Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) · 120430 Bibliotheca Alexandrina Compiled by Julie Malak

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Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

The United Nations Millennium Development Goals are eight goals that all 191 UN member states have agreed to try to achieve by the year 2015. The United Nations Millennium Declaration, signed in September 2000 commits world leaders to combat poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, environmental degradation, and discrimination against women. The MDGs are derived from this Declaration, and all have specific targets and indicators.

The Eight Millennium Development Goals are:

• to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger; • to achieve universal primary education; • to promote gender equality and empower women; • to reduce child mortality; • to improve maternal health; • to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases; • to ensure environmental sustainability; and • to develop a global partnership for development.

The MDGs are inter-dependent; all the MDG influence health, and health influences all the MDGs. For example, better health enables children to learn and adults to earn. Gender equality is essential to the achievement of better health. Reducing poverty, hunger and environmental degradation positively influences, but also depends on, better health. 1

�� 1 “Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)”, World Health Organization, www.who.int/topics/millennium_development_goals/about/en �

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Selected Materials Available at the Bibliotheca Alexandrina Books Print Books: World Bank. Miniatlas of Millennium Development Goals: Building a Better World. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2005. BA Call Number: 338.900223 W92711 2005 (F2 -- WB -- References) Books Available in Print & Electronic Format: Bertucci, Guido, and Allan Rosenbaum, eds. Implementing the Millennium Development Goals: Challenges and Responses for Public Administration: Contribution of the United Nations Committee of Experts on Public Administration. New York: United Nations, 2007. BA Call Number: 338.9 I345 (F2 -- DESA) Also available as online e-book: http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan028493.pdf Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Food Comes First: FAO and the Eight Millennium Development Goals. Rome: FAO, 2010. BA Call Number: 363.8091724 F6861 (F2 -- FAO) Also available as online e-book: www.fao.org/mdg/22417-0c56b91e357c66fad721be8d55841a98d.pdf League of Arab States; United Nations. Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia. The Millennium Development Goals in the Arab Region 2007: A Youth Lens. [New York: United Nations], 2007. BA Call Number: 338.8830956 M646 2007 (F2 -- ESCWA) Also available as online e-book: www.escwa.un.org/information/publications/edit/upload/ead-07-3-e.pdf Mashayekhi, Mina, et al. Developments and Issues in the Doha Work Programme: Of Particular Interest to Arab Countries in the Context of Millennium Development Goals. New York: United Nations, 2006. BA Call Number: 382.9 D4898 (F2 -- UNCTAD) Also available as online e-book: http://archive.unctad.org/en/docs/ditctncd20059_en.pdf

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Njobvu, Benson, and Sjoerd Koopman, eds. Libraries and Information Services towards the Attainment of the UN Millennium Development Goals. IFLA Publications 134. München: K. G. Saur, 2008. BA Call Number: 022 L6971 (B4) Also available as e-book: http://site.ebrary.com/lib/bibalex/docDetail.action?docID=10289974 United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Committee for Development Policy. Implementing the Millennium Development Goals: Health Inequality and the Role of Global Health Partnerships. New York: United Nations, 2009. BA Call Number: 362.1091724 I345 (F2 -- DESA) Also available as online e-book: www.unicef.org/health/files/MDG_and_Health_Inequalities_UN_2009.pdf United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Division for Public Administration and Development Management. Participatory Governance and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). New York: United Nations, 2008. BA Call Number: 323.042 P2734 (F2 -- DESA) Also available as online e-book: http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UN/UNPAN028359.pdf United Nations. Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA). Gender in the Millennium Development Goals: Information Guide for Arab Millennium Development Goal Reports. [Beirut]: United Nations. ESCWA, 2008. BA Call Number: 305.42 G3252mi (F2 -- Closed Stacks -- ESCWA) Also available as online e-book: www.escwa.un.org/divisions/scu/GenderMDG/index.asp United Nations. Economic Commission for Europe; United Nations International Children’s Fund; United Nations Development Programme. Assessment of Capacity for Countries of Eastern and South-Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia to Produce MDG-Relevant Statistics. New York: United Nations, 2008. BA Call Number: 338.90070947 A8463 (F2 -- ECE) Also available as online e-book: www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/stats/publications/MDG_AssessmentEng.pdf United Nations. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Claiming the Millennium Development Goals: A Human Rights Approach. New York: United Nations, 2008. BA Call Number: 361.614 C585 (F2 -- OHCHR) Also available as online e-book: www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/49fac1162.html

