Mine Road Workshop by Roger Thompson

www.mining.curtin.edu.au

GSFMGSFM AnIntegratedApproachtoAnIntegratedApproachto MineHaulRoadDesignMineHaulRoadDesign

RogerThompsonRogerThompson

WesternAustralianSchoolofMinesWesternAustralianSchoolofMinesCurtinUniversityCurtinUniversity


AimofPresentationAimofPresentation

GSFM fourcomponentsof mineroaddesign

GSFMandrollingresistance interactions

Whatdoesroaddesignand constructioninvolve? Geometric Structural Functional Maintenance.Design

components


IntroductionIntroduction

Poorroaddesignimpacts safety,trafficmanagement,& costpertonne hauled.

Ideally,SHMS/SOP specificationsshouldincludea formalapproachtoroaddesign.

Butwhatshoulddesign considerand;

Howisitspecified? Howisconformance

monitored?

Engineering &Mining Journal, vol 210,n5 June 2009. Mining Media Ltd.


RollingResistanceRollingResistance

Primarymeasureofmineroadperformance isoftenbasedonrollingresistance Frequentlythebasisofa

costbenefitevaluation,but

whatisrollingresistanceandhowisitgenerated?



Rollingresistanceisthe resistancetotruckmotion duemostlyto: Roaddeformationunder

thetyre,

Tyre penetrationintothe road,

Tyre deformationeffects ontheroadsurface.


Roaddeformationundertyre pressure

Tyre penetrationintotheroadsurface

Tyre deformationeffectsontheroadsurface



RR%

RR%

GR% (+ve against the load)(-ve with the load)

Totalresistance%=RR% GR%


PracticalApplicationPracticalApplication

Ramps 1%RR 10%KPH

Surfaceroads 1%RR 26%KPH



Ramps 1%RR 10%KPH

Surfaceroads 1%RR 26%KPH

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

0

5

10

15

20

25

P

e

r

c

e

n

t

r

e

d

u

c

t

i

o

n

i

n

s

p

e

e

d

p

e

r

1

%

R

R

i

n

c

r

e

a

s

e

(

%

)

Grade (%) of road

Effect of rolling resistance on truck speed Base case rolling resistance (RR) = 2%

2% to 3% RR3% to 4% RR4% to 5% RR

Rear dump truck (electric drive) with 4,27kW/t GVM

RR%

GR%

RR%

GR%

Performance Chart Liebherr T282B 4.32kW(net)/tonne GVM50/80R63 Tyres and 37.33:1 Drive ratio

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Speed (km/h)

R

i

m

p

u

l

l

(

k

N

)

PropulsionRetardPropulsion (trolley)

Full truck(GVM = 592 tonnes)

Empty truck(EVM = 229 tonnes)

E

f

f

e

c

t

i

v

e

G

r

a

d

e

(

%

)

20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 1

Effective grade (UPHILL) % = Grade % + rolling resistance%Effective grade (DOWNHILL)% = Grade % rolling resistance%


HaulRoadDesignHaulRoadDesign

Howdowedeveloparoad designwhich; Maximises safety Maximises utilityof

environment(materialsand equipment),and

Minimises rollingresistance andtotalroaduserscosts?



Fromasafetyperspective; Geometricdesign

Excessiveshearforcesand truckinstability.

StructuralDesign Damage totyre andchassis,truck instability,missalignment.

FunctionalDesign wet slipperiness,tractionand skidresistance,dust.

MaintenanceDesign runningsurface.



Fromarollingresistance perspective,minimise; deformationundertyre

StructuralDesign

penetrationandtyre deformation Functional Design

roaddeteriorationrate MaintenanceDesign


ImprovingMineHaulRoadsImprovingMineHaulRoads

Unsprung mass acceleration due to two 100mm road defects374t GVM RDT

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

Arbitrary time (s)

A

c

c

e

l

e

r

a

t

i

o

n

(

m

/

s

2

)

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Measured truck response Actual road defect

R

o

a

d

d

e

f

e

c

t

h

e

i

g

h

t

(

m

)

Unsprung mass acceleration due to two 100mm road defects374t GVM RDT

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

Arbitrary time (s)

A

c

c

e

l

e

r

a

t

i

o

n

(

m

/

s

2

)

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Measured truck response Actual road defect

R

o

a

d

d

e

f

e

c

t

h

e

i

g

h

t

(

m

)



First,youneedtoknowwhat iswrongbeforeyoucan decidedtofixit.

