt'S 105 bceting 109 megagems 1l0- 11 minmg 106-7 New Age belds 105 polishing 108 sorting 101. /07 star stones \.52-3 value J09

geodes 35. 96, 96, 103 GeolOgiC Time 3",0 geologIcal history 96 gennanlUm 1..[2 ge}'seritc 55 Grdnl's Causeway 44-5 gibbsite 166, 268 glaciers 29. 29, 154. 154 :; glass 75, M , 116, 204

hCilt- n:'Sls tdnt 206,206 opalescent 172. lil tektlt~s 75, 75 volcamc 50. 51l, SI

glaubrritr 176.205.209 gliluoer\ salt 209 glaucudot 133 glduwllltr 55, 68. 68, 26 ' . 2('4 glaurophdllr 8",. 9i. 284 glossary 352-3 gmdmitr 250 gneiss 17. 27. ) I. 3 J. 76, 77.

83.85.85, 162, 163,238, 2W, 251, 253, 254. 2i8, 3J3

goethlte 61. 69, 166, 167, 168, 169.194,103. 129

gold 35. 88. 89, 90. 94, 105, 107. 112. 114- 15. 118. 14 1

crystal stnK1ure 90 crystals 100 Egyptldn 114, 11 6-17 fool's s( ( pynt(' rrd(1urr 94 mil1ll1g n1, HI panning for II.J. . 115 sources 126 stnll1ure 98

gold group 90. 90 gold fllsh 1/4 goldsmiths 107

z c m ><

355

>< w Q

Z

356

gosht'nlte 290, 291 , 2Y2 gOSS.;l11 169 Grend Canyon. Arizond 29.

52. 66 granite .la. :;::., 33, 34-5. 69,

89, 186 /. assemblagE" 97. ':)7 black 5(( amphibolilr,

dlorite. gabbro; gfimoJiorite

formdtion 30 minerals III 36, 159. 163.

165 , 118, 239. 253, 269.

'11 pll1k 214 quarI)' lllll 35 str{"dks of 85, 85 l iS!.'.'> 47

granoulorile 3·1. 37, 238 grilnu!Jte 85, 295 granul ite fanes R5 grdptHc tdluflum 1·11. 1.1/ grdphilt' 7<1, 78- 9, 82. 83,

121. 239 graptolitcs 338 greasy luslrr 93, 91 grf't'nockitt 131 grttllS<lno 68, 261 gremschist 83, 97. 97. 254 grcywacke 29, 64, 68. 76 grossld.lf lW, 295, 300 grollos 56 gymnosperms 336 gyprock s(r rock gypSLlffi gypsum 53, 58, 59, 95, 95,

101. IIiJ , 170, 176. 207, lOR, lOY. 212-13, 1'>"'j

H hafnium 304 halld~s 90. 170 hJlilr 25, 55, 58, 98. 100. 170.

17L 176, 204,207.109, 212

Hall-Ht"rouh proct'Ss 17..J halloy~lt(' 159. 26 -1 hMdnC'Ss 95

tesling 95, 95 hilfmolomr 250 Harns(JIl 's CIVf', fMrbados

56 -7 hdrzbll rgite 40 hJu(Tile 138 [bUy, Rrnt' Just 2.jg, 24~,

25" h<:Hiynt 2+t 248 h,l\\'k's eyr [51, 225, 28'> h':l'Ivlf'yitr 132 hrat-lrrdllllg'i05 11t'drnbl'rgl!e 271 , 2.72. heliodor 11(!, 290.19 1. 192 heliotrope 5U bloodstone hehum S, 9, 10, I J Iwlvlt (' 248 hemclhlc 69. 93, 139. 140.

147, 156, 167. 230 JAAreg,ltr 10l ,15SuCliltlons 11'5, 216, :'i12 colour from .)3. 43, 61. 66,

79. 170, 224, 229. 2,W hrmimorphilt' 19,1. 294, :; JO herdrritc 192 Iwssoll1 te lOO, ~2, 30, h('ulandJle 2,)9. 25 L 266 hiddl'nit(' 27''>, 27.l Jlighgille resin su copa!Ht' Hookrr Em('ra!d J 10 Hope Diamond I J I. 124-5 hornblende 35. 37. 37, 38, 38,

51. i6, 83. 84. 84.17S

hornf('ls 84 horst'tclils .3'11 howhle 206 huhnt'rHl' 116 Iwmit(' 3 12 hyacl1lth 305 hyalophane 234. 236 hydrocarbons 61. 89. M hydrogen::'. 9, 10, 11. 15 hydfoxides 90. 166 hydroxil 195, 26,) hydroxY'lpophyllitC' 267 hydroxylapatll(' M , 195 hypabyssal rocks 32, :'3 hyprrslhent' 85

