Millennium Development Goals - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

The Millennium Development

Goals are a UN initiative.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight internationaldevelopment goals that all 193 United Nations member states and at least 23international organizations have agreed to achieve by the year 2015. Theyinclude eradicating extreme poverty, reducing child mortality rates, fightingdisease epidemics such as AIDS, and developing a global partnership for

development.[1]

1 Background1.1 Ideas behind the MDG

2 Goals2.1 Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger2.2 Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education2.3 Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empowerwomen2.4 Goal 4: Reduce child mortality rates2.5 Goal 5: Improve maternal health2.6 Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and otherdiseases2.7 Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability2.8 Goal 8: Develop a global partnership fordevelopment

3 Debate surrounding the MDGs4 Progress5 Review Summit 20106 Challenges

6.1 Controversy over funding of 0.7% of GNI7 Related organizations

7.1 MDG related projects7.1.1 Accessing Development Education7.1.2 TeachMDGs7.1.3 UN Goals

8 See also9 References10 External links

10.1 United Nations10.2 Others

The aim of the MDGs is to encourage development by improving social and economic conditions in the world's

poorest countries. They derive from earlier international development targets,[2] and were officially established

Millennium Development Goals - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals

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Heads of State at the Millennium

Summit

The percentage of the world's

population living in extreme poverty

has halved since 1981. The graph

shows estimates and projections

from the World Bank 1981–2009.

Most of this improvement has

occurred in East and South Asia.

following the Millennium Summit in 2000, where all world leaderspresent adopted the United Nations Millennium Declaration.

The Millennium Summit was presented with the report of the Secretary-General entitled ‘We the Peoples: The Role of the United Nations in the

Twenty-First Century’.[3] Additional input was prepared by theMillennium Forum, which brought together representatives of over 1,000non-governmental and civil society organisations from more than 100countries. The Forum met in May 2000 to conclude a two-yearconsultation process covering issues such as poverty eradication,environmental protection, human rights and protection of the vulnerable.The approval of the MDGs was possibly the main outcome of theMillennium Summit. In the area of peace and security, the adoption of the Brahimi Report was seen as properly

equipping the organization to carry out the mandates given by the Security Council.[citation needed]

Ideas behind the MDG

The MDGs originated from the Millennium Declaration produced by theUnited Nations. The Declaration asserts that every individual has the rightto dignity, freedom, equality, a basic standard of living that includesfreedom from hunger and violence, and encourages tolerance and

solidarity.[4] The MDGs were made to operationalize these ideas by settingtargets and indicators for poverty reduction in order to achieve the rights

set forth in the Declaration on a set fifteen-year timeline.[4][5]

The Millennium Declaration was, however, only part of the origins of theMDGs. It came about from not just the UN but also the Organization forEconomic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the World Bank andthe International Monetary Fund. The setting came about through a seriesof UN-led conferences in the 1990s focusing on issues such as children,nutrition, human rights, women and others. On the side of the OECD, therewas a criticism of the fall of global Official Development Assistance(ODA) by major donors. With the onset of the UN's 50th anniversary, thenUN Secretary General Kofi Annan saw the need to address the range ofdevelopment issues. This led to his report titled, We the Peoples: The Roleof the United Nations in the 21st Century which led to the MillenniumDeclaration. By this time, the OECD had already formed its InternationalDevelopment Goals (IDGs) and it was combined with the UN's efforts in

the World Bank's 2001 meeting to form the MDGs.[6][7]

The MDGs focus on three major areas of Human development (humanity): bolstering human capital, improvinginfrastructure, and increasing social, economic and political rights, with the majority of the focus going towards

increasing basic standards of living.[8] The objectives chosen within the human capital focus include improvingnutrition, healthcare (including reducing levels of child mortality, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria, andincreasing reproductive health), and education. For the infrastructure focus, the objectives include improvinginfrastructure through increasing access to safe drinking water, energy and modern information/communicationtechnology; amplifying farm outputs through sustainable practices; improving transportation infrastructure; andpreserving the environment. Lastly, for the social, economic and political rights focus, the objectives includeempowering women, reducing violence, increasing political voice, ensuring equal access to public services, and