Realtimemonitoringcanbe usedtorecordthetruckand tyreresponsetotheroad, andwhenlinkedwithGPS, givesthefirstindicationof WHEREandWHATthehaul roadproblemsare.

2 6 1 8 0 0 0 .0 0

2 6 1 9 0 0 0 .0 0

2 6 2 0 0 0 0 .0 0

Truck path

start

Defect 0.05 to 0.10m



Defect 0.31 to 0.40mDefect 0.41 to 0.50m



Thecureisnotnecessarily justmorefrequent maintenance.

Noamountofmaintenance willfixapoorlydesigned road.Eachcomponentofthe roadinfrastructuremustbe correctlyaddressedatthe designstage.



Investigatetherootcauseof theunder performance before decidingona remediationstrategy.

Followanintegrated approachtoroaddesign, examineeachdesign component.


BASIC HAUL ROAD DESIGN DATA

STRUCTURAL DESIGN GUIDELINES

GEOMETRIC DESIGN GUIDELINES

FUNCTIONAL DESIGN GUIDELINES

MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT

GUIDELINES MO

D

I

F

Y

W

E

A

R

I

N

G

C

O

U

R

S

E

M

A

T

E

R

I

A

L

C

H

E

M

I

C

A

L

P

A

L

L

I

A

T

I

O

N

O

R

W

A

T

E

R

-

B

A

S

E

D

S

P

R

A

Y

I

N

GIS PERFORMANCE

OPTIMUM

AND

DELIVERING MINIMUM TOTAL

ROAD-USER COSTS?

MOST COST EFFICIENT SOLUTION TO HAUL ROAD DESIGN AND OPERATION


IntegratedRoadHaulDesignIntegratedRoadHaulDesignBASIC HAUL ROAD

DESIGN DATA





GUIDELINES MO

D

I

F

Y

W

E

A

R

I

N

G

C

O

U

R

S

E

M

A

T

E

R

I

A

L

C

H

E

M

I

C

A

L

P

A

L

L

I

A

T

I

O

N

O

R

W

A

T

E

R

-

B

A

S

E

D

S

P

R

A

Y

I

N

GIS PERFORMANCE

OPTIMUM

AND


ROAD-USER COSTS?


M

O

D

I

F

Y

W

E

A

R

I

N

G

C

O

U

R

S

E

M

A

T

E

R

I

A

L



GeometricDesignGeometricDesign

X


IntegratedHaulRoadDesignIntegratedHaulRoadDesignBASIC HAUL ROAD

DESIGN DATA





GUIDELINES MO

D

I

F

Y

W

E

A

R

I

N

G

C

O

U

R

S

E

M

A

T

E

R

I

A

L

C

H

E

M

I

C

A

L

P

A

L

L

I

A

T

I

O

N

O

R

W

A

T

E

R

-

B

A

S

E

D

S

P

R

A

Y

I

N

GIS PERFORMANCE

OPTIMUM

AND


ROAD-USER COSTS?


M

O

D

I

F

Y

W

E

A

R

I

N

G

C

O

U

R

S

E

M

A

T

E

R

I

A

L



StructuralDesignStructuralDesign



DESIGN DATA





GUIDELINES MO

D

I

F

Y

W

E

A

R

I

N

G

C

O

U

R

S

E

M

A

T

E

R

I

A

L

C

H

E

M

I

C

A

L

P

A

L

L

I

A

T

I

O

N

O

R

W

A

T

E

R

-

B

A

S

E

D

S

P

R

A

Y

I

N

GIS PERFORMANCE

OPTIMUM

AND


ROAD-USER COSTS?


M

O

D

I

F

Y

W

E

A

R

I

N

G

C

O

U

R

S

E

M

A

T

E

R

I

A

L

C

O

U

R

S

E

M

A

T

E

R

I

A

LFUNCTIONAL DESIGN GUIDELINES


FunctionalDesignFunctionalDesign



DESIGN DATA





GUIDELINES MO

D

I

F

Y

W

E

A

R

I

N

G

C

O

U

R

S

E

M

A

T

E

R

I

A

L

C

H

E

M

I

C

A

L

P

A

L

L

I

A

T

I

O

N

O

R

W

A

T

E

R

-

B

A

S

E

D

S

P

R

A

Y

I

N

GIS PERFORMANCE

OPTIMUM

AND


ROAD-USER COSTS?



