Migration

Chapter 3

Stories from the Intro

• Boat People– Where? Why? Results?

• “Wet Foot - Dry Foot”• Remittance:

– What is it? How Much?

• Legal vs. Illegal• Globalization

– NAFTA

What is Migration?

Key Question:

Movement

• Cyclic Movement – movement away from home for a short period…

– Commuting– Seasonal movement– Nomadism

• Periodic Movement – movement away from home for a longer period.

– Migrant labor– Transhumance– Military service

Both involve returning home.

What are their activity spaces?

Who has the largest activity space?

Migration

Migration –A change in

residence that is intended to be permanent.

Individual vs. Household…

Little Haiti, Miami, Florida

International Migration – Movement across country borders (implying a degree of permanence). Emigrate vs. Immigrate

Internal Migration - Movement within a single country’s borders (implying a degree of permanence).

Common Flows of Americans

• 1900-1980 Black in America South to Northern cities… Now returning to the South.

• Americans moving to Sunbelt and Far West• Most Place migration is rural to urban • Most migrants in poor places move short

distance• Individuals move farther and easier than families• All Migrations have a counter migration• Men are more mobile than women (more

employment opportunities for men & earn more)

Choose one type of cyclic or periodic movement and then think of a specific example of the kind of movement changes both the home and the destination. How do these places change as a result of this cyclic or periodic movement?

Why do People Migrate?

Key Question:

Why do People Migrate?

• Forced Migration – Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate… Causes? – Forces = Safety, environmental,

starvation, & warfare

• Big ones in History– Jews out of Israel, African Slave trade,

Trail of Tears, Vietnamese boat people, Irish Potato Famine

Forced Migration – the Atlantic Slave Trade

Environmental Conditions –In Montserrat, a 1995 volcano made the southern half of the island, including the capital city of Plymouth, uninhabitable. People who remained migrated to the north or to the U.S.

Why do People Migrate?

• Voluntary Migration – Human migration flows in which the movers respond to perceived opportunity, not force.– Jobs, Freedom

• Migrants weigh push and pull factors to decide first, to emigrate from the home country and second, where to go.

Types of Push and Pull Factors

• Economic Conditions• Political Circumstances• Armed Conflict and Civil War• Environmental Conditions• Culture and Traditions• Technological Advances

Economic Conditions –

Migrants will often risk their lives in hopes of economic opportunities that will enable them to send money home (remittances) to their family members who remain behind.

Kinds of Voluntary Migration• Step Migration –

When a migrant follows a path of a series of stages, or steps toward a final destination.* intervening opportunity –at one of the steps along the path, pull factors encourage the migrant to settle there.

• Chain Migration –When a migrant communicates to family and friends

at home, encouraging further migration along the same path, along kinship links.

Distance Decay weighs into the decision to migrate, leading many migrants to move less far than they originally contemplate.

Voluntary Migration – Migrants weigh push and pull factors to decide first, to emigrate from the home country and second, where to go.

Gravity ModelErnst Ravenstien

• Since larger places attract people, ideas, and commodities more than smaller places and places closer together have a greater attraction, the gravity model incorporates these two features.

• The relative strength of a bond between two places is determined by multiplying the population of city A by the population of city B and then dividing the product by the distance between the two cities squared.

Gravity ModelErnst Ravenstien

• Gravity Model Equation

Population 1 X Population 2 Distance Squared

Laws of MigrationErnst Ravenstien

Think about a migration flow within your family, whether internal, international, voluntary, or forced. The flow can be one you experienced or one you only heard about through family. List the push and pull factors. Then, write a letter in the first person (if you were not involved, pretend you were your grandmother or whomever) to another family member at “home” describing how you came to migrate to your destination.

Where do People Migrate?

Key Question:

Global Migration Flows

• Between 1500 and 1950, major global migration flows were influenced largely by:– Exploration– Colonization– The Atlantic Slave Trade

• Impacts the place the migrants leave and where the migrants go.

Major Global Migration FlowsFrom 1500 to 1950

Regional Migration Flows

• Migrants go to neighboring countries:- for short term economic opportunities.

(Remittance)- to reconnect with cultural groups

across borders.- to flee political conflict or war.

Economic Opportunities

Islands of Development –Places within a region or country where foreign investment, jobs, and infrastructure are concentrated.

Why is it so expensive to start businesses in Africa?

Economic Opportunities

In late 1800s and early 1900s, Chinese migrated throughout Southeast Asia to work in trade, commerce, and finance.

Huge Chinese Minorities inSE Asia: Thai. 14%, Malay. 32%, Sing. 76%

Reconnecting Cultural GroupsAbout 700,000 Jews migrated to then-Palestine between 1900 and 1948.

After 1948, when the land was divided into two states (Israel and Palestine), 600,000 Palestinian Arabs fled or were pushed out of newly-designated Israeli territories.

Balfour Declaration, 1917

Jerusalem, Israel: Jewish settlements on the West Bank.

National Migration Flows• Also known as internal migration

- eg. US, Russia, Mexico

Why is the center of the US population moving W & S?

Guest Workers

• Guest workers – migrants whom a country allows in to fill a labor need, assuming the workers will go “home” once the labor need subsides.

- have short term work visas- send remittances to home

country

RefugeesA person who flees across an international boundary because of a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion.

• Subsaharan Africa (Rwanda)• North Africa and Southwest Asia

(Sudan & Somalia, Afghanistan))• South Asia (India, Sri Lanka)• Southeast Asia (Myanmar, Cambodia,

Vietnam)• Europe (Yugoslav Republics)

Regions of Dislocation – (DP’s)What regions generate the most refugees?

What are the characteristics of a Refugee?

The Sudan –Fighting in the Darfur region of the Sudan has generated thousands of refugees. In eastern Chad, the Iridimi refugee camp is home to almost 15,000 refugees from the Darfur province, including the women in this photo.

Imagine you are from an extremely poor country, and you earn less than $1 a day. Choose a country to be from, and look for it on a map. Assume you are a voluntary migrant. You look at your access to transportation and the opportunities you have to go elsewhere. Be realistic, and describe how you determine where you will go, how you get there, and what you do once you get there.

How do Governments Affect Migration?

Key Question:

Governments Place Legal Restrictions on Migration• Immigration laws – laws that restrict

or allow migration of certain groups into a country.– Quotas limit the number of migrants from

each region into a country.

– A country uses selective immigration to bar people with certain backgrounds from entering.

Why do countries chooses to limit immigration?

Waves of Immigration

Changing immigration laws, and changing push and pull factors create waves of immigration.

1800-1850ScanIre, Ger.,& GB

1850-1900Port. Sp. It.Rus. & Pol

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Switch from Europe to Lat AM., Asia & Africa

Pot

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Post-September 11

One goal of international organizations involved in aiding refugees is repatriation – return of the refugees to their home countries once the threat against them has passed. Take the example of Sudanese refugees. Think about how their land and their lives have changed since they became refugees. You are assigned the daunting task of repatriating Sudanese from Uganda once a peace solution is reached. What steps would you have to take to re-discover a home for these refugees?