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increasing security of property rights. The goals chosen were intended to increase an individual’s human

capabilities and “advance the means to a productive life”.[8] The MDGs emphasize that individual policiesneeded to achieve these goals should be tailored to individual country’s needs; therefore most policy suggestions

are general.[8]

The MDGs also emphasize the role of developed countries in aiding developing countries, as outlined in GoalEight. Goal Eight sets objectives and targets for developed countries to achieve a “global partnership fordevelopment” by supporting fair trade, debt relief for developing nations, increasing aid and access to affordable

essential medicines, and encouraging technology transfer.[8][9] Thus developing nations are not seen as left toachieve the MDGs on their own, but as a partner in the developing-developed compact to reduce world poverty.

The MDGs were developed out of the eight chapters of the United Nations, signed in September 2000. There are

eight goals with 21 targets,[10] and a series of measurable indicators for each target.[11][12]

Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

Target 1A: Halve the proportion of people living on less than $1 a dayProportion of population below $1 per day (PPP values)Poverty gap ratio [incidence x depth of poverty]Share of poorest quintile in national consumption

Target 1B: Achieve Decent Employment for Women, Men, and Young PeopleGDP Growth per Employed PersonEmployment RateProportion of employed population below $1 per day (PPP values)Proportion of family-based workers in employed population

Target 1C: Halve the proportion of people who suffer from hungerPrevalence of underweight children under five years of age

Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption[13]

Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education

Target 2A: By 2015, all children can complete a full course of primary schooling, girls and boysEnrollment in primary educationCompletion of primary education

Literacy of 15-24 year olds, female and male[14]

Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women

Target 3A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005,and at all levels by 2015

Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary educationShare of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector

Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament[15]

Goal 4: Reduce child mortality rates


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Target 4A: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rateUnder-five mortality rateInfant (under 1) mortality rate

Proportion of 1-year-old children immunized against measles[16]

Goal 5: Improve maternal health

Target 5A: Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratioMaternal mortality ratioProportion of births attended by skilled health personnel

Target 5B: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive healthContraceptive prevalence rateAdolescent birth rateAntenatal care coverage

Unmet need for family planning[17]

Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases

Target 6A: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDSHIV prevalence among population aged 15–24 yearsCondom use at last high-risk sexProportion of population aged 15–24 years with comprehensive correct knowledge ofHIV/AIDS

Target 6B: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who needit

Proportion of population with advanced HIV infection with access to antiretroviral drugsTarget 6C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other majordiseases

Prevalence and death rates associated with malariaProportion of children under 5 sleeping under insecticide-treated bednetsProportion of children under 5 with fever who are treated with appropriate anti-malarialdrugsPrevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosisProportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under DOTS (Directly Observed

Treatment Short Course)[18]

Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability

Target 7A: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies andprograms; reverse loss of environmental resourcesTarget 7B: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of loss

Proportion of land area covered by forestCO2 emissions, total, per capita and per $1 GDP (PPP)Consumption of ozone-depleting substancesProportion of fish stocks within safe biological limitsProportion of total water resources usedProportion of terrestrial and marine areas protectedProportion of species threatened with extinction

Target 7C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safedrinking water and basic sanitation (for more information see the entry on water supply)


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Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source, urban andruralProportion of urban population with access to improved sanitation

Target 7D: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100million slum-dwellers

Proportion of urban population living in slums[19]

Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development

Target 8A: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading andfinancial system

Includes a commitment to good governance, development, and poverty reduction – bothnationally and internationally

Target 8B: Address the Special Needs of the Least Developed Countries (LDC)Includes: tariff and quota free access for LDC exports; enhanced programme of debtrelief for HIPC and cancellation of official bilateral debt; and more generous ODA(Overseas Development Assistance) for countries committed to poverty reduction

Target 8C: Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small islanddeveloping States

Through the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small IslandDeveloping States and the outcome of the twenty-second special session of the GeneralAssembly

Target 8D: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries throughnational and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term

Some of the indicators listed below are monitored separately for the least developedcountries (LDCs), Africa, landlocked developing countries and small island developingStates.Official development assistance (ODA):

