Migration and Poverty

8/7/2019 Migration and Poverty

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\cbng <.3 Urgvcngadg fo K`mrct`fa by Rgs`lgadg fo Fr`màcn Hfusghfnl

Ufpunct`fa cs fo 3005 Ugrkcagat k`mrcats Cnn spn

Aukbgr Ugrdgat Aukbgr Ugrdgat Aukbgr

\`rcac 480,<72 32.= <=,<80 35.7 02,0?7 Fthgr urbca 070,=37 43.4 37<,=33 4<.4 204,803 Rurcn 3,=25,50= 7? 2<8,84= 77.2 78?,8=4

\`rcac 480,<72 32.= <=,<80 35.7 02,0?7 Dfcstcn urbca <32,?=8 34.7 87,853 30.5 3<8,=85 Dfcstcn rurcn 7<<,825 3=.8 33<,23< 27.4 2<2,?02 Dgatrcn urbca <==,8=? 37.? ?2,87= 34.0 343,=4< Dgatrcn rurcn 80?,2<2 20.2 334,2<2 27.3 2?8,=40 Kfuatcà urbca ?0,3?5 2.4 ?,574 3.4 34,4== Kfuatcà rurcn 2=0,547 0.3 23,483 <.= =7,<<2

\ftcn 4,5?0,2?4 355 <73,54= 355 0=4,=20

c. Urgvcngadg s dfkputgl cs thg rct`f bgtwgga thg tftcn aukbgr fo k`mrcats cal thg tftcn aukbgr fo spn`t-foo al`v`lucns.

= 5



\hg Gvfnut`fa fo Cnbca`ca K`mrct`fa cal @ts Rfng à Ufvgrty Rgludt`fa =3

Dfavgrsgny, fag k`mrcat à ofur orfk fthgr urbca dgatgrs kfvgs tf@tcny. Cs gxpgdtgl, c h`mhgr shcrg fo k`mrcats tf @tcny dfkgs orfk dfcstcnd`t`gs sudh cs _nfrê cal Lurrês. Ckfam thg pgrkcagat k`mrcats orfkurbca crgcs à thg kfuatcà rgm`fa, c h`mhgr pgrdgatcmg kfvg tf @tcnythca tf Mrggdg.

Fvgr t`kg, thg onfws fo pgrkcagat k`mrcats hcvg onudtuctgl dfas`lgr-cbny, kfrg thca lfubnàm cotgr 300?, pgcjàm à 2555 ct cbfut 75,555agw k`mrcats pgr ygcr, cal stgcl`ny lgdrgcsàm cotgrwcrl (O`murg <.3). 7,?

C ncrmg prfpfrt`fa fo gk`mrcats dfkg orfk rurcn crgcs, cal thg mcpbgtwgga nfdct`fas hcs àdrgcsgl fvgr t`kg. By 2552, k`mrct`fa orfk rurcncrgcs cddfuatgl ofr cbfut twf-th`rls fo tftcn k`mrct`fa. \hg aukbgr fo agw k`mrcats hcs lrfppgl dfas`lgrcbny fvgr thg pcst ogw ygcrs à cnn but thg kfuatcà rgm`fa (O`murg <.2c). Nffjàm ct thg shcrgs fo pgrkcagat k`mrcats, thg kfuatcà rgm`fa `s thg fany fag gxh`b`tàm c dfatàufusupwcrl trgal, bgdfkàm stggpgr fvgr thg pcst sgvgrcn ygcrs (O`murg <.2b).By 255< k`mrcats orfk thg kfuatcà rgm`fa rgprgsgatgl fvgr 35 pgrdgat fo thg stfdj fo durrgat k`mrcats. @t shfunl bg aftgl thct lgsp`tg th`s trgal,thg bunj fo durrgat k`mrcats crg st`nn orfk thg dgatrcn cal dfcstcn rgm`fa.

Mrggdg cal @tcny crg thg lgstàct`fas ofr cbfut <5 pgrdgat fo pgrkc-agat k`mrcats, but thg pcttgra hcs onudtuctgl sfkgwhct cdrfss thg ygcrs,prgsukcbny à rgspfasg tf dfuatry-spgdò`d k`mrct`fa pfn`d`gs cal fthgrpunn ocdtfrs. Ucrt`duncrny rgvgcnàm `s thg ncrmg àdrgcsg fo k`mrct`fa tfMrggdg à thg twf ygcrs prgdglàm thg o`rst rgmuncr`zct`fa prfmrck à3008“cal dfàd`làm w`th thg ygcrs `kkgl`ctgny ofnnfwàm thg dfnncpsg

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3 0 0 8

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ygcr fo k`mrct`fa

O`murg <.3 Onfw fo Ugrkcagat K`mrcats, by Pgcr fo K`mrct`fa



=2 Czzcrr , Dcrngttf, Lcv`s, cal Ygzzc

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c. Onfw fo pgrkcagat k`mrcats by rgm`fa, 3003—255<

b. Thcrg fo pgrkcagat k`mrcats by rgm`fa, 3003—255<

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dfcstcn dgatrcn kfuatcà \`rcac


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O`murg <.2 Ugrkcagat K`mrct`fa by Rgm`fa, 3003—255<



fo thg Cnbca`ca oàcad`cn pyrck`l sdhgkg“ofnnfwgl by c lrcst`d lrfp à3000, whga thg prfpfrt`fa fo k`mrct`fa tf @tcny cal bgyfal wcs ct `tsh`mhgst.

\hg sckg rgnct`fash`ps dca bg sgga à thg tftcn aukbgr fo gk`mrcatsby ygcr fo k`mrct`fa cal dfuatry fo lgstàct`fa, cs wgnn cs by thg kcàrgmuncr`zct`fa prfmrcks à Mrggdg cal @tcny (O`murg <.4). @a rgdgat ygcrs,k`mrcats tgal tf mf gvga ocrthgr cwcy thca bgofrg. @a 3000, @tcny fvgrtffj Mrggdg cs thg kfst pfpuncr lgstàct`fa ofr àl`v`lucns kfvàm cbrfcl ofrthg o`rst t`kg, thfumh k`mrct`fa onfws tf th`s lgstàct`fa crg stgcl`nylgdrgcsàm, pcrt`duncrny cotgr thg rgmuncr`zct`fa prfmrck fo 2552. Lgsp`tgthg lfwawcrl trgal fo rgdgat ygcrs ofnnfwàm c pgcj k`mrct`fa à 2555,prfpfrt`factgny kfrg pgfpng crg afw k`mrctàm tf fthgr lgstàct`fassudh cs thg Wa`tgl Jàmlfk cal Mgrkcay, cs wgnn cs Afrth Ckgr`dc.Urgsukcbny, k`mrct`fa bgdfkgs ngss fagrfus cs k`mrcat agtwfrjs bgdfkgkfrg gstcbn`shgl cbrfcl, cnnfwàm pgfpng tf trcvgn ocrthgr tf kfrg prg-ogrrgl lgstàct`fas.

@a dfkpcr`sfa tf thg cvgrcmg clunt ngot bghàl, pgrkcagat k`mrcatscrg mgagrcnny yfuamgr, kcng, cal sn`mhtny kfrg gludctgl (\cbng <.2). \hgy

crg cnsf kfrg n`jgny tf dfkg orfk ogkcng- cal sàmng-hgclgl hfusghfnls. =Cs gxpgdtgl, k`mrcats dfkg orfk ncrmgr hfusghfnls (à 3005), wh`dh,cnsf cs c rgsunt fo k`mrct`fa, crg afw s`maò`dcatny skcnngr. T`k`ncrny,hfusghfnls w`th k`mrcats crg fa cvgrcmg ngss gludctgl cal fnlgr, pcrtny


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ygcr fo k`mrct`fa

Mrggdg @tcny bgyfal

O`murg <.4 Lgstàct`fa fo Durrgat K`mrcats

Aftg9 \hg vgrt`dcn bcrs rgprgsgat kcifr `kk`mrcat rgmuncr`zct fa prfmrcks à Mrggdg.



cs c rgsunt fo thg k`mrct`fa fo thg yfuamgr cal kfrg gludctgl kgkbgrsà thg hfusghfnl. Oàcnny, hfusghfnls w`th c k`mrcat cbrfcl crg cnsf

wgcnth`gr, cs `nnustrctgl by thg lòogrgat pfvgrty àl`dctfrs, cnthfumhdngcrny thg dcuscn`ty l`rgdt`fa `s ckb`mufus. 8

Hfwgvgr, thg lgkfmrcph`d cal sfd`fgdfafk`d kcjgup fo pgrkcagat k`mrcats `s dhcamàm9 fnlgr àl`v`lucns, kfrg wfkga, cal ngss gludctglàl`v`lucns hcvg bgmua k`mrctàm. \hgsg trgals kcy hcvg substcat`cn`kpn`dct`fas à tgrks fo outurg rgk`ttcadgs cs c dfasgqugadg fo thg nfwgrgcraàm pftgat`cn fo thgsg mrfups. C pfss`bng gxpncact`fa ofr thg àdrgcs-àm onfw fo wfkga cal fnlgr k`mrcats `s ock`ny rguaò`dct`fa ofnnfwàmrgdgat rgmuncr`zct`fa prfmrcks à thg kcà lgstàct`fa dfuatr`gs.@atgrgstàmny, ogkcng k`mrcats crg fa cvgrcmg kfrg gludctgl thca kga,pcrt`duncrny à thg 3005s. \hg lfwawcrl trgal à gludct`facn ngvgns lfgsaft dfadgra thg onfw fo pgrkcagat k`mrcats kfvàm orfk \`rcac tf lgs-tàct`fas bgyfal Mrggdg cal @tcny. Ofr th`s pcrt`duncr onfw, gludct`facn

=< Czzcrr , Dcrngttf, Lcv`s, cal Ygzzc

\cbng <.2 Dhcrcdtgr`st`ds fo Durrgat K`mrcats cal \hg`r Hfusghfnl fo Fr`mà

Afak`mrcat K`mrcat \ftcn

@al`v`lucn dhcrcdtgr`st ds% fo ogkcngs ?0** 47** 74Cmg 4?.?** 43.7** 4<.2Pgcrs fo sdhffnàm 0.8** 35.3** 35.5Hfusghfnl dhcrcdtgr`st dsUfvgrty hgcldfuat (%) 23** 32** 30Tgvgrg pfvgrty 3.?2** 5.?3** 3.44Ufvgrty mcp <.=** 2.2** <.5Lgpgalgady rct`f 5.8< 5.83 5.84

Hfusghfnl s`zg <.7** 4.7** <.2Hfusghfnl s`zg a 3005 7.3** ?.<** 7.7Aukbgr fo clunts (cmg ≧ 37) 4.2<** 2.04** 4.3<Aukbgr fo clunts a 3005 4.=?** 7.83** <.<?Hgcl `s ogkcng 5.58** 5.38** 5.33Cvgrcmg clunt ygcrs fo gludct`fa 0.24** 8.4?** 8.04Kcx`kuk clunt ygcrs fo gludct`fa 33.3** 35.3** 35.8Hgcl s uagkpnfygl 5.57 5.5< 5.5<Hgcl s kcrr`gl 5.05** 5.8<** 5.88Hgcl s w`lfw/gr 5.5=** 5.37** 5.50Hgcl `s sàmng 5.35** 5.3?** 5.32Cmg fo hfusghfnl hgcl <8.7** 70.4** 72.3Cvgrcmg cmg fo clunts a hfusghfnl 40.=** <?.4** <2.5

Aftg9** ; s`maò`dcat ct thg 7 pgrdgat ngvgn fr nfwgr.




ngvgns fo k`mrcats hcvg rgkcàgl stcbng fvgr thg ygcrs, ct ngvgns s`maò`-dcatny cbfvg thfsg mfàm tf Mrggdg cal @tcny.

\gkpfrcry K`mrct`fa ]h`ng wfrj am cbrfcl, tgkpfrcry k`mrcats cdqu`rg sj`nns cal lgvgnfptrcasact`facn sfd`cn agtwfrjs. K`mrcats rgturaàm tf Cnbca`c bràm thgsgsj`nns cal agtwfrjs w`th thgk, cnfam w`th scvàms tf àvgst. Oàlàms orfkprgv`fus wfrj à Cnbca`c hcvg `nnustrctgl thct pcst k`mrct`fa hcs c pfs`t`vg`kpcdt fa thg n`jgn`hffl fo fwaàm c afaocrk busàgss (J`n`d gt cn. 2550).Hfwgvgr, k`mrcats fotga hcvg tf bu`nl up thg`r sj`nns cal dcp`tcn, cal thgrg-ofrg rgdgat rgturaggs crg n`jgny tf k`mrctg cmcà. \hus rgpgctgl tgkpfrcryk`mrct`fa cal subsgqugat sgttnàm à thg fr`mà dfuatry kcy cdt cs ca`kpfrtcat dfkpfagat à rgludàm pfvgrty cal prfkftàm mrfwth w`thàCnbca`c.

Cpprfx`kctgny 34 pgrdgat fo clunt àl`v`lucns rgpfrtgl hcvàm spgat ct ngcst fag kfath cbrfcl luràm thg ncst 3< ygcrs, fo wh`dh 74 pgrdgat crg hfusghfnl hgcls. Ct thg hfusghfnl ngvgn, th`s trcasnctgs tf cbfut fagà thrgg hfusghfnls hcvàm hcl ct ngcst fag gp`sflg fo tgkpfrcry k`mrc-

t`fa sàdg 3005. \hg vcst kcifr`ty fo thgsg hfusghfnls (82 pgrdgat) hcvghcl fany fag kgkbgr cbrfcl. Dfatrcry tf pgrkcagat k`mrct`fa, ofrwh`dh kunt`png s`bnàms cppgcr tf bg sgttnàm cbrfcl, tgkpfrcry k`mrct`fathus sggks tf bg mgagrcnny tcjga up by fany fag hfusghfnl kgkbgr.\gkpfrcry k`mrcats crg cnkfst gxdnus`vgny kcng, dcpturàm bfth thgkcng-lfkàctgl acturg fo thg o`rst wcvg fo k`mrct`fa à thg gcrny 3005scal fo sgcsfacn/d`rduncr wfrj k`mrct`fa, kcàny tf agcrby Mrggdg.

\hg tgkpfrcry k`mrct`fa t`kg trgal rgvgcns c b`kflcn l`str`but`fa,

w`th thg twf pgcjs dfrrgspfalàm tf thg à`t`cn fpgaàm fo thg bfrlgrs àthg gcrny 3005s cal thg ygcrs `kkgl`ctgny ofnnfwàm thg dfnncpsg fo thgpyrck`l sdhgkg à 300? (O`murg <.<). 0 \h`s `nnustrctgs thg usg fo k`mrc-t`fa cs c dfpàm kgdhca`sk. \hg pgcj à thg gcrny 3005s dcpturgs thgkcss`vg gk`mrct`fa fo thfsg ygcrs: thg kcifr`ty fo thfsg gk`mrcats gvga-tucnny rgturagl tf Cnbca`c.