I 1('89. M, 154-5,219 ICe-house 154. 154 Iceldnd spdr 94 Icelandic Ridge 16 lda asteroId 74 Idar-Oberstein , Germany

231. 211 IOUcr,!.'i(' ~r( vesuvlamte Ignt'Qv5 rocks 28. '>0,30. 32-3 ilhte 264. 2H 265 ilm(,llIlr 39, 41. 146. 189, 238 ilvdlte 295 index fossils 330, 330 lIl(hwlitr 188 inosihcales

double-chain 278 slnglr-cham 270

iJ1scct fossils 314, 32.9, 329, W

II\tagho 108 inlermediClte rocks 32 intrusive rocks 28. 30. 32, 3, mVt'rtrbralf' fossils 337-47 iodine 170 lolile 187. 287 mtiium 112, 113 iron 39< 42, 89,112 11 3.

[32 144. 146, 164, 169 183, 204, 2I1l, 230, 256. 2M, 271. 295, 298, 300, 308, 312

coluur from li S, 148, 179, 196,274, 279, 280, 286, 30'1

uy~tal "Iruclllrr J 12 crystals 100 III Earth's corr 13 III mekorll('s 74 molten 13 ore 96 smeltm~ 17H

Iron meleoriles 74, 74 lro ll oXlclrs 'is, 53, 'i~, 'i \l,

61. 6{ 65, 66,68,69, 78. 149, 227. 232

Iron roses 147 iron sulphate 214 iron sulphide 88, ~3 lron-blollte i7 iron-nickel 13, 113 Ironstone 69, 70, 71. 232. 233 ISln~lass sa mtlScovitr lsostas}, 17 IVory 3 14

J IclCinlh ,05 ladl' 107, 173,274-5, 18{}-1

Chint'Sf' bunal suits 282-3 Imprrlal 274 Ilew ~ ~( sC'rpenlllle

Iddeile 77. 101. 104,274-5. 21l.J

lamrsollllr 145 jdrgon Ilal,/,,oonl 305 jasper 69, 69, 108, 196. 229 )('t318.321 11I[lIlf'r ID, I J h lfclSS1C Period 339, 350

K );amM I!(' 74, 113 k<immeritr 267 kaohn 9i, 101. 259 kaol lTllte 214, 215, 259, 264,

265 !<ami gum 319 k('[dllll 321 kernite 20-1. 206, 207, 207 kerogcn 61 kilns, hnrng 168 kimberllte 40. 4 1, 107,

122- 3, 272. 300, 312 minmg 41. 41 , 106

Koh- l-Noor dldmond 123 kornerupme 152. 297 krrnnerilr 141 huv.lle 273. 273 kyamte 83, 83, 85. 101. /01.

103, S09, 310, 311, III

L labradorite '>7, 38, 39, 78,

234. 2J~, 241 laccolilhs S3. U lamt'lIar crystals IO.! iarnproitc 112 123 Iallthamlm 188. SI3 lap iHi SO Idpis lalUli 105, 107. /07,

116. 1/6-17, 149. 186, 244-5, 24-4, 245, 24(" 2·i6,

2"" lar,lVikilr 38 LClrlmdr 277 lallmontltc 25. 249. 250, 268 lava 3(J, ) 2, 51 bonlhs 255. 298 caves 56 oomK46 tubes 56-, 56 lav<ls 313 Jawlite lIill, 201 , 244 iazurite 244-5, 2,)8 lead 35, ISO. 142. 143 IH

171. lH1, 200, 201 , 216, 217. 295, 350

mmmg 108, 2(l~ Irad SUlphIde m gal('l1d lentICulaf crystdls 103 lepldolit(, 216, 255, 162, 268.

17'),291 leucite 38. ,)2. 47. 100. 243.

248 leuwgdbbro W libethenite 194 hddicoatitt' 2M liebenbergi!e 298 hght

('fleets of 25 uilriwiolet 95. 160

llgnile 114 ilgrHte (0,11 '>1 4, )18 319 limestone 53, 5,). 58. 59. 61.