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United Nations Development Group. Indicators for Monitoring the Millennium Development Goals: Definitions, Rationale, Concepts and Sources. New York: United Nations Development Group, 2003. BA Call Number: 361 I3992 (F2 -- DESA) Also available as online e-book: www.undp.or.id/mdg/documents/MDG%20Indicators-UNDG.pdf Wagstaff, Adam, and Mariam Claeson. The Millennium Development Goals for Health: Rising to the Challenges. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2004. BA Call Number: 362.1 W135 (F2 -- WB) Also available as online e-book under: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2004/01/4942947/millennium-development-goals-health-rising-challenges World Health Organization (WHO). Health and the Millennium Development Goals. Geneva: WHO, 2005. BA Call Number: 362.1 H4342m (F2 -- WHO) Also available as e-book under: http://site.ebrary.com/lib/bibalex/docDetail.action?docID=10120291 World Health Organization �WHO�; United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). Meeting the MDG Drinking Water and Sanitation Target: The Urban and Rural Challenge of the Decade. Geneva: WHO; New York: UNICEF, 2006. BA Call Number: 363.61091724 M4955u (F2 -- WHO) Also available as online e-book under: www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/jmpfinal.pdf

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e-Books: �

Brinkerhoff, Jennifer, Stephen C. M. Smith, and Hildy Teegen, eds. NGOs and the Millennium Development Goals: Citizen Action to Reduce Poverty. Gordonsville, VA: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. e-book. ebrary (database). Kabeer, Naila. Gender Mainstreaming in Poverty Eradication and the Millennium Development Goals: A Handbook for Policy-Makers and Other Stakeholders. New Gender Mainstreaming Series on Development Issues. Ottawa, ON: Commonwealth Secretariat, 2003. e-book. ebrary (database). Kehoe, Sean, James P. Neilson, and Jane E. Norman, eds. Maternal and Infant Deaths: Chasing Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 2010. e-book. ebrary (database). Marshall, Katherine, and Richard Marsh, eds. Millennium Goals for Development and Faith Institutions: Common Leadership Challenges. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2003. e-book. ebrary (database). Mba, Chuks J., and Stephen O.�Kwankye, eds. Population, Health and Development in Ghana: Attaining the Millennium Development Goals. Accra: Sub-Saharan, 2007. e-book. ebrary (database). Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Development Centre. “Innovative Approaches to Funding the Millennium Development Goals”. Chap. 4 in Financing Development: Aid and Beyond. N.p.: OECD, 2007. e-book. OECD iLibrary (database). Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). “Progress Towards the Millennium Development Goals”. Pt. 1 chap. 4 in African Economic Outlook 2010. N.p.: OECD, 2010. e-book. OECD iLibrary (database). Reisen, Helmut. Innovative Approaches to Funding the Millennium Development Goals. OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs 24. Issy-les-Moulineaux: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Development Centre, 2004. Online e-book. OECD. www.oecd.org/dataoecd/57/11/31430478.pdf World Tourism Organization (UNTWO). Tourism and the Millennium Development Goals. Madrid: UNTWO, 2010. Online e-book. World Tourism Organization UNTWO. www.unwto.org/tourism&mdgsezine

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Reports Periodical Reports: Nations Unies. Commission Économique pour l’Afrique; Union Africaine; Banque Africaine de Développement; Programme des Nations Unies pour le développement. Évaluation des progrès accomplis en Afrique dans la réalisation des objectifs du Millénaire pour le développement : Rapport OMD. N.p., 2010-2011. Online e-book. 2010: www.afdb.org/fr/knowledge/publications/millennium-development-goals-

mdgs-report/2010-mdgs-report 2011: www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/MDG/french/UNDP-ADFB-

MDG-FR-2011.pdf

Nations Unies. Département des affaires économiques et sociales. Objectifs du millénaire pour le développement: Rapport. New York: Nations Unies, 2007, 2010. BA Call Number: 338.90091724 O128 (F2 -- Closed Stacks -- DESA -- References) Also available as online e-books (2005, 2007-2011): www.un.org/fr/millenniumgoals

United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs.� The Millennium Development Goals Report. New York: United Nations, 2005, 2007-2011. BA Call Number: 338.90091724 M646 2010 (F2 -- Closed Stacks -- DESA -- References) Also available as online e-books (2005/2011): www.un.org/millenniumgoals

United Nations. Economic Commission for Africa (ECA); African Union; African Development Bank; United Nations Development Programme. Assessing Progress in Africa toward the Millennium Development Goals: MDG Report. N.p., 2009-2011. Online e-book. 2009: www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Full_Report-