GUIDELINES MO

D

I

F

Y

W

E

A

R

I

N

G

C

O

U

R

S

E

M

A

T

E

R

I

A

L

C

O

U

R

S

E

M

A

T

E

R

I

A

L

C

H

E

M

I

C

A

L

P

A

L

L

I

A

T

I

O

N

O

R

W

A

T

E

R

-

B

A

S

E

D

S

P

R

A

Y

I

N

G


Maintenance frequency

Rolling resistance

Max

Min

Minimum totalcost solution

Max

Min

Costs



Geometricdesign; Determinestheroadlayout

oralignment,both horizontallyandvertically.

Practically,weoftenneed tocompromisebetweenan ideallayoutandwhatmine geometryandhauling economicswillallow.


Establish start and end Establish start and end points of road.points of road. Feasible (mine plan) and Feasible (mine plan) and

economic route (topography) economic route (topography) selection.selection.

Optimise truck performance Optimise truck performance against route grades and against route grades and speeds and construction speeds and construction costs.costs.

Design horizontal and Design horizontal and vertical alignments. Check vertical alignments. Check sight distances throughout.sight distances throughout.

Check additional road Check additional road geometric requirements geometric requirements against ALL roadagainst ALL road--user user vehicles.vehicles.

Survey and peg the route Survey and peg the route centre lines. Test soil centre lines. Test soil properties for Structural properties for Structural Design phaseDesign phase

Check drainage requirements Check drainage requirements with topographic contours in with topographic contours in vicinity of route.vicinity of route.

Assess junction and Assess junction and intersection layouts and intersection layouts and associated safety associated safety components.components.


GeometricDesignVerticalGeometricDesignVerticalAlignmentAlignment

Alignmentoftheroadin; Thevertical plane here

wedesignforsafeandefficient; Stoppingandsight

distances(howreliablycanwedeterminethesevalues??),

Optimumrampgradientsandverticalcurvetransitions.


GeometricDesignVerticalGeometricDesignVerticalAlignmentAlignment

Stoppingdistances; Truckmanufacturersand

sitetestingshouldconfirmthedistancesrequiredtobringatrucktoastopundervariousconditionsofload(NBempty),speed,gradeandtraction wet,dry,wearingcourse(s).


GeometricDesignVerticalGeometricDesignVertical AlignmentAlignment

Sightdistances;precautions shouldbeappliedwhensight distancefallsbelowstopping distance; Benchedgeobstructionsrequire

laybacksorbatter,

Verticalcurves crestsoften requireflatteningtoimprove sightdistances,

Useaminimumverticalcurve lengthof150mandradiusof 1500mfordesignwork.

Applyspeedlimits.


GeometricDesignVerticalGeometricDesignVertical AlignmentAlignment

Sightdistancesandmachine factors;

Inadditiontosightdistances alsoconsiderdriverblind spots wherethedriverhas limitedornosightofpartsof theroad.

Final Report Blind Area Study Large Mining Equipment, Contract Report 200-2005-M-12695, CDC/NIOSH, USA, 2006.


GeometricDesignHorizontalGeometricDesignHorizontal AlignmentAlignment

Alignmentoftheroadinthe horizontalplane herewe designforsafeandefficient; Roadwidth, Curvatureandsuper

elevations,

Crownorcrossfall.


GeometricDesignHorizontalAlignmentGeometricDesignHorizontalAlignment

Ramp W3Ramp W3

Ramp W5Ramp W5

Ramp W4Ramp W4

Ramp W3Ramp W3

Ramp W5Ramp W5

Ramp W4Ramp W4

50m

50m



Main haul roadMain haul road

Ramp W1 (E)Ramp W1 (E)Ramp W1 (W)Ramp W1 (W)

Main haul roadMain haul road

Ramp W1 (E)Ramp W1 (E)Ramp W1 (W)Ramp W1 (W)

50m

50m



Widthofroad; Sufficientfortherequired

numberoflanes (pavementwidth),and shoulders(carriageway width)andallthe associatedsafetyand drainagefeatures (formationwidth).

