26
1 ekbaM eSi Mind map : learning made simple ;wjksi esa jk"Vªokn dk fuekZ.k teZuh esa jk"Vª fuekZ.k izfØ;k us izf'k;k jkT; dh 'kfDr ds izHkqRo dks n'kkZrk FkkA izf'k;k }kjk mBk, x, dne vkSj mldh dk;Zokb;k¡ ckdh teZuh ds fy, vdlj ,d ekZMy cukA mUuhloha lnh ds e/; esa bVyh lkr jkT;kas es cVk gqvk Fkk ftueas ls dsoy ,d&lkfMZfu;k ihMek.V esa ,d brkyoh jkt?kjkus dk 'kklu FkkA fczrkuh }hi lewg es jgus okys yksxksa vaxzst csY'k LdkWV ;k vk;fj'k dh eq[; igpku u`tkrh; FkhA baXyS.M vkSj LdkVyS.M ds chp ,sDV vksQ ;wfu;u (1707) ls ^^;wukbVsM fdXaMe vkWQ xzsV fczVsu** dk xBu gqvkA LFkkuh; cksfy;ksa ij cy vkSj LFkkuh; yksd lkfgR; dks ,d= djus dk mís'; dsoy izkphu jk"Vªh; Hkkouk dks okil ykuk ugha Fkk cfYd vk/kqfud jk"Vªh; lans'k dks T;knk yksxkas rd igq¡pkuk Fkk ftues ls vf/kdka'k fuj{kj FksA 1830 eas [kkus ihus dh deh vkSj O;kid csjkstxkjh ls isfjl ds yksx lM+dksa ij vk x,A 1848 eas tc vusd ;wjksih; ns'kksa es xjhch csjkstxkjh] vkSj Hkq[kejh ls xzLr fdlku&etnwj foæksg dj jgs Fks rc mlds lekukarj i<+s&fy[ks e/; oxks± dhA ,d Økafr Hkh gks jgh FkhA dh 1848 ?kVukvksa ls jktk dks xn~nh NksM+uh iM+h FkhA 1789 esa e/; oxZ ds yksx ,d jkLrs ij laxfBr gks x, tks lHkh ds fy, leku Fkk tks thou ds {ks=h; foHkktuksa dks rksM+us ls jksdrk FkkA dke djus okyh tula[;k vkSj e/;oxZ (tks m|ksxifr;ksa] O;kikfj;ksa vkSj is'ksojkas ls cuh Fkh) us u;k lkekftd lewg cuk;kA mUuhloha lnh ds 'kq:vkr esa jk"Vªh; ,drk ls lacaf/kr fopkj mnkjokn ls djhc ls tqM+s FksA usiksfyd dksM dh iqjkuh O;oLFkk lhfer erkf/kdkj dks ykxw fd;kA 1834 esa izf'k;k dh igy ij ,d 'kqYd la?k tkWYfojkbu LFkkfir fd;k x;k ftlesa vf/kdka'k teZu jkT; 'kkfey gks x,A izsl dh Lora=rk dk ,d izeq[k eqn~nk mBk;k x;kA ftl rjg ckYdu leL;k vkxs cnh mles izfrLi/kkZ,¡ [kqydj lkeus vkbZA :l teZuh] bXySaM] vkLVªks&gaxjh dh gj rkdr ckYdu ij vU; 'kfDr;ks dh idM+ dks detksj djds {ks= esa vius izHkko dks c<+kuk pkgrh FkhA ukjh :i dks jk"Vª ds fy, pquk x;k og vly thou esa dksbZ [kkl efgyk ugha Fkh og rks jk"Vª ds vewrZ fopkj dks Bksl :i iznku djus dk iz;kl FkkA teZuh] Ýkal] fLoV~tySaM vkSj iksySaM esa xqIr laxBu cuk, x,A esfRluh jktra= dk fojks/kh FkkA Ø k af r d kj h

Mind map : learning made simple · 2 sl ll r le lkekftd foKku] d X Mind map : learning made simple baMks&pkbuk esa jk"Vªoknh vkanksyu 1974 esa isfjl esa,d'kkafr le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj

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Page 1: Mind map : learning made simple · 2 sl ll r le lkekftd foKku] d X Mind map : learning made simple baMks&pkbuk esa jk"Vªoknh vkanksyu 1974 esa isfjl esa,d'kkafr le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj

1ekbaM eSi

Mind

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Page 2: Mind map : learning made simple · 2 sl ll r le lkekftd foKku] d X Mind map : learning made simple baMks&pkbuk esa jk"Vªoknh vkanksyu 1974 esa isfjl esa,d'kkafr le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj

vksloky lh-ch-,l-bZ- v/;k; Rofjr leh{kk] lkekftd foKku] d{kk&X2

Mind

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: lea

rning m

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simpl

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baMks&

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Page 3: Mind map : learning made simple · 2 sl ll r le lkekftd foKku] d X Mind map : learning made simple baMks&pkbuk esa jk"Vªoknh vkanksyu 1974 esa isfjl esa,d'kkafr le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj

3ekbaM eSi

Mind

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rning m

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Page 4: Mind map : learning made simple · 2 sl ll r le lkekftd foKku] d X Mind map : learning made simple baMks&pkbuk esa jk"Vªoknh vkanksyu 1974 esa isfjl esa,d'kkafr le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj

vksloky lh-ch-,l-bZ- v/;k; Rofjr leh{kk] lkekftd foKku] d{kk&X4

Mind

map

: lea

rning m

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