Mikroişlemciler - Fırat Üniversitesi - Mikroişlemci Programlama

8/10/2019 Mikroilemciler - Frat niversitesi - Mikroilemci Programlama

1/143

T.N.

JBPFT EZGP^TG^

TGOEKCKH JFOCTG^

RFXBCBM MLGED^C @CM

RMT06: MOPKCGMNCGP ZG YPKAPFMCFMF

(Dgrs Ektcfr)

`rflbm TPOKCW

GCFXB 0960


2/143 0

EDGOCGP

@CM 6. AP

@CM 0. MOPKCGMN ZG MOPK@CA^FRFPCFP

@CM >. MMFPCGP

@CM 4. @FFPBM CTCGP

@CM 7. ZKE EGWMFE ZG NB^N MMFPC MOPKCGMN

@CM :. LFPZFPD ZG PB^N MMFPC MOPKCGMN


3/143 >

@CM 6. AP

Aemzdg lzcf agcbge tgoekckhb `bcabsfyfrcf oketrkc gdbcge nblfzcfr `bzcgrg ko yfocftrd.

ycg ob aeco lfyftmzdf sof ouccfedmz `br ko gcgotrkebo nblfz (ngp tgcgjkeu, jfos,

kyuenfocfr, gcgotrbocb sprag, ùcfo mfobefs, vs.) frto ko oo sfysfc `bcabsfyfrcfrcf (mbork

dgegtcgybnbcgr) bcgv ofzfedrcf`bcmgotgdbr. @gezgr bcgr, bco zfmfecfrdf mborkbcgmnb tf`fec

`bcabsfyfr ofrtcfr bcg yfpcf`bcmgotgydb. Mborkbcgmnb bcg `br nblfz oketrkc gtmg bcgmb Abrb/o

vg lfjzf gcgmfe ab`b go `brbmcgrg bltbyf duyfr. @ycgsb `br tfsfrm okcfy kcmfmfocf `brcbotg,

mfcbygt vg prkarfmcfmf fsedfe df dgzfvfetfhcfrf sflbptbr. tg mborkdgegtcgybnbcgr ù skruecfr

krtfdfe ofcdrmfo vg `br ko jkeosbykeu tgo `br getgargdg tkpcfmfo zgrg tfsfrcfem kcup,

aemzdg lgmge lgmge br ko gcgotrkebo nblfzdfjfroc tbpcgrb ùcuemfotfdr.

Mborkbcgmnb, sfoc `br okmut dbzbsbeb frdc kcfrfo ygrbeg agtbrgrgo vgrb ofùc gdg`bcge vg

ùecfr bcgyg`bcge sfysfc `br gcgotrkebo gcgmfe kcfrfo tfemcfef`bcbr. Mborkbcgmnb tgmgcdg

mfeto ofpcfr, jcbp-jckpcfr, sfyn vg sfocfyncfr ab`b stfedfrt sfysfc dgvrgcgrdge kcuur.

Agegc kcfrfo `bcabsfyfr bcg bob gobcdg bcabcgebcbr 8

6. Rfzcm (^kjtwfrg) 8 @bcabsfyfre jbzbosgc pfrfcfre bcgr lfcg agtbrge `bcggecgrdbr.

0. Dkefem (Lfrdwfrg) 8 @bcabsfyfr kcuturfejbzbosgc pfrfcfre tmdr.

Lgr bobsb dg `br`brbebe tfmfmcfynsdr.@brbsb kcmfzsf dbgrb dg kcmfz.^bstgm engcbocb

kcfrfo tfsfrcferoge eng sbstgmb mgydfef agtbrgngo gcgmfecfr ,yfeb dkefem pfrfcfr az eeg

fcer.Dflf skerf yfzcm ù yfpyf `focfrfo yfzcr.Rfzcm,dkefeme lfeab yetgmg arg efsc

fcfnfe astgrge `br sfefc uyaucfmfdr. Lfeab zfmfedf lfeab gcgmfee dgvrgyg abrgrgo

zgrbedgob `bcabyb bcgmgsbeb sfcfmfotfdr. @fsbt `br `bcabsfyfre fef gcgmfecfr gobc 6.6.dg

arcmgotgdbr. Tm sfysfc `bcabsfyfrcfr gobcdg astgrbcge gcgmfecfrf sflbptbrcgr. @uecfre

dedfob gcgmfe yf df nblfzcfr sgbmcbotbr.

Zgrb Rkcu

NYW @gccgo Abrb/o

Fdrgs ykcu

Oketrkc ykcu


4/143 4

gobc 6.68 Agegc @bcabsfyfr yfps

@bcabsfyfr kcuturfe ù sbstgmdgob gcfmfecfr?mborkbcgmnb(NYW),`gccgo vg abrb/o(A/)

`brbmcgrbdbr. Mborkbcgmnbebe bcgygngb okmutcfr vg vgrbcgr agbnb vgyf ofcn `gccgocgrdg

tutucmfotfdr. @bcabyb kcuturfe okmut vg vgrbcgr `gccgotg ofrmfo vgyf jfroc fcfecfrdf

tutucf`bcbr.Rfzfe obbebe ofrfotgrbeb vgyf sgtbb ykcu astgrge gbtcb fcakrbtmfcfrdfe mgydfefagcge prkarfm bcgmnbyb ouccfefrfo vgrbcgrbe bcgemgsbeb sfcfr.@bcabebe bcgemgsb srfsedf krtfyf

of`bcgngo frf dggrcgr ,ge skeuedf skeucfr `gccgotg `br ygrdg dgpkcfemfo zkruedfdr.@te ù

yfpcfe bcgmcgr `br lgsf`f dfyfemfotfdr.@bcabsfyfre `bcabyb bcgmgdgob fef ofrfr vgrbnbsb

sbstgmbe ofc`b sfycfe mborkbcgmnbdbr.NYW tfrfjedfe agrgocgtbrbcge bob tgmgc bcgm

vfrdr.@brbenbsb okmutcfre ykrumcfefrfo dkru `br srfdf agrgocgmgsbeb sfcfyfe oketrkc

bcgvb,dbgrb tkpcfmf,ofrmf v` zgc mftgmftbo vg mfeto bcgmcgrbebe agrgocgtbrbcmgsbeb

sfcfyfe bnrf bcgvbdbr.

@bcabsfyfrdf fctrcfe yfzcmcfr ogedb frfcfredf bobyg fyrcr.@uecfr,prkarfmn tfrfjedfe

yosgo dzgydg yfzcfe prkarfmcfrdr ob besfecfr tfrfjedfe fecfcf`bcbr dzgydgdbr vg ù yfzcfe

prkarfmcfre mfobeg tfrfjedfe fecfcmfse sfcfyfe `fdftrn (betgrjfng) yfzcmcfrdr ob

bcgtbm sbstgmb(K^) kcfrfo fecrcfr.Mborkbcgmnb mfetosfc 9 vg 6 gsfsef arg fctedfe,vgrbcge

okmutcfre df ù gsfsf dfyfemfs agrgomgotgdbr.Osfnf sfysfc `bcabsfyfrcfre ouccfed dkfc

dbcg mfobeg dbcb dgebr.Yrkarfmn tfrfjedfe yosgo dzgydg yfzcfe prkarfmcfr fenfo ybeg besfecfr

tfrfjedfe fecfcf`bcbr.@u prkarfmcfre mfobeg tfrfjedfe fecfcf`bcmgsb bbe

dgrcgybnb,ykrumcfyn vg fssgm`cgr ab`b frfn prkarfmcfre ouccfecmfs agrgobr.Dgmgo ob, yfzcm

dgebcdbbedg focf,bcgtbm sbstgmb,st dzgy dbccgr vfstfsycf yfzcfe gbtcb uyaucfmf prkarfmcfr

agcbr. @u dbccgr?

- Rosgosgvbygcb dbccgr

-

Krtf sgvbygcb dbccgr

- Do sgvbygcb dbccgr

kcmfo zgrg sejf fyrcf`bcbr.@u yosgo, krtf, do ogcbmgcgrbebe fecfm dkefeme yfzcmf

eg ofdfr yfoe kcduueu astgrbr.

Rosgo sgvbygcb dbccgrbe oketrkc sbstgmcgrbedg ouccfem zkrdur. Rosgo sgvbygcb `br dbcdg

yfzcfe prkarfm dgrcgybnb tfrfjedfe dgrcgedbbedg `bcabsfyfr ùeu do sgvbygcb dbcg (mfobef

dbcbeg) gvbrgrgo fecfr. Krtf sgvbygcb dbccgrbe (fssgm`cy) oketrkc sbstgmcgrbedg ouccfem uyauedur.

Fssgm`cy dbcbeb ouccferoge dkefem `bcmgmbz zkruecudur. regbe Betgc


5/143 7

mfobef dbcbedg, yfeb bobcb sfy sbstgmb bcg prkarfm yfzmf zkr vg zflmgtcb `br btbr. @ueue bbe

mfobef dbcbebe okmutcfr gocbedg vgrbcmgsbeb sfcfyfe fssgm`cy dbccgr agcbtbrbcmbtbr. Fssgm`cy

dbcbedg prkarfm yfzmfo mfobef dbcbeg arg dflf okcfy vg fecfcrdr. Jfoft jfzcf mbotfrdf okmut

bgrbr. @ueue bbe fecfmf vg ouccfem `gccb `br zfmfe fcr.

Fssgm`cy mfobefyf yegcbo dbccgrdbr. Yrkarfmn ouccfed `bcabsfyfre dkefeme vgfdrgscgmg tgoebocgrbeb ko byb `bcmgcbdbr. Fssgm`cy prkarfmcfr stfedfrt dgbcdbr. Fye mkdgc

kcmfyfe lgr mborkbcgmnbebe ogedbeg za fssgm`cy dbcb vfrdr. Yrkarfmn ù dbccg mfobefycf ge

`fsbt gobcdg bcgtbbm ourfr. Fssgm`cy dbcbedg yfzcfe lgr prkarfm `gccgotg sfocferoge vgyf

bcgebroge 9 vgyf 6cgr jkrmuef gvrbcmgyg agrgo duyfr.@u gvbrmg bb prkarfmn tfrfjedfe rgtbnb

jbrmfee dftf`kko obtfèf `focfrfo gccg vgyf `br fssgm`cgr (Fssgm`cy dgrcgybnbsb) yfrdmycf

yfpcr.

Tgo tgo okmut okdu ofrcef `focfrfo bobcb okmut okdcfr ùcueuykrsf vg ggr prkarfm

ko uzue vgyf tgorfrcfmfc bsg ,ofyefo prkarfm fmf prkarfmf gvbrmgo ko zkr vg lftf yfpmf

pfy yosgo kcfnfotr.@u ab`b durumcfrdf byb `br fssgm`cgr prkarfm ouccfecmfcdr.

@fzge prkarfmncfr Fssgm`cy dbcb bcg fssgm`cgrb ofrtrmfotfdrcfr.Fssgm`cy dbcb, okeumf

dbcbedg gmbr gocbedgob nmcgdge zgecg sgbcgrgo fcem vg sfys agegcdg ge jfzcf drt

kcf`bcge lfrjcgrdge mgydfef agcge vg `br okmut fecfm bjfdg gdge lftrcftncfr bgrbr.

Fssgm`cy dbcbedg prkarfm yfzmfo mfobeg dbcbedg yfzmfotfe dflf okcfy vg tfob`b dflf

`fsbttbr. Jfoft ù prkarfme `gccgg okeucmfdfe eng mfobeg dbcbeg gvrbcmgsb agrgocbdbr,btg ù bb

fssgm`cgr dgebcge (`br egvb pfogt prkarfmdf dgebcge) gvbrbnb prkarfm yfpfr.@u gvbrmg bcgmbeg

ofyefo prkarfme fmf prkarfmf gvrbcmgsb dgebr.

Fssgm`cy dbcbedg yfzcm `br prkarfme fmf prkarfmf gvbrmgdg ge ko ouccfecfe yetgm

gccg yfpcfe bcgmdbr.@u yetgmdg lgr sftrdfob lftrcftnyf ofrco agcge okdcfr rgtbnb jbrmf

tfrfjedfe yfyecfefe dftf`kkof focfrfo ucueur.@ycgng fmf prkarfm ùcuemu kcur.

Fssgm`cy Dbcbebe Dgzfvfetfhcfr

Fssgm`cy dbcbedg `br prkarfm yfzmfo bbe zgrbedg fccfe `bcabsfyfre zgccbocgrb lfooedf

dgtfyc `bcab sflb`b kcuemfcdr. Mgsgcf ùecfr,`bcabsfyfr mborkbcgmnbsbedg ùcuefe

ofydgdbnbcgr vg sfys,okmut omgsb vg fdrgscgmg trcgrb ab`b dgbbo zgccbocgrdbr.

Fssgm`cy dbcbebe dbgr `br mflsuru gcfstbob kcmfmfsdr. Dgbbo jbrmfcfrnf rgtbcge lgr

mborkbcgmnbebe ogedbsbeg lfs `br prkarfmcfmf dbcb kcmfsdr.@uedfe dkcfy `br mborkbcgmnb

bbe yfzcfe `br fssgm`cy dbcbedgob prkarfm dbgr `br mborkbcgmnbdg fcmfyf`bcbr.