3.5W why?Effectof largervehicles.



Thewidestvehicles proposeddeterminethe pavementwidth.

TheTablesummarizesthese designroadwaywidths.

Truck images courtesy Caterpillar Inc


GeometricDesignHorizontalGeometricDesignHorizontalAlignmentAlignment

Curvesandswitchbacks; Designedwiththe

maximumradiuspossibleandbekeptsmoothandconsistent.

Changesincurveradii(compoundcurves)shouldbeavoided.Alargercurveradiusallowsahighersaferoadspeedandincreasedtruckstability >200mminimumradiusideal.



Superelevation; Bankingappliedonthe

outsideofacurvetoallow thetrucktomaintain stabilityinthecurveat speed.

Shouldnotexceed5%7%, unlesshighspeedhaulageis maintainedandthe possibilityofsliding minimizedbyusingmedian berms tosplitsuper elevations.ReferTable.

XX



Crossfall(usewithextreme caution),crownorcamber; Critical tothedesignand

successfuloperationof mineroads.

Ensureswaterdoesnot gatheronandpenetrate intotheroadsurface.



Crossslopeshouldbeused withcaution,possibilityof collisionincreasesorrunoff benchedge.

Largedeflectionberms shouldbeplacedattheroad centerandedge.

Crossslopeeasierto maintain.

Center-line

Drain

2-3% 2-3%

2-3%

Camber (crown) example

Cross-slope example

DrainDrain

DrainDrain



Safetyberms; A'crest'orroadedgeberm

willnoteffectivelystop trucks(especiallyhigh speedladenorunladen trucks)fromleavingthe road.

Atbest,theywillprovide limiteddeflectionand warningtothedriverthat thetruckpathneeds correcting.



Berm slopeshouldbeassteep aspossible(1.5V:1Hideally), butensurestabilityand maintenanceofheight.

Forlargehaultrucks,theberm heightshouldbeatleast50% 66%ofthetruckwheel diameter.

Steepberm sideaidsdeflection. Flatterberms allowthetruckto climb andoverturn.

Medianberms considertraffic managementimplications.

Outslope

Bench face

Height

Conventional berm

Median berm

Section A-A

Section on A-A

Downgrade unladenMedian berm Conventional berm

Outslope



Alsoincludedinthe geometricdesignisdrainage; Nomatterhowgoodthe

design,waterwillalways damageamineroad. Keep waterOFFtheroads orat theveryleastleadwater offtheroadassoonas possible.

Investigategeometry AND localtopographicdrainage patterns.



DESIGN DATA





GUIDELINES MO

D

I

F

Y

W

E

A

R

I

N

G

C

O

U

R

S

E

M

A

T

E

R

I

A

L

C

H

E

M

I

C

A

L

P

A

L

L

I

A

T

I

O

N

O

R

W

A

T

E

R

-

B

A

S

E

D

S

P

R

A

Y

I

N

GIS PERFORMANCE

OPTIMUM

AND


ROAD-USER COSTS?


M

O

D

I

F

Y

W

E

A

R

I

N

G

C

O

U

R

S

E

M

A

T

E

R

I

A

L




Structuraldesignreferstotheloadcarryingcapacityoftheroad;

Betterpavementresponsetoappliedloads,

Reduceddeflectiononsurface,betterwearingcourseperformance

Eliminatedeformationinsubgradeorinsitu.



Twoapproaches; Mechanisticdesign

approachusingpavementlayerlimitingverticalstraincriteria&

CBRcovercurveapproachusingpavementlayerCBRvalues.


StructuralDesignStructuralDesign MechanisticMechanistic

Mechanisticdesignapproachusingpavementlayerlimitingverticalstraincriteria; Limitingstraincriteria

tailoredtotrafficvolumes,typeandlifeofmineroad(ramp,pitormainhaul).



Wearing course

Selected blasted waste rock

(structural) layer

In-situ

The strains resulting from the truck wheel loads decrease with depth

except where these strain fields overlap. Here, higher

strains are found and if more than 2000 microstrains the in-situ material is liable

to collapse leading to structural failure.

