Miller Pipeline Corporation

Miller Pipeline CorporationMiller Pipeline CorporationConfined Space TrainingConfined Space Training

Section 1Section 1The BasicsThe Basics

DefinitionsDefinitions

Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) The maximum amount of a substance that a person can be The maximum amount of a substance that a person can be

exposed to without it becoming hazardous to health.exposed to without it becoming hazardous to health.

Lower Explosive Limit (LEL)Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) The lowest concentration of a substance that will produce a The lowest concentration of a substance that will produce a

flash, fire or explosion if an ignition source introduced. flash, fire or explosion if an ignition source introduced.

Upper Explosive Limit (UEL)Upper Explosive Limit (UEL) The highest concentration of a substance that will produce a The highest concentration of a substance that will produce a

flash, fire or explosion if an ignition source introduced. flash, fire or explosion if an ignition source introduced.

Below LEL (Too Lean)

Above UEL(Too Rich)

Between LEL-UELJust Right

““Confined Space”Confined Space”

A “Confined Space” is any space that meets A “Confined Space” is any space that meets allall of the following criteria:of the following criteria:

Large enough for person to enter and perform work.Large enough for person to enter and perform work.

Limited or restricted means for entry or exit.Limited or restricted means for entry or exit.

Not designed for continuous human occupancy.Not designed for continuous human occupancy.

Miller Pipeline’s Typical Confined Space

““Non-Permit” Confined SpaceNon-Permit” Confined Space

A confined space that does not have the potential to A confined space that does not have the potential to contain any hazard capable of causing death or contain any hazard capable of causing death or serious physical harm.serious physical harm.

““Permit Required” Confined SpacePermit Required” Confined Space

A confined space that has the A confined space that has the potentialpotential to contain one to contain one of more of the following characteristics:of more of the following characteristics:

““Hazardous atmosphere”Hazardous atmosphere” Engulfment hazardEngulfment hazard Configuration hazardConfiguration hazard Any other serious safety or health hazardAny other serious safety or health hazard

• Hazardous EnergyHazardous Energy• Moving PartsMoving Parts• Fluid Level Fluid Level

Because of this Miller Pipeline considers all manholes “permit

required” confined spaces.

““Hazardous Atmosphere”Hazardous Atmosphere”

OxygenOxygen level not adequate level not adequate

FlammablesFlammables > 10% of the LEL > 10% of the LEL

ToxinsToxins > PEL > PEL

Combustible dustCombustible dust > 10% of the LEL > 10% of the LEL

Miller Pipeline’s Typical Confined Space

Hazards

OxygenOxygen

Potential Effects of Oxygen-Deficient Atmospheres

Oxygen Content(% by Volume)

Effects and Symptoms(At Atmospheric Pressure)

19.5% Minimum permissible oxygen level

15-19% Decreased ability to work strenuously. May impair coordination and may induce early symptoms in persons with coronary, pulmonary, or circulatory problems.

12-14% Respiration increases in exertion, pulse up, impaired coordination, perception, judgment.

10-12% Respiration further increases in rate and depth, poor judgment, lips blue.

8-10% Mental failure, fainting, unconsciousness, ashen face, blueness of lips, nausea, and vomiting.

6-8% 8 minutes, 100% fatal; 6 minutes, 50% fatal; 4-5 minutes, recovery with treatment.

4-6% Coma in 40 seconds, convulsions, respiration ceases, death.