6/143 :

Fssgm`cy Dbcbebe Fvfetfhcfr

Fssgm`cy dbcbedg prkarfm yfzfecfr,dkefeme fcmfse ko byb fecfmfo vg kef arg byb

prkarfmcfr agcbtbrmgo zkruedf kcduocfredfe ogedbcgrbeg `brko ofzfemcfr sfcfrcfr.Rosgo

dzgycb dbccgrdg prkarfm yfzfroge bcabsfyfr dkefemee aremgyge fz yfecfref fssgm`cy

dbcbedg sflbp kcueur.

Fssgm`cy dbcbedg yfzcfe prkarfmcfr yosgo dzgycb dbccgrcg yfzcfe prkarfmcfrf efzfrfe dflf

lzc vg oo `kyutcudur. Fssgm`cy dbcb,prkarfm `yocedg vg fcmf lzedf bdgfc

kptbmbzfsyke sfcfr.

Do sgvbygcb dbccgrbsg, mfobef dbccgrbdbr. Rbeg mfobefyf za `br dbcdbr. @u dbcdg prkarfmcfmf

ko zkr, lftf yfpmf krfe ko yosgo vg prkarfm oketrkc gtmg bmofe egrgdg bsg ykotur.

Fssgm`cy vg mfobef dbcbeg uyaue uyaucfmfcfr 8

- Lgsfpcfmfcfrdfe dflf ko abrb/o agrgotbrge uyaucfmfcfr

- Agrgo zfmfe dgegtbmb vg uyaucfmfcfr

- Jfzcf vgrb bcgmgsb agrgomgyge uyaucfmfcfr

- Lzcco bstgeg uyaucfmfcfr


7/143 1

@CM 0. MOPKCGMN ZG MOPK@CA^FRFPCFP

0.6. @CA^FRFP MMFP^

@bcabsfyfr mbmfrbsb, okmut omgsbebe,dkefem gcfmfecfree vg sbstgm krafebzfsykeueue

dflbc kcduu `br `bcabsfyfre tfsfrmdr. Mbmfrb bob jfroc yfocfmcf tfemcfemfotfdr8

B^F - Okmut omgsb mbmfrbsb

L^F - Dkefem sbstgm mbmfrbsb

B^F, `br `bcabsfyfre lgsfpcfmf ofrfotgrbstbocgrbeb `gcbrcgyge okmut omgsbebe tfsfrmdr.

L^F? NYW, dgpkcfmf vg A/ sbstgmcgrbebe dflbc kcduu fct sbstgm vg ùecfre `fcfet gobccgrbdbr.

Okmut omgsbebe yfzcm vg dkefemcf bcbobsb gobc 0.6.dgarcmgotgdbr.

Okmut Omgsb

Rfzcm

Dkefem

gobc 0.6.8 Okmut omgsbebe yfzcm vg dkefemcf bcbobsb

@bcabsfyfr sbstgmcgrbedg `te mgsgcg,ù bob ofvrfm ygrcb ygrbeg kturtmfotr. Mbmfrb `br

ofvrfm kcfrfo L^Fee eg kcduu vg lfeab gcgmfecfrdfe mgydfef agcdbb yuofrdf focfemtr.

B^F bsg, prkarfmnee ù gcgmfecfrf ye vgrgngo prkarfm yfzmfs durumuedf efsc `br ofùc

argngbdbr.Jfroc brogtcgr tfrfjedfe rgtbcge jfroc `bcabsfyfrcfre jbyft/pgrjkrmfes fsedfe

gc`gttg jfroc mbmfrbcgrb kcf`bcbr. zgc `bcabsfyfr sbstgmcgrb(aemzdg `br gbt kyue okeskccfr

)bbe prkarfmn okdcfre mfobefee dkrudfe zgc dkefemef arg yfzmfotfyd.@ycgng `br

mfobeg bbe yfzcfe prkarfm fye jbrmf tfrfjedfe rgtbcsg `bcg,eg rgof`gt gttbb `br mfobefsedf eg

dg dbgr mfobefsedf fcf`bcmgotgydb. Mgsgcf, F mfobefs bbe yfzcfe `br kyue @ mfobefsedf

vgyf N mfobefsedf fcmfyfnfotr. Yrkarfmn tfrfjedfe yfzcfe okdcfr dkefem fmf fefltfr

kcfrfo decg`bcbr (gobc 0.0..).


8/143 .).

@urfs,NYW bbedg NYW kcfrfo df bjfdg gdbcg`bcbr.Yrkarfmnee yfzd okdcfr bcgmnbebe

dflf f`uo fecfyf`bcgngb vgyf fctrf`bcgngb oo mborkokdcfrf detrge `u mborkokd

mktkru,bcgmnb PKM `gccgo vfstfsycf ygrcgtbrbcmbtbr. Mborkprkarfm vg bnrf `brbmb tfrfjedfe

mgydfef agcge mborkokd PKMue argvb,zgc okmutcfre `br dbzb oketrkc sbeyfccgrbeg gvbrgrgo

sbstgm gcgmfecfree dgegtcgemgsbeb sfcfr. Fye zfmfedf, mborkokd NB^N tbpb bcgmnbcgrdgob

tgmgc bcgvb, fct dzgy okmut omgsbycg prkarfmnee fct st dzgy okmutcfr frfsedf

skyutcfmf dzgyb kcuturmfotr.

Fef @gccgo

e`gccgo

NYWMborkokd PKM

Oketrkc @brbmb

Ofydgdbnbcgr Ofydgdbnbcgr

gobc 0.>.8 @br mborkokd PKMue sbstgmdgob ygrb


9/143 2

Mborkbcgmnb rgtbnbcgrb,sbstgm tfsfrmedf bob yec demgo zkruedfdrcfr.

@brbenbsb,mbmfrbyb mgydfef agtbrge gcgmfecfre bcgvcgrb,bobenbsb ù gcgmfecfre efsc dgvrgyg

skoucfnfdr. Gcgmfecfr dgvrgyg skomfo bbe prkarfm yfzmfo agrgogngotbr.@u bbe `br yfe? dbgr

yfe bsg dkefemdr.Dkefemcf tfsfrm mlgedbscgrb bcabcgebr.Jfoft prkarfmn ycg `br prkarfm

yfzmfc ob,sbstgm tfrfjedfe fcacfefrfo dkru zfmfedf dkru gcgmfe dgvrgyg skoucf`bcsbe.

Dkefem mbmfrbsbeb prkarfmnyf fotfrfnfo ge byb ykc kef ouccfef`bcgngb okmut omgsbeb lfzr

vgrmgotbr.@bcabsfyfr sbstgmbebe dkefemsfc tm zgccbocgrbeb bgrge sbstgmg okmut omgsb

mbmfrbsb dgebcdbbeg arg, prkarfmn ù omgyg `fofrfo vgyf ù omgyb ouccfef`bcge

dgrcgybnbcgrb ouccfefrfo lb`br gedbgyg agrgo duymfz. Yrkarfmnee yfzd `br okmut

bcgtbcdbbedg, mborkokd PKM ù okmutu kour vg skerf k okmutf ofrco agcge uyaue

mborkokdcfr yocgr vg fctr.

Dkefemsfc Rfocfm

Mborkokd ouccfecfrfo B^F sbstgmbebe yrtcmgsbebe `fcnf sfoenfs `fcfeatf

okmutcfre dkrudfe fctrfe sbstgmg arg yfvf kcmfsdr. Mborkokd, B^F tfsfrmncfref

prkarfmnee frf srf ouccfed lgr gbt okmutcfre okmut omgsbeg gocgemgsbeb bstgr. Dflf ko

okmut dgmgo dflf jfzcf mborkokd, gobrdgo `yoc vg a dgmgotbr. B^F mbmfrbsbebe yffefe

fosfococfredfe dkcfy dflf skerfcfr ,okmutcfre dkrudfe dkefem gcgmfecfr tfrfjedfe

ykrumcfefrfo sbstgmbe dgegtcgedbb dbgr `br mbmfrb yfocfmdf dkefemsfc fcmfmkdgcbdbr..Okmutcfre fecfcr stfedfrt `br `kyutf agtbrbcgrgo fccd sbstgmg PB^N mkdgcb

dgebcmgotgdbr.Rfeb okmutcfre dkefemsfc fcmf mkdgcbeg sflbp PB^N tbpb `bcabsfyfrcfrdf,

okmut omgsbedgob okmutcfre sfys fzfctcm vg lgr `br zgc okmutue `kyutu drcmtr.

0.0. MOPKCGMNCGP ZG MOPKDGEGTCGRNCGP

MOPKCGMN, sfoc `br okmut dbzbsbeb frdc kcfrfo ygrbeg agtbrgrgo vgrb ofùc gdg`bcge

vg ùecfr bcgyg`bcge sfysfc `br gcgotrkebo gcgmfe kcfrfo tfemcfef`bcbr. Aemzdg `fsbt

kyuenfocfrdfe, ge ofrmfo oketrkc vg lf`grcgmg sbstgmcgrbeg ofdfr lgmge lgr gy mborkbcgmnbcb

sbstgmcgrcg oketrkc gdbcmgotgdbr.

Mborkdgegtcgybnb vgyf sfysfc `bcabsfyfr tgmgc osm (NYW, Abrb/o @brbmbvg Lfjzf)

bcg ùecfrf go kcfrfo `fz dgstgo dgvrgcgrbedge kcuur. @u dgvrgcgr ge `fsbttge, ge ofrmff ofdfr

gbtcbcbo astgrbr.


10/143 69

NYW

Mborkbcgmnb

Abrb/oebtgsb

PFM`gccgo

gvrgsgc

ebtgcgr

mkebtr,ocfvyg,yfzn,mkdgm

gobc0.4 8@br mborkbcgmnb sbstgmbebe tgmgc `bcggecgrb

Abrb / o (Beput / Kutput) 8 ^fysfc, fefcka vg zgc jkeosbykecfrdfe kcuur vgmborkbcgmnbebe

d deyf bcg lf`grcgmgsbeb sfcfr.

NYW (Ngetrfc Yrkngssbea Webt Mgrogzb cgm @brbmb) 8 ^bstgmbe ge tgmgc bcgvb vg

krafebzftrdr. @bcabsfyfre `gyeb kcfrfo fdcfedrcr.Okmutcfr yrtmgo, lgsfpcfr yfpmfo vg

vgrbcgrb okkrdbeg gtmgo bbe 4, 0 vg :4 `btcbo szno uzuecuocfredf fcr.

Lfjzf 8 PFM, PKM, YPKM, GYPKM, GGYPKM vgyf ùecfre lgrlfeab `br `brcgbmb kcf`bcbr. @u

`brbm, prkarfm vg vgrb dgpkcfmfo bbe ouccfecr.

Ksbcftr 8 Mborkbcgmnbebe dzae fcf`bcmgsb bbe agrgocb kcfe gcgmfecfrdfe `brbdbr. Argvb? vgrb

vg okmutcfre NYW 'yf fcemfsedf, yrtcmgsbedg, ofyt gdbcmgsbedg, skeucfre

lgsfpcfemfsedf vg otcfre bcabcb `brbmcgrg aedgrbcmgsbedg agrgocb kcfe sfft dfr`gcgrbeb

rgtmgotbr. Ksbcftr, jfroc `bcggecgrdge kcuf`bcgngb ab`b lfzr yfpcm `br mkdc dg kcf`bcbr.

Dbgr dgvrgcgr 8 Mborkbcgmnb bcg `fcfetc dbgr dgvrgcgr? sbstgmbe obcbtcgemgsbeb ecgmgyg

oftodf ùcuefe Qftnldka Tbmgr, mfeto ffmfcfre `kzmfdfe `brdge jfzcf ykeafee `br `brbeg

`fcfemfse sfcfyfe fdrgs vg vgrb ykccfr (@W^) bbe tfmpke (ùjjgr), fye @W^ 'f`fcfem

dgvrgcgrdge `brbeb sgmgyb sfcfyfe, fdrgs vg B/K bbe okd zn gcgmfecfr (dgnkdgr).

Mborkbcgmnbebe fcmfs8 @br mborkbcgmnbebe fcmfsedf ,oketrkc `brbmb tfrfjedfe ygrbeg

agtbrbcge vg gobc 0.7dg astgrbcge tgmgc bob bcgm vfrdr. Okmut koumf (jgtnl) vg okmut

yrtmg (gxgnutg). Okmut koumf,mborkbcgmnbebe lfjzfdfe `br bcgm okdu (kpgrftbke nkdg-

kpnkdg) fcp okmut sfocfynsef (Bestruntbke Pgabstgr BP) agtbrmg bcgmbeg dgebr. Okmut

sfocfynsef agcge okmut bcg lfeab bcgmbe yfpcfnf okmut okd zns tfrfjedfe

`gcbrcgebr.Agrgoge sbeyfccgmg oketrkc `brbmb tfrfjedfe rgtbcbr.Ggr okmut bcg `gcbrcgege bcgmbbe,`fz bcgm vgrbsbeg (kpgrfed) agrgo vfr bsg,ù vgrbcgr lfjzfdfe koueur.