78. 79, 176, 33[ (lissolutlOll of '>6 fordmirnferal 337 formation SS. 89 mrtamorphlsm 111 , 276

mlllerals 111 IS5, 157. 158 162, 179, 272,310,312

Nummulillc :'i:'i7 11St'S 55

hm('stol\t' pdvtment 54 llmonlle 65, 69,79,169, 171

194, 196, 200,201, 201. 230, 268

lilhific<ltlon 55 lithium 9, S6, 19,,255,256,

262, 21ili, 273, 285, 191 lilh ium carbonate 193 ltlh ltlm- lllanium disylphide

268 lilhosphere 18, 29 lizardite 256, 257 11I5tr(' 93 lycopods 332, 353

M l'vladeira tOP,lZ 307 lThlhr mmerals 68 mdfic rocks 32. 157 magma 18. 28. 28. SO, 31, 50 magmilllc sepilrallOJI ,,2 magneslan-bio1itr 77 magnrsio-dxlJlile 295 maglle~lohornbknde 278 mdgnesite 168, 179. 169 magnesium 91. 146, 15f1,

164. m, 179, lHJ. 183. 20,1. 118. 256, 264, 172. 279, 280, 285, 299. 300, 312

magnC'Slum salts 215 IThlgnrlilr 38, 39, 41 , 50, 69,

69, 84,97,1'2,146, 156, 167, 169,217,299

cryst .. ls 100, 102 slreak 93

magnorolumblt(' 165 !vl<lharal\l Cal's Er e III mdlachite 91. 92. 96, 10 1.

un. 104. m, 175, 182. Hl4, 1~!4 , 215, 266

RUSSian 186- 7 mammals 34H, 349 mammoth ulsks J2Y manganJxmite 295 manganrse 70, 146, 169, illS,

202, 204, 2')(" 256, 295, 300. 312

alloys 181 colour from 166, 168, 192,

271,173,274, 286,291, 297, ,03

ores 96.162,165,179, 177 manganese oxide 2S0. 2S2 mangalwse- bronz(' 162 mang~nhllmitt' 312 mClngallite 166. 168 mangdlloan caicJtt' 160 manganocolumbilr 165 marbl(' i7 , 78- 9, 166, 176.

186, 254, 295, ,12 marcdsite 25, 88, SI.'. y~, 101.

128, 130. 133. 139. 114 manalHr 15>1, 254 manlW orgallJsm~ 54, 55, 55,

6H marl68 MurslO Martlall mrlf'Onl('s 75, 75 mdlnx 46. 47 Mdlu fd dldmond 305 meerschaum .I r( seploille megagems 110- 1 I mf'I()Il I\(' 2')4, 254 melanllt' 302. J02 mdantl'rjte 25. 214

mrr~~II)' 10, 112. 1S3, 14;,

liqUid 89 Mesoamerica

jade 274 turquoise 198-9

mt'solite 103,252 Meso7.0ic Period >45 meta1hc lustre 93, 93 meldls 112 mrtdmorphic rocks 28, 29,

31,.11. 76-7 metamorphism 17.29. 76-7 metaquartzi te 85 mrleorites 9, 11, 11, 12, 15

74, 1l3, 129, ISJ, 135, ' 1.,16, 179. 218, 240, 270, 271. 272. 1n 298

composition /J meteoroids 11 meteors 74 methane 11 i\texican lace 230 mica 34, 35,36,37,69,69,

76, 78, 82, 85, 218, 239, 242,245, 259,161, SI2

bl ~ck Sf( bioti te common su mUSCOVI.\(' cl)'slals 103 minmg 106 slieet 36

mica schIst 311 miCitCeOlls sandstont' 69 microdine 36, 38. 101, lJ4

138, 238 . microlile 165 1\lid-Atfantic Ridge 18 mlgmatite 85 milky qUilrtz 220 Milky \Nay 10. /0 millerile 135 mlm('[ itC' 194, 200 mim'rahzallon 329 mineraloids M mJl1('ra1s:

asst'mblages 97 associations 96-7 changes 10 77 dwmlcaJ compoSItIon 90,

91 classifying 90-1 riranll1g 24 collecting 20-5 composition 88 display 25 dlstnbu IJon 89 fluorescent 160-1 formation 8. 9, 88 groups 90 id('nlifying 92-5, 96 preservation 25 pnmary 91 propertlrs of 88-91 seconddry 91, 96 s torage 25

mining bduxite 167 blue john 17.1 copper 1/!4. 197,214,214 diamonds /015, 123, 123 dlaspore 166 emeralds \07, 292. 293,

293 (rankJinlle 158, 158 gakna 1.10 gems 106-7 gold 133, 141 history 107 krmberht(' 41. 41,106 lrad 208, 208 m ICa /06

merrury 10, 112. 133, 143, 17l

liquid 89 Mesoamen,d

lade 274 turquoise [98-9

mesoli te 103. 252 Mesozoic Period >45 metallic lustre 93, 93 metals 112 metamorphic rocks 2A 29.

