Minerals

Let’s Review…

Mineral Identification

Mineral Definition:

1.Naturally occurring2.Solid3.Orderly crystal structure4.Definite

chemical composition

5. Inorganic

How Minerals Form(4 Major Processes)

1.Crystallization of Magma

2. Precipitation (evaporated H2O)

3. High Pressure & Temperature

4. Hydrothermal Solutions

Rocks

Rock Cycle DrawingDraw, label, and color a diagram of the rock cycle.

Make sure that you include all of the following terms…

Types of Rocks: Igneous, Sedimentary, MetamorphicIngredients: Magma, SedimentsProcesses: 1. Weathering & erosion 2. heat & pressure3. melting 4. cooling 5. compaction & cementation

What’s the difference between weathering &

erosion?

rock

Weathering the breaking down of rocks at

Earth’s surface

Erosion – the transportation of weathered

material by wind, water, ice, or other agent.

Rocks • Naturally occurring solid material

made of one or more minerals• Grouped into 3 main types, based

on the way it was formed• Types of Rocks Brain Pop

Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic

IGNEOUS ROCKS

•Formed from magma that cools and hardens

•“Fire Formed”

Fact:

•75% of Earth’s surface is

sedimentary rock!

How Sedimentary Rocks are made:

1. Weathering:Existing rocks are broken down by chemical or physical means to create sediments.

2. Erosion: sediments are removed by wind, water, ice, or gravity.

3. Deposition: erosion energy becomes too weak to carry the sediments and they are “dropped”.

4. Compaction: Pressure placed in sediment layers cause them to change to rocks.

5. Cementation: sediments are joined together (cemented) by minerals dissolved in water.

6. Strata :Layers of sediments go through the process and a rock forms over time.

Metamorphic Rocks

Metamorphism:• Changing of one type of rock in to

another due to - 1. Tremendous heat2. Great pressure3. Chemical reactions ( a change in

composition of minerals)

The Rock Cycle

Rock Cycle Brain Pop

IGNEOUS ROCKS: 2 types

• Intrusive rocks:– formed deep within Earth

–Magma “intrudes” into existing rock

• Extrusive rocks:– formed from lava at Earth’s surface

–Lava cools quickly in air

IGNEOUS ROCKS: texture1. Fine grained

2. Coarse grained

3. Glassy4. Porphyritic

Cools fast, small crystals

Cools slow, large crystals

Lava cools rapidly at surface

Minerals cool at different rates

IGNEOUS ROCKS: porphyry(POR-fuh-ree)

• Igneous rock with a mixture of large and small crystals

•Granitic: –Light-colored

–Rich in silica

–Less dense

•Basaltic:–Dark-colored

–Rich in iron–More dense

Igneous Rocks: Compostion

* Major rocks of the crust

Scoria

Igneous Intrusion

Granitic or Basaltic?

Oldest layers on the bottom

Youngest layers on the top

Sedimentary rocks usually form in water

•Ripple marks and mud cracks

Sedimentary Rocks: Classified by

• Composition• Texture• Grain size

Types:1.Clastic2.Organic3.Chemical

1. Clastic Rocks

•Formed by broken pieces or fragments of rock

•Classified according to size and shape of fragments

Clastic RocksConglomerates:• Made of rounded pebbles and

other rocks of different sizes and cemented together by clay, mud ,or sand

• Formed when rivers deposit large pieces of rock

• Pieces of rock rounded by water before deposited

Conglomerate:

Clastic Rocks

Breccia:•Similar to conglomerates, but fragments are sharp and angular

•Not carried far enough by water to round the edges

Breccia:

Clastic Rocks

Sandstone:•Made of small, sand-sized grains•Very common•Resistant to wear and decay•Used to make buildings

Sandstone:

Clastic Rocks

Mudrock: •Formed from small particles of clay•Example: shale

shale

shale

2. Organic Rock

•Formed directly or indirectly from material that used to be living

Fossils often preserved in sedimentary rocks

Organic Rock

Fossilized Limestone:•Shells from dead animals (containing calcium carbonate) that sink to bottom of ocean floor

Limestone:

Organic Rock

Chalk:•Composed of animals and calcium carbonate that have been pressed together

Chalk

Organic Rock

Coal:•Rock formed from plants that lived millions of years ago

3. Chemical Rock

•Formed by chemical means that do not involve any living organisms

•Can occur through evaporation or chemical action

Chemical Rock

Limestone: •Formed directly from ocean water instead of organisms

Chemical Limestone:

Chemical Rock

Rock salt:•Natural form of common table salt •Ex: Halite

Chemical Rock

Rock gypsum:

Contact Metamorphism• Occurs when rocks are heated by contact

with magma or lava• Covers a small area

Types of Metamorphism:

Types of Metamorphism:

2. Regional Metamorphism:• Occurs when rocks are buried

deep beneath Earth’s surface and changed by increase in temperature and pressure

• Covers a large area

Metamorphic Rock: Classification

1. Foliated Texture:Mineral crystals arranged in parallel layers or bands (flatten under pressure)

Slate Shale

Foliated Texture:

Gneiss

Granite

Foliated Texture:

phyllite:

Foliated Texture:

gneiss:

Metamorphic Rock: Classification

2. Unfoliated Texture:• No bands of crystals • Don’t break in layers• Most contain only one mineral

Unfoliated Texture:

Marble

Limestone

Calcite crystals

quartzite

Unfoliated Texture:

COOKIES ROCK!! LAB1. Vanilla

Wafer

2. Chocolate Chip

3. Fudge Stripe

4. Sugar Wafer

• Igneous• Sedimentary• Metamorphic

For Each Cookie:

1)Name of Cookie

2)Characteristics

3)Rock Type

4)Why did you choose this?