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Mine Closure Planning and Implementation Contributing to
Sustainable Development
EXPOSIBRAM Amazônia 2010Belém Pará
November 25, 2010
Dirk van ZylProfessor of Mine Life Cycle Management
Norman B. Keevil Institute of Mining EngineeringUniversity of British Columbia
The Journey Today
• Sustainability sets a higher standard• Evaluating the contributions to sustainable development
• Regulatory frameworks and the concept of custodianship
• Mine closure planning and implementation• Mine closure criteria and options• Design principles and criteria• Mine closure practices• Business case
Mine Design, Environmental Assessment and ClosurePast and Present Approach
Impact and Mitigate
• Accept that there will be environmental and social impacts, this is part of the environmental and social assessment process
• Design, operate and closure focus is to mitigate the impacts
• Design and operate for closure
Mine Design, Environmental Assessment and ClosureUsing Sustainability Concepts
Maintain or Improve Environmental and Human Well‐Being
• A much higher standard• Understand the site specific aspects of environmental and human well‐being as well as future expectations
• Design, operate and closure with ongoing engagement of stakeholders
• The mine as a bridge, focus is long‐term• Design and operate for post‐closure
Contributions to Sustainable Development:Use the Seven Questions/Themes for this Evaluation
Human Well-being
Ecological Well-being
Engagement
Governance
Non-Market Economy
Market Economy
Continuous Learningand
Adaptive Management
Seven Questions/Themes
Human Well-being
Ecological Well-being
Engagement
Governance
Non-Market Economy
Market Economy
Continuous Learningand
Adaptive Management
1. EngagementThe neighbors of the mine must live with it after closure ‐ they must be engaged in the closure planning
2. Human Well‐beingMaintain or improve
Human Well‐being and Poverty Reduction
Basic material for a good lifeHealthGood Social RelationsSecurityFreedom of choice and action
From: Millennium Ecological Assessment
Seven Questions/Themes (2)
Human Well-being
Ecological Well-being
Engagement
Governance
Non-Market Economy
Market Economy
Continuous Learningand
Adaptive Management
3. Environmental/Ecological well‐beingMaintain or improve
4. Market economyEvaluate opportunities for ongoing economic activity in the area
From: Berger, A. Reclaiming the American West
Trout Farming
Seven Questions/Themes (3)
Human Well-being
Ecological Well-being
Engagement
Governance
Non-Market Economy
Market Economy
Continuous Learningand
Adaptive Management
5. Non‐market economyEnhance non‐market economic activities
6. GovernanceConsiderations for long‐term financial suretyFinal relinquishment of the site
7. Ongoing review and continuous improvementOngoing involvement of the mining company until released from responsibility
Mine Closure Regulatory Frameworks
Present mine closure regulatory frameworks are focused on mitigating environmental impacts and not on mitigating the social impacts of mine closure
ART. 52 of the 2003 Romanian Mining Law states that “the initiative of a mine quarry closure, belongs to the title holder of an exploitation license who will submit to the Competent Authority an application for mine closure, as well as the activity cessation plan, which must include,
C) A social protection program, through reemployment and/or professional reconversion; financial compensation and/or regional development measures by creating new work places, prepared in accordance with the law, upon consultation with affected groups of people and approved by the Competent Authority in the field of social protection; in the case of national companies and societies, such program shall also be approved by the line Ministry”.
The Concept of Custodianship
• Who is “responsible” for the site; i.e. who is the custodian during exploration, development, operations and closure:– Company?
– Government?
– Community?
Mine Closure Planning and Implementation
• Every mine is unique
• Mine closure planning starts during the pre‐feasibility study and never stops until it is fully implemented
• The level of detail of the closure plan improves over time
Environmental Closure Goals and Criteria
• Prescribed criteria – regulatory criteria and decisions• Corporate criteria; World Bank and IFC Guidelines• Non‐regulatory stakeholder desires• Other performance criteria, e.g.