31. 3L 76-7 metamorphism 17.29. 76-7 metaquartzitt" 85 meteontes9,1I. 11. 12. 15,

74. 1 [3. 129, 131. 135, 146. 179,218.240.270. 271.272172.298

composition /J meteoroids II meteors 74 methane 11 Mexican Idce 230 mica H .15, 36. 37. 69. M.

76,78,8285,218, 239. 242.245. 259, Ut, 312

black sa blollk ,ommon $(( mU!>(1witt" crystals IOJ mining 106 sheet 36

mica smist J I 1 micaceous sandstont· 69 mirrociine 36, 38, 101,2..14,

238.238 microIitt" 165 Mid-AtlanhC Rldflt' /8 migmatitc 85 milky quartz 220 Milky Way 10, 10 millente 135 mimetite 194,200 minrral ll,iltlon 329 mineralOlds 88 minerals

assemblilges 97 associatlons 96-7 changes 10 77 chemical compOSItion 90.

91 dassIfymg 90-1 cleaning 24 collertlllg 2D-5 composlllon 88 display 25 distribution 89 fl uorescent 160-1 formation 8. 9, 88 groups 90 identifying 92-5. 96 preservation 25 pnmary 91 properties of 88-91 secondary 91. 96 storage 25

mining bauxite /61 blue John 173 copper 184. /97.21 4.114 diamonds 106, 12';. I1J diaspore 1Gb emeralds 101. 191, 29;

29.1 frankhllltc 158, 158 galena 1)0 gems 106-7 gold 133, 14J h istory \07 klmberiite 4 1. 41,10(> ICild 208. 108 mica 106

placer 107 pumice 51 ruby and sapplme 150 salt 170 silver 119, 1/9. 126 solution mining 58 sulphur 120 tin 162. 162 tounnaiine 106. 288. 288 tungsten 36

Minoans 256 misplckel 5(( arsenopynte miaonlte 254 mocha stone 231 Mohs scale of hardness 95.

160 moldavite 75 molluscs 344. 345, 346 molten rock 28 molvbdates 90, 208 molybdelllt(' 93, 140. 162 molybdenum 36. 1-10. 158,

20B.217 monazi te 164. 188, 189 monoplucophurans 344 monlmorillomte 264.164-5,

265 Moon 13.13. 15.38, 42. 218.

2iO. 2iO. 272. 298 moonstone 36. 92, 104.235.

235. 238, 238 morganlte 290. 291 . 292 moss agate 230-1. 130, 2J 1 mother-of-peurlISO. 196

321, 321 . 322,322. 323 mou rning lewdlery 318. 31/1 mud- bnck 265 mudstone 31. 53. 60. 61, 66.

70. 82. M. 264 calcareous 5(( mar!

muscovite /11. 83. 97. 101. /35 , 161, 261. 263

muscovite mica 36. 82. 83 mussel shell 3lS mylonite i6

N nacre 5(( mother-of-pearl nacrite 259, 264 Nativ(' Amencans 197 native elements 89. 90, 90.

112 natroborocalcite $tt uiexlle natrolite 243, 249. 252 276

channels 2~9 nautilOlds 345 NavajO Indians. sand

painting titi nebulae 9 neodymium 188. 313 Nrolith ic Revolutlon 72 nepheilne 38. 42. 47, 49. 149.

242. 243. 248. 276 nephrite 274. 275. 28D-1. 28'5 nesosihcates 298 neutrons 8 New Age 105 flIcke-l 13. 39, 40. H . 1/2.

1J 5, 1/8. 121. 151, 135, 149, 191 , 227. 256, 278

smelting /31 nickehadmlum 132 nickel-iron 113 nickeline 135 niohium 36. 158. 164. 165 nitrates 90. 204 nitrogen 15 nodules 70-1 nonmetil lhc lustre Y3 nonmetals 112

nontronile 264. 164 norbergite 312 nosean 24il, 255 nuclear realior 164 nUL'!' ardcnte 50 Nummuhtic limt"stol1e 337

o obsldIall 32, 43. 46. 51 . 1/6.

196, 233 ocean bed. rocks 14 oceanic crust 16. 30 oceans. formatlUll IS o(1ahednle 5('( anatase oil 89. 89 oil field 167, .l3I oil shales 61 okenite 268 olif,'Oclase 37, .li, 46. 234.

259 olivenl\(' 192. 194 olivine 16, 38, 39. 39. 40. 40.

42, i4 , N. 75. 78. 85. 89. 91, 97.101. 195.242. 256. 298-9

olivine basalt 272 olivllle-dolerlte 59 onyx 108. 228 onvx marble 228 ooirles 54. 69 oolitIC limestone -"4 opal 88. 92, 92. 105. 232-3.