Net ODA, total and to LDCs, as percentage of OECD/DAC donors’ GNIProportion of total sector-allocable ODA of OECD/DAC donors to basic socialservices (basic education, primary health care, nutrition, safe water andsanitation)Proportion of bilateral ODA of OECD/DAC donors that is untiedODA received in landlocked countries as proportion of their GNIsODA received in small island developing States as proportion of their GNIs

Market access:Proportion of total developed country imports (by value and excluding arms)from developing countries and from LDCs, admitted free of dutyAverage tariffs imposed by developed countries on agricultural products andtextiles and clothing from developing countriesAgricultural support estimate for OECD countries as percentage of their GDPProportion of ODA provided to help build trade capacity

Debt sustainability:Total number of countries that have reached their HIPC decision points andnumber that have reached their HIPC completion points (cumulative)Debt relief committed under HIPC initiative, US$Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services

Target 8E: In co-operation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable,essential drugs in developing countries

Proportion of population with access to affordable essential drugs on a sustainable basisTarget 8F: In co-operation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new


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technologies, especially information and communicationsTelephone lines and cellular subscribers per 100 populationPersonal computers in use per 100 population

Internet users per 100 Population[20]

Drawbacks of the MDGs include the lack of analytical power and justification behind the chosen objectives.[5]

The MDGs leave out important ideals, such as the lack of strong objectives and indicators for equality, which isconsidered by many scholars to be a major flaw of the MDGs due to the disparities of progress towards poverty

reduction between groups within nations.[4][5] The MDGs also lack a focus on local participation andempowerment (excluding women’s empowerment) [Deneulin & Shahani 2009]. The MDGs also lack an

emphasis on sustainability, making their future after 2015 questionable.[5] Thus, while the MDGs are a tool fortracking progress toward basic poverty reduction and provide a very basic policy road map to achieving these

goals, they do not capture all elements needed to achieve the ideals set out in the Millennium Declaration.[4]

Another criticism of the MDGs is the difficulty or lack of measurements for some of the goals. Amir Attaran, anAssociate Professor and Canada Research Chair in Law, Population Health, and Global Development Policy atUniversity of Ottawa, argues that goals related to maternal mortality, malaria, and tuberculosis are in practice

impossible to measure and that current UN estimates do not have scientifically validity or are missing.[21]

Household surveys are often used by the UN organisations to estimate data for the health MDGs.[21] Thesesurveys have been argued to be poor measurements of the data they are trying to collect, and many different

organisations have redundant surveys, which waste limited resources.[21] Furthermore, countries with thehighest levels of maternal mortality, malaria, and tuberculosis often have the least amount of reliable data

collection.[21] Attaran argues that without accurate measures of past and current data for the health relatedMDGs, it is impossible to determine if progress has been made toward the goals, leaving the MDGs as little more

than a rhetorical call to arms.[21]

Proponents for the MDGs argue that while some goals are difficult to measure, that there is still validity in

setting goals as they provide a political and operational framework to achieving the goals.[22] They also assertthat non-health related MDGs are often well measured, and it is wrong to assume that all MDGs are doomed to

fail due to lack of data.[22] It is further argued that for difficult to measure goals, best practices have beidentified and their implication is measurable as well as their positive effects on progress. With an increase in thequantity and quality of healthcare systems in developing countries, more data will be collected, as well as more

progress made.[22] Lastly the MDGs bring attention to measurements of wellbeing beyond income, and this

attention alone helps bring funding to achieving these goals.[5]

The MDGs are also argued to help the human development by providing a measurement of human developmentthat is not based solely on income, prioritizing interventions, establishing obtainable objectives withoperationalized measurements of progress (though the data needed to measure progress is difficult to obtain),

and increasing the developed world’s involvement in worldwide poverty reduction.[5][23] The measurement ofhuman development in the MDGs goes beyond income, and even just basic health and education, to include

gender and reproductive rights, environmental sustainability and spread of technology.[5] Prioritizinginterventions helps developing countries with limited resources make decisions about where to allocate their

resources through which public policies.[5] The MDGs also strengthen the commitment of developed countries

to helping developing countries, and encourage the flow of aid and information sharing.[5] The joint