11/143 66

^ke kcfrfo okmutue yrtcmgsb agrgocgtbrbcbr. @br okmutue yrtcmgsb `bttbotge skerf,

`gezgrb gobcdg? tgorfr okmut koumf vg yrtmg bcgmcgrb,skesuz `br gvrbm bbedg, `br durmf

(lfct) okmutu yrtcengyg ofdfr yfpcr. Mborkbcgmnbebe fcmfsee durdurfe ù okmut bcg

bcgmnb `br en durumf abrgr vg ù durumdfe of`bcmgsb bbe `br dkefem sjrcfmfs (rgsgt)

agrgobr.

gobc 0.78@br mborkbcgmnbdgob okmut koumf vg yrtmg gvrbmcgrb

rego8 @br mborkbcgmnbebe prkarfm lfjzfsedf ùcuefe prkarfme fctrcmfs

4J

7J

Yrkarfm Lfjzfs

990>

9900

9904

kp-nkdgfdrgs

gobc-0.:.Yrkarfm yoc ucuefe lfjzf

6.Yrkarfm sfyfn k fedf fcfe okmutue fdrgsbeb zgrbeg fcr. YN =_9900]

0.Okmut ofyts, k fedf fcfe okmutu zgrbedg ucuedurur. Br = 4J

>.Oketrkc ebtgsb ù okmutf arg uyaue gcgotrkebo sbeyfccgrb uyaue ygrg aedgrgrgo okmutu

fctrr. 4J bbe F fomcftre sjrcfyn bfrgt aedgrbr.

4.Dflf skerf YN `br skerfob fdrgsg aggr vg fye bcgmcgr tgorfrcfer.

Okmut

Koumf

(Jgtnl)

Rrtmg(Gxgnutg)

Durmf

(Lfct)

Okmut mborkbcgmnbdg

Okmut yrtmgsb `btgr

Durmf(Lfct) OkmutuPG^GT

Dkefem sjrcfmfskcmfd srgng dur

PG^GT


12/143 60

MOPK@CA^FRFP (MOPKDGEGTCGRN, MNPKNKETPKCCGP) `br

`bcabsfyfr bgrbsbedg ùcuemfs agrgoge tgmgc `bcggecgrdge Lfjzf, B/K ebtgsbebe tgo `br

nlbp(ykeaf) zgrbedg rgtbcmb bbmbeg dgebr.

B/K @gccgo

YBN

MborkdgegtcgybnbsbGZPG GC

ETGCGPCfm`f, mktkr,CND, s,osgesr v`.

gobc0.1 8@br mborkdgegtcgybnb sbstgmbebe tgmgc `bcggecgrb

Mborkbcgmnb bcg oketrkc gdbcg`bcgngo `br sbstgmb ourmfo bbe ge fzedfe u ebtgcgrùcuemfcdr? NYW, PFM, Abrb/o ebtgsb vg ù ebtgcgr frfsedf vgrb/fdrgs fc vgrbbeb

sfcfmfo bbe `bcab bcgtbm ykccfr (DFTF @W^) agrgomgotgdbr. @u ebtgcgrb ygrcgtbrmgo bbe `fso

dgvrg krafebzfsykeu df egmcb `br ffmfdr. Mborkdgegtcgybnb bcg oketrkc gdbcg`bcgngo sbstgmdg bsg

yuofrdf sfydmz ebtgcgrbe ygrbeg tgo `br ykeaf (mborkdgegtcgybnb) ouccfemfoygtgrcb kcfnfotr.

Tgo `br ykeaf ouccfemfo bcg, mfcbygt dgngo, ouccfem vg prkarfmcfmf okcfyc sfcfefnfotr. @u

fvfetfhcfrdfe dkcfy ske zfmfecfrdf `bcabsfyfr oketrkc agrgotbrge gcgotrkebo uyaucfmfcfrdf

agcbmb mborkbcgmnb (Gm`gdgd prkngsskr)ouccfemf gbcbmb azcgembtbr.

PFM PKMA/

Ykrtu

NYW(Agegc fmfcMborkbcgmnb)

Tbmgr^grb,

Yfrfcgc,pkrt

Zgrb ykcu

Fdrgs y kcu

Tgo nlbp

f) Agegc fmfc mborkbcgmnb sbstgmb

PFM PKM

A/Ykrtu

NYW

Tbmgr^grb,

Yfrfcgc,pkrt

Tgo nlbp

`) Mborkdgegtcgybnb sbstgmb

gobc 0.


13/143 6>

Aemz mborkdgegtcgybnbcgrb ktkmk`bccgrdg, ofmgrfcfrdf, ngp tgcgjkecfredf, jfx- mkdgm

nblfzcfredf, jktkokpb, rfdyk, TZ, `fz kyuenfocfr ab`b sfycfmfyfnfo ofdfr pgo ko fcfedf

ouccfecmfotfdr.

Mborkdgegtcgybnbcgr 6229c yccfrdfe skerf ffdfob bltbyfcfrf ngvfp vgrg`bcmgo bbe

agcbmgyg fcfmcfrdr. Agcbbm sg`gpcgrb?

Ofrmfo nblfzcfr df dflf yosgo pgrjkrmfesf bltbyf duyucmfs

Dflf ageb fdrgs fcfeef sflbp kcmfs

N ab`b yosgo sgvbygdgob dbccgrdg prkarfmcfmf dgstgbebe sfcfemfs

Qbedkws fctedf fcfe agcbmb zgccbocgrg sflbp prkarfm agcbtbrmg krtfmcfree kcmfs

Dflf fz a togtbmb vg arctee kcmfs

@yo agcbtbrmg yftrmcfr vg yfzcm avgecbb fsedfe vfrkcfe gbtcb prkarfmcfre

ouccfecmfs

^bstgm jbyftcfree unuz kcmfs

Abrb/oFDNDFNYQM

LfjzfPFM

GYPKMGGYPKM

NYW

4 `bt< `bt

6: `bt>0 `bt

Xfmfecfyn Ksbcftr

FDPG^ FDPG^

DFTF

gobc 0.28Mborkdgegtcgybnb sbstgm

Tgoekckhbo agcbmgcgrcg `brcbotg mborkbcgmnbcgrdg zfmfecf agcbmgyg `fcfmcfrdr. @gcbrcb `br

srgdg gcg fcefe `bt sfysef `focfrfo mborkbcgmnbebe ac kcup kcmfd `gcbrcgebr. @bt

uzuecuocfref arg < `bt, 6: `bt, >0 `bt vg :4 `btcbo mborkbcgmnbcgr `ucueur.


14/143 64

0.>. @fsbttge Ofrmff Mborkbcgmnb Rfps

0.>.6. fef `cmdge mgydfef agcmbtbr.

MFP

M@P

YNDFP

BP

FFCWDP

Okmut okdzn

Xfmfecfmf vgoketrkc `brbmb

@gccgo

Dbgr NYWgcgmfecfref

Dflbcb vgrb ykcu

Dflbcb fdrgs ykcuFdrgs ykcu

Zgrb ykcu

Oketrkc ykcuP/Q

gobc 0.69 8 @fsbt `br


15/143 67

ofydgdbnbsb), M@P (Mgmkry @ujjgr Pgabstgr- @gccgo vgrb ofydgdbnbsb), DFP(Dftf Fddrgss

Pgabstgr- Zgrb fdrgs ofydgdbnbsb) vg DP (Dftf rgabstgr- Zgrb ofydgdbnbsb) kcfrfo gcg fcef`bcbr.

Frbtmgtbo vg Mfeto @brbmb8FCW mborkbcgmnbcgrdg frbtmgtbosgc vg mfetosfc bcgmcgrbebe

yfpcdge egmcb `brbmdbr. Frbtmgtbosgc bcgmcgr dgebcbeng focf `ftf tkpcfmf, ofrmf, frpmf

vg `cmg agcbr. Okmutcfrcf `brcbotg ù bcgmcgrb, mfeto ofpcfr, ù ofpcfre kcuturduu

tkpcfyncfr, ofrncfr vg jcbpjckpcfr agrgocgtbrbr. Mfetosfc bcgmcgrg dg FED, KP, G\KP vg

EKT ab`b bcgmcgrb rego vgrg`bcbrbz.

@GCCGO

F DP

@fyrfocfr

FCW

Dflbcb vgrb ykcu

FCW

gobc 0.66 8 Frbtmgtbo vg mfeto `brbmb

Xfmfecfmf vg Dgegtbm @brbmb8 @u osm sbtgmbe tm bcgybbedge vg bcgmbe zfmfeedf

yfpcmfsedfe skrumcu kcfe `brbmdbr. @u `brbm `gccgotg prkarfm `cmedg ùcuefe okmut

okdueue fcep agtbrbcmgsb, okdueue zcmgsb, FCW tfrfjedfe bcgebp, skeunue fcep `gccgg

yocgemgsb bbe agrgocb kcfe dgegtbm sbeyfccgrb rgtbr.

cgtbbm ykccfr8 Mborkbcgmnb mbmfrbsbeg abrmgsg dg bcgmnbycg fyrcmfz `br pfrf kcuturfe

bcgtbbm ykccfr ogedb frfcfredf g fyrcr. Fdrgs ykcu? okmut vgyf vgrbebe `gccgotg ùcueduu

fdrgstge fcep agtbrbcmgsb vgyf fdrgs `bcabsbebe sfocfedykcdur. Zgrb ykcu bsg bcgmnbdge `gccgg

vgyf Abrb/o`brbmcgrbeg vgrb ykccfmfdf yfdf tgrsb bcgmcgrdg ouccfecr. Oketrkc ykcubsg sbstgmg

`fc `brbmcgrbe dgegtcgemgsbeb sfcfyfe zgc sbeyfccgrbe kcuturduu `br yfpyf sflbptbr.


16/143 6:

0.>.0. 6:-@btcbo Mborkbcgmnbcgr8 6:-`btcbo mborkbcgmnbcgr `fsbt kcfrfo .>. >0-@btcbo Mborkbcgmnbcgr8 >. oufo mborkbcgmnbcgrdbr. Dbgrcgrbedge jfroc kcfrfo bgrbsbeg

JYW (Jckftbea Ykbet Webt- Ofyfe ekotf `brbmb) dgebcge vg mftgmftbo bcgmcgrbedge skrumcu kcfe

`br `brbm gocgembtbr. @u agcbmb bcgmnb :4-`btcbo ageb `br lfrbnb vgrb ykcuef sflbptbr. Ageb vgrb

ykcu, bcgmnbebe `br gvrbmcbo zfmfedf dflf ko vgrb tfmfs vg dkcfysycf yfpfnf argvb dflf


17/143 61

osf zfmfedf yfpmfs dgmgotbr. @u, bcgmnbebe `br tocfemfsycf, bcgmnb bcg `gccgo frfsedf vgyf

bcgmnb bcg A/ `brbmcgrb frfsedf, 8 >0-`btcbo mborkbcgmnb mbmfrbsb

0.4. Mborkdgegtcgybnbcgrbe (Mbork`bcabsfyfrcfre)Agcbbmb

NYW, @gccgo vg Abrb/o `brbmcgrbebe br frfdf `ucuemfs mborkdgegtcgybnbyb zgccbocg

gedstrbygc oketrkc uyaucfmfcfredf ac br dbhbtfc bcgmnb lfcbeg agtbrmbtbr. Mborkdgegtcgybnbcgr

zgccbocgktkmk`bccgrdg mktkr oketrkc, gcgotrbo vg b pfegc oketrkc? ofmgrfcfrdf, o vg kdfocfmf

oketrkc ab`b fmfcfrdf ouccfecmfotfdr. @bcabsfyfrcfr, tgcgjke vg mkdgm ab`b gbtcb lf`grcgmg

nblfzcfr, ND tgoekckhbsb, jktkokpb vg jfos nblfzcfr, rfdyk, TZ, tgyp, kyuenfocfr, zgc fmfc

gcgotrkebo ofrtcfr vg sfycmfyfnfo ofdfr ko fcfedf , mborkdgegtcgybnbcgr ouccfecmfotfdr. @u

ofdfr ageb `br uyaucfmf fcfe kcfe mborkdgegtcgybnbcgr ffdf srfcfefe gbtcb zgccbocgrg

sflbptbrcgr.

- Yrkarfmcfef bcbr sfysfc pfrfcgc abrb / o

- Yrkarfmcfef bcbr fefcka abrb / o

- ^grb abrb / o (sgeorke, fsgeorke vg nblfz dgegtbmb ab`b)

- Mktkr/sgrvk oketrkc bbe dfr`g bfrgt o (YQM ab`b)

- Lfrbnb abrb bcg ogsmg

- Xfmfecfyn (Tbmgr) bcg ogsmg

-

Lfrbnb `gccgo frf`brbmb- Lfrbnb @W^ frf`brbmb (YN B^F ab`b)

- Dflbcb `gccgo tbpb sggegocgrb (PKM, YPKM, GYPKM vg GGYPKM)


18/143 6. Gedstrbygc Wyaucfmfcfr be Yrkarfmcfef`bcbr Oketrkc ebtgsb .


21/143 06

@CM >. MMFPCGP

>.6. Mborkdgegtcgybnb / Mbork`bcabsfyfr Tfsfrm Rfpcfr

@bcabsfyfre yocgege tm argvcgrb ko osf zfmfedf ygrbeg agtbrmgsbedg yftfe fef uesur

`bcabsfyfre tfsfrm mbmfrbsbdbr. @br mborkbcgmnb, mbmfrb ygtgegocgrb vg tfsfrm jgcsgjgsbycggobccgebr.