““Room air” is 20.9%Room air” is 20.9%

Less than 19.5% is notLess than 19.5% is not

adequate for breathingadequate for breathing

More than 23.5% createsMore than 23.5% creates

combustible atmospherecombustible atmosphere

MATERIAL

LEL UEL PEL DENSITY

% Volume % Volume (PPM) (Air=1.0)

METHANE 5% 15% Asphyxiate 0.6

FlammablesFlammablesMethane (CHMethane (CH44))

Explosive at low volumeExplosive at low volume

Reduces OxygenReduces Oxygen

*Lighter than air (rises)*Lighter than air (rises)

ToxinsToxinsEffects of ExposureEffects of Exposure

Acute (Detected Now)Acute (Detected Now) HeadacheHeadache DizzinessDizziness NauseaNausea

Chronic (Detected Later)Chronic (Detected Later) CancerCancer Organ DamageOrgan Damage Infertility Infertility

ToxinsToxinsRoutes of EntryRoutes of Entry

Inhalation (breathing)Inhalation (breathing)

Ingestion (swallowing)Ingestion (swallowing)

Injection (blood stream)Injection (blood stream)

Absorption (eyes or skin)Absorption (eyes or skin)

Main route for CO and H2S

ToxinsToxins

MATERIAL

L.E.L. U.E.L. PEL DENSITY


CARBON MONOXIDE 12.5% 74% 35 .97

Carbon Monoxide (CO)Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Explosive at medium volume Explosive at medium volume

Toxic at medium volumeToxic at medium volume

*Same weight as air (hovers)*Same weight as air (hovers)

Odorless, colorless, andOdorless, colorless, and

non-irritating (silent killer)non-irritating (silent killer)

PPM Effect

200 Slight headache, discomfort within 3 hours

400 Slight headaches within 1-2 hours, becoming life threatening after three hours.

800 Dizziness, nausea, and convulsions within 45 minutes. Unconsciousness within two hours. Death within 2-3 hours.

1,600 Headache, dizziness, and nausea within 20 minutes. Death within one hour.

3,200 Headache, dizziness, and nausea within 5-10 minutes. Death within 30 minutes.

6,400 Headaches, dizziness, and nausea within 1-2 minutes. Death within 10-15 minutes.

12,800 Death within 1-3 minutes.

ToxinsToxins

MATERIAL

L.E.L. U.E.L. PEL DENSITY


HYDROGEN SULFIDE 4% 44% 10 1.19

Hydrogen Sulfide (HHydrogen Sulfide (H22S)S)

Explosive at low volume Explosive at low volume

Toxic at low volumeToxic at low volume

*Heavier than air (falls)*Heavier than air (falls)

Initial “rotten egg” odor, butInitial “rotten egg” odor, but

desensitizes sense of smelldesensitizes sense of smell

PPM Effect

50-100 Mild eye irritation, mild respiratory irritation within 1 hour

200-300 Severe eye irritation, severe respiratory irritation within 1 hour

500-700 Unconsciousness or death within 1 hour.

1,000 or more Unconsciousness or death within minutes.

So… why are we here?So… why are we here?

ANSWER = 1 death in US every 3 days!!!ANSWER = 1 death in US every 3 days!!!

Section 2Section 2Entry ProcedureEntry Procedure

RULE #1 – Don’t enter unless absolutely necessary!!RULE #1 – Don’t enter unless absolutely necessary!!

Entry ProcedureEntry Procedure

RULE #2 – Entry not allowed if “Hazardous Atmosphere”RULE #2 – Entry not allowed if “Hazardous Atmosphere”



1) Complete & execute 1) Complete & execute ENTRY PERMITENTRY PERMIT

2) Set-up 2) Set-up TRAFFIC CONTROLTRAFFIC CONTROL for jobsite for jobsite

3) Apply necessary 3) Apply necessary LOCKOUT TAGOUTLOCKOUT TAGOUT devices devices

4) Establish mechanical 4) Establish mechanical VENTILATIONVENTILATION

5) Use 5) Use GAS MONITORGAS MONITOR to test atmosphere to test atmosphere

6) Use 6) Use FALL PROTECTIONFALL PROTECTION as required. as required.