Cnthfumh thg aukbgr fo tgkpfrcry k`mrcats mfàm tf agcrby Mrggdghcs lrfppgl s`maò`dcatny fvgr thg pcst ogw ygcrs, Mrggdg rgkcàs by ocrthg kcà lgstàct`fa fo thgsg tgkpfrcry onfws (O`murg <.7). Cnthfumh aft surpr`sàm, thg kcma`tulg fo thg lòogrgadgs ckfam lgstàct`fas, pcrt`du-ncrny rgnct`vg tf @tcny, `s rgkcrjcbng. \h`s `s n`jgny thg rgsunt fo kunt`pngocdtfrs, àdnulàm thg dhcrcdtgr`st`ds fo à`t`cn k`mrcats cal thg dfal`t`fascal pfn`d`gs à thg hfst dfuatr`gs, wh`dh unt`kctgny lgtgrkàgl whf stcygl



=? Czzcrr , Dcrngttf, Lcv`s, cal Ygzzc

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l s

ygcr fo o`rst k`mrct`fa

Mrggdg @tcny bgyfal

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O`murg <.7 Onfw fo O`rst-\`kg, \gkpfrcry K`mrcats by Lgstàct`fa

O`murg <.< Onfw fo O`rst-\`kg, \gkpfrcry K`mrcats by Mgalgr

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k


l s

ygcr fo o`rst k`mrct`fa 3 0

0 3 3 0

0 5 3 0

0 2 3 0

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0 < 3 0

0 7 3 0

0 ? 3 0

0 = 3 0

0 8 3 0

0 0 2 5

5 5 2 5

5 3 2 5

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5 <

tftcn kga wfkga



cbrfcl (rgnct`vgny ogwgr, cal cbfut gqucnny l`v`lgl bgtwgga Mrggdg calfthgr lgstàct`fas) cal whf rgturagl (kfstny orfk Mrggdg).

C ncrmgr shcrg fo tgkpfrcry k`mrcats fr`màctgs à rurcn crgcs, kfstnyorfk thg dgatrcn rgm`fa dnfsg tf thg Mrggj bfrlgr whgrg c ncrmg prfpfrt`fafo Cnbca`cas fo Mrggj lgsdgat n`vg. Cnthfumh tf lòogrgat lgmrggs, cnn crgcsgxpgr`gadgl àdrgcsgs à futonfws à thg pgr`fls cotgr thg fpgaàm fo thgbfrlgrs cal thg dfnncpsg fo thg pyrck`l sdhgkg. Gk`mrct`fa orfk thgkfuatcà rgm`fa hcs dfatàugl ct c snfw cal stgcly pcdg, pcssàm \`rcac à3000 à tgrks fo caaucn k`mrcats cal afw dnfsg tf gk`mrct`fa ngvgns orfkthg dfcstcn crgcs (O`murg <.?c, b).

\gkpfrcry, shfrt-tgrk k`mrcats crg kcàny yfuamgr, kcrr`gl, sn`mhtnykfrg gludctgl kga orfk k cng-hgclgl cal ncrmgr hfusghfnls (\cbng <.4).Fa cvgrcmg, thgy hcvg k`mrctgl cbfut ofur t`kgs à c 3<-ygcr pgr`fl ofr ctftcn fo 2? kfaths. 35 T`k`ncr tf pgrkcagat onfws, gludct`fa ngvgns fo tgk-pfrcry k`mrcats hcvg bgga lgdnààm fvgr t`kg, wh`ng thg cvgrcmg cmg fo k`mrcats hcs àdrgcsgl. \hg trgal `s àl`dct`vg fo ca àtgasò`dct`fa fo pushocdtfrs, àludàm k`mrct`fa fo ngss su`tcbng dcal`lctgs.

Rgk`ttcadgs

\hg `kpfrtcadg fo rgk`ttcadgs à thg Cnbca`ca gdfafky dcaaft bgfvgrgkphcs`zgl. Fvgr thg pcst sgvgrcn ygcrs, rgk`ttcadgs hcvg gkgrmglcs fag fo thg jgy dfkpfagats fo hfusghfnls‐ n`vgn`hffl strctgm`gs. @a2557 rgk`ttcadgs rgprgsgatgl 3< pgrdgat fo MLU (@KO 255?) cal 34pgrdgat fo hfusghfnl àdfkg. \hg Cnbca`c N`vàm Ttcalcrls Kgcsurg -kgat Turvgy 2557 (CNTKT57) dfnngdtgl rgk`ttcadg àofrkct`fa ct thg

àl`v`lucn ngvgn ofr cnn spn`t-foo clunts whf sgat rgk`ttcadg tf thg`r hfusg-hfnls à thg 32 kfaths prgdglàm thg survgy. @a cll`t`fa, à c sgpcrctgkflung, t cnsf dfnngdtgl aofrkct`fa fa cnn fthgr pr`vctg trcasogrs rgdg`vglorfk cbrfcl by thg hfusghfnls orfk cay fthgr àl`v`lucn luràm thgsckg rgogrgadg pgr`fl. Fbv`fusny àl`v`lucns à thg o`rst mrfup crg thgkfst n`jgny tf sgal rgk`ttcadgs, m`vga thg strfamgr ock`n`cn rgnct`fash`p.

Fut fo ca gst`kctgl <73,555 spn`t-foo k`mrcats, 33 cpprfx`kctgny twf-th`rls (?<.8 pgrdgat) kclg dcsh fr à-jàl rgk`ttcadgs thg ygcr pr`fr tfthg survgy (O`murg <.=). Fa cvgrcmg, gcdh sgat WT$3,3=0, ofr c tftcnckfuat rgk`ttgl fo kfrg thca WT$4<5 k`nn`fa a c 32-kfath pgr`fl. \h`srgprgsgats cpprfx`kctgny 8= pgrdgat fo tftcn rgk`ttcadgs rgdg`vgl by cnnhfusghfnls à thg sckg pgr`fl. Kfrg l`stcat rgnct`vgs cal or`gals sgat thgrgkcààm shcrg. Cnbca`ca hfusghfnls rgdg`vgl c tftcn fo cpprfx`kctgnyWT$<55 k`nn`fa fvgr c pgr`fl fo fag ygcr. \hgsg onfws lf aft àdnulg cnn

\hg Gvfnut`fa fo Cnbca`ca K`mrct`fa cal @ts Rfng à Ufvgrty Rgludt`fa ==



=8 Czzcrr , Dcrngttf, Lcv`s, cal Ygzzc

O`murg <.? Onfw fo O`rst-\`kg, \gkpfrcry K`mrcats

c. By nfdct`fa fo fr`màcn hfusghfnl

b. By rgm`fa fo rgs`lgadg fo fr`màcn hfusghfnl

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\`rcac fthgr urbca rurcn

\`rcac dfcstcn dgatrcn kfuatcà




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375

255

275


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% f

o r g k

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k`mrcats (ngot cx s) rgk ttgrs (ngot cx`s)

% fo rgk`ttgrs (r`mht cx`s)

O`murg <.= K`mrcats cal Rgk`ttgrs by Rgm`fa, 2557

\cbng <.4 Dhcrcdtgr`st`ds fo \gkpfrcry K`mrcats cal \hg`r Ock`n`gs

Afak`mrcats K`mrcats \ftcn % fo ogkcngs 78** 32** 72Cmg <3.8** 4=.8** <3.4Pgcrs fo gludct`fa 8.=** 35.3** 8.02Ufvgrty hgcldfuat (%) 38 30 30Tgvgrg pfvgrty 3.42 3.47 3.44Ufvgrty mcp 4.08 <.5< <Wagkpnfykgat rct`f, ncst wggj 5.33 5.50 5.3Lgpgalgady rct`f 5.82 5.8< 5.84Hfusghfnl s`zg 4.04** <.=3** <.38Aukbgr fo clunts (cmg ≧ 37) 2.08** 4.<7** 4.3<Hgcl `s ogkcng 5.3<** 5.5?** 5.33Cvgrcmg clunt ygcrs fo gludct`fa 8.82** 0.3=** 8.04Kcx`kuk clunt ygcrs fo gludct`fa 35.78** 33.33** 35.=7Hgcl `s uagkpnfygl 5.57 5.5< 5.5<Hgcl `s kcrr`gl 5.8?** 5.02** 5.88Hgcl `s w`lfw/gr 5.33** 5.5=** 5.50Hgcl `s sàmng 5.3<** 5.58** 5.32

Aftg9 ** ; s`maò`dcat ct 7 pgrdgat fr nfwgr.



ofrg`ma gcraàms cal scvàms brfumht bcdj à pgrsfa by k`mrcats. Fvgrcnn,dfkpcrgl w`th 2552, à 2557 c h`mhgr pgrdgatcmg fo hfusghfnls rgdg`vglrgk`ttcadgs, but fa cvgrcmg gcdh hfusghfnl rgdg`vgl ngss. \hg tftcn onfw fo rgk`ttcadgs à 2557 àdrgcsgl by cbfut 33 pgrdgat dfkpcrgl tf 2552.

\hg kfuatcà rgm`fa cppgcrs tf bg bgago`tàm l`sprfpfrt`factgny orfkrgk`ttcadgs dfkpcrgl tf fthgr rgm`fas fo thg dfuatry, cnthfumh à cbsfnutgaukbgrs thg kcifr`ty fo rgk`ttcadgs mf tf thg dfcstcn cal dgatrcn rgm`fa“fr`mà fo kfst pgrkcagat k`mrct`fa. Urfpfrt`factgny kfrg k`mrcats orfkthg kfuatcà rgm`fa sgal rgk`ttcadgs (=< pgrdgat vgrsus ngss thca ?5 pgr-dgat ckfam spn`t-foos orfk thg dfcstcn rgm`fa). Kfrgfvgr, k`mrcats orfk thgpffrgr kfuatcà rgm`fa sgal fa cvgrcmg cnkfst tw`dg cs kudh cs k`mrcatsorfk thg dgatrcn rgm`fa (O`murg <.8). \hus prfpfrt`factgny kfrg cal ncrmgrrgk`ttcadgs crg onfwàm àtf thg pffrgr kfuatcà rgm`fa dfkpcrgl w`thfthgr crgcs fo thg dfuatry. \hgsg oàlàms, dfkbàgl w`th thg upwcrl trgalfo àtgract`facn k`mrct`fa fut fo pffrgr kfuatcà crgcs, pfàts tf c pftga-t`cnny àdrgcsàm rfng fo k`mrct`fa cal rgk`ttcadgs ofr pfvgrty rgludt`fa àthgsg kfrg rgkftg crgcs, wh`dh, uat`n rgdgatny, cppgcrgl tf hcvg bgga dut foo orfk thg kcà k`mrct`fa onfws tfwcrl àtgract`facn lgstàct`fas.

Aft surpr`sàmny, c h`mh pgrdgatcmg fo hfusghfnls orfk thg dfcstcnrgm`fa rgdg`vg rgk`ttcadgs orfk @tcny (cbfut 75 pgrdgat), wh`ng twf-th`rls fo rgk`ttcadgs tf \`rcac dfkg orfk lgstàct`fas fthgr thca Mrggdgcal @tcny (\cbng <.<). Ckfam hfusghfnls à thg kfuatcà rgm`fa rgdg`v-àm rgk`ttcadgs, kfrg thca fag-hcno rgdg`vg trcasogrs orfk lgstàct`fasfthgr thca Mrggdg. @a tgrks fo cvgrcmg ckfuats rgk`ttgl, af s`maò`dcat

85 Czzcrr , Dcrngttf, Lcv`s, cal Ygzzc

dfcstcn dgatrcn kfuatcà \`rcac5

=7

375

C n b c a

` c a n g j s p g r y g c r , t h f u s c a

l s

O`murg <.8 Kgca Ckfuat Rgk`ttgl by Rgm`fa, 2557



lòogrgadgs crg fbsgrvgl cdrfss dfuatr`gs fo rgs`lgadg fo thg k`mrcat,wh`ng sfkg vcr`cb`n`ty `s rgpfrtgl cdrfss rgm`fas fo rgs`lgadg fo thg rgd`p-`gat hfusghfnls à Cnbca`c.

Cs gxpgdtgl, thg ngamth fo k`mrct`fa hcs c aftcbng `kpcdt bfth fa thgshcrg fo rgk`ttgrs cal thg vcnug rgk`ttgl by thgsg k`mrcats. Cnthfumh

ogwgr à aukbgr, c h`mhgr shcrg fo gcrny k`mrcats `s st`nn sgalàm rgk`t-tcadgs. Bcsgl fa thg`r ygcr fo o`rst k`mrct`fa, thg shcrg fo k`mrcats thct rgk`t àdrgcsgs up tf 300= bgofrg bgmàaàm tf lgdnàg stgcl`ny. Fanycbfut 75 pgrdgat fo thg kfst rgdgat k`mrcats crg sgalàm rgk`ttcadgs,vgrsus kfrg thca =5 pgrdgat ckfam thfsg whf ngot à thg k`l-3005s.\hgsg nctg k`mrcats, hfwgvgr, crg sgalàm kfrg fa cvgrcmg (cbfut WT$455 kfrg à thg ygcr prgdglàm thg survgy). \h`s `s dfas`stgat w`ththg oàlàm thct kfuatcà rgm`fa k`mrcats, whf crg dfatàuàm tfàdrgcsg à aukbgr, crg sgalàm ncrmgr rgk`ttcadgs. \h`s oàlàm cnsf sum-mgsts thct c vgry ncrmg shcrg fo spn`t-foos kcàtcà strfam nàjs w`th thgsgalàm hfusghfnls gvga cotgr kfrg thca c lgdclg, cal thgy st`nn sgal cstgcly, cnthfumh fa cvgrcmg skcnngr, strgck fo rgsfurdgs. 32 Dfavgrsgny, cncrmgr shcrg fo agw k`mrcats kcy oàl `t lòo`dunt tf stcrt rgk`ttàm r`mht cwcy, m`vga thg h`mh à`t`cn dfsts fo sgttngkgat à thg hfst dfuatry.

\hg aukbgr fo k`mrcats cal rgk`ttgrs crg strfamny cal pfs`t`vgnydfrrgnctgl w`th wgnocrg9 c s`maò`dcatny h`mhgr shcrg fo hfusghfnls à thgtfp pgr dcp`tc gxpgal`turg quàt`ngs hcvg k`mrcats cbrfcl cal rgdg`vgrgk`ttcadgs dfkpcrgl w`th thg`r dfuatgrpcrts à thg nfwgr quàt`ngs(O`murg <.0c). \hg fvgrcnn trgal bgtwgga wgnocrg ngvgn cal thg shcrg fo k`mrcats sgalàm rgk`ttcadgs à gcdh quàt`ng, hfwgvgr, `s v`rtucnny onct.Kfrgfvgr, af lòogrgadg gx`sts cdrfss wgnocrg quàt`ngs à thg cvgrcmgckfuat sgat by spn`t-foo k`mrcats (O`murg <.0b).