Wearing course

Selected blasted waste rock

(structural) layer

In-situ

The strains resulting from the truck wheel loads decrease with depth

except where these strain fields overlap. Here, higher

strains are found and if more than 2000 microstrains the in-situ material is liable

to collapse leading to structural failure.


StructuralDesignStructuralDesign MechanisticMechanisticHaul Road Category

Maximum permissible vertical strains can also be determined from (kt/day x performance index).

Where performance index is defined as;1 Adequate but fairly maintenance intensive,2 Good with normal maintenance interventions,3 Outstanding with low maintenance requirements .

CategoryI

Permanentlifeofmine highvolumemainhauling roadsandrampsin and expit.Operatinglife>20 years

CategoryII

Semipermanenthigh volumeramproadsinpit. Operatinglife>10years

CategoryIII

Semipermanentmedium tolowvolumeinpitbench access,expitdump,or ramproads.Operatinglife 50kt/day)or



Whenabaselayerofselected blastedwasterockisusedin thestructure,amechanistic approachismoreappropriate.

Theselectedwasterocklayeris locatedunderthewearing course, Roadperformanceis

significantlyimproved, primarilyduetotheload carryingcapacityofthe wasterocklayer.


PracticalApplicationPracticalApplication MechanisticMechanistic

Designchart(examples)are basedonafullyladenhaul truck,atmaximumGVM,(tons) withstandardradialtyres, inflatedto800kPa.

Theroaddesignincorporates 200mmofsheetingwith CBR=80%,aselectedblasted wasterockbaselayer,builton 3mofinsitumaterialwiththe indicatedEmodulusshownon thecharts.

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

10 100 1000

T

h

i

c

k

n

e

s

s

(

m

m

)

E Modulus (MPa)

CAT789C Base Layer Thickness Design800kPa tyre pressure, fully laden truck at OEM GVM

For limiting strains of 2000

Category I Category II Category III

Wearingcourse200mm

E=350MPa

Baselayerthickness

E=3000MPa

InsituThickness3000mm

Eeff Modulus of In-situ material (MPa)


0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

10 100 1000

T

h

i

c

k

n

e

s

s

(

m

m

)

E Modulus (MPa)

CAT789C Base Layer Thickness Design800kPa tyre pressure, fully laden truck at OEM GVM

For limiting strains of 2000

Category I Category II Category III

Wearingcourse200mm

E=350MPa

Baselayerthickness

E=3000MPa

InsituThickness3000mm

Eeff Modulus of In-situ material (MPa)


StructuralDesignStructuralDesign CBRCoverCurveCBRCoverCurve

CBRcovercurvedesign approachusespavement layerCBRvalues; Thicknessofsuccessive

layersbasedonCBR (strength)ofunderlying layerandtruckwheelload (tonnes).

55 40 25 150.0

500.0

1000.0

1500.0

2000.0

2500.0

3000.0

3500.0

4000.0

4500.0

1 10 100

CoverThickness(mm)

CaliforniaBearingRatioCBR(%)

. 1 2 3 4 6 8 . 10 , 20 40 60 80 100

10 14 21 28 35 41 55 69 104 138 207 276 345 414 . .

CBR (%)

Modulus (Eeff)(MPa) .

TruckTruckwheelGVM(t)load(t)9015

150 25

240 40

320 55

390 65450 75510 85570 95630 105


In-situ CBR 7%

Sub-base CBR 30%

Base CBR 55%

Wearing course CBR 80%

Compacted In-situ CBR 13%



DESIGN DATA





GUIDELINES MO

D

I

F

Y

W

E

A

R

I

N

G

C

O

U

R

S

E

M

A

T

E

R

I

A

L

C

H

E

M

I

C

A

L

P

A

L

L

I

A

T

I

O

N

O

R

W

A

T

E

R

-

B

A

S

E

D

S

P

R

A

Y

I

N

GIS PERFORMANCE

OPTIMUM

AND


ROAD-USER COSTS?


M

O

D

I

F

Y

W

E

A

R

I

N

G

C

O

U

R

S

E

M

A

T

E

R

I

A

L

C

O

U

R

S

E

M

A

T

E

R

I

A

LFUNCTIONAL DESIGN GUIDELINES



Wearingcoursematerial selection.Designfor; Improvedtraction,skid

resistance,reduceddust,

Reducedrollingresistance throughreducedwearing coursedefects,

Reduceddeterioration ratesandmaintenance frequency.