7) Use 7) Use EMERGENCY EQUIPMENTEMERGENCY EQUIPMENT as needed as needed

8) Ensure 8) Ensure JOBSITE SECURITYJOBSITE SECURITY prior to leaving prior to leaving

Entry PermitEntry PermitCONFINED SPACE / HOT WORK PERMIT

This permit is to be completed by an employee who has successfully completed the Miller Pipeline Confined Space Training Program and authorized/cancelled by the Entry Supervisor. It is to be voided if conditions change or a new hazard is detected during entry.

Per GENERAL INFORMATION

TYPE OF SPACE: Sewer Pipe Water Pipe Gas Pipe Other: ADDRESS OF SPACE: PURPOSE OF ENTRY: Lining Pipe Joint Sealing Manhole Rehab Other: START DATE & TIME: ____/____/____, ____ am/pm EXPIRATION DATE & TIME: ____/____/____, ____ am/pm RESCUE/EMERGENCY NUMBER: 911 Other:

AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL

NAMES ATTENDANT ENTRANT BOTH ENTRY SUPERVISOR:

HAZARD CONTROL

TRAFFIC CONTROL: Warning Signs Cones Barricades Arrow Boards Flagmen Police ENERGY CONTROL: Cut & Cap Line Plug Line Reroute Line Lock/Block Valves Purge Gases

Flush Liquids/Solids Latch/Block Moving Parts Check/Remove Dangerous Animals Other: Other:

VENTILATION: Intermittent Continuous ATMOSPHERIC TESTING: Initial Intermittent Continuous RETRIEVAL SYSTEM: Miller Intruder System (w/rope & winch) Tripod System (w/rope & winch) LADDER SYSTEM: Manhole Cleats Single Rung Ladder Other: COMMUNICATION: Voice Rope Tugs Radios SPECIAL TOOLING: Spark-Free Tools Intrinsically Safe Lighting Other:

HOT WORK PERMITTING

The three elements necessary for combustion are fuel, oxygen, and an ignition source. Miller Pipeline only permits work that knowingly produces ignition sources (i.e. hot work) to be performed in a confined space if all the following criteria are met: Continuous Ventilation Continuous Monitoring Atmosphere < 10% LEL Fire Watch Assigned Fire Extinguisher at Entrance HOT WORK PERMITTED: YES NO

REQUIRED PPE

Hardhat Durable/Cut-Resistant Gloves Protective Disposable Suit Body Harness Cut-Resistant Sleeves Rubber/Latex Gloves Hearing Protection Chainsaw Chaps Barrier Cream Safety Glasses Protective-Toed Boots Dust Mask Goggles Metatarsil Guards SCBA Respirator Face Shield Rubber Boots Emergency SCBA Respirator

General InformationGeneral Information

Authorized PersonnelAuthorized Personnel

Hazard ControlHazard Control

Hot Work PermittingHot Work Permitting

Required PPERequired PPE

Monitoring EquipmentMonitoring Equipment

Monitoring ResultsMonitoring Results

AuthorizationAuthorization

Entry PermitEntry Permit

Completed before all manhole entries Completed before all manhole entries Regardless of how long entry will takeRegardless of how long entry will take

Kept near entranceKept near entrance Canceled by expiration date/timeCanceled by expiration date/time

Maximum length allowed is 1 shiftMaximum length allowed is 1 shift

Maintained for 1-year after cancellationMaintained for 1-year after cancellation

Traffic ControlTraffic Control

Position vehicles to serve as barrierPosition vehicles to serve as barrier Between work zone and oncoming trafficBetween work zone and oncoming traffic Turn wheel toward curbTurn wheel toward curb

Channel traffic with cones and signsChannel traffic with cones and signs Cone-off work areas (18” from equipment)Cone-off work areas (18” from equipment) Set-up Set-up advancedadvanced warning signs warning signs Use flagmen or arrow boardsUse flagmen or arrow boards

Lockout TagoutLockout Tagout

Whenever there is a potential exposure to “hazardous Whenever there is a potential exposure to “hazardous energy” disengage the energy source and apply lock, energy” disengage the energy source and apply lock, tag & energy isolation devices prior to beginning work.tag & energy isolation devices prior to beginning work.