200, 268 opahne 55 ophicalcltes 78 ophrurolds 347 Ordovlclan Penod 332. 337.

338. 339, 344. 345 organl( gems 104. 3 14-24 organic minerals 89, 90 orplment 25, 93, lOl. 134.

136, 158 orthochrysotile 258 orthoclase 37, 37. 38. 95. 97.

99. 99. 101. /0 /.1.1 4, 235 , 236

orthopyroxene ·10 ortiloquartzlte 64 osmium [12 oxides ~O, 146 oxygen 15. 88.120.174, 188,

204.218.264 111 Ea t1h's crust 15. 89 formahon 9

oxyhydroxy-halrdes 170 ozone )5

p padparadscha 148 Painted Desert. Arizona 64,

66-7. 334 PaleozoJ( Period 345 palladium 112. 113, 1 III pallasit(' i4, 74 palm wood 336 . .13b Palmoxylon 336. 316 Pang-ea 333, 334 pan ll lllg 21. \07. JOi 114

for gold 114. liS for scheelte 217 for Zircons 305

Pantheon. Rome 'i I parachrysotile 258 pararealgar 134 parllcles:

fonnatlon 8 tracks 8

p aving ston es 4 7

pearl 104, 104, 105.193. 32!. .322- 3

cultIVating 324-5 peat 319 pectolite 277 Pederson Gldcier 154 -5 pegmdtite 28. 35.36,132.

HO. 159, 162. 163. 165. 220,221 , 238, 253. 162. 292, 311. 313

pelltagonite 266 pelltlandile 131. 132 peridot 105. 298. 298. 199.

303. 306 large 110 Onental ~Ir sapphire

pendollte I{ 33. 38. 40, 41 179.256.277, 299, 300

PermIan Penod 341 permll1erahZdtion 329 perovskile 4 1. 146. 242 petalite 255, 268 Petrified Forest Natlonal

Park Argentinu 334, 336 Petrified Forest National

Park, Anzona 66. 334-5. 336

petrified IYood/ forests 329. 334-5. 336

pelrol refining 251, 253 petroleum 58, .'i31 phantom qUdrtz 226 pharlThlcosiderite 202 phenakite 311 phenocrysls 42. 43. 46. 46 philhpslte 25 [ phlogopite 41, 41 , 261. 312 phonolile 47. 49, 255 phosgen 183 phosgcnite 183 phosphates 188 phosphides 14 phosphorescenrt' 160 phosphorus 70. 188. 193,

195. 201 phyllite iti. 82. 276 phyllosihcates 256-7. 261 plt"montit(' (pledmontlle) 297 j'ulrd dum SO pigeomle 270 P1lJes 41. 41 pIsoliths J ti7 Pistol star ;I pitchblende l64 placer deposlL~ 107. 114. I I 5,

123. 240 p lagJoc1dse 34 . .15. 37, 38. 38.

39. 3~. 42. 46. 46. 84. M . 85, 97. 234. 259. 259

planetesim(!ls 10. 10. 11. 12. 13

plant'ls 8 (hslances from Sun J I gassy 11 mner aJld outer I1 o rbits (J

ongin 10 terrestnal 1 I

plant fossils 532-6 plaster of Pans 59, 213 plate l('('tonKs 18-19, 29. 31 .

77 platinum 39, 89. 90. \00.

112.11 3. 115. 126, 193 playa lake 176 P\cistocent' era 176 pleochrOism 273. 296. 309 plush copper ort' 156 Plulo 11 plutolllc rocks 30. 32 33 plutolls 33

poHuci te 255 pollution 331 polybasitt' 142 polygorsklte 264 Pompt'1! 50. 50

gold from 114 porphyroblasts il2. 8.1 purphyry 140 Portland cement 265 potash 175 potash fddspar 49 potash mica , r( muscovite potassIlIm 68. 235, 249. 253 prase 227.117 Precambrian Period 337 preClpitatlon 52 prehnile 132. 251. 268. 269 pnmary minerals 91 proto[ith 76 protons I:i protoplanetar), disc 10. 10.

11 proustltt' 126. 144. 145 psilomelalll' Sir romilni'chite pSilophytes 332 Jlkndosperms (seed ft'rnsl

333 pterophyta (fernsl 532 puddingstone 60 pumlct" 32. 46. 51 m inmg 51 pyrargyrite 126. 144 pyrite 38. 78. 137. 169, 214,

236, 244. 248. 1M. 318 assooations IJ 5, 128. 130.