>.6.6. Zke Egumfe (Yrbengtke) Mbmfrbsb

@bcabsfyfrcfrdf bco ouccfecfe mbmfrbdbr. co `bcabsfyfrcfr Zke Egumfe yfpsedfe ykcf

ocfrfo agcbtbrbcmbtbr. Agcbtbrbcge ù `bcabsfyfr `g `brbmdge kcumfotfyd. @u `brbmcgr?

frbtmgtbo vg mfetosfc `brbm, oketrkc `brbm, `gccgo, abrb-o `brbmb vg ù `brbmcgr frfsedf

bcgtbbmb sfcfyfe ykcfrdfe kcuur.

@GCCGO

OKETPKC@PM

FCWA/

@brbmb

NCO

Durum @bcabsb

Zgrb

Fdrgs vgOketrkc

Okmut

gobc >.6.Zke Egumfe mbmfrbcb `bcabsfyfr sbstgmb

@u mbmfrbdg vgrb vg okmutcfr `gccgotge tgo `br ykcdfe mborkbcgmnbyg agtbrbcgrgo bcgemgotgdbr.

Yrkarfm vg vgrb fye `gccgotg ùcueduuedfe, okmut vg vgrb agrgocb kcduuedf fye bcgtbbm

ykcueu ouccfemfotfdr. @u durumdf, okmut bbe `br fcagtbr sfyoc,skerf vgrb bbe dbgr `br fcagtbr

sfyoc agrgomgotgdbr.

Yrkarfm

vg

Zgrb

@gccgb

NYW< `bt

gobc >.0. Zke Egumfe mbmfrbsb


22/143 00

Zke Egumfe mbmfrbsbeg sflbp `br `bcabsfyfr ffdfob srfc fdmcfr agrgocgtbrbr.

6. Yrkarfm sfynsee astgrdbb fdrgstge (`gccgotge)okmutu fcagtbr.

0. Yrkarfm sfynsee bgrbbeb `br frtr.

>. Agtbrbcge okmutue okdueu oketrkc `brbmbeb ouccfefrfo z. Oketrkc `brbmb, `bcabsfyfre agrb

ofcfe brbmcgrbeg sbeyfc aedgrgrgo fz kpgrfsykecfr yfpmfse sfcfr.

4.

6. fdmf agrb decr.

rego>.68

Mkv fnn, rga

6. np 8 Okmut kour

0.,.. np 8 Zgrbyb kour vg fnnyg ftfr.

Zke Egumfe mbmfrbsbedg, vgrb `gccgotge fcep bcgdbotge skerf tgorfr `gccgg aedgrbcmgsbedgko zfmfe lfrnfer. @uedfe `fof, vgrb vg okmutcfr fye `gccgo `brbmbedg dgpkcfededfe,

yfeccocf okmut dbyg vgrb fcfeedfe okd agtbrbcmgsb soetcfrf sg`gp kcmfotfdr. @u mbmfrb

yfocfmf sflbp kcfe `bcabsfyfrcfr aemzdg, vgrbcgrbe bcgemgsbedg, `bcabebe dgrcgemgsbedg vg

sfysfc prk`cgmcgrdg kcduu ofdfr gedstrbygc dgegtbmcgrdg `ffrc `br gobcdg ouccfecmfotfdr.

>.6.0. Lfrvfrd Mbmfrbsb

Lfrvfrd mbmfrbcb `bcabsfyfr sbstgmcgrbebe Zke Egumfe mbmfrbsbedge jfro vgrb vg okmutcfrefyr fyr `gccgocgrdg tutucmfsdr. @uef arg, vgrb vg okmut fotfrmedf bcgtbbm ykccfr df `br

`brbedge `fmsz yfpdf ucuemfotfdrcfr.

Zgrb

@gccgb NYW

Yrkarfm

@gccgb< bt 64 bt

gobc >.>. Lfrvfrd Mbmfrbsb

Okmutcf `brcbotg vgrb fye sfyocdf jfroc bcgtbbm ykcuedfe bcabcb `gccgocgrdge fcep bcgmnbyg

agtbrbcg`bcbr. Agtbrbcge okmut bcgebp bcabcb vgrbsb vgrb `gccgbedge fceroge srfdfob okmut, okmut

`gccgbedge fcep agtbrbcg`bcbr. @u edge fcp agtbrmg bcgmb, dfccfemf lfrbnbedg lz bob oftef

ofrf`bcmgotgdbr.


23/143


24/143 04

Rosgo Dzgycb Dbc

Mbork-okd

Ofydgdbnbcgr, FCW vg dbgrcgrb

Mfobef Dbcb

Dkefem

Rfzcm

Dgrcgmg

cgmg

zmg

gobc >.7. NB^N tf`fec `br bcgmnbebe fcmf `bbmb

NB^N mbmfrbsb ko ofdgmgcb bcgmg mkdgcbeg dfyfemfotfdr. co ofdgmg, yosgo sgvbygcb dbcbe

yfzcd ygrdbr. ^kerfob ofdgmgyb bsg mfobeg dbcb kcuturur. @urfdf yosgo sgvbygcb dbcbe

dgrcgemgsb bcg `br dbzb okmutcfr mfobeg dbcbeg gvrbcbr. @br skerfob ofdgmgdg mfobeg dbcbeg gvrbcge

okmutcfre okdcfr zcgrgo , mborkokdcfrf gvrbcbr. Ge ske kcfrfo df bcgege okdcfr agrgocb kcfe

argv ygrcgrbeg aedgrbcbr.

NB^N Mbmfrbsbebe Fvfetfhcfr

Mborkprkarfmcfmf fssgm`cy dbcbebe yrtcmgsb ofdfr okcfydr vg sbstgmdgob oketrkc

`brbmbedge dflf unuzdur.

Rgeb agcbtbrbcge mbork`bcabsfyfr `br engobebe fssgm`cy dbcbeb dgstgocgmgotgdbr.

Zgrbcge `br argvb yrtmgo bbe dflf fz okmut ouccfecr. @ycgng `gccgo dflf gtobcb

ouccfecr.

Mborkprkarfm okmut omgcgrb, yosgo sgvbygcb dbccgrbe yfpcfref `gezgr `bbmdg

yfzcdedfe dgrcgybnb ofrmfo kcmfo zkruedf dgbcdbr.

NB^N Mbmfrbsbebe Dgzfvfetfhcfr

Agcbge lgr mborkbcgmnb bcg `brcbotg okmut okdu vg ykeaf dkefem dflf ofrmfo `br

lfcg agcmbtbr.

Lgr okmutue gvbrbm srgsb fye dgbcdbr. Jfroc okmutcfr jfroc gvrbm srgcgrbedg

fctocfr bbe mfobefee pgrjkrmfese drgngotbr.

@br prkarfm bgrbsbedg mgvnutokmutcfre lgpsb ouccfecfmfz.


25/143 07

Okmutcfr bgebroge `fyrfo `btcgrbebe dbooft gdbcmgsb agrgobr. @udf go zfmfe srgsb

dgmgotbr. Mborkbcgmnbebe fcmfse gtobcgmgotgdbr.

>.0.0. PB^N ( Pgdungd Bestruntbke gt Nkmputgr) Mbmfrbsb

PB^N mbmfrbsb B@M, Fppcg vg Mktkrkcf ab`b jbrmfcfrnf sbstgmftbo `br gobcdg agcbtbrbcmbtbr.

PB^N mbmfrbsbebe tfrfjtfrcfr, `bcabsfyfr mbmfrbsbebe abttbog dflf ofrmfo lfcg agcdbbeb vg

lgpsbebe `br ogefrf `rfocp ge `ftf ygebdge `fcfmfo jborbedgydbcgr. 19cb yccfre `fedf B@M

jbrmfs bco PB^N mbmfrbsbeb tfemcfyfe brogt kcdu. @u mbmfrbdg `gccgo lz frttedfe vg yosgo

sgvbygcb dbccgr fssgm`cy dbcbebe ygrbeb fcdedfe, NB^Nbe `fcnf stecocgrb aggrsbz kcmfyf

`fcfd. PB^Nbe jgcsgjgsb tgmgc prgesb`g dfyfer.

@te okmutcfr tgo `br gvrbmdg fctrcmfcdr8 Lgr `br okmutue jfroc gvrbmdg

fcmfs bcgmnb pgrjkrmfese gtobcgyge ge egmcb egdgecgrdge `brbdbr. Okmutcfre tgo `br

gvrbmdg pgrjkrmfes gbtcbbeb sfcfr.

@gccgg sfdgng ckfd vg stkrg okmutcfrycf grbbcmgcbdbr.Ggr `br okmut dbrgot kcfrfo

`gccgb ogedb fmfn dkructusuedf yecgedbrbcbrsg keu fctrmfo bbe `brko sfyoc aggr.

Okmut fcep agtbrbcbr vg `gccgo azdge agbrbcbr.PB^N bcgmnbsbycg, `gccgg ygrcgmb vgrb

`br ofydgdbnbyg yocgebr, ofydgdbnb azdge agbrbcbr vg ske kcfrfo ofydgdbnbebe bgrbb fef

`gccgg yfzcr.

@te bnrf `brbmcgrb mborkokd ouccfemfdfe dkefemdfe fctrcmfcdr. Mborkokd

ouccfem, dbzb vg `gezgrb vgrbcgrb yocgmgo bbe ko sfydf gvrbm dgmgotbr. @uyzdge tgogvbrbmcb bnrf `brbmcgrbebe yrtcmgsbedg okcfy ouccfecmfz.

Fef `gccgo

e `gccgo

Oketrkc @brbmbMborkokd PKM

Okmut vg Zgrb ykcu

Fef `gccgo

Okmute `gccgb

Zgrb e `gccgb

Dkefem Oketrkc @brbmb

Zgrb ykcu

f) `)

gobc >.:. f)Mborkokd dgegtbmcb NB^N mbmfrbsb? `)Dkefem dgegtbmcb PB^N mbmfrbsb


26/143


27/143 01

Frbtmgtbo vg Mfeto @brbmbedg bcgmg tf`bb tutucur vg drden fdmdf df skeu ofydgdbnbyg

yfzcfnfotr. @ycgng `br okmutue bcgmgsb bbe lgr `br `fsfmfo `br sfft gvrbmb agrgotbrbrsg, drt

gvrbmcg (fdmdf) agrgocgmb kcmfotf vg `br fdm `btmgdge dbgrb fcfyfmfmfotfdr.

Ofefc tgoebb bcg fcfe bcgmnbcgrdg `brbenb fdmdf okmut okdu zcr, bobenb fdmdf

`brbenb okmutue zgrbedg fcfnf vgrb (bcgege) ofydgdbnbdge fceroge, srfdfob bobenb bcgegngokcfe okmutue okdu zcr. en fdmdf bco okmutue argvb FCWdf ygrbeg agtbrbcbroge, bobenb

okmutue bcgygngb bcgege fcep agtbrbcbr. @u fedf srfdfob en okmutue okdu zcr vg bcgm

`ycgng dgvfm gdgr.

Ofefc (Ybpgcbeg) tgoebbedg gvrbm zfmfee dmgsb bbe okmut okdcfree lzc zcmgsb

agrgocbdbr. PB^N mbmfrbsbedg tm okmutcfr 6 `brbm uzuecuotf kcduocfr bbe okmut okdueu zmg

bcgmb okcfycfr. ^bstgmdg ouccfecfe ofydgdbnbcgrbe sbmgtrbo `br yfpdf kcmfs, dgrcgmg bcgmbeb

okcfycftrmfotfdr. PB^N bcgmnbcgrdg `gccgg yfcez yocg vg dgpkcf okmutcfrycf ucfcr. @fz

gsob NB^N mbmfrbsbedg dg kcmfsef rfmge PB^N mbmfrbsbebe sf`bt uzuecuotfob `fsbt okmutcfrcf

fcmfs pbpgcbeg sbstgmbeb dflf byb ouccfemfsef sg`gp kcmfotfdr. @u yzdge lgsfpcfmf

krfecfree `brbenb engcbo frz gttbb ygrcgrdg b-bstfsykecfr vg dftncfrdf ko tgrnbl gdbcmgotgdbr.

Trfesbstr sfys8 NB^N mbmfrbsbedg ouccfecfe trfesbstkr sfys PB^Ng efzfrfe dflf jfzcfdr.

Trfesbstr sfysee `br ygrdg ko kcmfs jfzcf ygrcgbm fcfe vg fyrnf jfzcf s dgmgotbr. @uedfe

dkcfy df jfzcf s rgtbmb skutmf kcfye aedgmg agtbrmgotgdbr. NB^N tf`fec Ygetbumbcgmnbcgrdg ofro s dftns vgyf skutmf jfecfr ouccfecmfotfdr.

PB^N mbmfrbsbedgob egmcb stecocgrg ofr `fz mflzurcfr krtfyf omfotfdr. PB^N

mbmfrbsb, NB^Nbe ac okmutcfredfe ykosuedur vg fye bcgmb yfpmfo bbe dflf jfzcf okmut

bcgemgsbeb agrgotbrbr. @uedfe dkcfy df PB^Nbe `fet agebcbb frtfr. @u sbstgmdg ac okmutcfre

ykocuu bobenb `br yfrdmn bcgmnbycg yf df bcgmnb bbedg kcuturucfnfo fyr `br pbpgcbeg

`cmycg abdgrbcg`bcbr. Okmut e-`gccgbebe ouccfecmfs yosgo okmut fcp agtbrmg bcgmbeb

fzfctmfotfdr. PB^N mbmfrbsb dbgrbeg efzfrfe dflf okmpcgos yfzcmcfrf bltbyf duyfr.