Common pipeline “hazardous energy” sourcesCommon pipeline “hazardous energy” sources Chemical ReleaseChemical Release Water PressureWater Pressure Steam Build-UpSteam Build-Up

Other potential “hazardous energy” sourcesOther potential “hazardous energy” sources ElectricityElectricity Moving PartsMoving Parts Air Pressure Air Pressure Stored EnergyStored Energy

All usually controlled by valves


Locking DevicesLocking Devices Free from rust or damageFree from rust or damage Not used for other activitiesNot used for other activities Always accompanied by tagAlways accompanied by tag Key only controlled by ownerKey only controlled by owner Separate lock / tag for each workerSeparate lock / tag for each worker

Tagging DevicesTagging Devices Able to withstand environment Able to withstand environment Complete, legible & understandableComplete, legible & understandable Securely attachedSecurely attached

Energy Isolation DevicesEnergy Isolation Devices Designed for application Designed for application


Application ProcedureApplication Procedure Prepare to shut-down equipmentPrepare to shut-down equipment Notify individuals affected by shut-down and in areaNotify individuals affected by shut-down and in area Perform normal shut-downPerform normal shut-down Disengage all hazardous energy sourcesDisengage all hazardous energy sources Apply locking, tagging & energy isolation devicesApply locking, tagging & energy isolation devices Verify success by attempting start-upVerify success by attempting start-up (IMPORTANT!!!)(IMPORTANT!!!)

Removal ProcedureRemoval Procedure Notify individuals affected by shut-down and in areaNotify individuals affected by shut-down and in area Remove devices (only by person who applied devices)Remove devices (only by person who applied devices) Restore power and conduct normal start-upRestore power and conduct normal start-up

VentilationVentilation

ContinuouslyContinuously in sewer or if hot-work done in sewer or if hot-work done

Ensure ventilated air is cleanEnsure ventilated air is clean Nearby vehicles offNearby vehicles off Exhaust downwindExhaust downwind Intake vent 5’ from entranceIntake vent 5’ from entrance

VentilationVentilation

Tips for effective ventilation:Tips for effective ventilation: Use blower with adequate capacityUse blower with adequate capacity Place outgoing vent 2’ from bottom of spacePlace outgoing vent 2’ from bottom of space Open lid downstream when possibleOpen lid downstream when possible Place additional ventilation at downstream lidPlace additional ventilation at downstream lid Allow enough time to completely purge spaceAllow enough time to completely purge space

• Cubic Feet of Pipe / CFM of Blower = Minutes to WaitCubic Feet of Pipe / CFM of Blower = Minutes to Wait

Gas MonitorsGas Monitors

Monitors must be “four-gas” typeMonitors must be “four-gas” type May need to supplement in unique situationsMay need to supplement in unique situations

Use as recommendedUse as recommended Turn on in safe atmosphere Turn on in safe atmosphere Ensure unit “zeros-out”Ensure unit “zeros-out” Do not adjust settingsDo not adjust settings Store in approved casesStore in approved cases Calibrate as required (documented)Calibrate as required (documented)

Conduct testing as follows:Conduct testing as follows: Outside of lid before removingOutside of lid before removing Top, middle & bottom of space 30 sec. each Top, middle & bottom of space 30 sec. each ContinuouslyContinuously in sewer or if hot-work done in sewer or if hot-work done Carry on body if detach harness from cableCarry on body if detach harness from cable

Methane

CO

H2S

Fall ProtectionFall Protection

MechanicalMechanical retrieval device used when > 5’ retrieval device used when > 5’ ““Miller Intruder”Miller Intruder” Tripod w/ WinchTripod w/ Winch

Winches used and maintained properlyWinches used and maintained properly Used for intended load (personnel vs. material)Used for intended load (personnel vs. material) Inspected annually or after shock-loadedInspected annually or after shock-loaded

Ladder used at each entrance/exitLadder used at each entrance/exit Single rung ladderSingle rung ladder Manhole cleats Manhole cleats

Respect the danger of falling into a manhole.Respect the danger of falling into a manhole. Two employees fall to their death every day in the US.Two employees fall to their death every day in the US. Many of these falls are from 6’ or less!Many of these falls are from 6’ or less! Most of our manholes are over 6’ and up to 40’ deep.Most of our manholes are over 6’ and up to 40’ deep.