Here,thestonesinthemix or aggregate istoobig thiscant easilybegradedandifitis,the largestoneswillcomeloose seeding potholesanddamaging trucktyres.

Inthiscase thewearing coursehastoomuchfine materialanditformsa slipperysoftlayeronthe road.Carryover?



Thisisprobablyagoodmixofcrushedrocktouse,everythingsmallerthan40mminsizeandnottoomuchfinematerial(



Asmalljawcrushercanbeused toprepareblastedrockasa wearingcourseaggregate, ofteninamixofoneormore othermaterialstoformthe finalproduct.

Itisalsousefulforcreatinga fineaggregatefromwasterock tobeplacedasadressingin loadingareas toreducetyre damageintheseareas.



Correctwearingcourse materialselectionwill; Reduceroadrolling

resistance through reducedwearingcourse defects &

Reduceroaddeterioration ratesandmaintenance frequency.

Wearing Course Selection

0

50100

150

200

250300

350

400

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Grading Coefficient

S

h

r

i

n

k

a

g

e

P

r

o

d

u

c

t

.

Recommended (1) Recommended (2)

Dustiness Slippery when wet

Loose material

Loose stonesTyre damage Corrugates


FunctionalDesignFunctionalDesignWearing Course Selection

0

50100

150

200

250300

350

400

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Grading Coefficient

S

h

r

i

n

k

a

g

e

P

r

o

d

u

c

t

.

Recommended (1) Recommended (2)

Dustiness Slippery w hen w et

Loose material

Loose stonesTyre damage Corrugates



050

100150200250300350400450500550

0 10 20 30 40 50

Grading coefficient

S

h

r

i

n

k

a

g

e

p

r

o

d

u

c

t

.

DustinessWet skid resistance

Loosestoniness

Corrugations

Loose material

Dry skid resistance

1

2



050

100150200250300350400450500550

0 10 20 30 40 50

Grading coefficient

S

h

r

i

n

k

a

g

e

p

r

o

d

u

c

t

.


DustPalliativesDustPalliatives

Dustiscausedthroughloss offines,soconsider specifically; Wearingcoursematerial

selection; Sizedistribution,clay

content,

Restraintoffines, Trafficvolumes, Climaticconditions.



Allsuppressionsystemsaim tominimise erosivity ofthe wearingcourse.Options include; Improvedwearingcourse

material,

Regularwatering, Useofchemical

suppressants.



Chemicalpalliativesavailable include; Water/wettingagents,

Hygroscopicsalts, Lignosulphonates, Modifiedwaxes, Polymers, Tar/bitumenproducts, Sulphonated oils, Enzymes.



Useofchemicaldust suppressants; Shouldbeconsideredonlyas

anadjuncttoother methods,

Chemicaldustsuppressants havealimitedlifeandwill requireregularapplications,

Variousgenerictypesto choosefrom,basedmainly onclimaticconditionsand wearingsurfacematerial.



Trialachemicaldust suppressantfirstbefore makingafirm commitment,

Carefulattentionshouldbe giventowholeoflife costingbeforeusinga chemicaldustsuppressant.



Themostappropriate selectionandmanagement strategyshouldconsider; Safetyandhealthbenefits, Roadmanagement

philosophy,

Improvedcostefficiency.

Locality Data

Equipment Data

Water Data

Determine Cost of Establishment

Determine Cost of Water-based Spraying

Summarise Annual Costs (Application and Road Maintenance)

Method selection

Cost ($/kilo-liter) and application rates (l/m2)

Road, Climate, Wearing course parametersHours per day of dust control required

Productivity and operating costs of road (re)-construction, maintenance and (spraying) equipment

Palliative Data

Cost ($/litre) and application rates (establishment and rejuvenation)

Determine Cost of Rejuvenation (re-application) and Interval

Determine Wearing Course Maintenance Interval and Cost with

Palliative Applied


Water-based Spraying

Set Maximum Dust Defect Allowable


Locality Data

Equipment Data

Water Data

Determine Cost of Establishment

Determine Cost of Water-based Spraying

Summarise Annual Costs (Application and Road Maintenance)