\hg Gvfnut`fa fo Cnbca`ca K`mrct`fa cal @ts Rfng à Ufvgrty Rgludt`fa 83

\cbng <.< Rgk`ttcadgs by Lgstàct`fa cal Rgm`fa fo Fr`màcn HfusghfnlRgs`lgadg, 2557

% fo hfusghfnls rgdg`vàmrgk`ttcadgs orfk

Cvgrcmg ckfuat rgk`ttgl tf hfusghfnl (2557 pr`dgs, ngjs)

Ttrctuk Mrggdg @tcny Bgyfal Mrggdg @tcny Bgyfal

Dfcstcn 8 34 < 3==,470 3?0,052 340,527Dgatrcn 35 7 < 3<7,035 3<8,07? 382,=82Kfuatcà = 7 4 308,==3 2<4,=0? 23=,==7 \`rcac 2 < 0 240,355 375,200 38=,408 \ftcn 8 8 < 3?<,3<< 3??,748 3=7,772



@a thg cbfvg o`murgs, thg dfasukpt`fa ngvgns, cal thus thg quàt`ngs,crg dngcrny coogdtgl by thg ngvgn fo rgk`ttcadgs rgdg`vgl. Wt`n`zàmhfusghfnl cssgt pfs`t`fa cvf`ls th`s galfmgag`ty prfbngk, cnthfumh `t `sca `kpgrogdt prfxy ofr hfusghfnl àdfkg. 34 Hfusghfnls à thg k`llngfo thg cssgt l`str`but`fa crg thg ngcst n`jgny tf rgdg`vg rgk`ttcadgs


O`murg <.0 K`mrcats cal Rgk`ttgrs9 Hfusghfnl Dfkpcr`sfas

5

25

<5

?5

85

355

325

3<5

3?5

385

2 4 <

quàt`ng

quàt`ng

s p n ` t - f o o k


l s

5

35

25

45

<5

75

?5

=5

85

% f

o r g k

` t t g r s

k`mrcats rgk`ttgrs % fo rgk`ttgrs

5

75

355

375

C n b c a


l s

nfwgst h`mhgst

nfwgst h`mhgst

c. K`mrcats cal rgk`ttgrs, by quàt`ng

b. Kgca ckfuat rgk`ttgl by quàt`ng

3 7

2 4 <3 7



(O`murg <.35c). Bgttgr-foo hfusghfnls (à 3005) crg cnsf rgdg`vàm sub-

stcat`cnny kfrg, fa cvgrcmg (O`murg <.35b).\hg rgnct`fa bgtwgga thg ckfuats rgk`ttgl cal thg cmg fo thgspn`t-foo rgk`ttgrs rgvgcns c W-shcpgl durvg9 k`mrcats bgtwgga thg


O`murg <.35 Rgk`ttcadgs cal Hfusghfnl Cssgts

<5

?5

85

355

% f

o r g k

` t t g r s

5 2 < ? 8cssgt àlgx 3005 (UDC sdfrg)

07% dfao`lgadg atgrvcnprfbcb`n`ty fo rgdg`vàm rgk`ttcadgs

5

355

255

455

<55

C n b c a


l s

5 2 < ? 8cssgt àlgx 3005 (UDC sdfrg)

cvgrcmg pfs`t`vg ckfuat rgk`ttglcvgrcmg ckfuat rgk`ttgl

c. Urfbcb`n`ty fo rgdg`vàm rgk`ttcadgsby hfusghfnl cssgt pfs`t`fa

b. Kgca ckfuat rgk`ttglby hfusghfnl cssgt pfs`t`fa



cmgs fo 45—47 rgk`t fa cvgrcmg nfwgr ckfuats (O`murg <.33c).

Turpr`sàmny, k`mrcats à thg`r gcrny twgat`gs rgk`t fa cvgrcmg thgh`mhgst ckfuats. \h`s `s cnsf thg mrfup, hfwgvgr, w`th thg nfwgst shcrg fo rgk`ttgrs (O`murg <.33b). Ofr thg rgkcààm cmg mrfups, thgprfpgas`ty tf rgk`t `s v`rtucnny `lgat`dcn ct crfual ?7 pgrdgat. \husthg fvgrcnn prfpgas`ty tf trcasogr kfagy tf kgkbgrs fo thg fr`màcnhfusghfnls cppgcrs tf bg coogdtgl kfrg by thg aukbgr fo ygcrs spgat cbrfcl cal nfdct`fa fo thg hfusghfnl, cal ngss by thg cmg fo thgk`mrcat (cpcrt orfk thg yfuamgst).

8< Czzcrr , Dcrngttf, Lcv`s, cal Ygzzc

O`murg <.33 Rgk`ttcadgs by Cmg fo K`mrcat

5

75

355

375

C n b c a


l s

25 27 45 47 <5 <7cmg fo k`mrcat, ygcrs

75

?5

=5

% f

o r g k

` t t g r s

25 27 45 47 <5 <7cmg fo k`mrcat, ygcrs

c. Kgca ckfuat rgk`ttgl by cmg fo k`mrcat

b. Ugrdgat fo rgk`ttgrs by cmg fo k`mrcat



Rgk`ttcadg Onfws cal Ufvgrty Rgludt`faUfvgrty rctgs à Cnbca`c hcvg lrfppgl by = pgrdgatcmg pfàts à thg shfrt spca fo fany thrgg ygcrs, orfk c hgcl dfuat fo 27.< pgrdgat à 2552 tf38.7 pgrdgat à 2557 (]frnl Bcaj 255=). \hg ncrmg mgfmrcph`d vcr`ct`fasà pfvgrty fo 2552 hcvg ualgrmfag lrckct`d dhcamgs, pcrt`duncrny cs crgsunt fo thg ncrmg pfvgrty rgludt`fa à thg rurcn kfuatcà rgm`fa, cal tfc ngssgr gxtgat à \`rcac cal fthgr urbca crgcs (\cbng <.7). @a 2552, thgrurcn pfvgrty rctg à thg kfuatcà rgm`fa wcs lfubng thct fo thg act`facncvgrcmg. By 2557, th`s lgdrgcsgl tf fany cbfut 75 pgrdgat cbfvg thgact`facn pfvgrty rctg.

Kcppàm thg gst`kctgl pfvgrty dhcamgs à thg 2552—57 pgr`fl cmcàst thg ngvgns cal dhcamgs à rgk`ttcadg àonfws àtf gcdh rgm`fa rgvgcns sfkgdfrrgnct`fa. \`rcac cal thg rurcn kfuatcà rgm`fas shfw thg ncrmgst àdrgcsgs à thg shcrg fo hfusghfnls rgdg`vàm rgk`ttcadgs (\cbng <.?). \hgshcrgs crg cnsf kctdhgl by gqucnny ncrmg àdrgcsgs à thg tftcn onfws à kfa-gtcry tgrks, w`th onfws tf \`rcac kfrg thca lfubnàm cal thg kfuatcàrgm`fa gxh`b`tàm àdrgcsgs fo cbfut 75 pgrdgat.

Urfpfrt`factgny kfrg k`mrcats orfk thg pffrgr kfuatcà rgm`fa crg

sgalàm rgk`ttcadgs, cal fa cvgrcmg thgy crg sgalàm kfrg.Ourthgrkfrg, thg kfuatcà rgm`fa `s thg fany rgm`fa à wh`dh thg onfwfo agw pgrkcagat k`mrcats hcs bgga kfaftfa`dcnny àdrgcsàm fvgr thgpcst sgvgrcn ygcrs. Oàcnny, thg h`mhgr purdhcsàm pfwgr fo rgk`ttcadgstf thg kfuatcà rgm`fa dfkpcrgl w`th fthgr rgm`fas kcy pftgat`cnnyckpnòy thg kpcdt fo trcasogrs a tgrks fo pfvgrty rgludt`fa. \h`s gv`lgadgsggks tf summgst c pfss`bng nàj bgtwgga k`mrct`fa cal thg ncrmg `kprfvg-kgats à pfvgrty rgludt`fa fbsgrvgl à thg kfuatcà rgm`fa fvgr thg

pcst ogw ygcrs.


\cbng <.7 Ufvgrty 2552—57 by Rgm`fa

Rgm`fa

Ufvgrty hgcldfuat (%) Ufvgrty mcp

2552 2557 Dhcamg 2552 2557 Dhcamg

\`rcac 38 8 —0.= 4.== 3.?7 —2.3Dfcstcn urbca 25 3= —8.? 7.<4 3.00 —4.<

Dfcstcn rurcn 23 25 —3.2 4.?2 <.5? 5.<Dgatrcn urbca 30 34 —?.8 4.82 2.00 —5.8Dgatrcn rurcn 20 2? —2.? ?.77 ?.53 —5.7Kfuatcà urbca 27 3= —=.? ?.72 4.?3 —2.0Kfuatcà rurcn 75 28 —23.8 32.45 7.75 —?.8 \ftcn 27 30 —?.0 7.=3 <.55 —3.=



\cbng <.? K`mrcats cal Rgk`ttcadgs 2552—57 by Rgm`fa

% fo hfusghfnlsrgdg`vàm rgk`ttcadgs

Cvgrcmg ckfuat rgk`ttgl tfhfusghfnl (2557 pr`dgs, ngjs)

Rgm`fa 2552 2557 Dhcamg 2552 2557 % dhcamg

\`rcac 37.8 43.5 37.2 3?5,74= 383,=37 34.2Dfcstcn urbca 47.3 40.= <.? 344,84= 3?3,457 25.7Dfcstcn rurcn 45.2 48.= 8.7 258,022 30?,85= —7.8Dgatrcn urbca 43.8 20.4 —2.7 33?,487 334,??8 —2.4Dgatrcn rurcn 43.5 44.4 2.4 304,740 34?,577 —20.=Kfuatcà urbca 33.= 23.5 0.4 245,?5< 30<,307 —37.8Kfuatcà rurcn 37.5 2<.0 0.0 234,303 232,533 —5.? \ftcn 28 44 7.4 3=5,377 3?5,37< —7.0

8 ?



Cssgssàm thg @kpcdt fo K`mrct`fa fa Ufvgrty

C kunt`vcr`ctg dfkpcr`sfa bcsgl fa thg lòogrgat typgs fo k`mrct`fargvgcns s`zcbng lòogrgadgs à dfasukpt`fa ngvgns, cs wgnn cs pfvgrty àd`-lgadg cal lgpth, bgtwgga hfusghfnls w`th c durrgat k`mrcat cbrfcl, calthfsg w`thfut (\cbng <.=). \hg sckg dfkpcr`sfa bcsgl fa tgkpfrcryk`mrct`fa gxpgr`gadg àl`dctgs af sudh s`maò`dcat lòogrgadgs. @t wfunl bgk`sngclàm, hfwgvgr, tf dfadnulg thct wh`ng durrgat k`mrct`fa hcs hcl cpfs`t`vg `kpcdt fa dfasukpt`fa cal pfvgrty, tgkpfrcry k`mrct`fa hcsaft. 3< @t dfunl bg thg dcsg, ofr gxckpng, thct pgrkcagat k`mrcats hcl

h`mhgr dfasukpt`fa ngvgns gvga bgofrg k`mrct`fa, fr thct c hfusghfnlw`th tgkpfrcry k`mrcats hcl s`maò`dcatny nfwgr dfasukpt`fa ngvgns pr`frtf k`mrct`fa dfkpcrgl w`th thg`r afak`mrcat dfuatgrpcrts.

\hg CNTKT57 dfatcàgl c kflung fa subigdt`vg pfvgrty, à wh`dh crgspfalgat pgr hfusghfnl (mgagrcnny thg hfusghfnl hgcl) wcs csjgl tfrcaj h`s fr hgr pgrdgpt`fa fo pgrsfacn wgnocrg ct lòogrgat pfàts à t`kgsàdg 3005, bcsgl fa c 35-ruam ncllgr (3 ; pffrgst). 37 Bcsgl fa th`s àofr-kct`fa cal hfusghfnl k`mrct`fa gxpfsurg, wg lrcw c aukbgr fo mrcphstf v`sucnny lgsdr`bg thg rgnct`fa bgtwgga k`mrct`fa cal dhcamgs à wgn-ocrg, cs pgrdg`vgl by thg rgspfalgat. Dfkpcràm afak`mrcat cal k`mrcat (cay lgstàct`fa) hfusghfnls, af s`maò`dcat lòogrgadgs dca bg lgtgdtgl àg`thgr fo thg 3005 durvgs fr thg 2557 afak`mrcat durvg (O`murg <.32).Hfwgvgr, thg shòt tf thg r`mht fo thg ofurth nàg `s àl`dct`vg fo pgrdg`vgl`kprfvgkgats à 2557 by k`mrcat hfusghfnls.

T`k`ncr dfadnus`fas dca bg lrcwa by dfas`lgràm durrgat k`mrct`fafany, àl`dctàm thct kudh fo thg pgrdg`vgl `kprfvgkgat `s lgr`vgl orfkth`s typg fo k`mrct`fa cal aft orfk tgkpfrcry k`mrct`fa (O`murg <.34).

L`scmmrgmctàm by lgstàct`fa, hfusghfnls w`th k`mrcats tf Mrggdg pgr-dg`vgl thg`r s`tuct`fa sfkgwhct `kprfvgl, wh`ng thg ncrmgst shòt `s ofr

\hg Gvfnut`fa fo Cnbca`ca K`mrct`fa cal @ts Rfng à Ufvgrty Rgludt`fa 8=

\cbng <.= Ufvgrty @al`dctfrs cal K`mrct`fa

Ugrkcagat k`mrct`fa \gkpfrcry k`mrct`fa

\ftcn Af Pgs Dhcamg Af Pgs Dhcamg

Ugr dcp`tcdfasukpt`fa c 8,834 0,87? 3,5<4*** 0,252 8,0<4 —270 0,350

Ufvgrtyhgcldfuat 23.2 33.8 —0.<*** 38.? 38.< —5.3 38.7

Ufvgrty mcp <.= 2.2 —2.7*** <.5 <.5 5.5 <.5Aukbgr fo

fbsgrvct`fas 2,<8? 3,37< 2,7<< 3,50? 4,?<5

Aftg9*** ; T`maò`dcat ct 3%.c. Dfkputgl ct thg al`v`lucn ngvgn.




O`murg <.32 Tubigdt`vg Ufvgrty Ncllgr à 3005 cal 2557, w`th fr w`thfutCay K`mrct`fa

5

7

35

37

25

%

f o h f u s g h f

n l s

3 2 4 < 7 ? =

pfs`t`fa fa thg pfvgrty ncllgr

w`thfut k`mrct`fa 3005

w`thfut k`mrct`fa 2557

w`th k`mrct`fa 3005

w`th k`mrct`fa 2557

pffrgr r`dhgr

O`murg <.34 Tubigdt`vg Ufvgrty Ncllgr à 3005 cal 2557, w`th fr w`thfutDurrgat K`mrct`fa

5

7

35

37

25

% f

o h f u s g

h f

n l s

3 2 4 < 7 ? =


w`thfut pgrkcagat k`mrct`fa 3005w`thfut pgrkcagat k`mrct`fa 2557

w`th pgrkcagat k`mrct`fa 3005w`th pgrkcagat k`mrct`fa 2557

pffrgr r`dhgr




5

7

35

37

25

% f

o h f u s g

h f

n l s

3 2 4 < 7 ? =


3005k`mrct`fa tf Mrggdg 2557

w`thfut k`mrct`fa 2557k`mrct`fa tf @tcny 2557

pffrgr r`dhgr

O`murg <.3< Tubigdt`vg Ufvgrty Ncllgr à 3005 cal 2557, w`th fr w`thfutUgrkcagat K`mrct`fa by Lgstàct`fa Dfuatry

hfusghfnl w`th k`mrcats tf @tcny cal bgyfal (O`murg <.3<). \h`s kcyrgongdt thg pftgat`cnny h`mhgr rgturas cal stctus cssfd`ctgl w`th thg ncttgrtypg fo k`mrct`fa, cnthfumh, cs fbsgrvgl gcrn`gr, k`mrcats à thgsg dfuatr`gscrg aft rgk`ttàm s`maò`dcatny kfrg thca thg`r dfuatgrpcrts à Mrggdg.

Kgcsuràm thg @kpcdt fo K`mrct`fa fa Ufvgrty9 Ca @astrukgatcn _cr`cbng CpprfcdhLgsdr`pt`vg stct`st`ds fo bfth fbigdt`vg cal subigdt`vg kgcsurgs fo wgnocrgàl`dctg thct k`mrct`fa, pcrt`duncrny durrgat k`mrct`fa tf ocrthgr lgstàc-t`fas, cppgcrs tf hcvg gxgrtgl c pfs`t`vg `kpcdt fa wgnocrg ckfam

k`mrcat hfusghfnls ct thg fr`mà. Hfwgvgr, thg lgd`s`fa tf k`mrctg `s aft rcalfk, cal `s n`jgny tf bg cssfd`ctgl w`th c aukbgr fo fbsgrvcbng caluafbsgrvcbng dhcrcdtgr`st`ds fo thg k`mrcats, cs wgnn cs fo thg hfusghfnlcal thg nfdcn gav`rfakgat whgrg thgy n`vg fr kfvgl. \f prfpgrny `lgatòythg `kpcdt fo k`mrct`fa, `lgcnny wg wfunl hcvg nfam`tulàcn lctc dcptur-àm dfal`t`fas bgofrg cal cotgr ofr c mrfup fo k`mrcats cs wgnn cs ofr c dfa-trfn mrfup. Fur cvc`ncbng lctc ocnn ocr shfrt fo thgsg rgqu`rgkgats.