Inspect fall protection equipment before each use.Inspect fall protection equipment before each use. No dents or physical damage to retrieval device.No dents or physical damage to retrieval device. Winch cable not damaged, winds smoothly, able to be Winch cable not damaged, winds smoothly, able to be

converted to crank, and prevents free fall.converted to crank, and prevents free fall. No frays to body harness and all buckles functional.No frays to body harness and all buckles functional.



Ensure proper assembly of retrieval device.Ensure proper assembly of retrieval device. All pins inserted into slots.All pins inserted into slots. Placed on even/stable foundation.Placed on even/stable foundation.

Store equipment in way to prevent damage.Store equipment in way to prevent damage. Store components in secure location.Store components in secure location. Avoid stacking other items on retrieval device.Avoid stacking other items on retrieval device.

Ensure proper wear of body harness.Ensure proper wear of body harness. Straps securely placed over shoulders and between legs.Straps securely placed over shoulders and between legs. Buckles secure, but straps not cutting off circulation. Buckles secure, but straps not cutting off circulation. Double-action hook locked onto d-ring on back.Double-action hook locked onto d-ring on back.

The following equipment shall also be onsite:The following equipment shall also be onsite: First-aid kitFirst-aid kit Fire extinguisher (manned if hot work done)Fire extinguisher (manned if hot work done) If operations require traveling down pipe:If operations require traveling down pipe:

• Emergency rescue cartEmergency rescue cart

• Respiratory ProtectionRespiratory Protection

Emergency EquipmentEmergency Equipment

Jobsite SecurityJobsite Security

Manholes securely placedManholes securely placed

Street damage coveredStreet damage covered

Open trenches barricadedOpen trenches barricaded

Housekeeping good / tools picked-upHousekeeping good / tools picked-up

Section 3Section 3Entry TeamEntry Team

Team MembersTeam Members

Entry SupervisorEntry Supervisor

Authorized AttendantAuthorized Attendant

Authorized EntrantAuthorized Entrant

Supervisor DutiesSupervisor Duties

Communicate with owner prior to entryCommunicate with owner prior to entry

Be present at jobsite throughout entryBe present at jobsite throughout entry

Authorize & ensure execution of permitAuthorize & ensure execution of permit

Assist with identifying & controlling Assist with identifying & controlling hazardshazards

Cut, block or reroute linesCut, block or reroute lines Block and bleed pipeBlock and bleed pipe Disconnect drive mechanismsDisconnect drive mechanisms Open, purge & ventilate pipeOpen, purge & ventilate pipe Remove dangerous animalsRemove dangerous animals Prescribe PPEPrescribe PPE

Attendant DutiesAttendant Duties

Ensure only authorized entryEnsure only authorized entry Take head count during entryTake head count during entry Stay alert & near entranceStay alert & near entrance Frequently communicate with all entrantsFrequently communicate with all entrants Monitor for behavioral changesMonitor for behavioral changes

Noticeable ConfusionNoticeable Confusion Increased IrritabilityIncreased Irritability Lack of Coordination Lack of Coordination Slurred SpeechSlurred Speech Vomiting, Coughing, WheezingVomiting, Coughing, Wheezing

Monitor hazards inside & outside spaceMonitor hazards inside & outside space Observe & enforce no smoking policyObserve & enforce no smoking policy Initiate evacuation when:Initiate evacuation when:

Permit ViolatedPermit Violated Gas Monitor AlarmsGas Monitor Alarms Behavioral Changes NoticedBehavioral Changes Noticed Conditions Change that Endanger EntrantsConditions Change that Endanger Entrants Attendant Must Leave PositionAttendant Must Leave Position

Perform rescue if necessaryPerform rescue if necessary

Attendant DutiesAttendant Duties

Entrant DutiesEntrant Duties

Wear prescribed PPEWear prescribed PPE Communicate with AttendantCommunicate with Attendant Monitor body for symptomsMonitor body for symptoms IMMEDIATELYIMMEDIATELY evacuate when: evacuate when:

Symptoms noticedSymptoms noticed Gas monitor alarmsGas monitor alarms Attendant orders evacuation Attendant orders evacuation New hazard introducedNew hazard introduced

Section 4Section 4Rescue ProceduresRescue Procedures

Rescue ProceduresRescue Procedures

Miller Pipeline’s rescue procedures:Miller Pipeline’s rescue procedures: Primary = “self-rescue”Primary = “self-rescue” Secondary = “winch rescue”Secondary = “winch rescue” Last Resort = “man entry rescue”Last Resort = “man entry rescue”

Rescue procedures practiced annuallyRescue procedures practiced annually

Attendants first-aid/CPR trainedAttendants first-aid/CPR trained


1) If evacuation required:1) If evacuation required: entrants must immediately evacuate; entrants must immediately evacuate; notify the attendant on way out;notify the attendant on way out; and then notify fellow entrants on way out.and then notify fellow entrants on way out.

2) If harness detached from cable and potential for 2) If harness detached from cable and potential for atmosphere to become imminently dangerous:atmosphere to become imminently dangerous:

entrants must carry and use an escape respirator.entrants must carry and use an escape respirator.

3) If entrants cannot self-evacuate, the Attendant must:3) If entrants cannot self-evacuate, the Attendant must: convert the winch and remove entrant with crank;convert the winch and remove entrant with crank; and administer medical treatment until paramedics arrive.and administer medical treatment until paramedics arrive.


4) If man entry rescue must be performed:4) If man entry rescue must be performed: find replacement Attendant and have them call 911;find replacement Attendant and have them call 911; put on all PPE worn by Entrants + respirator (if necessary);put on all PPE worn by Entrants + respirator (if necessary); attach cable to harness;attach cable to harness; take rescue cart if entrants are located inside pipe;take rescue cart if entrants are located inside pipe; remove entrants from space;remove entrants from space; and administer medical treatment until paramedics arrive.and administer medical treatment until paramedics arrive.


Approximately 36% of all confined space fatalities are Approximately 36% of all confined space fatalities are would-be rescuers who don’t follow procedures!!would-be rescuers who don’t follow procedures!!

Section 5Section 5Conclusion & Test Conclusion & Test

ConclusionConclusion

FACTFACT = Someone dies in a confined space every 3 days! = Someone dies in a confined space every 3 days!

Confined spaces are “silent killers”… Confined spaces are “silent killers”… RESPECT CONFINED SPACES!RESPECT CONFINED SPACES!

FACTFACT = 66% of confined space fatalities happen to sewer workers! = 66% of confined space fatalities happen to sewer workers!

It is the people in our industry that keep dying… It is the people in our industry that keep dying… IT CAN HAPPEN TO IT CAN HAPPEN TO YOUYOU!!

FACTFACT = When employees short-cut safety procedures, the = When employees short-cut safety procedures, the probability of serious injury or death increases drastically.probability of serious injury or death increases drastically.

Procedures are established for a reason… Procedures are established for a reason… FOLLOW PROCEDURES!FOLLOW PROCEDURES!

TestTest

25 Questions (True / False)25 Questions (True / False)

Passing Score = 84% (21 of 25)Passing Score = 84% (21 of 25)

May May NOTNOT Use Book or Neighbor!!! Use Book or Neighbor!!!

Good Luck!!!Good Luck!!!

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Miller Pipeline Corporation