1

Milestones in Anatomy

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Ancient Egyptian Medicine

• Accumulation of facts

• No attempt at explanation

3

Ancient Egyptian Medicine1600-1550 BCE• Ancient Egyptian papyri

give details on disease, diagnosis, and remedies of disease, which include herbal remedies, surgery, and magical spells.

• Also distinguish organs such as the heart, liver, spleen, kidney, uterus and bladder

4

Ancient Egyptian Medicine• Early Egyptian medicine

was based mostly on a mixture of magic and religious spells. Most commonly "cured" by use of amulets or magical spells, the illnesses were thought to be caused by spiteful behavior or actions. Afterwards, doctors performed various medical treatments if necessary.

5

Ancient Greek Medicine

• Observations on wounded soldiers

• More focused study by Hippocrates (450-377 BC)

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Ancient Greek Medicine• Explained illness in

terms of the 4 body humors (fluids).

• Thought the humors were governed by air, water, fire, and earth

• Healthy person had all four humors in balance.

7

Ancient Greek Medicine

500:• The first recorded

medical dissection of a human body was performed by the ancient Greek philosopher and medical theorist Alcmaeon of Croton

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Ancient Greek Medicine400• Hippocrates founded

the Asclepiades, a school of medicine.

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Ancient Greek Medicine384-322:• Aristotle distinguishes

between arteries and veins. He relies on teaching anatomy through “paradigms, schemata and diagrams” as well as animal dissection rather than the use of human cadavers.

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Ancient Greek Medicine

280• At this time cadaver dissection is allowed at

the anatomy school in Alexandria. Herophilius, a Greek

physician and early “Father of

Anatomy,” studies the nervous system, reproductive

organs, and blood vessels.

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Ancient Greek Medicine162• The Greek scientist Galen

moves to Rome and becomes a physician at the imperial court. He gained valuable experience as the attending physician at a gladiator school and was known for his brain and eye surgeries.

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Medieval Anatomy• After the fall of the Roman

empire, the study of anatomy became stagnant in Christian Europe but flourished in the medieval Islamic world.

• Muslim scholars maintained and advanced the knowledge of Aristotle and Galen

1313

Tibb al-Akbar manuscript Female

figureCa 1650-1700

by

Muhammad Akbar

Persian Physician

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• Renaissance = rebirth• Resurrection of the

comparative method• Church allows human

dissection for post-mortem investigations

Leonardo da Vinci

1452-1519 AD

1515

Leonardo’s Sketches

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De Humani Corporis Fabrica

Modern Early Anatomy

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• Designed dissecting instruments

Andreas Vesalius 1514-1564 AD

• Corrected Galen and Aristotle

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17th and 18th Centuries• Because the

study of anatomy concerned observation and drawings, the popularity of the anatomist was equal to the quality of his drawing talents,

Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt

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19th Century Anatomy

A plate of the skull from the 1918 edition of Gray's Anatomy

During the 19th century, anatomists largely finalized and systematized the descriptive human anatomy of the previous century.

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Modern Anatomy• Anatomical

research in the past hundred years has taken advantage of technological developments and growing understanding of sciences such as evolutionary and molecular biology to create a thorough understanding of the body's organs and structures.

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Tissue Donation

• People may be less confident that their wishes on what will happen to their body will be carried out, so instead have not donated to medical science when in the past they may have.

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Plastination: Gunter von Hagen