Ofr th`s rgcsfa, ca cntgract`vg gst`kct`fa strctgmy `s prfpfsgl, bcsgl fa

thg àstrukgatcn vcr`cbng (@_) tgdha`qug. ]g gst`kctg c nfm-dfasukpt`fakflgn à wh`dh, m`vga thg n`jgny galfmgag`ty fo thg k`mrct`fa vcr`cbng, wgàstrukgat sgpcrctgny ofr bfth tgkpfrcry cal pgrkcagat k`mrct`fa usàm



c aukbgr fo vcr`cbngs dhfsga orfk c sgt fo pftgat`cn dcal`lctgs dfatcàglà thg survgy. \hfrfumh l`cmafst`d tgstàm `s dcrr`gl fut tf cssgss bfth thgrgngvcadg cal strgamth fo fur àstrukgats. \hg strctgmy `s tf usg @_ gst`-kctfrs dnustgrgl ct thg pr`kcry sckpnàm ua`t (UTW) ngvgn tf tcjg àtrc-mrfup dfrrgnct`fa àtf cddfuat. ]g àstrukgat cal gst`kctg sgpcrctgkflgns ct thg hfusghfnl ngvgn ofr tgkpfrcry cal pgrkcagat k`mrct`fa.Gxpncact`fas fo thg kflgns cal ounn gst`kct`fa fo rgsunts, àdnulàm dfgo-o`d`gats cal thg rfbust stcalcrl grrfrs fo bfth thg frlàcry ngcst squcrgs(FNT) cal thg dfrrgspfalàm @_ spgdò`dct`fa, crg ofual à thg Caagx.

Dfatrcry tf thg lgsdr`pt`vg rgsunts, wh`dh shfwgl ca às`maò`dcat lò-ogrgadg à dfasukpt`fa ngvgns cdrfss mrfups, bfth FNT cal @_ kflgnsdngcrny pfàt tf c pfs`t`vg cal s`maò`dcat rgnct`fash`p bgtwgga tgkpf-rcry k`mrct`fa cal wgnocrg. \hg gst`kctgl @_ dfgoo`d`gat fo thg àstru-kgatgl k`mrct`fa vcr`cbng àl`dctgs thct fag cll`t`facn ygcr fo àtgract`facn k`mrct`fa `s cssfd`ctgl w`th c 7 pgrdgat àdrgcsg à dfa-sukpt`fa. \h`s @_ `kpcdt `s sfkgwhct ncrmgr thca thg fag `kpn`gl bythg FNT dfgoo`d`gat, summgstàm c agmct`vg b`cs à thg tgkpfrcry k`mrc-t`fa prfdgss. \hg kflgn cnsf oàls thct ncrmgr hfusghfnl s`zg, rgkftgagss

(cddfrlàm tf c l`stcadg àlgx), cal n`vàm à c rgm`fa futs`lg fo \`rcaccrg cnn cssfd`ctgl w`th nfwgr dfasukpt`fa, wh`ng gludct`fa `s pfs`t`vgnydfrrgnctgl w`th dfasukpt`fa.

\hg `kpcdt fa dfasukpt`fa `s cnsf pfs`t`vg cal s`maò`dcat ofr pgrkc-agat k`mrct`fa. Cnthfumh thg ncrmg kcma`tulg fo thg @_ dfgoo`d`gat s sfkg-whct susp`d`fus, bfth gst`kct`fas crg àl`dct`vg fo strfam dcuscn`ty bgtwggahcvàm c pgrkcagat k`mrcat n`vàm cbrfcl cal hfusghfnl dfasukpt`fa ngv-gns. Hcvàm c k`mrcat cbrfcl `s cssfd`ctgl w`th ca àdrgcsg à dfasukpt`fa

fo cbfut 75 pgrdgat. Kfst fo thg fthgr vcr`cbngs hcvg qucn`tct`vgny s`k`ncrrgsunts cs thg prgv`fus kflgn fa tgkpfrcry k`mrct`fa. Ckfam thg kfst scn`gat lòogrgadgs crg thg afw s`maò`dcat (cal agmct`vg) dfgoo`d`gats fa thgcmg fo thg hfusghfnl hgcl cal thg uagkpnfykgat rctg ct thg nfdcn ngvgn.

Fvgrcnn, c pfs`t`vg cssfd`ct`fa bgtwgga k`mrct`fa cal wgnocrg cppgcrstf gx`st, `rrgspgdt`vg fo k`mrct`fa typg. \hg kcma`tulg fo thg `kpcdt `squ`tg lòogrgat, hfwgvgr, w`th pgrkcagat k`mrct`fa hcvàm c kudhstrfamgr googdt fa wgnocrg.

Dfadnus`fa

K`mrct`fa à Cnbca`c dfatàugs tf bg c vgry lyack`d cal pgrvcs`vg phg-afkgafa, w`th thg kcifr`ty fo Cnbca`ca hfusghfnls gxpgr`gadàm sfkg




ofrk fo k`mrct`fa sàdg 3005, cal fag-th`rl fo hfusghfnls hcvàm ct ngcst fag hfusghfnl kgkbgr durrgatny n`vàm cbrfcl. Ttr`jàm dhcamgs à bfththg kcma`tulg cal dfkpfs`t`fa fo thg onfws crg st`nn fddurràm ct ca`kprgss`vg pcdg, w`th agw pcttgras gkgrmàm fvgr thg pcst sgvgrcn ygcrscal fnl pcttgras stcb`n`zàm fr trcasofrkàm à rgspfasg tf dfal`t`fas ct hfkg, à thg kcà hfst dfuatr`gs, cal cs pcrt fo c acturcn kcturct`fa fo thg k`mrct`fa prfdgss.

]h`ng Mrggdg rgkcàs thg kcà lgstàct`fa fo tgkpfrcry k`mrcats,@tcny cal ocrthgr lgstàct`fas rgprgsgat c h`mhgr shcrg fo nfamgr-tgrkk`mrct`fa. Ucrt`duncrny àtgrgstàm `s thg trgal tf lgstàct`fas à afrthgraGurfpg cal Afrth Ckgr`dc, wh`dh dfatàug tf cttrcdt ca àdrgcsàmnyh`mhgr aukbgr fo thg kfst gludctgl cal sj`nngl àl`v`lucns. \hg lgkf-mrcph`d cal sfd`fgdfafk`d dhcrcdtgr`st`ds fo th`s mrfup fo k`mrcats lòogrorfk thg rgst fo k`mrcats whf, fa cvgrcmg, crg àdrgcsàmny ngss gludctglcal fnlgr.

@atgract`facn k`mrct`fa cppgcrs tf bg snfwàm, cs c kfrg stcbng gdf-afk`d gav`rfakgat dfatr`butgs tf stcb`n`zàm k`mrct`fa onfws. \hg lfwa-wcrl trgal à pgrkcagat k`mrct`fa onfws `s shcrgl by cnn rgm`fas w`th thg

gxdgpt`fa fo thg pffrgr kfuatcà rgm`fa. Dfkpcrgl w`th thg 3005s, prf-pfrt`factgny kfrg pgrkcagat k`mrcats“thg kfrg nudrct`vg ofrk fo k`mrct`fa“crg dfkàm orfk thg kfuatcà rgm`fa. Fvgr hcno fo thg rgk`t-tcadgs rgdg`vgl crg orfk bgyfal Mrggdg, g`thgr @tcny fr ocrthgr co`gnl.Kfrgfvgr, k`mrcats orfk thg kfuatcà rgm`fa hcvg c h`mhgr prfpgas`tytf rgk`t, cal fa cvgrcmg rgk`t kfrg.

Bfth lgsdr`pt`vg stct`st`ds cal FNT/àstrukgatcn vcr`cbng cacnys`s oàlsfn`l gv`lgadg àl`dctàm thct bfth tgkpfrcry cal pgrkcagat k`mrct`fa

hcvg s`maò`dcat pfs`t`vg `kpcdts fa hfusghfnl dfasukpt`fa cal pfvgrtyrctgs. Dfatrfnnàm ofr fthgr sfd`fgdfafk`d dhcrcdtgr`st`ds, ca cll`t`facnygcr fo tgkpfrcry àtgract`facn k`mrct`fa `s cssfd`ctgl w`th c 7 pgrdgat àdrgcsg à dfasukpt`fa ofr thg sgalàm hfusghfnl, wh`ng hcvàm c pgr-kcagat k`mrcat cbrfcl `s cssfd`ctgl w`th c 75 pgrdgat àdrgcsg à hfusg-hfnl dfasukpt`fa.

\hg pfvgrty rgludt`fa pftgat`cn fo thgsg rgnct`vgny agw onfws fo k`mrcats, cal thg rgsuntàm rgk`ttcadgs bcdj hfkg, `s gafrkfus. Tfkg fo thgsg googdts kcy cnrgcly bg ct wfrj, cs rgongdtgl à thg prfmrgss àpfvgrty rgludt`fa cdh`gvgl by thg kfuatcà rgm`fa fvgr thg pcst ogwygcrs. Cs prfpfrt`factgny kfrg k`mrcats fr`màctg à thg pffrgr crgcs calkfrg rgk`ttcadgs crg onfwàm tfwcrl pffrgr rgm`fas, thg pfvgrty rglud-t`fa `kpcdt fo k`mrct`fa kcy brfclga à thg outurg.




Caagx

_cr`cbng Lgsdr`pt`fa@a cnn kflgns, thg lgpgalgat vcr`cbng `s thg hfusghfnl‐s nfm pgr dcp`tcdfasukpt`fa. C br`go gxpncact`fa fo thg àlgpgalgat vcr`cbngs usgl àbfth kflgns `s prgsgatgl bgnfw. Lgsdr`pt`vg stct`st`ds fo thg kcà vcr`-cbngs, by k`mrct`fa stctus, crg ofual à \cbngs <C.3 cal <C.2.


\cbng <C.3 Tgngdtgl Lgsdr`pt`vg Ttct`st`ds by Ugrkcagat K`mrct`fa Ttctus

_cr`cbng

]`thfut pgrkcagatk`mrct`fa

]`th pgrkcagatk`mrct`fa \ftcn T`maò.

Ugr dcp`tc dfasukpt`fa 8,834 0,87? 0,350 *** \`rcac 5.37 5.32 5.3< ***Dfcstcn urbca 5.34 5.38 5.37 ***Dfcstcn rurcn 5.3< 5.2< 5.3= ***Dgatrcn urbca 5.38 5.37 5.3= **Dgatrcn rurcn 5.45 5.2< 5.28 ***Kfuatcà urbca 5.54 5.52 5.52 *Kfuatcà rurcn 5.58 5.57 5.5= ***Aukbgr fo dh`nlrga ≬ 7 yrs fnl 5.<5 5.30 5.44 ***Hfusghfnl s`zg <.7< 4.<8 <.38 ***Cmg fo hfusghfnl hgcl <8 70 72 ***Hgcl `s ogkcng 5.58 5.38 5.33 ***Cvgrcmg clunt ygcrs

fo gludct`fa 0.2 8.< 8.0 ***Wagkpnfykgat rctg 2552

(ct thg l`str`dt ngvgn) 32.=0 34.20 32.0? **

UDC sdfrg àlgx 3005 —5.54 5.28 5.58 ***Hfusghfnl L`stcat @algx 5.52 —5.52 5Hfusghfnl Tfd`cn Dcp`tcn @algx —5.53 5.52 5 \ftcn kfaths cbrfcl

3005—255< a hfusghfnl 35.77 0.33 35.5?Cayfag spfjg Mrggj à 3005 5.3 5.3 5.3 ***Hfusghfnl hcl ock`ny or`gals

fr rgnct`vgs cbrfcl a 3005 5.58 5.58 5.58Aukbgr fo al`v`lucns n`vàm

cbrfcl à hfusghfnl 5.55 3.85 5.?3 ***

% fo kcngs 25—40by kua`d`pcn`ty 34.0? 34.7< 34.82 ***

Lukky9 cayfag spfjgMrggj fr @tcn`ca à 3005 5.3 5.4 5.2 ***

Aukbgr fo fbsgrvct`fas 2,<55 3,2<5 4?<5Ugrdgat ?? 4< 355

Aftg9T`maò`dcadg ngvgn9 * ; 35%: ** ; 7%: *** ; 3%.



K`mrct`fa@a thg pgrkcagat k`mrct`fa kflgn, thg vcr`cbng àl`dctgs thg aukbgr fo hfusghfnl spn`t-foos n`vàm cbrfcl. @a thg tgkpfrcry k`mrct`fa kflgn,thg àstrukgatgl vcr`cbng kgcsurgs thg tftcn aukbgr fo kfaths spgat cbrfcl fvgr thg pgr`fl 3005—255< by cay durrgat hfusghfnl kgkbgr.Bfth vcr`cbngs crg àstrukgatgl sgpcrctgny, usàm thg gxdnus`fa rgstr`dt`faslgsdr`bgl bgnfw (sgg tcbng <C.4).


\cbng <C.2 Tgngdtgl Lgsdr`pt`vg Ttct`st`ds by \gkpfrcry K`mrct`fa Ttctus

_cr`cbng

]`thfuttgkpfrcryk`mrct`fa

]`th tgkpfrcryk`mrct`fa \ftcn T`maò.

Ugr dcp`tc dfasukpt`fa 0,252 8,0<4 0,350 \`rcac 5.3? 5.35 5.3< ***Dfcstcn urbca 5.37 5.37 5.37Dfcstcn rurcn 5.3= 5.38 5.3=Dgatrcn urbca 5.38 5.37 5.3= ***Dgatrcn rurcn 5.27 5.44 5.28 ***Kfuatcà urbca 5.52 5.52 5.52 *

Kfuatcà rurcn 5.5= 5.5= 5.5=Aukbgr fo dh`nlrga ≬ 7 yrs fnl 5.27 5.75 5.44 ***Hfusghfnl s`zg 4.0< <.=5 <.38 ***Cmg fo hfusghfnl hgcl 74 75 72 ***Hgcl `s ogkcng 5.3< 5.5? 5.33 ***Cvgrcmg clunt ygcrs

fo gludct`fa 8.8 0.2 8.0 ***Wagkpnfykgat rctg 2552

(ct thg l`str`dt ngvgn) 34.2 32.7 34.5 ***UDC sdfrg àlgx 3005 5.57 5.34 5.58Hfusghfnl L`stcat @algx —5.53 5.54 5Hfusghfnl Tfd`cn Dcp`tcn @algx 5.52 —5.5< 5 \ftcn kfaths cbrfcl

3005—255< a hfusghfnl 5.55 43.45 35.5? ***Cayfag spfjg Mrggj a 3005 5.5< 5.33 5.5? ***Hfusghfnl hcl ock`ny or`gals

fr rgnct`vgs cbrfcl a 3005 5.5= 5.35 5.58 ***Aukbgr fo al`v`lucns n`vàm

cbrfcl à hfusghfnl 5.?0 5.<? 5.?3 ***% fo kcngs 25—40 by

kua`d`pcn`ty 34.=3 3<.5< 34.82 ***Lukky9 cayfag spfjg

Mrggj fr @tcn`ca à 3005 5.2 5.2 5.2 *Aukbgr fo fbsgrvct`fas 2,<=5 3,3=5 4?<5Ugrdgat ?8 42 355

Aftg9T`maò`dcadg ngvgn9 * ; 35%: ** ; 7%: *** ; 3%.



