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Migrations
BANTU MIGRATIONS
The Bantu peoples
• Originated in the region around modern Nigeria
• Agricultural Society• Cultivated yams and palm oil
• Herded goats
• Population pressure drove migrations
• Spread to south and east
• Languages differentiated into about 500 distinct related tongues
Early migrations of Bantu (3000-1000 B.C.E.)
• Move south and west into the forest lands
• Absorb much of the population of hunter/gather/fisher people
• By 1000 B.C.E. occupy most of Africa south of the equator
Bantu rate of migration increases after 1000 B.C.E.
• appearance of iron• Iron tools allow them to clear more land for agriculture
• Iron weapons give them stronger position
Early Agricultural Societies Of Sub-Saharan Africa
• Many other societies besides Bantu migrate
• Spread of agriculture to most of sub-Saharan Africa by 1000 B.C.E.
• Much mixing of cultures
• Religious differences by area– Some worship single, impersonal divine force representing
good and bad
– Many individuals pray to ancestors and local gods
Watch the Migration
INDO-EUROPEAN MIGRATIONS
Indo-European Origins• Linguists discover similarities between many languages• they must be related
Dark Green: majority of people speak IE languages
Light Green: IE minority language with official status
Who were the Indo-Europeans?
• Originate in steppes of central Asia – probably southern Russia or the Ukraine
• Organized into small tribes
• pastoral people– Cattle were the primary measure of wealth• Consumed dairy and beef products
• Calculated prices in terms of cattle
– Domesticate horses • learn to ride
• use horses with carts
• then chariots
Indo-European Expansion & Its Effects• Indo-European society begin to migrate around 3000 B.C.E.
• Hittites settle in central Anatolia about 2000 B.C.E.– Build powerful kingdoms
– Conquer Babylonian empire 1595 B.C.E.
– Dissolve by about 1200 B.C.E.
– Technology: light horse-drawn chariots (spokes) and iron metallurgy
• Some migrate into central Asia by 2000 B.C.E.
• Other migrations: Greece, Italy, central Europe, western Europe, Britain– All pastoral agriculturalists
– All speak related languages and worship similar deities
• Later wave of migrations to Iran and India (“Aryan”)– Influence social hierarchy and religion
Watch the Migration
• Harappan Society developed along the Indus river valley around 3000 bce
• Mohenjo-Daro developed along the Indus river
• Both very advanced cities and laid the foundation for future empires
Aryans
Indo-European – pastoral / agricultureSanskrit – sacred languagePrakrit – everyday languageVedas – collections of religious and literary works – orally
transmitted Caste system – determined the places that individuals and
groups occupied in society – patriarchal society
* Varnas – refers to social classes “color”* Brahmins – priests
* Kshatriyas - warriors and aristocrats
* Vaishyas – cultivators, artisans, merchants
* Shudras – landless peasants, serfs
* Untouchables – performed dirty or unpleasant task
* Jati – subcastes – occupation largely determined this