131. 132 134, 136. 142. 1·14.312

colour from 224 crystab 81). S8. 100, lOO.

102. 139 dl'(ay 25 Ilodules 70, iO

porphyrobldsts 2 pyrorhlore 165 pyrodasllc rocks 32 pyrolusile 113. 162 pyromorphlk 130. 200. 201

217 p)'ropr 41.77. 300 pyrophyllite 260, 204 pyroxene 35 . . '58. 31:i . 59. 40.

·10. -11 . -12, 46. 46. 47, 49, 6B, i-1. 7{ is. &1 M 85 256. 270

pyroxenite 40, 40 p)'rrhohte69 131. 132 prryte 1)'5

Q lJlIJrkS S quarrying 35. 70. i8. 82 quartz 89. 95. 105. 115, 116.

134, 143, 157, 167. 19{ 101.215. 2Jr;. 218. 21 8. 260. 284, 11!<3. 292

JSSonatllms 97. ~7. 11 '), 115,128.132.1 36,143. 14 5. 192. 216, 249. 250. 25 I. 255. 259. 262. 266. 268. 3 12

atomic strUlture 21S beads /05 cat's-tye /51.224 crystal \13 crystal strUlture 89 cryst<lls 100 fract\lre 94 hardncss 95 in Igneous rocb 34. 35. 36,

.16. 37.37, '58. 39. 46. 46

largest sphere 111 in metamorphic rocks 78.

83, 85. 85 milky 220 phantom 226 rock crystal 219 rose 22 1 tutilated 163, 225 in sedimenlary rocks 53.

61. 64, 68, (is, 69. 69 smoky 96. 173. 220. 221.

294. 307 speofic gravity 95 std( stones 152 structure 89

quartz topaz 307 qtlartzite 31. 85 qUicklime 55

R rddloactivity 190 radIOcarbon dalmg .no radiolana .131 r<1diomt'lric dating 68, 304,

330 radium 189 radon 190 rea lgar 25, 101. 134. 136 red glallt stars 9 rrdruthite 5«( cha[corlle refractIve index 95 [('gional metamorphism i7 reptiles 348, -:;49 resl]lOU$ lustre 93. 93 rhodium 115 rhodochrosite 103, 145. 179.

277 rhodol1lle 158. 236. l77 rhyohte 32. 34. 43. 46. 47,

215.236.239, :'1:' nchterite 284 rlebeckite 226. 285 ring of fi re 19 rock cryslal 35. 36. 105, 219

220 ro(k cycle 28, 1/1 rock datlng 262. 304. 330 rock gypsum 59 rock salt Sf!. 59. 209 rorb

bmial 29 clealllng 24 coHertmg 2(}-5 display 25 forl1ldhon 8. 28- 9 storage 25 transport <md deposition

29, ')2. 52 Irdllsportmg speCimens 24 types 28. 3D-I

romani-chite 16'). 200 Romans

blut" John mll1cs IT5. In Jewellery 114. 11 R

rose qu,xtz 151,:221 Rosetta Stone 42. 42 Rosser Rt'ew~ Star Rub)' 1 -" 1 roL!ge 147 Royal Society Rang<',

AntarctIc i7 rubdhte 151. 288. 2/1S. 189 rubidium 255. 262 fu by 90, 92. /04. 105, /09.

148. 149. 149, 150- 1. 152. 165. 1.U. 278. 293. 303

Cape 5r( pyrope star stol1e 15.1 synlhetIC 89 value 109

ruby blende 5tr Sphdkrilc

z C m ><

357

>< "' Q

Z

358

rubr ZHlC 5({ sphalerile Russia, ffiillachile 186-7 mtilakd quartz 163, 225 ruhlc 41. 100, 152. 163, 167,

s 189.219.221 , 225,225. 259,30]

St Pe\t"rsburg 186, Ui6-7 Amber Room 315, 316-17

SilU

common 170 rock srr rock salt

salt domes 58, 120 salt pans 53, 5S silmarski\(' 164 San Andreds Fault 19, 19 sand dollars 346 Silnd painting 66 Simdstone 31, 31, 53, 53, 60,

60, 61, 64-5, 66, T5, 76. 85, 164,233

dirty su grtywacke glauconitic SI( grttnsand micaceous 69

saoldlne 46,47,4 7. 234.236, 242, 255

sapphire 102. 104, 104, 105, lOT. 122, 148-9, 150, 152, 157, 163.221. 233

cutting 108 star slones 153 value 109 water su iolilc

sard 228 sardonyx 108,218 scallop shdl 321 scandium 315 sraphopods 343, 344 scapolite 161. 254 scheclite 217 schillcr CffCl123S, 236. 241,

241 schist 31. 76. 77, 83, 85, 85,

97, 162, 163, 166, 168, 179,253,239,271. 276, 278, 292, 311

schorl 288, 289 scolecile 251 , 252 scorodite 141, 192, 194 sea lilies 347 ~ea urchins 346 ~eills lOS, 105 secondary minerals 91. 96 sedimentary rocks 28, 29, 51.