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responsibility of developing and developed nations for achieving the MDGs increases the likelihood of theirsuccess, which is reinforced by their 189-country support (the MDGs are the most broadly supported poverty

reduction targets ever set by the world).[8]

Progress towards reaching the goals has been uneven. Some countries have achieved many of the goals,[24]

while others are not on track to realize any.[25] The major countries that have been achieving their goals includeChina (whose poverty population has reduced from 452 million to 278 million) and India due to clear internal

and external factors of population and economic development.[26] However, areas needing the most reduction,such as the Sub-Saharan Africa regions have yet to make any drastic changes in improving their quality of life.In the same time as China, the Sub-Saharan Africa reduced their poverty about one percent, and are at a major

risk of not meeting the MDGs by 2015.[26] Fundamental issues will determine whether or not the MDGs areachieved, namely gender, the divide between the humanitarian and development agendas and economic growth,

according to researchers at the Overseas Development Institute.[27][28][29]

Achieving the MDGs does not depend on economic growth alone and expensive solutions. In the case of MDG4, some developing countries like Bangladesh have shown that it is possible to reduce child mortality with only

modest growth with inexpensive but effective interventions, such as measles immunisation.[30]

Goal 8 of the MDGs is unique in the sense that it focuses on donor government commitments and achievements,rather than successes in the developing world. The Commitment to Development Index, published annually bythe Center for Global Development is often considered to be the numerical targeting indicator for the 8th

MDG.[31] It is a more comprehensive measure of donor progress than simply Official Development Assistanceas it takes into account policies on a number of indicators that affect developing countries such as trade,migration, and investment.

To accelerate progress towards the MDGs, the G-8 Finance Ministers met in London in June 2005 (inpreparation for the G-8 Gleneagles Summit in July) and reached an agreement to provide enough funds to theWorld Bank, the IMF, and the African Development Bank (ADB) to cancel an additional $40–55 billion debtowed by members of the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC). This would allow impoverished countries tore-channel the resources saved from the forgiven debt to social programs for improving health and education

and for alleviating poverty.[32]

Backed by G-8 funding, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the ADB each endorsed theGleaneagles plan and implemented the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) to effectuate the debtcancellations. The MDRI supplements HIPC by providing each country that reaches the HIPC completion point100% forgiveness of its multilateral debt. Countries that previously reached the decision point became eligiblefor full debt forgiveness once their lending agency confirmed that the countries had continued to maintain thereforms implemented during HIPC status. Other countries that subsequently reach the completion point

automatically receive full forgiveness of their multilateral debt under MDRI.[32]

While the World Bank and ADB limit MDRI to countries that complete the HIPC program, the IMF's MDRIeligibility criteria are slightly less restrictive so as to comply with the IMF's unique "uniform treatment"requirement. Instead of limiting eligibility to HIPC countries, any country with annual per capita income of $380or less qualifies for MDRI debt cancellation. The IMF adopted the $380 threshold because it closely

approximates the countries eligible for HIPC.[32]


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Yet, as 2015 approaches, increasing global uncertainties such as the economic crisis and climate change have ledto an opportunity to rethink the MDG approach to development policy. According to the 'In Focus' Policy Brief

from the Institute of Development Studies, the 'After 2015' debate[33] is about questioning the value of anMDG-type, target-based approach to international development, about progress so far on poverty reduction,about looking to an uncertain future and exploring what kind of system is needed after the MDG deadline has

passed.[34]

Further developments in rethinking strategies and approaches to achieving the MDGs include research by the

Overseas Development Institute into the role of equity.[35] Researchers at the ODI argue progress can beaccelerated due to recent breakthroughs in the role equity plays in creating a virtuous circle where rising equityensures the poor participate in their country's develop and creates reductions in poverty and financial

stability.[35] Yet equity should not be understood purely as economic, but also as political. Examples abound andinclude Brazil's cash transfers, Uganda's eliminations of user fees and the subsequent huge increase in in visitsfrom the very poorest or else Mauritius's dual-track approach to liberalisation (inclusive growth and inclusive

development) aiding it on its road into the World Trade Organization.[35] Researchers at the ODI thus proposeequity be measured in league tables in order to provide a clearer insight into how MDGs can be achieved more

quickly; the ODI is working with partners to put forward league tables at the 2010 MDG review meeting.[35]