0< Czzcrr , Dcrngttf, Lcv`s, cal Ygzzc

\cbng <C.4 Nfm pgr Dcp`tc Dfasukpt`fa Gst`kct`fas9 Kgcsuràm thg @kpcdt foK`mrct`fa

\gkpfrcry k`mrct`fa Ugrkcagat k`mrct`fa

FNT @_ FNT @_

(L`str`dt lukk`gs fk`ttgl)Aukbgr fo dh`nlrga ≬ 7 yrs fnl —5.58=*** —5.508*** —5.58?*** —5.32<***

Z5.532[ Z5.53<[ Z5.534[ Z5.530[Hfusghfnl s`zg —5.274*** —5.277*** —5.2<2*** —5.345***

Z5.534[ Z5.53?[ Z5.534[ Z5.54=[Hfusghfnl s`zg squcrgl 5.53<*** 5.53<*** 5.53<*** 5.558***

Z5.553[ Z5.552[ Z5.553[ Z5.552[Cmg fo hfusghfnl hgcl 5.553 5.552 —5.554 —5.54?***

Z5.55<[ Z5.55<[ Z5.55<[ Z5.535[Cmg fo hfusghfnl hgcl squcrgl 5 5 5 5.555***

Z5.555[ Z5.555[ Z5.555[ Z5.555[Hgcl s ogkcng —5.523 —5.530 —5.523 —5.550

Z5.52<[ Z5.52<[ Z5.52<[ Z5.544[Cvgrcmg clunt ygcrs fo gludct fa 5.573*** 5.5<0*** 5.574*** 5.5?7***

Z5.554[ Z5.554[ Z5.554[ Z5.557[UDC sdfrg algx 3005 5.5<0*** 5.5<?*** 5.5<0*** 5.5<<***

Z5.55?[ Z5.55?[ Z5.55?[ Z5.558[Wagkpnfykgat rctg a 2552(ct thg l`str`dt ngvgn)

—5.55?*** Z5.552[

—5.55?*** Z5.552[

—5.55=*** Z5.552[

—5.533*** Z5.554[

Hfusghfnl L`stcat @algx —5.547*** —5.54?*** —5.547*** —5.54<*** Z5.550[ Z5.535[ Z5.550[ Z5.550[

Hfusghfnl Tfd`cn Dcp`tcn @algx —5.548*** —5.548*** —5.54=*** —5.540*** Z5.558[ Z5.558[ Z5.558[ Z5.535[

\ftcn kfaths cbrfcl3005—255< a hfusghfnl

5.553*** Z5.555[

5.557** Z5.552[

Aukbgr fo àl`v`lucns n`vàm

cbrfcl à hfusghfnl

5.54<***

Z5.558[

5.<50***

Z5.357[Dfastcat 0.<<7*** 0.<54*** 0.757*** 0.0?<***

Z5.33<[ Z5.330[ Z5.33?[ Z5.388[Fbsgrvct`fas 4?48 4?48 4?48 4?48Cliustgl R-squcrgl 5.<8 5.<7 5.<8 5.35O tgst fo gxdnulgl astrukgats 33.<7 37.?8Calgrsfa-Rub a dh`-squcrgl tgst

fo galfmgafus rgmrgssfrs =.05 4?.45p-vcnug 5.52 5.55Drcmm-Lfacnl O-stct 40.3< 22.27

Drcmm-Lfacnl dh`-squcrgl =0.42 <7.35p-vcnug 5.55 5.55Hcasga I-stct`st`d 5.23 2.45p-vcnug 5.?7 5.34

(dfatàugl)



\hg pgrkcagat k`mrct`fa vcr`cbng `s àstrukgatgl usàm twf vcr`cbngs9(3) thg prfpfrt`fa fo kcngs bgtwgga thg cmg fo 25 cal 40 à thg dfkku-a`ty, cal (2) whgthgr cay kgkbgr fo thg hfusghfnl spfjg g`thgr Mrggj fr@tcn`ca à 3005. \hg dfkkuag/kua`d`pcn`ty-ngvgn prfpfrt`fa fo thg kcngpfpunct`fa cmgl 25 tf 40, wh`dh wcs dfkputgl orfk thg 2553 Ufpunct`faDgasus, vcr`gs qu`tg lrckct`dcnny cdrfss crgcs. 3? \f thg gxtgat thct nfwgrprfpfrt`fas dcpturg thg lgas`ty fo k`mrct`fa w`thà c dfkkuag, wggxpgdt thct th`s prfxy fo thg cddgss tf gxtgalgl k`mrct`fa agtwfrjscbrfcl, cal dfasgqugatny nfwgr àofrkct`fa dfsts, w`nn bg dfrrgnctgl w`thhfusghfnl k`mrct`fa lgd`s`fa.

Jafwnglmg fo g`thgr Mrggj fr @tcn`ca“thg ncamucmgs spfjga à thgtwf pr`kcry lgstàct`fa dfuatr`gs“by cay hfusghfnl kgkbgr à 3005,bgs`lgs kcjàm thg lgstàct`fa dfuatry kfrg cttrcdt`vg by nfwgràm thg

dfsts fo css`k`nct`fa, `s cnsf àl`dct`vg fo cooà`ty à dunturg cal kgatcn`ty,cs wgnn cs mgfmrcph`d prfx`k`ty. \h`s ock`n`cr`ty w`th thg ncamucmg spfjgaà thg hfst dfuatry hcs bgga aftgl tf bg ca `kpfrtcat ocdtfr à lgtgr-kààm thg l`rgdt fa fo k`mrct`fa à Cnbca`c (lg Ywcmgr gt cn. 2557).Dfasgqugatny, kfstny Frthflfx Dhr`st`ca Cnbca`cas dfkg orfk thgsfuthgra cal sfuthgcstgra rgm`fas fo thg dfuatry, whgrg c s`zgcbng gtha`dMrggj kàfr`ty hcs h`stfr`dcnny rgs`lgl fr k`mrctgl tf Mrggdg. @tcny sgrvgscs thg prgogrrgl lgstàct`fa ofr Cnbca`cas orfk thg dgatrcn cal dfcstcn

rgm`fas, whgrg thg @tcn`ca \_ dhcaagns cal wcy fo nòg crg kfst pfpuncr(lg Ywcmgr gt cn. 2557). Gxpfsurg tf Mrggj cal @tcn`ca ncamucmgs à 3005wcs dfas`stgatny lgpgalgat fa nfdct`fa cal dunturcn bcdjmrfual. Cnsf, `t wcs kcàny àludgl by gxfmgafus ocdtfrs“sudh cs thg prgsgadg fo gth-a`d Mrggj kàfr`t`gs cal @tcn`ca tgngv`s`fa“cal aft lug tf c rgongdt`fa fo


Calgrsfa dcafa`dcn dfrrgnct`faNR dh`-squcrgl tgst =8.<= <<.82

p-vcnug 5.55 5.55

Aftg9Rfbust stcalcrl grrfrs a brcdjgts. *** ; s`maò`dcat ct 3%.Gxdnulgl astrukgatsOfr tgkpfrcry9 cayfag a hfusghfnl whf spfjg Mrggj a 3005: hfusghfnl hcl rgnct`vgs fr ock`ny or`gals n`vàm

cbrfcl a 3005.

Ofr pgrkcagat9 Ugrdgat fo kcngs 25—40 by kua`d`pcn`ty: cayfag a hfusghfnl whf spfjg @tcn`ca fr Mrggj a 3005.

\cbng <C.4 Nfm pgr Dcp`tc Dfasukpt`fa Gst`kct`fas9 Kgcsuràm thg @kpcdt foK`mrct`fa (dfatàugl)

\gkpfrcry k`mrct`fa Ugrkcagat k`mrct`fa

FNT @_ FNT @_



lòogrgadgs à wgcnth, gludct`fa, fr gatrgprgagur`cn sj`nns à thg prg-3005pgr`fl. \hgsg ocdtfrs summgst thct jafwnglmg fo ncamucmgs à 3005 kcyouno`nn thg rgqu`rgkgat fo àstrukgatcn gxfmgag`ty.

\hg tgkpfrcry k`mrct`fa vcr`cbng `s àstrukgatgl usàm twf lòogrgat àstrukgats9 (3) whgthgr cay hfusghfnl kgkbgr spfjg Mrggj à 3005 cal(2) whgthgr thg hfusghfnl hcl cay rgnct`vgs fr ock`ny or`gals n`vàm cbrfclà 3005. Rgmcrlàm thg ncamucmg àstrukgat, c s`k`ncr crmukgat kclgcbfvg cnsf cppn`gs. Hfwgvgr, dfatrcry tf pgrkcagat k`mrct`fa, thg bunj fo tgkpfrcry k`mrct`fa hcs trcl`t`facnny bgga tf Mrggdg, pcrtny lug tf `tsv`dà`ty cal pfrfus bfrlgrs. \hus wg usg jafwnglmg fo thg Mrggj ncamucmgà 3005 tf `lgatòy thg lgd`s`fa tf k`mrctg tgkpfrcr`ny. Oàcnny, wg usg cprfxy vcr`cbng ofr pcst k`mrct`fa gxpfsurg ct thg hfusghfnl ngvgn, n`jgny tfbg dfrrgnctgl w`th cdtucn k`mrct`fa. By usàm th`s vcr`cbng wg hfpg tf dcp-turg pftgat`cn agtwfrj googdts, gxpgdtgl tf nfwgr thg dfst fo k`mrct`fa.

Hfusghfnl-Ngvgn _cr`cbngs@a gcdh kflgn, wg dfatrfn ofr c aukbgr fo hfusghfnl-ngvgn dhcrcdtgr`s-t`ds, àdnulàm hfusghfnl s`zg (à quclrct`d ofrk), thg aukbgr fo dh`nlrgabgnfw o`vg ygcrs fo cmg, thg cmg cal mgalgr fo thg hfusghfnl hgcl, thgcvgrcmg ygcrs fo gludct`fa fo cnn clunt kgkbgrs, cs wgnn cs c prfxy vcr`-cbng ofr wgcnth à 3005. ]g cnsf dfastrudt c l`stcadg àlgx cal c sfd`cndcp`tcn àlgx ofr gcdh hfusghfnl. @a thg o`rst àlgx wg dfas`lgr thg l`s-tcadg tf thrgg bcs`d sgrv`dgs, cs rgpfrtgl by thg hfusghfnls9 thg wcnjàml`stcadg orfk thg agcrgst pr`kcry sdhffn, hgcnth dnà`d fr lfdtfr, cal busstct`fa. \hg sfd`cn dcp`tcn àlgx `s dfastrudtgl usàm lctc fa9 (3) thg tftcnaukbgr fo pgfpng fa whfk thg rgspfalgat dca rgny à t`kgs fo aggl:

(2) thg gxtgat tf wh`dh thg rgspfalgat bgn`gvgs fthgrs à thg dfkkua`tycrg w`nnàm tf hgnp gcdh fthgr fut (fa c 7-pfàt sdcng), cal (4) thg gxtgat tf wh`dh thg rgspfalgat oggns thct lòogrgadgs ckfam dfkkua`ty kgk-bgrs l`v`lg thg dfkkua`ty (cnsf fa c 7-pfàt sdcng). ]g thga pgrofrkglc ocdtfr cacnys`s fa thgsg thrgg rgspfasgs, cal tffj thg o`rst ocdtfr sdfrgtf drgctg thg àlgx.

Dfkkua`ty cal Tpct`cn _cr`cbngs

]g dfatrfn ofr c aukbgr fo ocdtfrs ct lòogrgat ngvgns fo spct`cn cmmrgmc-t`fa. \hgsg àdnulg thg uagkpnfykgat rctg ct thg l`str`dt ngvgn (à 2552)cal thg nfdct`fa fo thg hfusghfnls à rgnct`fa tf fag fo thg 4? l`str`dts(w`th \`rcac usgl cs thg rgogrgadg mrfup), thfumh thg gst`kctgl pcrckg-tgrs crg aft shfwa à thg tcbngs.

0? Czzcrr , Dcrngttf, Lcv`s, cal Ygzzc



@_ \gstàm\hg àstrukgats lgsdr`bgl cbfvg wgrg dhfsga orfk c pffn fo dcal`lctgscal thg`r dhf`dg wcs cssgssgl thrfumh dfkprghgas`vg l`cmafst`ds. Rgsuntsfo thg l`cmafst`d tgsts crg rgpfrtgl ct thg bfttfk fo thg gst`kct`fa tcbngs.O`rst, wg ofrkcnny dhgdj ofr thg galfmgag`ty fo thg k`mrct`fa vcr`cbng tfbg àstrukgatgl usàm thg Calgrsfa-Rubà tgst. C rgigdt`fa fo thg aunnkgcas thct thg dfgoo`d`gat fo thg galfmgafus rgmrgssfr `s stct`st`dcnny lò-ogrgat orfk zgrf à thg strudturcn gquct`fa.

\hg fvgr-`lgatò`dct`fa fo àstrukgats `s tgstgl usàm thg hgt-grfsjglcst`d`ty-rfbust Hcasga-I stct`st`d. \hg stct`st`d cnnfws fbsgrvc-t`fas tf bg dfrrgnctgl w`thà mrfups. \hg ifàt aunn hypfthgs`s `s thct thg àstrukgats crg vcn`l àstrukgats, thct `s, uadfrrgnctgl w`th thggrrfr tgrk, cal thct thg tgstgl àstrukgats hcvg tf bg dfrrgdtnygxdnulgl orfk thg gst`kctgl gquct`fa. Walgr thg aunn, thg tgst stct`st`d`s l`str`butgl cs c dh`-squcrgl à thg aukbgr fo fvgr-`lgatòyàm rgstr`d-t`fas. C rgigdt`fa fo thg aunn hypfthgs`s àl`dctgs thct g`thgr thg àstru-kgatcn vcr`cbngs crg wrfamny gxdnulgl orfk thg rgmrgss`fa, fr thgfrthfmfacn`ty dfal`t`fa `s aft sct`so`gl, thus dcstàm lfubt fa thg vcn`l-

`ty fo thg dhfsga àstrukgats. ]g cnsf rua thg Calgrsfa dcafa`dcn dfr-rgnct`fas n`jgn`hffl-rct`f tgst tf ourthgr dhgdj whgthgr thg gquct`fa `s`lgatò`gl, thct `s, thct thg gxdnulgl àstrukgats crg rgngvcat. \hg stc-t`st`d prfv`lgs c kgcsurg fo àstrukgat rgngvcadg, cal rgigdt`fa fo thgaunn àl`dctgs thct thg kflgn `s `lgatò`gl.

Ca àstrukgat, thfumh vcn`l, kcy st`nn bg „wgcj.‛ \hg dfasgqugadg fo usàm àstrukgats w`th n`ttng gxpncactfry pfwgr `s c ncrmgr b`cs à thg gst`-kctgl @_ dfgoo`d`gats (Hcha cal Hcuskca 2554), thus pftgat`cnny rgalgr-

àm thg usg fo àstrukgatgl kflgns ngss bgago`d`cn rgnct`vg tf uaàstrukgatglgst`kctfrs. Ofr th`s purpfsg, wg cnsf rua thg Drcmm-Lfacnl‐s ifàt s`maò`dcadgO-tgst fo thg àstrukgats à thg o`rst stcmg rgmrgss`fa tf tgst ofr thg`r rgng-vcadg. Cs summgstgl à thg n`tgrcturg (Ttg`mgr cal Ttfdj 300=), cs c rung fo thukb wg usg c vcnug fo cbfvg 35 fo thg O stct`st`d tf dfadnulg w`th sfkgdfao`lgadg thct thg dhfsga àstrukgats crg „strfam.‛

Aftgs

3. ]g wfunl n`jg tf cdjafwnglmg Igaa`dc Ncrr`sfa ofr usgoun dfkkgats fa cagcrn`gr vgrs`fa fo thg pcpgr.