PB^N (Lfrd-wbrgd Nketrkc Webt) NB^N (Mbnrkprkarfmmgd Nketrkc Webt)

Lzc Ebspgtge yfvf

Wnuz Yflfc

Rgebdge dbzfye zkr Gsego

Dflf fz okmut (bestruntbke) Dflf jfzcf okmut (bestruntbke)

Dflf jfzcf sfocfyn `gccgo (rgabstgr) Dflf fz sfocfyn `gccgo (rgabstgr)


28/143 0.0.>. GYBN Mbmfrbsb

@u mbmfrb PB^N vg NB^N mbmfrbsbebe ste yecgrbebe `br frfdf ùcutuu `br mbmfrb trdr.

GYBN mbmfrbsb, bcgmnbebe lfeab okmutcfre pfrfcgc fcf`bcdbbeb dgegtcgmgsb ygrbeg, GYBN

dgrcgybnbsbedge fo kcfrfo lfeab okmutcfre pfrfcgc fcf`bcdbbeb `bcdbrmgsbeb bstgr. ko uzue

okmut ogcbmgsb (ZCBQ) ouccfefe `bcabsfyfrcfr, yfzcme pfrfcgccbbeg bcbobe ogsbe `bcab sfcfefe

mbmfrb regocgrdbr. GYBN vfrkcfe ZCBQ mbmfrbsbebedfccfemf skruecfre zmgyg fcfrfo dflf

tgsbeg abtmgyb lgdgjcgmgotgdbr. Dgrcgybnb prkarfmdfob pfrfcgccbb tfemcfr vg lfeab bcgmcgrbe `br

`fofsedfe `fmsz kcduueu `gcbrcgygrgo dkefemf `bcdbrbr. GYBN mbmfrbsbebe bco regb, BF-:4

mbmfrbsbeg dfyfc Btfebum bcgmnb fbcgsbdbr.

GYBN Mbmfrbsbe stecocgrb

Yfrfcgc fctrmf (gvrbm `fef `brdge ko okmut fctrmf)

Tflmbe ouccfem

^pgocfsyke ouccfem

Dgrcgmg feedf pfrfcgcbzmb tfeyfe dgrcgybnbcgr

@yo br ofydgdbnb omgsb

Dfccfemf tflmbeb vg `gccgo agnbomgsb prk`cgmcgrbeg ofr ste `ffr

Agcbmg bcg `brcbotg gsobyg ofr uyumcucuo

>.0.4. D^Y (Dbhbtfc ^baefc Yrkngssbea -Dbhbtfc ^beyfc bcgmg)

Dbhbtfc ^baefc Yrkngssbea (Dbhbtfc ^beyfc bcgmg) sznocgrbebe `br osfctmfsdr. 6219'cgrbe

skecfredf mbork-bcgmnbcgrbe krtfyf omfsycf, D^Y ouccfem ageb `br uyaucfmf fcfe

ùcmutur. Ouccfem fcfecfr, ngp tgcgjkecfredfe `bcabsfyfrcfrf, vbdgk fcncfrdfe mkdgmcgrg

ofdfr ko ageb `br fcfef yfycmfotfdr. D^Y ykeafcfr, mbork-bcgmnbcgr ab`b prkarfmcfef`bcbr

sbstgmcgr kcup, sfebygdg mbcykecfrnf bcgm agrgocgtbrg`bcbr. D^Y ofrtcfr, zgrcgrbedgob D^Y'cgr

sfygsbedg fye fedf `br ko gjgot uyaucfyf`bcbr. zgccbocg mkdgmcgrdg ùcueurcfr. ko yosgo

lzcfrdf ofyfe ekotf mftgmftbosgc bcgmcgrb yfpmfo zgrg agcbtbrbcmb `br dkefemdr. Dbgr

`brko gybe yfesrf D^Y dkefem sgs vg aret sbeyfccgrbebe agrgo zfmfec sotrmf vg fmf

bcgmcgrb bbe ouccfecf`bcbebr.


29/143 02

FDN DFN

D^Y

Fef@bcabsfyfr

^bstgmb

dbhbtfcvgrb

dbhbtfc vgrb

fefckavgrb

fefckavgrb

gobc >.1. D^Y sbstgm vg gcgmfecfr

>.>. @cm Ofyefocfr

6. K. Fcte`ffo, 0996. Mborkdgegtcgybnbcgr vg YBN Yrkarfmcfmf, Ftcf Rfyenco, stfe`uc.0. E. Afrdegr, 622. K. Wrlfe, M.Ogmfc Acc, 0994. Lgr Reycg YBN6:J:0. Mborkbcgmnbcgr vg Mborkdgegtcgybnbcgr, ^gobe

Rfyenco, Feofrf.7. R. @kdur, 0996. Fdm Fdm YBNmbnrk Yrkarfmcfmf,ejkaftg.:.

.Ofcec, 0996. ^baefc Yrkngssbea Qbtl D^Y.


30/143 >9

@CM 4. @FFPBM CTCGP

Jfroc tr `bcabsfyfrcfre pgrjkrmfese dggrcgedbrg`bcmgo, ù mfobegcgr frfsedf ge byb

sgbm vgyf fefltfr gtmgedbr. Ygrjkrmfes cmedgob ofroco `brko tgmgc gtmgedge dkfr.

Okmut tfom vg ù okmutcfr tfmfmcfyfe dkefem egmcb fef gtmgecgrdbr. Fye dkefemf vg

okmut tfomef sflbp bob `bcabsfyfr `bcg `gccgo vg abrb/o ratcgemgsb, vg dg bcgtbm sbstgmcgrb

egdgebycg yf df sfdgng tgstcgrdg jfroc bob dgrcgybnb ouccfecdedfe dkcfy jfroc `ffrmcfr

vgrg`bcbr. @u gtmgecgrbe `ffrm efsc gtobcgdbbeb `gcbrcgmgo, mfobegebe `gcbrcb yecgrbebe

tfsfrmee dfyfef kcfe fef ady fecfmfo fsedfe ko egmcbdbr.

Rkcnu ufocfrycf bcabcb `br rego vgrgcbm. Ffdf mgvnut ufocfrcf bcabcb `bcabcgr

vgrbcmbtbr. @uef arg? 7999 ykcnuyu Egw Rkrotfe Yfrbsg (6799 om) tfmfmz agrgotbbeg arg

lfeab uf ouccfemfcyz;

WfoY8

Rkcnu

ofpfsbtgsb

P8

Wu mgezbcb(om)

^8

Wu lz(om/sfft)

(Y*^)

Rkcnu aedgrmg lz

@kgbea 1>1-699 696 6999 6999 696999

@kgbea 111 >17 1499 6999 >17999

@kgbea 141 419 ::79 6999 4:9:99

@FN/ûd Nkenkrdg 6>0 :499 0099 029499

Dkuacfs DN-


31/143 >6

Xfmfe pfycfmc ko-ouccfenc ko- argvcb `br `bcabsfyfrdf, `brprkarfme `fcfeanedfe

`btbbeg ofdfr agge tkpcfm zfmfef tkpcfm yrtmg srgsb dgebr. Agegccbocg abrb/o bcg

prkarfmmze bcgmgsb bbe agge srg fyr fyr sfycr.@uecfr bbmbzbe NYW srgsb vg Abrb/ o

bcgm srgsb kcfrfo fdcfedrcr. Xfmfe pfycfmc fef`bcabsfyfrcfrdf dbgr ouccfencfre bcgrb

frfsedf fcfe prkarfme fcmf srgsb NYW srgsbedge dflf uzuedur. Ouccfencfr agegcdg `u

fcmf srgsb bcabcgedbrbroge, `bcabsfyfr mgrogzbebe yegtbnbsb `bcabsfyfre tkpcfm b `btbrmg

lzycf (tlrkualput) bcabcgebr.

Yrkarfmcfre NYW srgcgrbeb fzfctmfo bbe gbtcb yetgmcgr vfrdr. @uecfrdfe focf bco agcge

`bcabsfyfr fye tbp dflf lzc srmycg dgbtbrmgotbr. @u yetgm `ffrm osmge frttrr. @gccb

`br argvdg , \ `bcabsfyfree `ffrm tgmgc kcfrfo prkarfme fcmf zfmfeycf tgrs krfetcdr.

srgsbfcmf\be

6=@ffrm\be

@u df, \ vg R `bcabsfyfrcfree `ffrm fcmf zfmfeycf tgrs krfetcdr dgmgotbr.Rebe fcmf ^rgsb 5 \be fcmf ^rgsb

bsg\be @ffrm5Rebe @ffrm

dgmgotbr. Ebngc kcfrfo,

e=^rgsbfcmfbe\

^rgsbfcmfebeR=

@ffrmebeR

@ffrmbe\

bsg \ be R dge e oft lzc kcduu sycgebr.

4.0. cmg Okuccfr vg cmg @brbmcgrb

ko argvcb vg ko ouccfenc `br `bcabsfyfr krtfmedf yrtmg srgsb vg `gccb `br b bbe

lfrnfefe bcgm srgsb jfroc ofvrfmcfrdr.

Yrkarfme `fcftcmfsef `btbbeg ofdfrob zfmfef tkpcfm yrtmg srgsb, yfet zfmfe,

agge srg yfdf duvfr srgsb dgebr.

Yrkarfm bcgmgsbedg NYW tfrfjedfe lfrnfefe zfmfe dbcbmcgrbebe tkpcfmef NYW yrtmg

srgsb yfdf `fsbtg NYW srgsb dgebr.

NYW srgsb dflf df fyrfrfo prkarfm NYW srgsb vg sbstgm NYW srgsbeg `cer. ^bstgm

NYW srgsb bbedg abrb/o, dbso grbbmb vg `gezgrb dbgr gbtcb sbstgm argvcgrb yfpcr.

Yrkarfm NYW zfmfe bsg yfceznf prkarfm okdueue yrtcmgsb bbe agge egt srgdbr.

Xfmfe agegccbocg sfebyg(s) `brbmbycg ccr. Fenfo sfft de srgsb, yfeb `bcabsfyfrepgrykdu kuecuocf efeksfebyg (efek=6/6 999 999 999 ) ouccfecfrfo ccr. Agegcdg

`bcabsfyfrcfre lzcfr vgrbroge sfft lz(=6/sfft-de) tgrnbl gdbcbr. ^fft lzee `brbmb Lgrtz (Lz)


32/143 >0

dbr. Lgrtz sfebygdgob de sfysef gbttbr. Dflf lzc sfftcgr bbe Obck-Lgrtz, Mgaf-Lgrtz yfdf

Abaf-Lgrtz tgrbmcgrb ouccfecr.

Tf`ck 4.0. Xfmfe @brbmcgrb

Xfmfe @brbmcgrb ^febyg Mbcb-sfebyg Mbork-sfebyg Efek-sfebyg

Osfctmfs s Ms s es

^febyg gdggrb 6 9.996 9.999 996 9.999 999 996

Tf`ck 4.>. Jrgofes `brbmcgrb

Jrgofes @brbmcgrb Lgrtz Obck- Lgrtz Mgaf- Lgrtz Abaf- Lgrtz

Osfctmfs Lz OLz MLz ALz

^febygdgob de 6 6999 6 999 999 6 999 999 999

@bcabsfyfrcfre ffrmcfre ofrcftrroge, agrgotg ouccfecfnfo uyaucfmf prkarfmcfree

b-`btbrmg lz ske dgrgng egmcbdbr. @br prkarfme NYW yrtmg srgsbeb `gcbrcgyge tgmgc bjfdg?

NYW-yrtmg-srgsb= NYW-sfft-de-sfys ^fft de srgsb?

@bbmbedgdbr.

NYW-sfft-de-sfys bsg?

NYW-sfft-de-sfys= okmut sfys okmut `fef krtfcfmf de sfys

Okmut `fef krtfcfmf de sfys agegccbocg NYB(nyncg-pgr- bestruntbke) dbyg fdcfedrcr.

PEGO4.68 F vg @ fye okmut tfomef sflbp bob mfobeg kcsue. Lgrlfeab `br prkarfm bbe Fee

sfft de 69es vg NYB sb 0.9 ccm, fye prkarfm bbe @ebe sfft de 09es vg NYBsb 6.0

ccmtr. @u prkarfm fsedfe lfeab mfobeg of oft lzcdr.;

zm4.68 Yrkarfmdfob okmut sfysee B kcduueu vfrsfyfcm. @u durumdf?

NYW-srgsb-F = NYW-sfft-de-sfys-F sfft- de srgsb F

=B 0.9 69 es = 09 B es

NYW srgsb @=B 6.0 09 es = 04 B es

NYW-srgsb-F 3 NYW srgsb @ , k lfcdg F dflf lzcdr.

e=F^rgsbfcmf

@^rgsbfcmf=

@@ffrm

F@ffrm

e = 04 B es / 09 B es = 6.0

F mfobegsb @ dge 6.0 oft dflf lzcdr.


33/143 >>

4.>. Rfyae Ouccfecfe Rfectn @ffrm ctcgrb

MBY^ vg MJCKY^, sbstgm `ffrme ofrcftrmfo bbe so ouccfecfe `ffrm ctcgrbdbr. @u

bob `ffrm ct `brko durumdf yfectn kcf`bcbr.