The effects of increasing drug use have been noted by the International Journal of Drug Policy as a deterrent to

the goal of the MDGs.[36]

Other development scholars, such as Naila Kabeer, Caren Grown, and Noeleen Heyzer argue that an increasedfocus on women’s empowerment and gender mainstreaming of MDGs-related policies will accelerate theprogress of the MDGs. Kabeer argues that increasing women’s empowerment and access to paid work will help

reduce child mortality.[37] She supports her point with evidence that South Asian countries with the high levelsin of gender discrimination that limit women’s access to food and healthcare cause these same countries to have

the highest rates of low birth weight babies in the world.[37] This is because women experiencing malnutritionhave low birth weight babies. Since low-birth weight babies have limited chances of survival, improvingwomen’s health by increasing their bargaining power in the family through paid work, will reduce child

mortality.[37] Another way empowering women will help accelerate the MDGs is the inverse relationshipbetween mother’s schooling and child-morality, as well as the positive correlation between increasing a mother’s

agency over unearned income and health outcomes of her children, especially girls.[37] Increasing a mother’s

education and workforce participation increases these effects.[37] Lastly empowering women by creatingeconomic opportunities for women decreases women’s participation in the sex market which decreases the

spread of AIDS, a MDG in itself (MDG 6A).[37]

Grown asserts that the resources, technology and knowledge exist to decrease poverty through improving

gender equality, it is just the political will that is missing.[38] She argues that if donor countries and developingcountries together focused on seven “priority areas”: increasing girl’s completion of secondary school,guarantying sexual and reproductive health rights, improving infrastructure to ease women’s and girl’s timeburdens, guaranteeing women’s property rights, reducing gender inequalities in employment, increasing seatsheld by women in government, and combating violence against women, great progress could be made towards

the MDGs.[38]

Both Kabeer and Heyzer believe that the current MDGs targets do not place enough emphasis on trackinggender inequalities in poverty reduction and employment as there are only gender goals relating to health,

education and political representation.[37][39] In order to encourage women’s empowerment and progresstowards the MDGs, increased emphasis should be placed on gender mainstreaming development policies and


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Proportion of people livingon less than $1.25 a day(1990, 2005)

Enrolment in primaryeducation (1999, 2008)

Under-five mortality rate(1990, 2008)

Numbers of people livingwith, newly infected withand killed by HIV(1990-2008)

Proportion of populationusing an 'improved watersource' (1990, 2008)

External debt servicepayments as a proportion ofexport revenues (2000,2008)

collecting data based on gender.

Graphs from the Millennium Development Goals Report 2010


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Internet users per hundredpeople (2003, 2008)

A major conference was held at UN headquarters in New York on 20–22 September 2010 to review progress todate, with five years left to the 2015 deadline.

The conference concluded with the adoption of a global action plan to achieve the eight anti-poverty goals bytheir 2015 target date. There were also major new commitments on women's and children's health, and majornew initiatives in the worldwide battle against poverty, hunger and disease.

Although developed countries' aid for the achievement of the MDGs have been rising over recent years, it hasshown that more than half is towards debt relief owed by poor countries. As well, remaining aid money goestowards natural disaster relief and military aid which does not further the country into development. Accordingto the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2006), the 50 least developed countries onlyreceive about one third of all aid that flows from developed countries, raising the issue of aid not moving from

rich to poor depending on their development needs but rather from rich to their closest allies.[40]

Many development experts question the MDGs model of transferring billions of dollars directly from thewealthy nation governments to the often bureaucratic or corrupt governments in developing countries. This formof aid has led to extensive cynicism by the general public in the wealthy nations, and hurts support forexpanding badly needed aid.

Controversy over funding of 0.7% of GNI

Over the past 35 years, the members of the UN have repeatedly made a "commit[ment] 0.7% of rich-countries'

gross national income (GNI) to Official Development Assistance."[41] The commitment was first made in 1970by the UN General Assembly.