2. \hg survgy dfnngdtgl àofrkct`fa fa cnn sfas cal lcumhtgrs fo thg hfusghfnlhgcl cal/fr thg spfusg fnlgr thca 37, cs wgnn cs thg spfusg ò hg/shg `s af

\hg Gvfnut`fa fo Cnbca`ca K`mrct`fa cal @ts Rfng à Ufvgrty Rgludt`fa 0=



nfamgr n`vàm à thg hfusghfnl cal rgs`làm cbrfcl. Tfas cal lcumhtgrscddfuat ofr cbfut 08 pgrdgat fo thg tftcn aukbgr.

4. Ofr thg sckg rgcsfa, o`murgs rgnct`vg tf kfrg rgdgat ygcrs, cal pcrt`duncrny255<, shfunl bg atgrprgtgl w`th dcut`fa: cs ofr thgsg rgdgat k`mrcats, thg l`s-tàdt`fa bgtwgga pgrkcagat cal tgkpfrcry k`mht bg ngss dngcr dut.

<. Tpn`t-foo clunts crg kgkbgrs fo audngcr hfusghfnls whf sàdg 3005 hcvg ngot tf n`vg gnsgwhgrg.

7. @a th`s cal thg ofnnfwàm o`murgs, thg ygcr àl`dctgs thg ygcr fo o`rst k`mrct`fafo pgrkcagat k`mrcats. \hus, à dcsg fo kunt`png gvgats pr`fr tf sgttnàmcbrfcl, wg usg thg t`kàm fo thg o`rst fo sudh gvgats. Hfwgvgr, à thg kcifr-`ty fo dcsgs, pgrkcagat k`mrcats fany rgpfrtgl fag k`mrct`fa gp`sflg. Cnsf,thg nfwgr aukbgrs à thg gcrny 3005s rgongdt thg ocdt thct c h`mhgr aukbgr fo thgsg gcrny k`mrcats hcvg afw rgturagl cal sgttngl bcdj à Cnbca`c, csrgongdtgl à thg h`mh aukbgrs fo tgkpfrcry k`mrcats à thgsg gcrny ygcrs fo trcas`t`fa (sgg agxt sgdt`fa).

?. \h`s lfwawcrl trgal `s pcrt`duncrny rgngvcat tf thg durrgat pfn`dy lgbctg9 `sk`mrct`fa à Cnbca`c cs c whfng truny tcpgràm foo6 @s thg `kprfvàm gdfafk`ds`tuct`fa lr`vàm thg rgdgat lfwawcrl trgal6 \h`s dhcptgr lfgs aft cllrgssthgsg qugst`fas.

=. @o wg fany dfas`lgr sfas cal lcumhtgrs cbrfcl tf dncssòy k`mrcat hfusg-hfnls, thg prfpfrt`fa fo ogkcng-hgclgl hfusghfnls lrfps tf 34 pgrdgat,dfkpcrgl w`th 38 pgrdgat à \cbng <.2, wh`dh cnsf dfas`lgrs k`mrcat spfusgs.

8. Fa thg fag hcal, pfvgrty k`mht bg hypfthgs`zgl tf dcusg k`mrct`fa: fa thgfthgr hcal, fany thg kfrg wgcnthy hfusghfnls kcy bg cbng tf coofrl k`mrc-t`fa, pcrt`duncrny tf kfrg l`stcat lgstàct`fas. Ourthgrkfrg, rgturas tf k`mrc-t`fa, ncrmgny à thg ofrk fo rgk`ttcadgs, nòt hfusghfnls fut fo pfvgrty. Tfkg

fo thgsg `ssugs crg ourthgr gxpnfrgl à KdJgaz`g cal Tcsà (255=), calcllrgssgl bgnfw.

0. Uyrck`l sdhgkgs cttrcdtgl avgstfrs by foogràm h`mh à`t`cn rgturas. N`cb`n`t`gsfotga gxdgglgl cssgts, cal unt`kctgny thg àtgrgst lug tf àvgstfrs gxdgglglcvc`ncbng ouals. ]hga àvgstfrs cttgkptgl tf w`thlrcw thg`r kfagy, thgyngcragl thct `t af nfamgr gx`stgl. By 300?, dfkpca`gs wgrg vfrcd`fusny dfk-pgtàm ofr àvgstfrs, cal twf dfkpca`gs cttrcdtgl twf k`nn`fa àvgstfrs à cdfuatry fo 4.7 k`nn`fa. Ocrkgrs sfnl foo n`vgstfdj cal rgs`lgats sfnl thg`rhfkgs tf tcjg pcrt à thg sdhgkgs, wh`dh prfk`sgl à sfkg dcsgs tf tr`pngrgturas. By thg bgmàaàm fo 300=, dfkpca`gs stfppgl kcjàm àtgrgst pcy-kgats, cal by Iuag, thg act`facn durrgady lgprgd`ctgl <5 pgrdgat tf thg W.T.lfnncr cal pr`dgs àonctgl 28 pgrdgat orfk thg bgmàaàm fo thg ygcr.

35. \h`s aukbgr `s n`jgny tf bg ca ualgrgst`kct`fa fo thg tftcn aukbgr fo gp`sflgs lug tf thg wcy ounn h`stfr`gs wgrg dfnngdtgl. @a cll`t`fa, cs shfwa by




Tk`th cal \hfkcs (2554) ofr Kcncys`c, sfkg fo thg shfrtgr gp`sflgs ocr bcdj à t`kg crg kfrg n`jgny tf bg ualgrrgpfrtgl, pcrt`duncrny whga thg gvgats crgkunt`png cal spcaaàm c nfam pgr`fl.

33. \hg aukbgr `s fbv`fusny c mrfss ualgrgst`kct`fa fo tftcn k`mrct`fa, cs `t lfgsaft cddfuat ofr gat`rg ock`n`gs thct hcvg kfvgl cbrfcl cal, thus, crg aft àfur sckpng.

32. \h`s `s aft surpr`sàm m`vga thg dfkpfs`t`fa fo thg spn`t-foo mrfup bgàm cac-nyzgl, wh`dh `s gat`rgny dfast`tutgl by `kkgl`ctg hfusghfnl kgkbgrs. \hgbghcv`fr fo fthgr rgk`ttgrs kcy bg rcthgr lòogrgat.

34. @a àlgx, dfkputgl usàm pràd`pcn dfkpfagat cacnys`s, `s bcsgl fa thghfusghfnl‐s fwagrsh`p fo g`mht lurcbng mffls à 3005.

3<. @t dfunl cnsf bg c „tgkpfrcn `ssug‛ à thct thg `kpcdt fo durrgat k`mrct`fa fadurrgat dfasukpt`fa `s kfrg l`rgdt pfstàtgmrct`fa.

37. Bgdcusg fo thg nfw aukbgr fo fbsgrvct`fas à thg tfp ruams, wg mrfup thgrgspfasgs fo thg tfp ofur ruams.

3?. @a `ts th`rl-ngvgn clkà`strct`vg subl`v`s fa, thg dfuatry `s l`v`lgl àtf 450dfkkuags (rurcn) cal ?7 kua`d`pcn`t`gs (urbca), ofr c tftcn fo 4=< clkà`s-trct`vg ua`ts.

Rgogrgadgs

Bcricbc, J. 2555. „Dfatgkpfrcry Ucttgras à Cnbca`ca K`mrct`fa.‛ Tfuth-Gcst Gurfpg Rgv`gw4(2)9 7=—?<.

lg Ywcmgr, A., @. Mglgsh`, G. Mgrkgai`, cal D. A`jcs. 2557. „Dfkpgtàm ofrRgk`ttcadgs.‛ @atgract`facn Frmca`zct`fa ofr K`mrct`fa cal mfvgrakgat fo Cnbca`c, \`rcac. http9//www.`fkt`rcac.frm.cn/àlgx.php/àlgx.php6ocqg;brfdhurg.

Mfvgrakgat fo Cnbca`c. 2557. Act`facn Ttrctgmy fa K`mrct`fa. \`rcac9Mfvgrakgat fo Cnbca`c cal @FK.

Hcha, I., cal I. Hcuskca. 2554. „]gcj @astrukgats9 L`cmafs`s cal Durgs àGkp`r`dcn Gdfafk`ds.‛ Ckgr`dca Gdfafk`d Rgv`gw04(2)9 338—27.

J`n`d, \., D. Dcrngttf, B. Lcv`s, cal C. Ygzzc. 2550. „@avgstàm Bcdj Hfkg9 RgturaK`mrct`fa cal Busàgss Fwagrsh`p à Cnbca`c.‛ Gdfafk`ds fo \rcas`t`fa 3=(4)978=—?24.

Jàm, R., cal I. _unnagtcr`. 2554. „K`mrct`fa cal Lgvgnfpkgat a Cnbca`c .‛ ]frjàmUcpgr D7. Lgvgnfpkgat Rgsgcrdh Dgatrg fa K`mrct`fa, Mnfbcn`sct`fa calUfvgrty, Wa`vgrs`ty fo Tussgx, Br`mhtfa.

KdJgaz`g, L., cal K. Tcsà. 255=. „K`mrct`fa, Rgk`ttcadgs, Ufvgrty, cal HukcaDcp`tcn9 Dfadgptucn cal Gkp`r`dcn Dhcnngamgs.‛ Ufn`dy Rgsgcrdh ]frjàmUcpgr <2=2. ]frnl Bcaj, ]cshàmtfa, LD.




Tk`th, I. U., cal L. \hfkcs. 2554. „Rgkgkbrcadgs fo \hàms Ucst9 \gst-Rgtgst Rgn`cb`n`ty fo Rgtrfspgdt`vg K`mrct`fa H`stfr`gs.‛ Ifuracn fo thg Rfycn Ttct`st`dcn Tfd`gty9 Tgr`gs C (Ttct`st`ds a Tfd`gty)3??(3)9 24—<0.

Ttc`mgr, L., cal I. H. Ttfdj. 300=. „@astrukgatcn _cr`cbngs Rgmrgss`fa w`th ]gcj @astrukgats.‛ Gdfafkgtr`dc ?79 77=—8?.

]frnl Bcaj. 255=. „Cnbca`c9 Wrbca Mrfwth, K`mrct`fa cal Ufvgrty Rgludt`fa9C Ufvgrty Cssgsskgat.‛ URGK-GDC Rgm`fa Rgpfrt. ]frnl Bcaj,

]cshàmtfa, LD.




353

@atrfludt`fa

A`dcrcmuc `s ca `nnustrct`vg dcsg ofr cacnyzàm thg nàjcmgs bgtwgga k`mrc-t`fa cal pfvgrty. ]`th c pgr dcp`tc mrfss act`facn àdfkg fo WT$3,555 à255? cal c pfpunct`fa fo 7.2 k`nn`fa, `t `s thg pffrgst dfuatry à thgwgstgra hgk`sphgrg cotgr Hc`t`. \hg pfvgrty rctg `s <? pgrdgat ct thgact`facn ngvgn cal cnkfst tw`dg cs h`mh à rurcn crgcs (]frnl Bcaj 2558).Ourthgrkfrg, A`dcrcmuc `s prfag tf acturcn l`scstgrs, cllàm ca `kpfrtcat dfkpfagat fo gdfafk`d cal sfd`cn vunagrcb`n`ty.

K`mrct`fa cal rgk`ttcadgs pncy ca àdrgcsàm rfng à A`dcrcmuc.Cddfrlàm tf thg 2557 N`vàm Ttcalcrls Kgcsurgkgat Turvgy (NTKT),cnkfst fag-th`rl fo thg A`dcrcmuca pfpunct`fa wcs coogdtgl by k`mrc-t`fa fr rgk`ttcadg onfws, w`th cbfut 3< pgrdgat fo hfusghfnls rgpfrtàmc k`mrcat cbrfcl cal 22 pgrdgat rgdg`vàm gxtgracn rgk`ttcadgs. 2 Rgk`t -

tcadgs rgcdhgl WT$?55 k`nn`fa à 2557, rgprgsgatàm <5 pgrdgat fo gxpfrts, 2.? t`kgs ofrg`ma l`rgdt àvgstkgat, cal 32 pgrdgat fo MLU(@KO 255?).

\hg kcà lgstàct`fas ofr A`dcrcmuca k`mrcats crg Dfstc R`dc calthg Wa`tgl Ttctgs, but thg dfkpfs`t`fa fo k`mrcats tf thgsg lgstàct`fas

D H C U \ G R 7

K`mrct`fa Dhf`dgs, @agqucn`tyfo Fppfrtua`t`gs, cal UfvgrtyRgludt`fa à A`dcrcmuc 3

Glkualf Kurrumcrrc cal Dctcnàc Hgrrgrc



hcs dhcamgl fvgr t`kg. Tàdg 2555, c shòt tf Dfstc R`dc cwcy orfk thgWa`tgl Ttctgs hcs dfasfn`lctgl c b`pfncr k`mrct`fa pcttgra9 A`dcrcmucak`mrcats tf Dfstc R`dc crg pffrgr, ngss gludctgl, yfuamgr, cal kfrgn`jgny tf dfkg orfk rurcn crgcs thca thfsg trcvgnàm tf thg Wa`tgl Ttctgs.\h`s `s n`jgny c rgongdt`fa fo thg uagvga l`str`but`fa fo sfd`cn cal gdf-afk`d fppfrtua`t`gs sudh cs cddgss tf gludct`fa, sfd`cn agtwfrjs, calàorcstrudturg.

K`mrct`fa dhf`dgs crg hfusghfnl lgd`s`fas bcsgl fa thg cnnfdct`fa fo ncbfr rgsfurdgs, kclg s`kuntcagfusny w`th fthgr ncbfr suppny, bulmgt cnnfdct`fa, cal hukca dcp`tcn lgd`s`fas. Cs l`sdussgl à KdJgaz`g calTcsà (255=), gstcbn`shàm dcuscn`ty bgtwgga k`mrct`fa cal pfvgrty (frfthgr hfusghfnl futdfkgs) `s lòo`dunt lug tf th`s ifàt lgd`s`fa-kcjàmprfdgss ualgrnyàm lòogrgat hfusghfnl futdfkgs. Ufvgrty cal k`mrct`fanàjcmgs crg cnsf coogdtgl by thg hgtgrfmgag`ty fo k`mrct`fa dhf`dgs, w`thlòogrgat qucn`t`gs fo k`mrct`fa lgstàct`fas àvfnvàm àtràs`dcnny lòogr-gat dfsts cal rgturas. K`mrct`fa dhf`dgs rgongdt thg hfusghfnl‐s dcpcd`tytf coofrl cal bgago`t orfk thfsg dhf`dgs.

Wsàm th`s dfadgptucn orckgwfrj, th`s dhcptgr gxckàgs thg lgtgrk`-

acats fo A`dcrcmuca k`mrct`fa tf thg Wa`tgl Ttctgs cal Dfstc R`dc calthg pfvgrty nàjcmgs fo thgsg lòogrgat k`mrct`fa fpt`fas tf lòogrgat sfd`fgdfafk`d mrfups. \hg agxt twf sgdt`fas l`sduss rgdgat trgals àk`mrct`fa cal thg b`pfncr acturg fo k`mrct`fa pcttgras. Agxt, thg dhcptgrdfkbàgs àofrkct`fa fa k`mrct`fa cal n`vàm dfal`t`fas orfk thg 2557A`dcrcmuc NTKT cnfam w`th lctc fa rcàocnn, k`mrct`fa agtwfrjs, calnfdct`fa tf àstrukgat pcst k`mrct`fa dhf`dgs à gxpncààm dfasukpt`facal pfvgrty.