Method selection

Cost ($/kilo-liter) and application rates (l/m2)

Road, Climate, Wearing course parametersHours per day of dust control required

Productivity and operating costs of road (re)-construction, maintenance and (spraying) equipment

Palliative Data

Cost ($/litre) and application rates (establishment and rejuvenation)

Determine Cost of Rejuvenation (re-application) and Interval


Palliative Applied


Water-based Spraying

Set Maximum Dust Defect Allowable



DESIGN DATA





GUIDELINES MO

D

I

F

Y

W

E

A

R

I

N

G

C

O

U

R

S

E

M

A

T

E

R

I

A

L

C

H

E

M

I

C

A

L

P

A

L

L

I

A

T

I

O

N

O

R

W

A

T

E

R

-

B

A

S

E

D

S

P

R

A

Y

I

N

GIS PERFORMANCE

OPTIMUM

AND


ROAD-USER COSTS?



GUIDELINES MO

D

I

F

Y

W

E

A

R

I

N

G

C

O

U

R

S

E

M

A

T

E

R

I

A

L

C

O

U

R

S

E

M

A

T

E

R

I

A

L

C

H

E

M

I

C

A

L

P

A

L

L

I

A

T

I

O

N

O

R

W

A

T

E

R

-

B

A

S

E

D

S

P

R

A

Y

I

N

G


MaintenanceManagementMaintenanceManagement

Maintenancedesignand management; Routineroadmaintenance

asaresultofprogressive wearingcourse deterioration. Asatisfactoryroaddesign

willrequireminimum maintenance.

Toofrequent maintenance?Review designdatatofindrootof problem.


MaintenanceManagementMaintenanceManagement


Rolling resistance

Max

Min


LOW VOLUME SURFACE

ROADS

Max

Min

Costs


Rolling resistance

Max

Min

Minimum total

cost solution - RAMPS

Max

Min

Costs


Rolling resistance

Max

Min


Max

Min

Costs


MaintenanceManagementMaintenanceManagementPercentage increase in total road-user costs with

maintenance interval

05

10152025303540

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Days between maintenance

P

e

r

c

e

n

t

c

h

a

n

g

e

B02 B03 B04B05 S Ramp


PracticalApplicationsPracticalApplications

Whyisthesegment maintenanceintensive? Poordesignand/orbuild

specs; Geometrics, Structure(layerworks

andmaterials),

Functional(wearing course surfacing materials).


BenchmarkingRollingBenchmarkingRolling ResistanceResistance

Roadperformance evaluation, Usedefectdegreeand

extenttodetermineRR%.


Defect extentDefect extent % road area % road area effectedeffected

Extent Extent scorescore

Not seen or isolated onlyNot seen or isolated only 60 55



DefectDefect Degree Degree (1(1--5)5)

ExtentExtent(1(1--5)5)

DegreeDegreexx

ExtentExtent

PotholesPotholes 55 11 55CorrugationsCorrugations 33 33 99RuttingRutting 33 55 1515Loose materialLoose material 55 22 1010Stones Stones -- fixedfixed 55 22 1010

Total scoreTotal score 4949



49

3,25%


Percentage increase in total road-user costs with maintenance interval

05

10152025303540

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Days between maintenance

P

e

r

c

e

n

t

c

h

a

n

g

e

B02 B03 B04B05 S Ramp


ResourcesResources

Formoreinformationonissuedraisedtoday; http://mining.curtin.edu.au/people clickonRJTfor

furtherlinkstohaulroadpublications

www.edumine.com searchforhaulroaddesignand construction Uni BritishColumbiaandABET/ISO/IACET accreditedselfstudycourse.

www.smartmines.com/mhroad/guidelines.pdf haul roaddesignguidelines(2000)forOilSandsMines (AlbertaCanada).


ResourcesResources

www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/pubs searchfor IC8758.pdf 1977USBMhaulroaddesignguidelines

www.mhsa.gov/readroom/handbook searchforph99I 4.pdfdesignandauditguidelinesformineroads

www.smenet.org SMEMiningEngineering Handbook,ThirdEdition,2011,Ch10MineHaulRoads

Copyofpresentationandfullsupportingnotesavailable throughDEEDIMinesSafetyandHealthwebsite.

Documents

Mine Road Workshop by Roger Thompson