The text of the commitment was:

Each economically advanced country will progressively increase its official development assistanceto the developing countries and will exert its best efforts to reach a minimum net amount of 0.7

percent of its gross national product at market prices by the middle of the decade.[42]

However, there has been disagreement from the US, and other nations, over the Monterrey Consensus thaturged "developed countries that have not done so to make concrete efforts towards the target of 0.7 per cent of

gross national product (GNI) as ODA to developing countries."[43][44]

Support for the 0.7% Target

The UN "believe[s] that donors should commit to reaching the long-standing target of 0.7 percent of GNI by


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2015".[42]

The European Union has recently reaffirmed its commitment to the 0.7% aid targets. The EU External Relationscouncil says that, as of May 2005, "four out of the five countries, which exceed the UN target for ODA of 0.7%,

of GNI are member states of the European Union."[45]

Many organizations are working to bring U.S. political attention to the Millennium Development Goals. In 2007,The Borgen Project worked with Sen. Barack Obama on the Global Poverty Act, a bill requiring the WhiteHouse to develop a strategy for achieving the goals. As of 2009, the bill has not passed, but Barack Obama has

since been elected President.[46][47]

Challenges to the 0.7% Target

However, many Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) nations, including keymembers such as the United States, are not progressing towards their promise of giving 0.7% of their GNPtowards poverty reduction by the target year of 2015. Some nations' contributions have been criticized as falling

far short of 0.7%.[48]

John Bolton argues that the U.S. never agreed in Monterrey to spending 0.7% of GDP on developmentassistance. Indeed, Washington has consistently opposed setting specific foreign-aid targets since the U.N.

General Assembly first endorsed the 0.7% goal in 1970.[49]

The Australian Government has committed to providing 0.5% of GNI in International Development Assistance

by 2015-2016, without noting the long-standing 0.7% goal.[50]

The United Nations Millennium Campaign is a UNDP campaign unit to increase support to achieve theMillennium Development Goals and seek a coalition of partners for action. The Millennium Campaign targetsintergovernmental, government, civil society organizations and media at both global and regional levels.

The Millennium Promise Alliance, Inc., or Millennium Promise,[51] is a U.S.-based non-profit organizationdedicated to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and founded in 2005 by renowninternational economist and Special Advisor on the MDGs to the UN Secretary General, Professor JeffreySachs, and Wall Street leader and philanthropist, Ray Chambers. Millennium Promise coordinates a project, the

Millennium Villages Project,[52] in partnership with Columbia University's Earth Institute and the UNDP thataims to demonstrate the feasibility of achieving the Goals through an integrated and community-led approach toholistic development. The Millennium Villages Project currently operates in 14 sites across 10 countries insub-Saharan Africa.

The Global Poverty Project (http://www.globalpovertyproject.com) is an international education and advocacyorganisation using its multimedia presentation 1.4 Billion Reasons to educate people about the MillenniumDevelopment Goals and our capacity to end extreme poverty within a generation. They travel to workplaces,schools, universities, community groups and churches around Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom andthe United States to equip people with the knowledge and resources they need to encourage the achievement ofthe MDGs.

The Micah Challenge is an international campaign that encourages Christians to support the Millennium

Development Goals. Their aim is to "encourage our leaders to halve global poverty by 2015."[53]


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8 Visions of Hope is a global art project that explores and shows how art, culture, artists & musicians as positive

change agents can help in the realization of the eight UN Millennium Development Goals.[54]

The Development Education Unit of Future Worlds Center envisions, designs and implements developmenteducation awareness campaigns, trainings, conferences and resources since 2005. Leads a number ofEuropean-wide projects such as the Accessing Development Education and TeachMDGs.

MDG related projects

Accessing Development Education

Accessing Development Education[55] is a web portal developed by Future Worlds Center within an EU fundedproject (ONG-ED/2007/136-419). It provides relevant information about Development and Global Educationand helps educators share resources and materials that are most suitable for their work.