4.>.6. MBY^ @ffrm cm

MBY^ sfebygdg mbcyke okmut bbe osfctmfdr. @br prkarfmdf,

:

:

69

=

=

69=

NYBsfysOkmut

lzsfftsfysOkmut

69srgsbde-sfftsfys-de-sfft-NYW

^fysOkmut

^rgsbRrtmg

^fysOkmutMBY^

:

`urfdf NYW sfft de sfys = okmut sfys NYBkcduuedfe

:

::

:

69MBY^

sfysOkmut^rgsbfcmf

69NYB69lz^fft

sfysOkmut

lz^fft

NYBsfysOkmut^rgsbfcmf

MBY^)(dkfc69NYB

lz^fftMBY^

=

/=

=

=

`u gbtcbg arg lzc mfobegebe MBY^ dggrbyosgotbr dbyg`bcbrbz.

MBY^ cme Ouccfemfee ^foenfcfr

Fye b ouccfecfe okmut sfycfr jfroc kcfnfedfe jfroc okmut tfomcfref sflbp

`bcabsfyfrcfr MBY^ ouccfefrfo ofrcftrfmfyz.

Fye `bcabsfyfr df fctrcfe jfroc prkarfmcfr jfroc MBY^ dggrcgrb vgrbrb. @br

mfobegebe tgo `br MBY^ dggrb kcfmfz.

@fz durumcfrdf MBY^ agrgo pgrjkrmfesf tgrs yedg dgbg`bcbr.

4.>.0.MJCKY^ bcg @ffrm cm

MJCKY^ sfebygdg mbcyke ofyfe ekotfc bcgm fecfmef agcbr. Lgr zfmfe mgafjckps dbyg

koueur.

:69srgsbRrtmg

sfysbcgmcgrekotfcofyfebprkarfmdfo@brMJCKY^

=

MJCKY^ prkarfmf `fcdr. Okmutcfr ygrbeg frbtmgtbo bcgmcgrbe zgrbedg tfemcfededfe,

MJCKY^ jfroc mfobegcgrb ofrcftrmfdf dflf byb `br ct kcmf gbcbmbedgdbr. Fenfo, jfroc

mfobegcgrbe ofyfe ekotfc bcgm tfomcfr `br`brbeg `gezgmgz vg agrgotg fye b bbe agrgoge

ofyfe ekotfc bcgm sfys lgr mfobegdg jfroc kcf`bcbr.


34/143


35/143 >7

^KEW

Dkru `ffrm cs pfrfmgtrgyb8okmut sfys,NYB, vg sfft lz-e u gobcdg bgrmgcbdbr

lz^fft

NYBsfysOkmut^rgsbRrtmg

=

@br tfsfrm jfroc yecgrbebe `u fefltfr fefltfr pfrfmgtrgcgrbe lgr `brbeb efsc gtobcgdbbeb

fecfmfmz agrgobr8regbe,

-Okmut tfom tfsfrm okmut sfyse efsc gtobcgr,

-Frdo dzge vg `gccgo sbstgmcgrb NYB dggrbeb efsc gtobcgr,

-^fft lz tgoekckhb vg krafebzfsykef efsc `fcdr.

^fdgng `ffrmf `fomfmz ygtmgz, mfcbygtb dg demgmbz agrgobr. Mfcbygt uecfr ofpsfr8

-

Yfrf mfcbygtb- Mfobegyb yfpfnfo b an

- Frftrmf vg agcbtbrmg abdgrcgrb

- ^ft, pfzfrcfmf, ofr, vs.

4.4. @cm Ofyefocfr

6. M. @kdur, PB^N Dkefemef AP, @bcgbm Rfyegvb


36/143 >:

@CM 7. ZKE EGWMFE ZG NB^N MMFPCMOPKCGMN

7.6. MN:0st`

NNP

FCWDftf @us

rgsgt

BPV

EMB

ZMF

P/Q

lfct

@F

st` G F67

F1

Fomcftr (fnnumucftkr, `brbog, F, @) 8 F vg @ kcmfo zgrg bob tfegdbr. Dftf unu ofdfr `btg

sflbptbr (< `bt). FCW tfrfjedfe ouccfecrcfr. Agegcdg k fedfob dftfcfr vgyf bcgm skeucfre

zgrbedg ucuedururcfr.

edbs ofyts (bedgx rgabstgr, \) 8 6: `btcbotbr. Ouccfecfnfo agrgo lfjzf ygrbeb `gcbrcgmgo bbe

ù ofyt bbedgob dggr, okmutcf gcbrtbcge fdrgsg gocgebr.

Re astgragnb (stfno pkbetgr, ^Y) 8 6: `btcbotbr. Lfjzfdfob lgrlfeab `br lnrg fdrgsbeb zgrbedg

ùcuedurur. Lgrlfeab `br dfccfemf fct prkarfmcfrf abtmg vg ogsmg bstgocgrb feedf mborkbcgmnbebe

k fedfob `bcabcgrbeb de feedf ouccfemfo zgrg sfocfmfo agrgobr. @ueue bbedg agbnb kcfrfo

ye astgragnbebe PFM zgrbedg astgrmb kcduu fdrgstge agrbyg dkru `br dftf ye

kcuturucur. ^Y bsg ù dftf yeee kcuturucfnf fdrgs `fcfeane zgrbedg tutfr. Ref ske

ftcfe `bcab bco fcer. Ree ofpfsbtgsbeg `fc kcfrfo bb bg dfccfemfcfr yfpcf`bcbr. Ggr yee

ofpfsbtgsb ygtgrsbz bsg ye tfmfs (stfno kvgrjckw) prk`cgmb krtfyf ofr.

Redfe `br koumf/yfzmf yfpcfnfosf, ^Yebe bfrgt gtmb kcduu lfjzf lnrgsbedge

koueur/yfzcr.

^Yebe dggrb mborkbcgmnb tfrfjedfe ktkmftbokcfrfo frttrcr yf df fzfctcr.

Re trcgrb8

-

CBJK (Cfst-Be Jbrst-Kut)8 Ref ske ftcfe `bcab bco fcer.

- JBJK (Jbrst-Be, Jbrst-Kut) 8 Ref bco ftcfe `bcab bco fcer.

@br YW^L okmutuycf vgrb, yef ftcroge, YWCC okmutu bcg vgrb yedfe fcer.

NNP

YNL

YNC

@

F

^Y

PFM zgrbedg

gobc-7.0.Re

Re ko dzgycb ogsmgcgrbe okcfynf agrgocgemgsbeb, sersz sfydf fct prkarfme b bg

agbrbcg`bcmgsbeb vg `brko vgrb bcgmg trcgrbebe `fsbtcgtbrbcmgsbeb sfcfr.

Mborkbcgmnbebe fef prkarfmdfe fctprkarfmf abttbb zfmfe fef prkarfmf agrb degngb

fdrgsb sfocfd fdrgs azee fdrgsbeb bgrbr. Fef prkarfmdfe fct prkarfmf abdbcdbb zfmfe

YN dg k fedf fef prkarfm okmut sftree fdrgsb vfrdr.


38/143 >2

- > durumcu oketrkc

- @F (@W^ fvfbcf`cg) 8 ykc ouccfecf`bcbr.

-

DFTF @W^ gef`cg

Lfct 8 @u u ckhbo-9 kcduuedf :


40/143 49

BPV

PG^TFPT

PG^TFPT

EMB

EMB

^QB

^QB

BPV

JJJ ytgdge kcuur.


47/143 41

rego 8

Fssgm`cy kp-nkdg yfpt b=================================

CDF F $47 2: 47 F = _9947]

CDF F $9947 @: 9947 F = _9947]

CD\ $


48/143 4> Feedf > F = F + >>

FDD F $>> Dkrudfe 2@ >> F = F + _>>]

FDD F $96>> Agebcgtbcmb @@ 96 >> F = F + _96>>]

FDD F $9:,\ edbscb F@ 9: F = F + _\ + 9:]

F@F Fecfcr 6@ F = F + @

CDF @ #$JJ Feedf N: JJ @ = JJ

CDF @ $77 Dkrudfe D: 77 @ = _77]

^TF F $60>7 Agebcgtbcmb @1 60 >7 _60>7] = F

BEN F Fomcftr (Fecfcr) 4N F = F + 6

CD\ #$9966 Feedf NG 99 66 \ = 9966

CD\ $79 Dkrudfe DG 79 \ = _9979, 9976]

HMY $96


50/143 79

DG\ Fecfcr 92 \ = \ - 6

NMY F #$79 Feedf F@ F9

F = 00

_96N>] = F = 00

\ = 960>F=F+_\+F9]=00+_960>+F9]=00+_96N>]=00+00 = 44

4. ms 4 ms

C-6

zz CDF F #$96^TF F $ mscbo deaee dggrb, `u dea bgrbsbedg `ucuefe okmutcfree fcmf

srgcgrbedge ofrcr 8


51/143 76

BE\4 + EKY0 + NY\> + @EG4 = 6> np? NYW6 Mlz bsg 6>np = 6> s

xx dea mbotfr = >ms/6> s = (0>6)69 =(99G1)6:

@gezgr gobcdg 4ms cbo yy deasee dggrb 8

yy deas mbotfr = 4 ms / 6> s = (>94)6:

7. Okpyfcfmf prkarfm 8 6999L...0999Lfrfsedfob `bcabcgrb >999L....4999Lfrfsef okpyfcfyfe `br

fssgm`cy prkarfm yfzez.

CD\ #$6999

^T\ $999

^T\ $


52/143 70

CDF @ #$>4

Y^L F

Y^L @

CD\ $1G

^QB

4

>:

>1

DG 1G

>J

^Y = 991J

F = 0>

@ = >4

_991J] = 0>

_991G] = >4

\ = _991G, 991J] =>40>

2. ob tfeg bob `ytg co sfyy tkpcfmfo bbe fssgm`cy prkarfm yfzez. ^fycfrdfe `brb


53/143 7>

dgv 8 Ffdf kpgrfsykegc okdcfr vgrbcge prkarfme fssgm`cy dbc ofrce yfzfrfo eg byfpte ucueuz;

NG9999DJ

794J7J2@76D2799J

N) FCT YPKAPFM

Fef prkarfm

---------------

---------------

---------------

@^P / H^P

---------------

GED

Fct Yrkarfm

---------------

---------------

---------------

PT^

6. Fct prkarfmf abdgroge agrb decgngo

fdrgs dggrb yef ftcr.

0. Fct prkarfm ouccfecfnfosf ye

astgragnbebe (^Y) `fcfea fdrgsbeb fef

prkarfme `fedf mutcfof vgrmgcbybz vg

vgrbcge `u fdrgsbe PFM zgrbedg kcmfsef

dbooft gdbcmgcbdbr.

rego 8 9>99L ....9:99L fdrgscgrb frfsef 90 yfzfe vg `br fct prkarfmdf bsg `uecfr tkpcfyfrfo

skeunu 9


54/143 74

CD^ #$991J

CD\ #$9>99

CDF F #$90

DKEAW6 ^TF F $99,\

BE\NY\ #$9:96

@EG DKEAW6

@^P DKEAW0

^QB

DKEAW0 NCP F

NCP @CD\ #$9>99

DKEAW> FDD F $99,\

FDN @ #$99

BE\

NY\ #$9:96

@EG DKEAW>

^TF F $9


55/143 77

7. BPV ogsmgsb ouccfecfnfo bsg, NNP dgob B `btb 9

yfpcmfcdr. @br BPV ogsmgsb agcdbotge skerf,

bobenb `br BPV ogsmgsbeg bzbe vgrmgmgo bbe B `btb 6

yfpcmfcdr.

rego 8 @br engob fct prkarfm regbeb BPV ogsmg fct prkarfm bcg yfpez.

CD^ #$991J

CD\ #$9>99

CDF F #$90

DKEAW6 ^TF F $99,\

BE\

NY\ #$9:96

@EG DKEAW6

NCB

QFB

^QB

_JJJ99DKEAW0 FDD F $99,\

FDN @ #$99

BE\

NY\ #$9:96

@EG DKEAW0

^TF F $9


56/143 7:

7.:. Mbork`bcabsfyfrcfrdf Abrb/o cgmb

F) YBF (Ygrbplgrfc Betgrjfng Fdfptgr)

Yfrfcgc abrb / o pkrtudur. :< sgrbsb YBF8 MN:


57/143 71

Trfesmbttgr Gvrgesgc Fsgeorke Fcn Zgrbnb) kcfrfo tf `bcbebr. Zgrb jkrmftcfmf vg fsgeorke sgrb

frfcfre `fcfef`bcmgsb bbe oketrkc sbeyfccgrbeg sflbptbr. Agegc zgccbocgrg bsg ffdfob gobcdg

astgrbcmbtbr.

MN:


58/143 7'

@u okmuttfe eng Q=l'96' bsg, Okmut .ZG. bcgmbeb uyaucfr. Okmut skeunu Q=l'96' kcur.

4-) FEDQJ Rfzmf bgrbbeb Q ebe bgrbb bcg FED' cg

^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] FEDQJ j,d

cgcgr 8 9 j 601 vg d (9,6)

cgvb 8 Q FED j(lgdgj)

^tftus gtobsb 8 X

Tfem 8 Q'ebe bgrbbm j yfzmfnee bgrbb bcg FED 'cg vg skeunu d=9 bsg Q 'yg

yocg,d=6 bsg j yg yocg.

rego8 FEDQJ j,9

@u okmut fcmfdfe eng Q=l'9>', j=l'91' bsg bcgm yfptotfe skerf Q=l'9>', j=l'91' kcur.

rego8 FEDQJ j,6

Okmut fcmfdfe eng Q=l'9>', j=l'91' bsg bcgm yfptotfe skerf Q=l'9>', j=l'9>' kcur.