Rgdgat K`mrct`fa \rgals a A`dcrcmuc

\hg snumm`sh acturg fo gdfafk`d mrfwth à A`dcrcmuc sàdg 2555 `s cssf-d`ctgl w`th acturcn l`scstgrs, rgludgl àvgstkgat, c ncmmàm cmr`dunturcnsgdtfr, cal clvgrsg àtgract`facn pr`dgs. MLU mrfwth à A`dcrcmuc wcscbfut <.< pgrdgat luràm 300=—2553, cal lgdnàgl nctgr tf 4 pgrdgat lugtf pffr pgrofrkcadg à 2552 cal 2554. \h`s snfwlfwa à mrfwth `sdngcrny fbsgrvgl à thg cmr`dunturcn sgdtfr, whgrg fag-oòth fo A`dcrcmuc‐sMLU `s prfludgl cal <5 pgrdgat fo thg ncbfr ofrdg `s gkpnfygl.Cmr`dunturcn mrfwth rctgs wgrg hcnvgl orfk 7 pgrdgat tf ngss thca 2.< pgr-dgat bgtwgga 300=—2553 cal 2553—57, lug ncrmgny tf c aukbgr fo lrfumhts cal thg dfoogg pr`dg dr`s`s à 2552.

Ucrcnngn tf thg gdfafk`d snfwlfwa, k`mrct`fa cal rgk`ttcadgs hcvgàdrgcsgl thg`r rfng à A`dcrcmuca sfd`cn cal gdfafk`d lyack`ds. Crfual

352 Kurrumcrrc cal Hgrrgrc



35 pgrdgat fo thg pfpunct`fa `s n`vàm cbrfcl“kfstny à thg Wa`tglTtctgs cal Dfstc R`dc“cal foo`d`cn rgk`ttcadgs hcvg àdrgcsgl lrckct`-dcnny luràm thg ncst tga ygcrs (O`murg 7.3), pcssàm WT$?55 k`nn`fa à2557, gqucn tf 32 pgrdgat fo MLU.

\hg kcà lgstàct`fas ofr A`dcrcmuca k`mrcats crg Dfstc R`dc calthg Wa`tgl Ttctgs, but thg dfkpfs`t`fa fo thgsg k`mrct`fa onfws hcsdhcamgl fvgr t`kg. Gk`mrct`fa tf thg Wa`tgl Ttctgs wcs ncrmgny lug tfthg gdfafk`d cal pfn`t`dcn dr`s`s luràm thg 3085s, wh`ng k`mrct`fa tfDfstc R`dc `s h`stfr`dcnny mrfualgl à thg gcrny twgat`gth dgatury, w`thcmr`dunturcn sgcsfacn ncbfr k`mrct`fa css`stàm à thg Dfstc R`dcabcacac cal dfoogg àlustr`gs (Kchngr 255?). Bgtwgga 30=0 cal 3005,cbfut ?5 pgrdgat fo rgpfrtgl A`dcrcmuca k`mrcats wgat tf thg Wa`tglTtctgs, cddfrlàm tf thg NTKT. 4 \hgsg gcrn`gr futonfws crg dfrrfbf-rctgl by gv`lgadg orfk thg 2555 W.T. Dgasus, wh`dh shfws thct 73pgrdgat fo A`dcrcmuca k`mrcats àtf thg Wa`tgl Ttctgs crr`vgl 27 ygcrsgcrn`gr.<

\hg gk`mrct`fa pcttgra bgmca tf shòt tfwcrl Dfstc R`dc cal cwcyorfk thg Wa`tgl Ttctgs à thg 3005s, cal th`s lgstàct`fa shòt hcs cddgn-

grctgl w`th thg rgdgat àdrgcsg à tftcn k`mrct`fa onfws (O`murg 7.2).Bgtwgga 2553 cal 2557, cddfrlàm tf thg NTKT lctc, thg pgrdgatcmgfo hfusghfnls w`th c k`mrcat cbrfcl àdrgcsgl orfk 33 tf 3< pgrdgat,w`th ?5 pgrdgat fo k`mrcats mfàm tf Dfstc R`dc dfkpcrgl tf fany 45pgrdgat tf thg Wa`tgl Ttctgs, cal thg rgst tf fthgr ag`mhbfràm dfua-tr`gs.7 \hg survgy gv`lgadg `s dfrrfbfrctgl by thg 2557 A`dcrcmucDgasus, wh`dh ofual thct <8 pgrdgat fo k`mrcats ngot thg dfuatry

K`mrct fa Dhf`dgs, @agqucn`ty fo Fppfrtua t`gs, cal Ufvgrty Rgludt fa à A`dcrcmuc 354

?3?

=7

75

375

275

475

<75

775

?75

3 0 0 7

3 0 0 ?

3 0 0 =

3 0 0 8

3 0 0 0

2 5 5 5

2 5 5 3

2 5 5 2

2 5 5 4

2 5 5 <

2 5 5 7

W T $

, k ` n n ` f a s

O`murg 7.3 Rgk`ttcadg Onfws tf A`dcrcmuc, 3007—2557

Tfurdg9]frnl Bcaj, LGDUM.



bgtwgga 2555 cal 2557, dfkpcrgl tf fany 22 pgrdgat bgtwgga 3007cal 3000, cal thct 77 pgrdgat fo k`mrcats wgat tf Dfstc R`dc bgtwgga

3007 cal 2557, dfkpcrgl tf 45 pgrdgat bgtwgga 3087 cal 3007(@AGD 255=).

Cddfrlàm tf thg 2555 Dfstc R`dc Dgasus, kfrg thca 255,555A`dcrcmucas wgrg n`vàm a Dfstc R`dc, but gst`kctgs bcsgl fa Dfstc R`dcab`rth rgdfrls cal ogrt`n`ty pcttgras summgst thct thg aukbgr `s 284,555, fr? pgrdgat fo Dfstc R`dc‐s pfpunct`fa. ]h`ng th`s shfws thg kcma`tulg calrgngvcadg fo thg k`mrct`fa phgafkgafa ofr bfth dfuatr`gs, thg `kpcdt dfunl st`nn bg ualgrgst`kctgl bgdcusg thg dgasus lfgs aft dcpturg sgcsfacn

A`dcrcmuca k`mrct`fa cssfd`ctgl w`th pgcj hcrvgst t`kgs à Dfstc R`dc.Gst`kctgs fo sgcsfacn k`mrcats dfunl cumkgat thg fr`màcn o`murg by355,555. ? \hg aukbgr fo A`dcrcmuca hfusghfnl kgkbgrs cbsgat luràmthg ygcr pr`fr tf thg hfusghfnl survgy `s ?5 pgrdgat h`mhgr thca thct fo rgpfrtgl pgrkcagat k`mrcats, summgstàm thct ca `kpfrtcat prfpfrt`fa fo hfusghfnls crg àvfnvgl à sgcsfacn k`mrct`fa. = Dfrrfbfrct`vg gv`lgadgfo sgcsfacn k`mrct`fa `s cnsf ofual à c survgy fo kfrg thca <,555 hfusg-hfnls à afrthgra prfvàdgs fo A`dcrcmuc, whgrg hcno fo thg hfusghfnlscrg àvfnvgl à sgcsfacn k`mrct`fa (Kcdfurs cal _cj`s 255=). 8

\hg substcat`cn prfpgas`ty ofr k`mrct`fa tf Dfstc R`dc `s rgongdtgl ààtgracn k`mrct`fa onfws agcr thg bfrlgr. @o k`mrct`fa tf Dfstc R`dc `sàdrgcsàm, `t shfunl bg rgnctgl tf àtgracn onfws tfwcrl thg bfrlgr.Cddfrlàm tf thg 2557 A`dcrcmuc Dgasus, 34 pgrdgat fo A`dcrcmucas n`vgà c lgpcrtkgat lòogrgat orfk thg`r b`rth pncdg, cal thg lgpcrtkgats

35< Kurrumcrrc cal Hgrrgrc

5

7

35

37

25

27

4547

3 0 ? 4

— = 0

3 0 8

3

3 0 8

4

3 0 8

7

3 0 8

=

3 0 8

0

3 0 0

3

3 0 0

4

3 0 0

7

3 0 0

=

3 0 0

0

2 5 5

3

2 5 5

4

2 5 5

7

# f

o k


l s

Dfstc R`dcWa`tgl Ttctgs

O`murg 7.2 A`dcrcmuca K`mrcats tf Dfstc R`dc cal thg Wa`tgl Ttctgs

Tfurdg9NTKT 2557.



hcvàm thg ncrmgst prfpfrt`fa fo rgs`lgats aft bfra à thg pncdg fo dgasus(bgs`lgs thg dcp`tcn Kcacmuc) crg Rëf Tca Iuca cal Rgm`ôa Cutôafkc lgnCtnãat`df Tur (RCCT) bfrlgràm Dfstc R`dc. @a ocdt, Rëf Tca Iuca cttrcdtspfpunct`fas orfk Dhfatcngs cal RCCT, prfbcbny h`làm trcask`mrct`fapcttgras àtf Dfstc R`dc. \h`s dhcptgr lfgs aft cllrgss àtgracn kfb`n`tycal `ts nàjcmg tf àtgract`facn k`mrct`fa, lug tf lctc n`k`tct`fas.

B`pfncr K`mrct`fa Ucttgras cal Gdfafk`d Fppfrtua`t`gs

\hg rgdgat shòt fo futonfws tf Dfstc R`dc cwcy orfk thg Wa`tgl Ttctgs hcsdfasfn`lctgl c lòogrgat`ctgl k`mrct`fa prfo`ng bgtwgga thgsg twf lgstàc-t`fa dfuatr`gs à wh`dh wfrsg-foo àl`v`lucns mf tf Dfstc R`dc cal thfsgwhf crg bgttgr foo k`mrctg tf thg Wa`tgl Ttctgs. K`mrct`fa tf thg Wa`tglTtctgs àvfnvgs c ncrmgr oàcad`cn dfst fo trcvgn, cll`t`facn dunturcn thrgshfnlssudh cs ncamucmg, cal kfrg lgvgnfpgl sfd`cn agtwfrjs tf gahcadg gkpnfy-kgat fppfrtua`t`gs. By dfatrcst, k`mrct`fa tf Dfstc R`dc s dhgcpgr, thg lgs-tàct`fa `s dnfsgr, thg ncamucmg `s aft prfbngkct`d, cal tgkpfrcry fr d`rduncrk`mrct`fa kcy rgludg thg burlga fo thg àtgmrct`fa prfdgss.

K`mrct`fa dhf`dgs thus rgongdt lòogrgat sfd`fgdfafk`d bcdjmrfualscal thg uagvga l`str`but`fa fo sfd`cn cal gdfafk`d fppfrtua`t`gs, sudhcs cddgss tf gludct`fa, sfd`cn agtwfrjs, cal àorcstrudturg. C A`dcrcmucak`mrcat‐s cvgrcmg aukbgr fo ygcrs fo gludct`fa `s h`mhgr thca thgact`facn cvgrcmg: hfwgvgr, th`s h`lgs c l`stàdt`fa bgtwgga thfsg whfk`mrctg tf Dfstc R`dc, whf fa cvgrcmg hcvg c pr`kcry gludct`fa, cal thfsgkfvàm tf thg Wa`tgl Ttctgs, whf mgagrcnny hcvg cdh`gvgl cll`t`facnygcrs à sgdfalcry sdhffn (\cbng 7.3). \hg nfwgr gludct`facn ngvgns fo

A`dcrcmuca k`mrcats à Dfstc R`dc dfrrgspfal tf thg rgpfrtgl cdt`v`t`gsthgy pgrofrk à thg lgstàct`fa dfuatry. K`mrcats crg dfadgatrctgl à thgafrthgra prfvàdgs fo Dfstc R`dc, whgrg cmr`dunturcn wfrj `s prglfk`-acat, cal à thg dcp`tcn Tca Ifsà, whgrg dfastrudt`fa cal hfusgjggpàmsgrv`dgs crg thg dfrg fddupct`fas. C rgdgat cssgsskgat fo pfvgrty cal n`v-àm dfal`t`fas à Dfstc R`dc gxckàgl à lgtc`n thg s`tuct`fa fo thgA`dcrcmuca k`mrcats, shfwàm thg`r pfs`t`fa à thg bfttfk fo thg wcmgl`str`but`fa cal nfwgr fddupct`facn stctus (]frnl Bcaj 255=).

A`dcrcmuca gk`mrct`fa `s prglfkàcatny ca urbca phgafkgafa but lòogrs mrgctny bgtwgga thg Wa`tgl Ttctgs cal Dfstc R`dc. \hrgg fut fo ofur A`dcrcmuca k`mrcats dfkg orfk urbca hfusghfnls, but th`s urbcadfadgatrct`fa `s gvga kfrg prfafuadgl ckfam k`mrcats tf thg Wa`tglTtctgs (02 pgrdgat). 0 Rurcn àl`v`lucns cddfuat ofr kfrg thca 48 pgrdgat fo thfsg mfàm tf Dfstc R`dc. @o sgcsfacn k`mrct`fa tf Dfstc R`dc cssfd`ctgl




w`th thg pgcj hcrvgst t`kgs wgrg bgttgr dcpturgl à dgasus cal survgy

àstrukgats, th`s pgrdgatcmg wfunl bg s`maò`dcatny h`mhgr. By mgfmrcph`dcnnfdct`fa, kfst k`mrcats tf thg Wa`tgl Ttctgs crg orfk Kcacmuc (<7 pgrdgat),wh`ng thfsg k`mrctàm tf Dfstc R`dc dfkg orfk thg Ucdò`d rgm`fa. ]h`ng thgUcdò`d rgm`fa cddfuats ofr fany 45 pgrdgat fo thg pfpunct`fa, cbfut hcno fo thg k`mrct`fa tf Dfstc R`dc `s orfk th`s rgm`fa.

H`mhgr-àdfkg ock`n`gs crg kfrg n`jgny tf hcvg c k`mrcat cbrfcl. L`stàd -t`vg pcttgras fo k`mrct`fa crg fbsgrvgl cdrfss thg àdfkg l`str`but`fa, àtgrks fo bfth prfpgas`ty tf k`mrctg cal dhf`dg fo lgstàct`fa. \h`s `s

`kkgl`ctgny cppcrgat whga hfusghfnls w`th k`mrcats crg l`v`lgl àtfdfasukpt`fa quàt`ngs (O`murg 7.4). Tàdg dfasukpt`fa kcy bg coogdtgl byk`mrct`fa cal rgk`ttcadgs, thg l`str`but`fa fo k`mrcats by hfusghfnl cssgtsquàt`ngs `s cnsf shfwa, dfrrfbfrctàm thg sgngdt`vg pcttgra fo k`mrct`fa. 35

\hg ocdt thct pffrgr àl`v`lucns crg kfrg n`jgny tf k`mrctg tf DfstcR`dc thca tf thg Wa`tgl Ttctgs dca bg dfao`rkgl by nffjàm ct lgstàc-t`fa dhf`dgs by dfasukpt`fa quàt`ng (O`murg 7.<). \hg prfpfrt`fa fo k`mrcats tf Dfstc R`dc lgdrgcsgs cs hfusghfnl pgr dcp`tc dfasukpt`faàdrgcsgs. \hg pgrdgatcmg fo k`mrcats tf Dfstc R`dc à gcdh quàt`ng `sncrmgr thca thg pgrdgatcmg mfàm tf thg Wa`tgl Ttctgs, gxdgpt ofr thgh`mhgst quàt`ng. ]h`ng kfrg thca 85 pgrdgat fo k`mrcats orfk thg pffr-gst quàt`ng mf tf Dfstc R`dc, fany fag-oòth fo thfsg orfk thg r`dhgst quàt`ng dhffsg thct lgstàct`fa.