– Final landform– Post‐mining land use
• Specific sustainability goals and criteria, e.g. Seven Questions
Be Realistic About Mine Closure and Future Land Use Options
Photo courtesy of Ron Schmiermund
Mine closure and future land use optionsDependent on location of mineDependent on the site climate
Design Principles and Criteria
• Physical stability
• Chemical stability
• Biological stability
• Long‐term design criteria– Probable maximum precipitation and flood
– Maximum credible earthquake
– Long‐term erosion
• Landscape Design and Engineering
Economic Performance vs. Resilience
Operations: optimize to gain economic benefits and environmental protection
Closure: optimize to control expenditure and to have resilient long‐term environmental performance
Mine Closure Practices
• Engagement– Red Dog
• Change in land use designation– Questa, change in land use for tailings area from wildlife and grazing to industrial
• Comprehensive approach– Julcani, Cia. De Minas Buenaventura , Peru
From: Hockley, D. and G. Coulter (2010) Many voices, one plan: Eliciting and integrating stakeholder feedback, Mine Closure, Chile
Red Dog Mine Alaska• Located in Northwest
Alaska• Located on land owned by
the NANA Alaskan Native Corporation
• Started operations in 1989 and is now scheduled to operate until 2031
• Reports, meetings, mine site visits, DVD in Inupiaq language
Mine Closure Practices
• Engagement– Red Dog
• Change in land use designation– Questa, change in land use designation for tailings area from wildlife and grazing to industrial
• Comprehensive approach– Julcani, Cia. De Minas Buenaventura , Peru
Mine Closure Practices
• Engagement– Red Dog
• Change in land use designation– Questa, change in land use designation for tailings area from wildlife and grazing to industrial
• Comprehensive approach– Julcani, Cia. De Minas Buenaventura , Peru
Julcani Mine Closure
• Mine still produces about 1.5 million ounces of silver per year, which is a much lower rate than before, i.e. considerable reduction in work force
• Cia. De Minas Buenaventura spent large sums of money to design and construct physical and chemical stability mitigation measures at the mine
• As part of the legacy of the founder of the company, Don Alberto Benavides de la Quintana, considerable attention was also paid to social impact mitigation following the reduction in production
• The social impacts of the mine range over 2 provinces, 4 districts and 5 communities
Information kindly provided by Cia Buenaventura
Organic certification for an area of 2,974, 874 m2 of 169 members of the Association of Organic Producers Angaraes
Organic certification for an area of 2,974, 874 m2 of 169 members of the Association of Organic Producers Angaraes
Planning for Sustainable Development
Construction of a greenhouse in partnership with the NGO Ruru InkaConstruction of a greenhouse in partnership with the NGO Ruru Inka
Ecological Industrial Park CcochaccasaFour craft workshops, organic tanning, wood processing and textile
Ecological Industrial Park CcochaccasaFour craft workshops, organic tanning, wood processing and textile
InfrastructureInfrastructure
Road Lircay ‐ LicapaChincha, Huancavelica RoadDirt road to the Shrine of Oropesa
Ground Terminal Construction Huancavelica
Construction of Technological Institute of Automotive Mechanical and Production
Road Lircay ‐ LicapaChincha, Huancavelica RoadDirt road to the Shrine of Oropesa
Ground Terminal Construction Huancavelica
Construction of Technological Institute of Automotive Mechanical and Production
Poverty alleviation project PRA BUENAVENTURA
PROVINCIA NEGOCIOSTayacaja Alcachofa
MenestraMaca
Churcampa AlcachofaAcobamba Haba
ArvejaHuancavelica Fibra de alpaca
TruchaArtesaniaFibra de vicuñaAceite esencial
Angaraes Fibra de alpacaTruchaArtesaniaFibra de vicuñaPapa nativaHaba y arveja
CastrovirreynaFibra de alpacaFibra de vicuña
Huaytará Fibra de alpacaFibra de vicuña
EDUCATIONProject "Mathematics for All" from the year 2003‐2006Training of teachersSchool math contests, drawings, project "Weaving Looms for Children," among others
EDUCATIONProject "Mathematics for All" from the year 2003‐2006Training of teachersSchool math contests, drawings, project "Weaving Looms for Children," among others
Business Case
• Values vs. value• The present business model for mine closure
– Corporate income pays for closure of the present mine, i.e. the next mine pays for the closure of the present mine
– This is not sustainable, especially for small mining companies
• Compliance is the lowest common denominator• Access to future mineral deposits is ultimately the focus
Key Phrases
• Higher standard – maintain or improve vs. impact and mitigate
• Contributions to sustainable development
• Landscape design
• Resilience vs. economic performance
• Ongoing engagement of all stakeholders
• Transient vs. transformational