TeachMDGs

The Teach MDGs[56] European project led by Future Worlds Center aims to increase awareness and publicsupport for the Millennium Development Goals by actively engaging teacher training institutes, teachers andpupils in developing local oriented teaching resources promoting the MDGs with a particular focus onsub-Saharan Africa and integrate these into the educational systems.

UN Goals

UN Goals[57] is a global project dedicated to spreading knowledge of these millennium goals through manydifferent means through various internet and offline awareness campaigns.

"8" a series of eight short films centered around the eight Millennium Development GoalsDeclaration of Human Duties and ResponsibilitiesSeoul Development ConsensusPrecaria (country)Unintended pregnancy

^ Background page (http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/bkgd.shtml) , United NationsMillennium Development Goals website, retrieved16 June 2009.

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Economy of the MDGs: Retrospect and Prospect frothe World's Biggest Promise", New PoliticalEconomy, 15(2), pp.293-306^ http://www.bwpi.manchester.ac.uk/resources/Working-Papers/bwpi-wp-1607.pdf

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^ a b c McArthur JW, Sachs JD, Schmidt-Traub G.Response to Amir Attaran. 2005. PLoS Med 2(11):e379. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020379

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^ a b http://econ.lse.ac.uk/staff/rburgess/wp/jep11.pdf26.

^ "Gender and the MDGs" (http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=2386&title=gender-mdgs-gender-lens-vital-pro-poor-results/) . ODIbriefing papers. Overseas Development Institute.http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=2386&title=gender-mdgs-gender-lens-vital-pro-poor-results/. Retrieved 7 July 2011.

27.

^ "MDGs and the humanitarian-development divide"(http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=1937&title=mdgs-humanitarian-development-divide) . ODI Briefing Paper.Overseas Development Institute.http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=1937&title=mdgs-humanitarian-development-divide. Retrieved 7 July 2011.

28.

^ "Economic growth and the MDGs"(http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=4892&title=millennium-development-goals-equitable-growth-policy-brief) . ODI BriefingPaper. Overseas Development Institute.http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=4892&title=millennium-development-goals-equitable-growth-policy-brief. Retrieved 7 July2011.

29.

^ Addressing the inequalities in child survival(http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/blogs/2010/08/addressing-the-inequalities-in-child-survival/)

30.

^ Human Development Report 2003(http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/documents/hdr03_complete.pdf)

31.

^ a b c E. Carrasco, C.McClellan, & J. Ro (2007),"Foreign Debt: Forgiveness antetretetredRepudiation" University of Iowa Center forInternational Finance and Development E-Book(http://www.uiowa.edu/ifdebook/ebook2/contents/part4-I.shtml)

32.

^ http://www.thebrokeronline.eu/en/Online-discussions/Blogs/After-2015

33.

^ 'After 2015: Rethinking Pro-Poor Policy'(http://www.ids.ac.uk/download.cfm?file=IF9.1.pdf)Institute of Development Studies (IDS) In FocusPolicy Brief 9.1. June 2009.

34.

^ a b c d Vandemoortele, Milo (2010) The MDGs andequity (http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=4895&title=mdgs-equity) OverseasDevelopment Institute

35.

^ Singer, M. 2008. Drugs and development: Theglobal impact of drug use and trafficking on socialand economic development. International Journal ofDrug Policy 19 (6):467-478.

36.

^ a b c d e f g Kabeer, Naila. 2003. GenderMainstreaming in Poverty Eradication and theMillennium Development Goals: A Handbook forPolicy-Makers and Other Stakeholders.Commonwealth Secretariat.

37.


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^ a b Grown, Caren. 2005. “Answering the Skeptics:Achieving Gender Equality and the MillenniumDevelopment Goals.” Development 48(3): 82–86.

38.

^ Noeleen Heyzer. 2005. Making the Links: Women'sRights and Empowerment Are Key to Achieving theMillennium Development Goals. Gender andDevelopment, Vol. 13, No. 1, MillenniumDevelopment Goals (Mar., 2005), pp. 9-12

39.

^ Singer, M. 2008. Drugs and development: Theglobal impact of drug use and trafficking on socialand economic development. International Journal ofDrug Policy 19 (6):467-478

40.