^TFTW^ 'e gtobcgemgsb 8 FED bcgmb skeunu, l'99' kcsfyd, ^TFTW^ rgabstgrbe 0. `btb kcfe X `btb

6(sgt) yfpcrd.

MF^OGCGMG zgccbb 8 FED mfetosfc bcgmbebe mfsogcgmg zgccbb vfrdr. Mfetosfc

durumueue dgbmgsbeb bstgmgdbbmbz `btcgrb, 6 bcg FED 'cgrsgo, dbgr `btcgr 9 kcuroge

mfsogcgdbbmbz `btcgr dgbmgz.

7-) @NJ Rfzmfne `gcbrcgege `btbeb sjrcf(ncgfr)

^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] @NJ j,`

cgcgr 8 9 j 601 vg 9 ` 1bcgvb 8 9j(`)

^tftus gtobsb 8Rko

Tfem 8 j yfzmfnee `. `btbeb 9 yfp.

rego8 @NJ YKPTD,9

Okmutu fcenf YKPTD yfzmfnee bco `btb 9 yfpcr. YKPTD 'ebe 9. `btbeg `fc `br cgd

yfeykrsf, u okmutcf sedrcr.


105/143 697

:-) @^J Rfzmfne `gcbrcgege `btbeb `br (sgt) yfp

^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] @^J j,`

cgcgr 8 9 j 601 vg 9 ` 1

bcgvb 8 6 j(`)

^tftus gtobsb 8 Rko

Tfem 8 j yfzmfnee . `btbeb 6(sgt) yfp.

rego8 @^J YKPTD,9

Okmutu fcenf YKPTD yfzmfnee bco `btb 6 yfpcr. YKPTD'ebe 9. `btbeg `fc `br cgd

yfemykrsf, ù okmutcf yfocf`bcbr. @NJ bcg @^J okmutcfr frd frdef ouccfecfrfo, `br ofrg dfcaf

sbeyfcb gcdg gdbcbr.

1-) @TJ^N Rfzmfnee `gcbrcgege `btb 9 bsg, ùedfe skerfob okmutu ftcf

^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] @TJ^N j,`

cgcgr 8 9 j 601 vg 9 ` 1

cgvb 8 9j(`)

^tftus gtobsb 8 Rko

Tfem 8 Rfzmfnee . `btbebe 9 kcup kcmfd oketrkc gdbcbr. Ggr sjr bsg ù

okmutue fctedfob okmut bcgemgz, `br skerfob okmutf sfpcr. Fosb durumdf bsg srfdfob okmut

uyaucfer.

rego 8

@fscf

@TJ^N YKPT@,9 ? okmut fcenf YKPT@ yfzmfnee bco `btbebe

? 9 kcup-kcmfd oketrkc gdbcbr. Ggr sjr bsg ù

? okmutue lgmge fctedfob okmut bcgemgz, `br

? skerfob okmutf sfpcr. Fosb durumdf bsg

? srfdfob okmut uyaucfer.

AKTK @fscf ? YKPT@'ebe 9. `btb 9 dgbcsg bcgegngo, tgorfr

? `ff degngo.

@^J YKPT@,6 ? YKPT@'ebe 9. `btb 9 kcuenf bcgegngo, fye `bt

? ù okmutcf 6 yfpcfnfo. Ggr pbedg cgd vfrsf

? yfefnfo. @ycgng pbedg br ofrg dfcaf sbeyfcb

? kcuur.


106/143 69:

5YN3608665


107/143 691

^tftus gtobsb 8 Rko

Tfem 8 Fctprkarfm frr. eng YN' yb `br frttrr vg yee steg okyfr. ^kerf

fctprkarfm fdrgsb YN' ebe 369895 `btcgrbeg yocgebr. YNCFTL' be 348>5 `btcgrbedgob dggrcgr, YN'

ebe st `btcgrb kcfe 3608665 frfsedfob `btcgrg yocgebr. NFCC bcgmb bob sfft gvrbmb srgdg

uyaucfefe `br dfccfemf okmutudur.

rego8 PGJ6 NFCC Aedgr

@u okmutf agcbedbbedg YN `br frttrcfrfo TK^ 'f okeur. TK^ 'df PGJ6 'be fdrgsb vfr. @ycgng,

TK^ 'df okmut uyaucfedotfe skerf decgngo fdrgs kcuturucmu kcur. @uedfe skerfob ffmfdf

YN'yg Aedgr fctprkarfmee fdrgsb kcuturucur, yfeb fctprkarfmf sfpcr. Fct prkarfm okmutcfr

srfs agcdbog uyaucfefnfo fctprkarfm skecfedrfe PGTWPE bcg `brcbotg, TK^ 'dfob dggr YN' yg

agrb yocgegngotbr ob `uedfe skerfob okmut uyaucfef`bcsbe. @br NFCC okmutuycf sfpcfe okmut

tfomee `ucueduu fdrgstge de bbe, mutcfof fctprkarfme skecfedrns PGTWPEagrgobr.PGTWPE bcgrbdg dg fecftcfnfo. PGTWPE uyaucfededf TK^ dgob fdrgs YN'yg yocgebr.

YNCFTL348>5 `btcgrb bsg `gccgo sfyjfcfree dggrbeb bgrdbb bbe st `btcgrg yocgegrgo

fctprkarfme ucueduu dkru fdrgsg sfpcmfs sfcfer.

69-) NCPJ Rfzmf grbbeb sbc

^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] NCPJ j

bcgcgr 8 9 j 601bcgvb 8 l'99' (j) vg 6X

^tftus gtobsb 8 X

Tfem 8 j yfzmfnee bgrbb sjrcfer vg dggrb sjr kcduu bbe stftus yfzmfnee

zgrk `btb 6 (sgt) yfpcr.

rego8 NCPJ TPB^D

D Ykrtueue yecgedbrbnbsb kcfe TPB^D yfzmfnee tm `btcgrb sjr yfpcmtr. @ycgng D Ykrtu

o kcfrfo `gcbrcgembtbr. @u pkrttf cgdcgr, vgyf CND, 1^D ...v`. `brbmcgr kcf`bcbr. TPB^D 'ebe

sjrcfemfs skeunu, stftus yfzmfn zgrk `btb dg sgt gdbcmbtbr.

66-) NCPQ Q yfzmfnee bgrbbebsbc

^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] NCPQ

bcgcgr 8 Rko

bcgvb 8 l'99' (Q) vg 6 X

^tftus gtobsb 8 X


108/143 69-) NKMJ Rfzmf bgrbbebe tgrsbeb fc(jebetmcgygeb)

^zdbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] NKMJ j,d

cgcgr 8 9 j 601 d (9.6)

bcgvb 8 (j ) (lgdgj)

^tftus gtobsb 8 X

Tfem 8 j yfzmfnee bgrbb tgrscgebr vg d dggrb sjr bsg skeuQ yfzmfnef, `br bsg

j yfzmfnef yocgebr.

rego8 NKMJ j,9

@u okmuttfe eng Q=l'90' vg j=l'96'bsg, okmuttfe skerf Q=l'JG' vg j=l'96' kcur. ^keu

tgrs fcmf bcgmbedg sjr kcmu bsg X `bt dg 6 yfpcr.

rego8 NKMJ j,6@u okmuttfe eng Q=l'90' vg j=l'96 'bsg, okmuttfe skerf Q=l'90' vg j=l'JG' kcur. X `bt

sjrcfemfz skeu 9 'dfe jfroc.

64-) DGNJ Rfzmf bgrbbeb `br fzfct^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] DGNJ j,d

cgcgr 8 9 j 601 vg d (9,6)

cgvb 8 (j) -6 (lgdgj)

^tftus gtobsb 8 X

Tfem 8 j yfzmfnee bgrbb `br fzfctcr vg d dggrb sjr bsg skeu Q yfzmfnef, br

bsg j yfzmfnef yocgebr.


109/143 692

rego8 DGNJ ^FRFN,9

^fyfne bbedgob dggr lgr eg bsg, `br fzfctcr vg skeu, d' ebe 9 kcmfs durumuedf Q 'yg,

fosb lfcdg bsg ^FRF yfzmfnef yocgebr. ^keu 9 bsg stftus'e X `btb 6 yfpcr.

67-) DGNJ^X Rfzmf bgrbbeb `br fzfct, 9 bsg `br okmut ftcf

^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] DGNJ^X j,d

cgcgr 8 9 j 601 vg d (9,6)

cgvb 8 (j)-6 (lgdgj) vg ^keu = 9 bsg ftcf

^tftus gtobsb 8 Rko

Tfem 8 j yfzmfnee bgrbb 6 fzfctcr vg skeutf kcufe dggr sjr bsg, `u okmutu

bzcgyge okmut ftcfer. ^keutf d=9 bsg Q ' yg 6 bsg j' yg yocgebr. Okmut ftcfmfycf skeucfersf,

bobenb gvrbm srgsbedg EKY uyaucfyfrfo, tkpcfm bob sfft gvrbm srgsbedg bcgebr. Ftcfmf

kcmfd durumdf uyaucfemfs `br sfft gvrbmb srgdbr.

rego8

Fzfct DGNJ^X ^FRFN,6 ? ^FRF 6 fzfctcr, skeu 9 bsg AKTK okmutu ftcfer.

AKTK Fzfct ? ^keu 9 dgbcsg Fzfct gtbogtbeg sfpcr.

@^J YKPT@,6 ? ^keu 9 bsg YKPT@'ebe P@6=6 gdbcbr.

^FRFN' be `fcfea dggrb69 bsg

yuofrdfob fzfct deas, 69 ogz tgorfr

gdbcbr. 69. tgorfrdf ^FRF dggrb

sjrcfemtr. Aktk sfpmf okmutuedfe

skerfob okmutcf dgvfm gdbcbr.

^FRFN = 69

^FRFN = ^FRFN -6

^FRFN = 9 m;

@^J YKPT@,6

lfyr

gvgt

DGNJ^X

6:-) AKTK Fdrgsg abt

^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] AKTK o

cgcgr 8 9 o 0941

cgvb 8 o YN369895

YNCFTL348>5 YN3608665

^tftus gtobsb 8 Rko


110/143 669

Tfem 8 AKTK okucsuz `br sfpmf okmutudur, o' ebe fdrgsb egysg YN'yg 369895

`btcgrbeg yocgebr. @gcgo sfyjfs egysg YNCFTL348>5 `btcgrb YN'ebe st `btcgrbeg yocgebr vg fdrgsg

sfpcr. @u okmut, bob sfft gvrbmb srgdg uyaucfer.

rego8 @fsf[Tfs AKTK @fs

Okmuttfe eng YN' df @fsf[Tfs gtbogtbebe fdrgsb vfrdr. Okmut fctrcdotfe skerf bsg

YN 'dg @fs gtbogtbebe fdrgsb kcuur.

61-) BENJ Rfzmf bgrbbeb`br frttr

^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] BENJ j,d

cgcgr 8 9 j 601 vg d (9,6)

bcgvb 8 (j) + 6 (lgdgj)

^tftus gtobsb 8 X

Tfem 8 j yfzmfnee bgrbb `br frttrcr vg d dggrb sjr bsg skeu Q yfzmfnef, `br

bsg j yfzmfnef yocgebr.

rego8 BENJ ^FRFN,9 Q = ^FRFN + 6?

^fyfne bbedgob dggr lgr eg bsg `br frttrcr vg skeu d'ebe 9 kcmfs durumuedf Q yg, fosb

lfcdg bsg j yfzmfnef yocgebr.

6


111/143 666

62-) BKPCQ @br sfy bcg Q'ebe bgrbbeg KP bcgmbeb uyaucf

^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] BKPCQ o

cgvb 8 (Q ) KP o (Q)

^tftus gtobsb 8 X

Tfem 8 Q yfzmfnee bgrbb o cbtgrfcb bcg KP' cfer. ^keu Q yf yocgebr.

Mfetosfc bcgm skeuedf kcufe dggr sjr bsg, stftus X `btb 6 yfpcr.

rego8 BKPCQ l'9J'

Okmut engsb Q=l'J9' bsg, okmutskerfsQ=l'JJ'kcur.

09-) BKPQJ Rfzmf bgrbb bcg Q ebe bgrbbeg KP bcgmbeb uyaucf

^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] BKPQJ j,d

cgcgr 8 9 j 601 vg d (9.6)

cgvb 8 (Q ) KP j (lgdgj)

^tftus gtobsb 8 X

Tfem 8 Q yfzmfnee bgrbb o cbtgrfcb bcg KP' cfer vg skeu d=9 bsg Q 'yf, d=6 bsg

j yg yocgebr.Mfetosfc bcgm skeuedf kcufe dggr sjr bsg, stftus X `btb 6 yfpcr.

rego8 BKPQJ j,9

Okmuttfe eng Q=l'69' vg j=l'96' bsg, okmuttfe skerf Q= l'66', j=l'96 'kcur.

rego8 BKPQJ j,6

Okmuttfe eng Q=l'69" vg j=l'96' bsg,okmuttfe skerf Q=l'69',j=l'66'kcur.