MDG-WEB.pdf 2010: www.afdb.org/en/knowledge/publications/millennium-development-goals-

mdgs-report/2010-mdgs-report/ 2011: www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/MDG/english/UNDP-ADFB-

MDG_2011.pdf

World Health Organization (WHO). UN-Water Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water (GLAAS) Report. Geneva: WHO, 2008-2012. Online e-book. World Health Organization. www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/glaas/en/

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Other Reports Available in Print & Electronic Format: United Nations. Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA). The Millennium Development Goals in the Arab Region. [Beirut]: ESCWA, 2005. BA Call Number: 338.8830956 M646 (F2 -- ESCWA) Also available as online e-book: www.escwa.un.org/information/publications/edit/upload/scu-05-3.pdf United Nations. Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA). The Millennium Development Goals in the Arab Region 2007: A Youth Lens. Beirut: ESCWA, 2007. BA Call Number: 338.8830956 M646 2007 (F2 -- ESCWA) Also available as online e-book: www.escwa.un.org/information/publications/edit/upload/ead-07-3-e.pdf United Nations. Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA); League of Arab States. The Third Arab Report on the Millennium Development Goals 2010 and the Impact of the Global Economic Crises. Beirut: ESCWA, 2010. BA Call Number: 338.9009174927 T445 (F2 -- ESCWA) Also available as online e-book: www.arab-hdr.org/publications/other/undp/mdgr/regional/thirdarabreport-mdg-10-en.pdf United Nations. Economic Commission for Africa (ECA). The Millennium Development Goals in Africa: Progress and Challenges. Addis Ababa: United Nations. ECA, 2005. BA Call Number: 338.96 M646 (F2 -- ECA) Also available as online e-book: www.uneca.org/mdgs/MDgs_in_Africa.pdf

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Other e-Reports: Inter-American Development Bank. The Millennium Development Goals in Latin America and the Caribbean: Progress, Priorities and IDB Support for their Implementation. Edited by César P. Bouillon. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank, 2005. Online e-book. http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=591088 United Nations. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP); Asian Development Bank (ADB); United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Achieving the Millennium Development Goals in an Era of Global Uncertainty: Asia-Pacific Regional Report 2009/10. [Bangkok]: United Nations, 2010. Online e-book. Millennium Development Goals in Asia and the Pacific. www.mdgasiapacific.org/files/shared_folder/documents/Regional_MDG_Report_2009-10.pdf United Nations. Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA). Progress in the Achievement of the Millennium Development Goals in the ESCWA Region: A Gender Lens. New York: United Nations, 2011. Online e-book. ESCWA. www.escwa.un.org/information/publications/edit/upload/E_ESCWA_ECW_11_1_e.pdf United Nations. Economic Commission for Europe (ECE). The Millennium Development Goals: The Way Ahead: A Pan-European Perspective. New York: United Nations, 2006. Online e-book. ECE. www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/commission/MDGs/MDG_Report_final.pdf United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Beyond the Midpoint: Achieving the Millennium Development Goals. New York: UNDP, 2010. Online e-book. UNDP. http://content.undp.org/go/cms-service/stream/asset/?asset_id=2223855 World Bank. Global Monitoring Report 2004: Policies and Actions for Achieving the Millennium Development Goals and Related Outcomes. Global Monitoring Report. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2004. Online e-book. World Bank. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTGLOBALMONITORING/Resources/GMR_2004.pdf World Bank. Global Monitoring Report 2005: Millennium Development Goals: From Consensus to Momentum. Global Monitoring Report. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2005. Online e-book. World Bank. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/GLOBALMONITORINGEXT/Resources/complete.pdf

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World Health Organization (WHO). Department of Reproductive Health and Research. Sexual and Reproductive Health: Research and Action in Support of the Millennium Development Goals: Biennial Report 2006-2007. Albany, NY: WHO, 2008. Online e-book. WHO. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241563659_eng.pdf

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Working Papers Working Papers Available in Print & Electronic Format: Berndt, Rechel, Laidon Shapo, and Martin McKee. Millennium Development Goals for Health in Europe and Central Asia: Relevance and Policy Implications. World Bank Working Paper 33. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2004. BA Call Number: 362.1094 B524 (F2 -- WB) Also available as online e-book: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTECA/Resources/MDGHealth.pdf Claessens, Stijn, and Erik Feijen. Financial Sector Development and the Millennium Development Goals. World Bank Working Paper 89. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2007. BA Call Number: 332.1091724 C583 (F2 -- WB) Also available as e-book under: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2006/12/7406454/financial-sector-development-millennium-development-goals �

Jayasuriya, Ruwan, and Quentin Wodon, eds. Efficiency in Reaching the Millennium Development Goals. World Bank Working Paper 9. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2003 BA Call Number: 361.61 E277 (F2 -- WB) Also available as online e-book: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2003/06/9866973/efficiency-reaching-millennium-development-goals

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Electronic Working Papers: Agénor, Pierre-Richard, et al. Achieving the Millennium Development Goals in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Macroeconomic Monitoring Framework. Working Paper 3750. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2005. Online e-book. World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2005/10/6334783/achieving-millennium-development-goals-sub-saharan-africa-macroeconomic-monitoring-framework Bourguignon, Francois, Carolina Diaz-Bonilla, and Hans Lofgren. Aid, Service Delivery, and the Millennium Development Goals in an Economy-Wide Framework. Working Paper 4683. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2008. Online e-book. World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2008/07/9740864/aid-service-delivery-millennium-development-goals-economy-wide-framework Bussolo, Maurizio, and Denis Medvedev. Challenges to MDG Achievement in Low Income Countries: Lessons from Ghana and Honduras. Working Paper 4383. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2007. Online e-book. World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2007/11/8665513/challenges-mdg-achievement-low-income-countries-lessons-ghana-honduras Ferreira, Francisco, and Phillippe Leite. Policy Options for Meeting the Millennium Development Goals in Brazil: Can Micro-Simulations Help? Working Paper 2975. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2003. Online e-book. World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2003/02/2166844/policy-options-meeting-millennium-development-goals-brazil-can-micro-simulations-help Fransman, Jude, et al. Public Opinion Polling and the Millennium Development Goals. OECD Development Centre Working Paper 238. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2004. Online e-book. OECD. www.oecd.org/dataoecd/52/43/33873214.pdf Lay, Jann, and Anne-Sophie Robilliard. The Complementarity of MDG Achievements: The Case of Child Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. Working Paper 5062. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2009. Online e-book. World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2009/09/11114890/complementarity-mdg-achievements-case-child-mortality-sub-saharan-africa Leipziger, Danny, et al. Achieving the Millennium Development Goals: The Role of Infrastructure. Working Paper 3163. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2003. Online e-book. World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2003/11/2832485/achieving-millennium-development-goals-role-infrastructure

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Magnoli Bocchi, Alessandro, et al. Reaching the Millennium Development Goals: Mauritania Should Care. Working Paper 4674. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2008. Online e-book. World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2008/07/9698318/reaching-millennium-development-goals-mauritania-care Mattina, Todd. Money Isn't Everything: The Challenge of Scaling Up Aid to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals in Ethiopia. IMF Working Paper 192. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund (IMF), 2006. Online e-book. IMF.�www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2006/wp06192.pdf Swinkels, Rob, and Carrie Turk. Strategic Planning for Poverty Reduction in Vietnam: Progress and Challenges for Meeting the Localized Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Working Paper 2961. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2003. Online e-book. World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2003/01/2138050/strategic-planning-poverty-reduction-vietnam-progress-challenges-meeting-localized-millennium-development-goals

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Conferences and Meetings Publications Available in Print & Electronic Format: Global Forum for Health Research. Global Forum Update on Research for Health 2005: Health Research to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals. Edited by Stephen Matlin. London: Pro-Brook, 2004. BA Call Number: 362.1072 G5621 2005 (F2 -- WHO) Also available as online e-book: http://announcementsfiles.cohred.org/gfhr_pub/assoc/s14809e/s14809e.pdf World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean. Achieving the Millennium Development Goals: Report of Intercountry Meeting, Cairo, Egypt, 17-19 October 2005. Cairo: World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, 2006. BA Call Number: 362.1042091724 A178 (F2 -- WHO) Also available as online e-book under: www.emro.who.int/cbi/PDF/MDG-Egy-10-05.pdf

Electronic Publications: �

Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics. Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics Europe: Are we on Track to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals? Edited by François Bourguignon, Boris Pleskovic and André Sapir. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2005. Online e-book. World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2005/01/6438889/2005-annual-world-bank-conference-development-economics-abcde-track-achieve-millennium-development-goals United Nations. Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA). Report: Inter-Agency and Expert Group Meeting on Gender and the Millennium Development Goals in the Arab Region. N.p., n.d. Online e-book. ESCWA. www.escwa.un.org/information/publications/edit/upload/sd-08-2-e.pdf �

World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean. Community Based Initiatives Unit. Intercountry Meeting to Review the Current Status of Community-Based Initiatives Programmes and Establish Future Directions and Actions: Report of an Intercountry Meeting, Cairo, Egypt, 9-11 February 2009. Cairo: World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, 2009. www.emro.who.int/cbi/pdf/cbi_06_2_e.pdf

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Special Issues Third World Quarterly 32, no. 1 (Feb 2011). e-journal. Academic Search Complete (database). International Journal of Human Rights 13, no. 1 (Feb 2009). e-journal. Academic Search Complete (database). �

Articles in Electronic Journals� Bangha, Martin, et al. “Monitoring the Millennium Development Goals: The Potential Role of the INDEPTH Network”. Global Health Action 3 (2010): 1-8. e-article. Academic Search Complete (database). Barros, Fernando C., et al. “Recent Trends in Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health in Brazil: Progress Toward Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5”. American Journal of Public Health 100, no. 10 (Oct 2010): 1877-1889. e-article. Academic Search Complete (database). Batchelor, Simon, David Woolnough, and Nigel Scott. “Background Paper: The Contribution of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) to Achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)”. OECD Papers 5, no. 2 (Jul 2004): 1-27. e-article. OECD iLibrary (database). Byrne, Elaine, Brian Nicholson, and Fadi Salem. “Information Communication Technologies and the Millennium Development Goals”. Information Technology for Development 17, no. 1 (2011): 1-3. e-article. Academic Search Complete (database). Chakravarty, Satya R., and Amita Majumder. “Millennium Development Goals: Measuring Progress towards their Achievement”. Journal of Human Development 9, no. 1 (Mar 2008): 109-129. e-article. Academic Search Complete (database). Chibba, Michael. “The Millennium Development Goals: Key Current Issues and Challenges”. Development Policy Review 29, no. 1 (Jan 2011): 75-90. e-article. Academic Search Complete (database). Dixon-Mueller, Ruth, and Adrienne Germain. “Fertility Regulation and Reproductive Health in the Millennium Development Goals: The Search for a Perfect Indicator”. American Journal of Public Health 97, no. 1 (Jan 2007): 45-51. e-article. Academic Search Complete (database).

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Dodd, R., and A. Cassels. “Health, Development and the Millennium Development Goals”. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology 100, no. 5/6 (Jul-Sep 2006): 379-387. e-article. Academic Search Complete (database). Engelhardt, Marie von. “The Millennium Development Goals and Human Rights at 2010: An Account of the Millennium Summit Outcome”. Göttingen Journal of International Law 2, no. 3 (2010): 1129-1146. e-article. Academic Search Complete (database). Faure, Jean-Claude. “Perspectives on Financing the Millennium Development Goals”. In The DAC Journal 3, no. 1 (2002), Development Co-operation: 2001 Report: International Development: 55-74. e-article. OECD iLibrary (database). Feeny, Simon, and Matthew Clarke. “Achieving the Millennium Development Goals in the Asia-Pacific Region: The Role of International Assistance”. Asia Pacific Viewpoint 49, no. 2 (Aug 2008): 198-212. e-article. Academic Search Complete (database). “Financing Water Supply and Sanitation Sector in EECCA Countries, Including Progress in Achieving Water-Related Millennium Development Goals (MDGS)”. OECD Papers 7, no. 3 (Nov 2007): 1-40. e-article. OECD iLibrary (database). Fukuda-Parr, Sakiko. “Theory and Policy in International Development: Human Development and Capability Approach and the Millennium Development Goals”. International Studies Review 13, no. 1 (Mar 2011): 122-132. e-article. Academic Search Complete (database). Fukuda-Parr, Sakiko, and David Hulme. “International Norm Dynamics and the "End of Poverty": Understanding the Millennium Development Goals”. Global Governance 17, no. 1 (Jan-Mar 2011): 17-36. e-article. Academic Search Complete (database). Garces-Ozanne, Arlene L. “The Millennium Development Goals: Does Aid Help?” Journal of Developing Areas 44, no. 2 (2011): 27-39. e-article. Academic Search Complete (database). Hamadu, Dallah, and Ray Okafor. “On Statistical Capacity Building in Nigeria: A Necessary Step towards Achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)”. Statistical Journal of the International Association for Official Statistics (IAOS) 26, no. 1/2 (2009): 21-32. e-article. Academic Search Complete (database). Heck, Simon, Christophe Bén, and Roberto Reyes-Gaskin. “Investing in African Fisheries: Building Links to the Millennium Development Goals”. Fish & Fisheries 8, no. 3 (Sep 2007): 211-226. e-article. Academic Search Complete (database).

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