31. 52-3 sedimentation 17 sediments 16 seed ferns 333 seismograph 18 selenides 126 selenite 99, 99, IOJ, 212.

212 -13 selenium 112, 114, 126, 142 semimetals 112 sepiolite 269 septanan concretions 71 serpentine 40, 41, 78, 256-7,

258, 260, 299 serpentine marble 256 serpentinite 40, 158,257, 269 shale .:01 , 53, 58, 59, 60, 61.

64. 66, 76, 82, 97, 207, 264 assemblages 97

shale oil 331 sheet rock 59 shel1 54, 55, 68,314, 314,321 sherry topaz 306, 307 siderite 54, 69, 70. 167. 168,

169, 177. 178, 180

Sierra Nevi:lda, USA 17.30 tH,89

Sigiriya. frescoes 105 silica 32, W, 46, 51. 53, 55,

64, 70, 92. 228, 232, 233, 253, 334

silicates 74, 88, 89, 90, 218 siliceous smter 55 silicon 88, 39, 120,174. 218.

266, 300 SIlky lustre 93, 93 si1limanite 85, 97. 189. 25)1,

297,309,310,311 sills J.l. 39 siltstone 53, 60, 61 Silurian Penod 332 silver 35,88,89,90,94, 112,

115, 116,118-19, 141, 142,144,144,171

a_ssoClalions 121 briUie ore S(! stephar11te crystals lOO, IOJ dark ruby 5({ pyrargyrile horn 5U chlordr8ynte mining 119, JI9, 126 ores 126, 130, 134, 143 nlby Sf( proustite working 94

srnter 55 skarn 30.l slag 54 slate 3 I. 76, 77. 82, 276 slumping 64 smelting. nickel 127. Ut

178 Smllhsonian Instllutlon

110 smithsonite 90,178,194,

201. 310 smoky qU<!rtz 96, JiJ, 220,

221. 294, 307 SNCs 75 snow 154, 155, /55 soapstone 260 sodalite 38, 47, 161,242,243,

244, 248. 255 sodium 176,235,249,253,

264 sodiumanthyllite 279 Solar Nebula 10, IO. 11. 15 Solar System 10, 10, 11 soldering l32 solid solutions 9 1 solid-solution series 91 solution mlllJng 58 sorosilicates 294 spar 2D speofic graVIty 95 spessartine 236, 300, 301 sphalerite 129, 130, 152, 142,

143, 144,210 sphene 38, 78, 245, 308 sphenopsids 332, 332 spherulites 43, 43 spine! 78, 84, 85, lOO, 146,

146, 151. 156, 157. 162, 166.242

spodumene 101. 255, 262, 268. 273

spondyUus shell 32 J

sponges 338 squid 346 stalactites 56-7 staldctitiC crystals 103, 103 stalagmites 56-7 Standard of Ur 246-7 stannite 135 Star of Asia 15.l Star of Bombay I5J Star of India 153 star stones 152-3

stars 8 cluster 9 generations or 9

staurolite 82, 99, 99, 263,311 steel-making 54, 54.158 stephalllte 145 stibnile 133, 136, 138, 142 stilbite 96, 253 Stonehenge 39, 72-3 stony meteontes 75, 75 stony-iron meteorites 1/, 74,

75 storage of specimens 2'> stratification 31. JJJ stratigraphy 330 streak 95 stromalolitts 15 stmntianite 181 strontHlm 134, 211 subarkoses 69 subduction zones 16 sugilite 286 sulphates 90, 120, 204,208 sulphides BB, 90, 120, 126,

142,215 sulphosalts 142 sulphur 13, 88, 88, 89, 92,

93, 112, 112, 120, 132, 137, 142, 295

Sun 9, 9, il birth of 10 composition 10 distance of planets from 1 I

Sllnstone 235, 239, 239 suptrnova 9, 10

effect of 9 sussexile 204 srelllte 33, 36, 38, 149, 2~8,

239, 271,276,295, 305 sylvanite 141 sylvitc 25. 58, 90, 170, 171.