06-) MKZCQ Q yf `br sfy/sf`bt yocg

^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] MKZCQ o

cgcgr 8 9 o .077cgvb 8 o (Q)

^tftus gtobsb 8 Rko

Tfem 8 Q yfzmfnee bgrbb o kcur.

rego8 MKZCQ o

Okmut engsb Q ebe dggrb eg ktursf kcsue, okmuttfe skerf o cbtgrfcbebe dggrb bcg yocgebr.


112/143 660

00-) MKZJ Rfzmf bgrbbeb lgdgjg tfs(jyb yocg)

^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] MKZJ j,d

cgcgr 8 9 j 601 vg d (9,6)

cgvb 8 (j) (Lgdgj)

^tftus gtobsb 8 X

Tfem 8 j yfzmfnee bgrbb? d 9 bsg Q yfzmfnef, 6 bsg ogedbsbeg yocgebr,

zgccbocg d=6 kcduu durumdf, j ebe bgrbbebe 9 kcup kcmfdef `focmfs yfrfrc kcur. eo `u

durumdf stftus'e X `btb dgbbr.

rego8 MKZJ j,9

Okmuttfe eng Q=l'9J vg j=l'96' ktsue, okmuttfe skerf Q=l'96'vgj=l'96'kcur.

rego8 MKZJ j,6

Okmuttfe eng Q=l'9J vg j=l'96'kcsue, okmuttfe skerf Q=l'9J'vgj=l'96'kcur.

0>-) MKZQJ Q ebe bgrbbeb j yfzmfnef tf

^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] MKZQJ j

cgcgr 8 9 j 601

cgvb 8 (Q) (j)

^tftus gtobsb 8 Rko

Tfem 8 Q yfzmfnee bgrbb j yfzmfnef tfer.

rego8 MKZQJ ^FRFN

Okmutu uyaucfemfdfe eng, ^FRF yfzmfnee bgrbb eg kcursf kcsue okmut uyaucfedotfe

skerf Q yfzmfnee bgrbb ^FRF' f yocgebr.

04-) EKY cgm yko^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] EKY

cgcgr 8 Rko

bcgvb 8 Rko

^tftus gtobsb 8 Rko

Tfem 8 Lb`br gy yfpcmfdfe br sfft gvrbmbsrg fcr.

rego8EKY ?Lb`br bcgm yfpcmfdfe, `br gvrbmcbo srg agbrbr.


113/143 66>

07-) PGTJBG Ogsmg fctprkarfmedfe agrb de

^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] PGTJBG

cgcgr 8 Rko

bcgvb 8 TK^ YN vg 6 ABG

^tftus gtobsb 8 Rko

Tfem 8 Ogsmg fctprkarfmedfe, demgo bbe ouccfecr. De lfzrcedfe `fof

`br bcgm yfpmfz. De yfpcfnfo fdrgs TK^ 'dg kcduu bbe, TK^ dggrb YN' yg yocgebr.

BETNKE ogsmg yfzmfnee, ABG `btb sgt gdbcbr. Okmut bob sfft gvrbmbedg bcgebr.

rego8 PGTJBG ? @u okmut uyaucfeenf YN=TK^ vg ABG=6 kcur.

0:-) PGTCQ Fctprkarfmedfe Q'yg `br sfy/sf`bt yocg vg agrb de

^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] PGTCQ o

cgcgr 8 9 o 077

cgvb 8 o Q vg TK^ YN

^tftus gtobsb 8 Rko

Tfem 8 Fctprkarfmdfe, Q ' yg o cbtgrfcb yocgemb kcfrfo demgo bbe ouccfecr.

De lfzrc TK^ dggrbebe YN' yg fotfrcmfsycf yfpcr. Okmut bob sfft gvrbmb srgdg bcgebr.

|

rego8 PGTCQ l'06'@u okmut uyaucfedotfe skerf Q yfzmfnef l06 yocgebr. YN' yg TK^ dggrb ygrcgtbrbcbr.

zgccbocg fctprkarfmdfe dggrcgr dbzbsbedge `brb bcg demgsb bstgedbbedg ouccfecr.

TF@CK FDDQJ ^FRFN ?^FRFN 'e fcd dggr of bsg, k PGTCQ yg sfpfr.

PGTCQ 06l ?Q engdge l'96 'sg okmuttfe skerf Q=l'06' cg

PGTCQ 00l ?Q engdge l'90'sg okmuttfe skerf Q=l'00' cg

PGTCQ 0>l ?Q engdge l'9>'sg okmuttfe skerf Q=l'0>' cg

PGTCQ 04l ?Q engdge l'94'sg okmuttfe skerf Q=l'04' cg

degr. Q' ebe tf`ck ogsbmbeg sfpmfdfe engob dggrbeg arg bcgm arr.

01-) PGTWPE Fctprkarfmdfe agrb de

^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] PGTWPE

cgcgr 8 Rko

cgvb 8 TK^YN

^tftus gtobsb 8 Rko

Tfem 8 Fctprkarfmedfe TK^ 'dfob fdrgscg agrb degr. Okmut bob sfft gvrbmb

srgdg bcgebr.


114/143 664

rego8 PGTWPE

@u okmut uyaucfedotfe skerf YN' yg TK^ dggrb ygrcgtbrbcbr.

0l

vg N=9 kcur.

PCJ ^KC,6 ?okmut `br ogz dflf fcenf, ^KC=`'9999 9669' vg N=9 kcur.

02-) PPJ Rfzmf `btcgrbeb `brgr `bt sff fotfr

^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] PPJ j,d

cgcgr 8 9 j 601 vg d (9,6)

cgvb 8 Tfem osmedf fyretcfedrcmtr.^tftus gtobsb 8 N

Tfem 8 j yfzmfnedfob `btcgrb `br `bt sff dkru ygrcgtbrbr.

Ofyt jN

rego8

PPJ ^FA,6 ? okmuttfe eng ^FA=L'90', vg N=9 bsg, okmut fcenf

? ^FA=` '9999 9996'=96l vg N=9 kcur.

PPJ ^FA,6 ? okmut `br ogz dflf fcenf, ^FA=` '9999 9999' vg N=6 kcur.


115/143 667

>9-) ^CGGY ^tfed`y (uyou) mkduef abr

^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] ^CGGY

bcgcgr 8 Rko

bcgvb 8 l'99' QDT,

9 QDT e cn sf`btb (prgsnfcgr), 6TK vg 9YD

^tftus gtobsb 8 TK,YD

Tfem 8 YD , a ogsbm `btb tgmbzcgebr. TK , srg fm `btb 6 kcur.QDT vg e

`cn ^f`bt dg sjrcfer. Ksbcftre dg durmfsycf, bcgmnb uyumf kduef aggr. YBN `u durumdf

ko fz a lfrnfr. ^fdgng Tbmgr6 ^CGGY mkduedf boge lfrbnb np bcg fctrcf`bcbr.

rego8

Wyu ^CGGY ?YBN `u durumdf ko fz a lfrnfr. Frfdf `br oketrkc

?agrgoge avgecbo bcgrbedg, yf df `gcbrcb srgcgrdg?yfpcfnfo bcgr `bttbbedg YBN, uyumf mkduef skoucur.

>6-) ^W@CQ @br sfy/sf`bttge Q ebe bgrbbeb ofr

^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] ^W@CQ o

cgcgr 8 9 o 077

bcgvb 8 (oQ) Q

^tftus gtobsb 8 N, DN, X

Tfem 8 o dfe fomcftr bgrbb ofrcr.(obyg tfmfmcfmf yetgmbycg). keu Q

yg yocgebr.

rego8

^W@CQ l'90' ?Okmuttfe eng Q=l'96' bsg, okmuttfe skerf Q=96 l vg N=9

?kcur (skeu pkzbtbj). Q = 90 96 = 96.

^W@CQ l'96' ? obenb okmut fctedf Q=l'99' vg N=9 vg X=6 kcur.

? (skeu pkzbtbj). Q = 96 96 = 99.

^W@CQ l'96' ?Q=l90 kcsue, >.okmutdf fctedf Q=l'JJ' vg N=6 kcur

?(skeu egaftbj). Q =9690 = JJ vg N = 6.

>0-) ^W@QJ j 'dge Q y ofr

^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] ^W@QJ j,d

cgcgr 8 9 j 601 vg d (6,9)

bcgvb 8 (j) - (Q) (Lgdgj)

^tftus gtobsb 8 N, DN, X

Tfem 8 j yfzmfnee bgrbbedge, Q ofrcr (obyg tfmfmcfmf yetgmbycg). d=9

bsg skeu Q yg, d=6 bsg j yfzmfnef yocgebr.


116/143 66:

rego 8

^W@QJ j, 6 ? okmuttfe eng Q=l'96' vg j=l'90' bsg, okmuttfe skerf

? j=96l vg N=9 kcur (skeu pkzbtbj).

^W@QJ j, 9 ? bobenb okmut fctedf Q=l'99' vg N=9, X=6 kcur

? (skeu pkzbtbj).

^W@QJ j, 6 ? en okmut df fctedf j=l'96'vg N=9 kcur

? (skeu pkzbtbj).

>>-) ^QFYJ Rfzmf bgrbbedg 4 'ccgrbe (dbabt) vgrbeb dgbtbr

^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] ^QFY j,d

bcgcgr 8 9 j 601 vg d _9,6]

bcgvb 8 (j3>895) (Lgdgj31845) vg (j31845) (Lgdgj3>895)

^tftus gtobsb 8 Rko

Tfem 8 j yfzmfnee st drtc `btb bcg fct drt `btb ygr dgbtbrbrcgr. ^keu d=9 bsg

Q yg, d=6 bsg j yfzmfnef yocgebr.

rego8

^QFYJ NFYPFX,6 ? okmutuedfe eng NFYPFX=l'9>', Q=l'90' bsg,

? okmuttfe skerf NFYPFX=l'>9', Q=l'90' kcur.

^QFYJ NFYPFX,9 ? okmutuedfe eng NFYPFX=l'9>', Q=l'90' bsg,? okmutu tgorfrcfeenf NFYPFX=l'9>', Q=l'>9' kcur.

>4-) \KPCQ ^fy bcg Q ebe bgrbbeb \KP cf

^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] \KPCQ o

cgcgr 8 9 o 077

bcgvb 8 (Q) \KP o (Q)

^tftus gtobsb 8 X

Tfem 8 Q ebe bgrbb bcg o cbtgrfcbeg mfetosfc \KP bcgmb uyaucfer. keu

Q yfzmfnef yocgebr.

rego8 \KPCQ l'9>'

Okmutuedfe eng Q=l'96' bsg? okmuttfe uyaucfedotfe skerf Q=l'90' kcur.


117/143 661

>7-) \KPQJ Rfzmf bgrbb bcg Q ebe bgrbbeb \KP' cf

^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] \KPQJ j,d

bcgcgr 8 9 j 601 vg d _9,6]

bcgvb 8 (Q) \KP j(Lgdgj)

^tftus gtobsb 8 X

Tfem 8 Q ebe bgrbb bcg j yfzmfnef mfetosfc \KP bcgmb uyaucfer. d=9 bsg

skeu Q yfzmfnef, d=6 bsg j yfzmfnef yocgebr.

rego8 \KPQJ j, 9

Okmutuedfe eng j=l'9J', Q=l'92' bsg, okmuttfe skerf j=l'9J' vg Q=l'9:' kcur.

A) MYCF@ Yrkarfm vg Agegc zgccbocgrb

MYCF@ mbnrknlbp jbrmfs tfrfjedfe agcbtbrbcmb kcfe `br prkarfmdr. MYCF@, fssgm`cy

okdcfre yfzmfo bbe mgtbe gdbtr, MYF^M dgrcgybnbsb vg yfzdez prkarfm sbmcfsyke

yfpfrfo arsgccgtbrg`bcdbbmbz MY^BM sbmcftr ab`b pbnskjtwfrg bbe agrgocb kcfe lgr gyb

zgrbedg `ucuedurur. @bzbm bbe egmcb kcfe YBN g .lgx dksyfse yocgmgotbr. Fmf yfzdmz

prkarfme dkru fcp fcmfde, lftfcfre arp dzgctmgmbzb sfcfr. eo lgr YBN

zgrbedg Jcfsl `gccgo ykotur. Rfeb `fz YBNcgr `br ogz prkarfmcfef`bcbrcgr. @u yzdge yfzdez

prkarfme lftfsz kcmfs agrgobr.

MYCF@ prkarfmewww.mbnrknlbp.nkm fdrgsbedg nrgtsbz kcfrfo bedbrg`bcbrsbebz.

:.>. @cm Ofyefocfr

6. K. Fcte`ffo, 0996. Mborkdgegtcgybnbcgr vg YBN Yrkarfmcfmf, Ftcf Rfyenco, stfe`uc.

0. K. Wrlfe, M.Ogmfc Acc, 0994. Lgr Reycg YBN6:J:0. E. Tkpfckcu, ^. Araekcu,099>. Mborkbcgmnbcgr vg Mborkdgegtcgybnbcgr, ^gobe

Rfyenco, Feofrf.

4.

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7. . Fopkcft, 0997.YBN Yrkarfmcfmf, Yusucf Rfyenco.
http://www.microchip.com/http://www.microchip.com/http://www.microchip.com/http://www.microchip.com/


118/143 66

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124/143 604

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127/143 601

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129/143 602

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130/143 6>9

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131/143 6>6

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132/143 6>0

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134/143 6>4

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135/143 6>7

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136/143 6>:

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137/143 6>1

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138/143


139/143 6>2

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140/143 649

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142/143 640

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143/143

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