^ http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/press/07.htm41.^ a b http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/reports/costs_benefits2.htm

42.

^ http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/documents/07_aconf198-11.pdf

43.

^ http://www.usunnewyork.usmission.gov/fact_sheet/ecosoc_Chapter_4_apr15.pdf

44.

^ http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/documents/EUExternalRelations24May.pdf

45.

^ http://bproject.wordpress.com/2007/06/08/borgen-46.

on-capitol-hill/^ http://bproject.wordpress.com/2006/12/10/borgens-2006-congressional-meetings/

47.

^ http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/documents/endorse_TI_19Jan05.pdf

48.

^ "Bush Balks at Pact to Fight Poverty"(http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/sep2005/nf2005092_5264_db039.htm) .BusinessWeek online. September 2, 2005.http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/sep2005/nf2005092_5264_db039.htm.

49.

^ http://www.ausaid.gov.au/media/release.cfm?BC=Media&ID=5854_3696_6753_7484_7221

50.

^ www.millenniumpromise.org51.^ www.millenniumvillages.org52.^ http://www.micahchallenge.org.au/53.^ http://www.8visionsofhope.org/54.^ Accessing Development Education Website(http://www.developmenteducation.info)

55.

^ TeachMDG Website (http://teachmdgs.net)56.^ http://www.ungoals.org57.

United Nations

UN Millennium Development Goals (http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/)Review Summit 2010 (http://www.un.org/en/mdg/summit2010)United Nations Millennium Declaration (http://www.un.org/millennium/declaration/ares552e.htm)UN Stats Division - MDGs (http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/)UN Development Programme - Section on MDGs (http://www.undp.org/mdg/)

Others

Overseas Development Institute on MDGs (http://www.odi.org.uk/work/themes/details.asp?id=37&title=millennium-development-goals-mdgs)World Bank eAtlas of the Millennium Development Goals (http://www.app.collinsindicate.com)8 Visions of Hope - Where Art meets the UN Millennium Development Goals(http://www.8visionsofhope.org)Quality of Life Index (http://www.aer.ph/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=242&Itemid=60)Blueprint for a Better World - the Millennium Development Goals and You(http://www.blueprintforabetterworld.org)Caritas Australia - Make Poverty History with the Millennium Development Goals(http://www.caritas.org.au/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Make_Poverty_History1)Millennium Development Goals Browser at OpenEconomics.net (http://www.openeconomics.net/mdg/) (includes full dataset in easily downloadable form)Millennium Development Goals Indicators: MDG Dashboard (downloadable database) (http://esl.jrc.it/dc/mdg_unsd/index.htm)MDG Progress Monitor produced by UN (http://www.mdgmonitor.org/index.cfm)


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World Bank Site on MDGs (http://www.developmentgoals.org)Development Goals information site (http://www.developmentgoals.com/)End Poverty 2015 - UN Millennium Campaign (http://www.endpoverty2015.org)Ideas for Development - blog of heads of International Development Agencies(http://www.ideas4development.org)MDG Africa Steering Group (http://www.mdgafrica.org)Generation 21 (http://www.g21.com/)The International (http://www.theinternationalonline.com) Many articles on MDGsCountry profile on Maternal and Newborn Health by Making Pregnancy Safer, World HealthOrganization (http://www.who.int/making_pregnancy_safer/countries/en/index.html)Right to education Project (http://www.right-to-education.org/)Collaborative short film shot in Yemen, Egypt, Jordan and Morocco on the MDGs produced byCortlan McManus (http://cine.ma/2015)Time for School (http://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/time-for-school-series/introduction/4340/) An ongoing PBS documentary series that follows 7 children from 7 countries who arestruggling to achieve a basic education. The series continues through 2015, the U.N.’s target date forachieving universal education (MDG #2)Masterclass on MDGs Review (http://www.eadi.org/events/forthcoming-events/eadi-masterclass/on-the-road-to-new-york-mdgs-review-and-beyond.html)IPS News - MDGs Special Report (http://ipsnews.net/new_focus/devdeadline/index.asp)MDGs and Transparency (http://www.right2info-mdgs.org)Technical updates on MDGs are available at www.childsurvival.net

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