176 synthetIC gems 89, 89

T taenite 74, 113 Ta) Mahal 80-1 talc 40, 79,83,94, 95, 168,

179, 260, 299 tantalite 165 tantalum 36, 164, 165 tanzanile 111,296 tawmaw\ile 296 tectomcs ]8-19,29,31. 77 tectosilicatcs 218 tektites 75, 75 teltvision stone su ulexite telluridcs 126 tellurium 112, 1I4, 126 tenacity 94 tcnnanti te 143 Teotihuacan 199, 199 lephroitc 298 terracotta 265 Terracotta Army 62-3 tetrahedrite U5, 142, 143,

144 tetrataenite 113 thallium 142 thermal metamorphism 76 thomsonite 252 thorium 304. 308 thulite 296 thunder eggs 231 tiger's-eye (tiger-eyel15J,

225, 285 tin 36, 112, 135, 135, 142,

295,'308 tincalconite 204 tinzenite 295

titanite 84, 245, 276, 308 tltanrum 35, 36, 39, 70, 146,

148,152, ]58, 163, 181, 218,221,278,300,302

titanium OXide 152, 165 topaz 25, 35, 36, 36, 95, 105.

162, 192,216, 220,221. 262,294, 299, 3(}(,- 7

crystals 101 false sr! Cltrine largest 110, 111 Ori('ntal 5(( sapphIre sherry 306

topazolite 302, 307 torbernite 19 1 tortOIseshell 321. 321 tourmalrne 36, 36, 78, 82,

[51. 288-9, 291. 297 assoCIations 162, 192, 193,

259, 262, 291. 31 L 312 crystal structure 286 crystals 100, 100 deposits 35 needles 225, 225

tr<lce elements 92 tramyte 32, 47. 47, 215, 233 ,

236 transform boundafJes 19 tremolite 78, 103, 260, 274,

276, 278, 279, 280 Tnasslc Period 66, 334, 348 trilobites 330, 340, 343 triplite 192 trilon shell 328 troilite 74 trona 176 trooslrte 310 tsavolite 302 tsavorite 302 tufa SS tull 32, 50, 313 tungstates 90, 208 tungsten 36, 36, 158, 162,

208,216 mimng 36 uses 217

turqUOise lOS, 107, 116, lI6, 122, 126, 188, 196-7, 206, 206, 266, 321

Mesoamerican 198-9 turquOIse matrix 196 Tutankhamun ll6, 116- 17 tyuyamunite 189

u ulexitc 9J, 204, 205 ultramafic rocks 32 ultraviolet light 95, 160 unakile 108,296 Universe, formation 8- I I uplift 29 Ur, Standard of 246-7 uranmite 164, 191 uranium 164, 188, 189, 190,

191, 304, 308 uvarovite 300, 303

v vac<:rndcs 92 valencianite 5(( adulana Van Dyck, Anthony 169 vanadates 188 vanadinite 200, 201, 217 vanadium 14Y, 189, 200,

292, 296, 500 variscite 191 varlamoffite 162 Venus' hairstone Sf( rutilated

qUilrtz

verdd ite 288 vtrmiculite 263, 264 vertebrates 348-9 vesicles 51. 5 I Vt'suviani te 78, 79, 254 294

295 ' ,

V.idoria, Queen 318, JI8 vlolane 272 vitreous lustre 93, 93 v lvianite 96. 190 volcanic bomb 255, 298 volca nic caves 56 volcanic plugs 33. J3 volcanic rocks .lO, 32 volcanoes 19,28,29,32, J3

42, 46, SO, 50 ' nuee ardente 50

w wallboard 59 Washington, DC National

Museum of Natural History 110

water sapph ire Sfr lolite water vapour IS wavd lite 132, 203 weathen ng 28, 29, 52 Wegener, Alfred lothar 333,

33.J wernerite src scapolite Widmanstatte-n pattern 74 willemite 158. 160, 161, 310 williamsi te 256 Wrlso n, John Tuzo 16, 16 w ltherite 181 ,237 wolframite 162, 216 wollastonite 270, 276, 295 wood, petrified 329, 334- 5,

,>6 worms, fossils 337 wulfenite lOO, 102,200. 217

x xenoliths 14, 41. 42 xenotime 189

y yttnan gadohni te 313 yttrium 164, In. 189, 297

z zeoJites 5 1. 53, 96, 243, 249,

267, 268, 269 zinc 89, US, 129, 130, 132,

143, 146, 183, 194, 200, 256, 294, 295, :5 10

ores 134, 156, 158, 178 uses 129

zindte 156, 310 zinkenite 145 zinnwaldite 263 zircon 14,38,51, 167, t89,

245, 276, 304-5, 330 crystals lOO, 100 zirconium 300 zoisite 78. 15 I, 296, 297