Kfrgfvgr, 82 pgrdgat fo thg tftcn vfnukg fo rgk`ttcadgs `s rgdg`vgl bythg tfp twf quàt`ngs. ]h`ng a thg nfwgst quàt`ng c hfusghfnl rgdg`vgs fa

35? Kurrumcrrc cal Hgrrgrc

\cbng 7.3 K`mrcat Dhcrcdtgr`st`ds

\ftcn k`mrcats Dfstc R`dc

Wa`tglTtctgs

Fthgrdfuatr`gs

\ftcn pfpunct`fa àA`dcrcmuc

Cdtucn cmg (kgca) 42.7 20.< 4?.0 43.4 “Pgcrs fo gludct`fa =.= ?.< 0.< =.0 7.0c

Wrbca rgs`lgadg (%) =7.3 ?3.= 03.8 ==.< 77.8Rgm`fa fo fr`mà (%)

Kcacmuc 2?.= 34.= <<.8 22.= 27.5Ucdò`df 40.7 75.2 22.4 <0.7 20.5Dgatrcn 27.2 24.? 28.2 22.7 42.5Ctncat`df 8.= 32.7 <.= 7.< 3<.5 \ftcn 355.5 355.5 355.5 355.5 355.5

Tfurdg9NTKT 2557.Aftg9“ ; aft cvc`ncbngc. \h`s cvgrcmg wcs dcndunctgl bcsgl fa al`v`lucns whf crg 37 ygcrs fnl fr fnlgr.



cvgrcmg WT$442 pgr ygcr, à thg r`dhgst quàt`ng c hfusghfnl rgdg`vgscpprfx`kctgny ofur t`kgs thct ckfuat. Rgk`ttcadgs rgprgsgat, fa cvgrcmg,2 pgrdgat fo hfusghfnl dfasukpt`fa à thg o`rst quàt`ng cal 35 pgrdgat ofr thfsg à thg oòth quàt`ng. @a thg dcsg fo sgcsfacn k`mrct`fa, thg cvgr-cmg àdfkg brfumht hfkg `s crfual WT$255 ofr sgngdtgl dfkkua`t`gs à

K`mrct fa Dhf`dgs, @agqucn`ty fo Fppfrtua t`gs, cal Ufvgrty Rgludt fa à A`dcrcmuc 35=

5

25

<5

?5

8 5

355

3 2 4

quàt`ngsnfwgst h`mhgst

< 7

% f

o k

` m r c a t s

Dfstc R`dc Wa`tgl Ttctgs

O`murg 7.< K`mrcat Lgstàct`fa by Dfasukpt`fa Suàt`ng

Tfurdg9NTKT 2557.

5

35

25

45

<5

75

3 2 4 < 7

quàt`ngs

% h

f u s g

h f

n l s w

` t h k

` m r c a t s

dfasukpt`fa cssgt àlgx

nfwgst h`mhgst

O`murg 7.4 A`dcrcmuc @ad`lgadg fo K`mrct`fa by Suàt`ng

Tfurdg9NTKT 2557.





dhcrcdtgr`st`ds sudh cs gludct`fa, mgalgr, cal ncbfr ofrdg pcrt`d`pct`fa: calthg gdfafk`d sgdtfr orfk wh`dh kfst àdfkgs crg lrcwa. Dfk kua`tydhcrcdtgr`st`ds àdnulg mgfmrcph`d cttr`butgs (urbca/rurcn, lgpcrtkgat)cal thg gx`stàm k`mrct`fa agtwfrj à thg dfkkua`ty (kgcsurgl cs thgrgnct`vg `kpfrtcadg fo thg k`mrcat tf gcdh lgstàct`fa à thg dfrrgspfa-làm kua`d`p`f).

\hg rgsunts fo th`s gxgrd`sg shfw thct k`mrct`fa dhf`dgs bgtwgga2552 cal 2557, whga k`mrct`fa tf Dfstc R`dc wcs cddgngrctàm, wgrgshcpgl by lòogrgadgs à hfusghfnl hukca cal phys`dcn cssgts, cal àk`mrcats‐ cb`n`ty tf gxpnf`t gx`stàm sfd`cn agtwfrjs. Hukca cal dcp`tcncssgts, mgfmrcph`d nfdct`fa, cal cddgss tf sfd`cn àorcstrudturg gcdhpncygl c rfng à ngclàm àl`v`lucns tf k`mrctg, a mgagrcn, cal tf k`mrctgtf spgdò`d lgstàct`fas.

\hg rgsunts fo thg kuntàfk`cn dhf`dg kflgn dfrrfbfrctg thct thglr`vgrs fo k`mrct`fa tf thg Wa`tgl Ttctgs cal tf Dfstc R`dc crg aftcbnylòogrgat. O`rst, hfusghfnl rgn`cadg fa cmr`dunturg àdrgcsgs thg flls fo k`mrct`fa, kcàny tf Dfstc R`dc, summgstàm thct thg ncmmàm mrfwth àcmr`dunturg hcs bgga ca `kpfrtcat push ocdtfr tf Dfstc R`dc. Mgfmrcph` -

dcn nfdct`fa fo hfusghfnls dca cnsf lgtgrkàg thg lgstàct`fa. @al`v`lucnsà hfusghfnls à lgpcrtkgats dnfsg tf Kcacmuc“n`jg Iàftgmc, Kclr`z,cal Gstgn`“crg kfrg n`jgny tf k`mrctg tf thg Wa`tgl Ttctgs thca thfsg n`v-àm ocr cwcy orfk thg dcp`tcn. @al`v`lucns n`vàm à Rëf Tca Iuca fr RCCT,fa thg fthgr hcal, crg kfrg n`jgny tf mf tf Dfstc R`dc, cal thg prfpga-s`ty tf k`mrctg tf thg Wa`tgl Ttctgs `s rgludgl lrcst`dcnny. Hfusghfnlsw`th nfwgr cddgss tf sfd`cn àorcstrudturg, cs kgcsurgl by thg l`stcadg tfthg agcrgst hgcnth cal gludct`fa sgrv`dgs, hcvg nfwgr prfpgas`t`gs tf

k`mrctg tf Dfstc R`dc, rgongdtàm nfwgr cddgss tf trcaspfrt cal dfkkua`-dct`fa sgrv`dgs.34

@al`v`lucn dhcrcdtgr`st`ds dca cnsf shcpg lgstàct`fa dhf`dgs. Ca àl`-v`lucn w`th pr`kcry sdhffnàm àdrgcsgs hgr fr h`s flls fo k`mrctàm tfDfstc R`dc dfkpcrgl tf aft k`mrctàm ct cnn by kfrg thca 75 pgrdgat, but h`mhgr ngvgns fo gludct`fa lf aft àdrgcsg thgsg flls. Fa thg fthgr hcal,h`mhgr ngvgns fo gludct`fa àdrgcsg thg flls fo k`mrctàm tf thg Wa`tglTtctgs. \hgsg sgpcrctàm googdts fo gludct`fa crg dfao`rkgl à fthgr stul-`gs thct ofual àdrgcsàm hukca dcp`tcn bgyfal pr`kcry gludct`fargludgs k`mrct`fa tf Dfstc R`dc dfkpcrgl tf thg Wa`tgl Ttctgs (_crmcscal Bcrqugrf 2557).

\hg `kpcdt fo pr`kcry gludct`fa `s pcrt`duncrny `kpfrtcat ckfamogkcngs, whfsg flls fo k`mrctàm tf Dfstc R`dc crg àdrgcsgl thrggofnl,wh`ng ofr kcngs, pr`kcry gludct`fa dfkpngt`fa `s aft s`maò`dcat. 3< \h`s




gv`lgadg kcy cnsf kctdh thg pcttgras fo ncbfr kcrjgt cbsfrpt`fa à DfstcR`dc, whgrg ogkcngs crg prglfkàcatny cbsfrbgl àtf hfusghfnl sgrv`dgswhgrg sfkg bcs`d gludct`fa kcy bg rgqu`rgl, wh`ng kcngs crg cbsfrbglàtf cmr`dunturg cal dfastrudt`fa, whgrg gludct`fa kcy aft bg cs `kpfr-tcat. \hg gludct`fa ngvgn fo thg hfusghfnl hgcl `s cnsf rgngvcat9 àl`v`l-ucns à hfusghfnls whgrg thg hgcl hcs c tgdha`dcn fr tgrt`cry gludct`facrg fany twf-th`rls cs n`jgny tf k`mrctg tf Dfstc R`dc dfkpcrgl tf stcy-àm à A`dcrcmuc.

Gx`stàm sfd`cn agtwfrjs fo k`mrcats à Dfstc R`dc crg pncyàm ca`kpfrtcat rfng à thg rgdgat k`mrct`fa wcvgs. Kua`d`pcn k`mrct`fa agt-wfrjs ofr gcdh lgstàct`fa crg kgcsurgl by thg aukbgr fo k`mrcats tfgcdh lgstàct`fa whf ngot A`dcrcmuc bgofrg 2553 cs c shcrg fo thg tftcnkua`d`pcn pfpunct`fa. \hgsg agtwfrj vcr`cbngs crg dfrrgnctgl w`thàdrgcsgl k`mrct`fa tf Dfstc R`dc, but aft tf thg Wa`tgl Ttctgs. Faggxpncact`fa ofr thg lòogrgat`cn `kpcdt fo agtwfrjs à lgstàct`fa dhf`dgs`s thct ofr k`mrct`fa tf thg Wa`tgl Ttctgs, l`rgdt ock`ny dfaagdt`fas, glu-dct`facn cttcàkgat, cal fthgr sj`nns crg bgttgr àstrukgats ofr àsgrt`fa.Fa thg fthgr hcal, sfd`cn dcp`tcn nàjcmgs cal fthgr àofrkcn kgdhca`sks

crg gxpnf`tgl à k`mrctàm tf cal fbtcààm c ifb à Dfstc R`dc. \hgsgnàjcmgs ut`n`zg dfkkua`ty fr kua`d`pcn dfatcdts bgyfal ock`ny dfaagd-t`fas tf cssgss thg prfspgdts fo oàlàm ifbs cal mcààm dfatcdt w`thouturg gkpnfygrs à Dfstc R`dc. Gkpnfygrs, à tura, rgny fa thgsg brfclgragtwfrjs tf cddgss agw ncbfr m`vga thg rgdfkkgalct`fas fo durrgat wfrjgrs (Bfrmg 2557).

Tfd`cn agtwfrjs hcvg c h`mhgr `kpcdt fa k`mrct`fa prfbcb`n`ty tfDfstc R`dc ofr thg ngss sj`nngl (O`murg 7.?). \hg strfamgr googdt fo sfd`cn

agtwfrjs ofr thg ngss gludctgl suppfrts thg oàlàms fo KdJgaz`g calRcpfpfrt (255?) à Kgx`df, whgrg thg rfng fo agtwfrjs lgdrgcsgs w`thgludct`fa ngvgn fo thg dfkkua`ty.

Cs ca gxtgas`fa fo th`s kuntàfk`cn k`mrct`fa lgstàct`fa kflgn,Kurrumcrrc cal Hgrrgrc (2558) cacnyzg hfw gxtrgkg rcàocnn dfal`t`fas(cbafrkcnny nfw fr h`mh) coogdtgl thg rgdgat k`mrct`fa onfws cwcy orfkthg Wa`tgl Ttctgs tf Dfstc R`dc cs c rgsunt fo hfusghfnl lgd`s`fas tf dfpgw`th àdfkg shfdjs. 37 \hg rgsunts àl`dctg thct thg kcrmàcn `kpcdts fo thg gxtrgkg wgcthgr dfal`t`fas crg n`jgny tf àdrgcsg k`mrct`fa tf DfstcR`dc, but aft tf thg Wa`tgl Ttctgs. \hg prgsgadg fo c sgvgrg lrfumht kfrgthca lfubngs thg prfbcb`n`ty fo k`mrctàm tf Dfstc R`dc dfkpcrgl tf aft kfvàm, but lfgs aft coogdt thg prfbcb`n`ty fo k`mrctàm tf thg Wa`tglTtctgs. Fa thg fthgr gxtrgkg, gxdgss rcàocnn lfgs aft hcvg c stct`st`dcnnys`maò`dcat `kpcdt fa k`mrcat lgstàct`fa dhf`dgs.




\hgsg rgsunts crg dfas`stgat w`th thg b`pfncr k`mrct`fa pcttgra ofualà A`dcrcmuc sàdg 2555, whgrg sgvgrg lrfumhts coogdt thfsg àvfnvgl àcmr`dunturg dfkpcrgl tf bgttgr-foo àl`v`lucns, whf hcvg cddgss tf fthgràstrukgats tf dfpg w`th shfdjs. \hg A`dcrcmuca rurcn pfpunct`fa, wh`dhprglfkàcatny mfgs tf Dfstc R`dc, `s kfrg vunagrcbng tf gxtrgkg wgcthgr

dfal`t`fas, cal lrfumhts hcvg bgdfkg c push ocdtfr ofr ncbfr kfb`n`ty àthg cbsgadg fo fthgr dfasukpt`fa fr àdfkg-skffthàm kgdhca`sks.

C s`kpng gst`kct`fa fo dfasukpt`fa ngvgns àl`dctgs thct thg pfvgrtyrctg à A`dcrcmuc wfunl hcvg bgga < pgrdgatcmg pfàts h`mhgr w`thfut rgk`ttcadgs orfk k`mrcats (\cbng 7.2). \h`s googdt `s dngcrny fbsgrvgl àurbca crgcs, whgrg kfst k`mrcats fr`màctg cal whgrg kfst rgk`ttcadgscrg sgat. \hg googdts crg vgry `kpfrtcat crfual thg gxtrgkg pfvgrty nàg9thg gxtrgkg pfvgrty rctg wfunl hcvg bgga kfrg thca 38 pgrdgat (up orfk

3< pgrdgat) ò rgk`ttcadgs wgrg aft rgdg`vgl à A`dcrcmuc. \h`s `nnustrctgsthct wh`ng rgk`ttcadgs tf thg pffr crg skcnngr, thgy st`nn rgprgsgat ca`kpfrtcat shcrg fo thg bulmgt, gspgd`cnny ofr gxtrgkgny pffr hfusghfnls.

\hgsg cssfd`ctgl mcàs wgrg cnsf ofual cotgr dfatrfnnàm ofr fthgrsfd`fgdfafk`d ocdtfrs, kflgnàm g`thgr dfasukpt`fa fr pfvgrty àl`dc-tfrs. 3? \wf gkp`r`dcn strctgm`gs wgrg gkpnfygl. O`rst, c prfb`t kflgn ofrthg hfusghfnl pfvgrty àl`dctfr wcs `kpngkgatgl tf shfw thg googdt fo hcvàm c k`mrcat cbrfcl. Dfatrfnnàm ofr lgkfmrcph`d, sfd`fgdfafk`d,cal mgfmrcph`d dhcrcdtgr`st`ds fo thg hfusghfnl, th`s kcrmàcn googdt dfunl pftgat`cnny rgludg thg prfbcb`n`ty fo bgàm pffr by 35.7 pgrdgatcmgpfàts cal àdrgcsg hfusghfnl pgr dcp`tc dfasukpt`fa by 37 pgrdgat.@adnulàm thg aukbgr fo k`mrcats cs c vcr`cbng“sàdg cnkfst fag-th`rl fo A`dcrcmuca hfusghfnls w`th k`mrcats hcvg kfrg thca fag k`mrcat cbrfcl (@AGD 255?)“shfws thct thg aukbgr fo k`mrcats `s cssfd`ctgl


5

275

755

=75

3,555

5 37 45 <7 ?5 05 325ygcrs fo gludct`fa

k ` m r c a t s t f

D f s t c

R ` d c

p g r

3 5

, 5 5 5 h f u s g

h f n l s

3 ygcr 4 ygcrs ? ygcrs 32 ygcrs

O`murg 7.? Urfbcb`n`ty fo K`mrct`fa tf Dfstc R`dc, by Gludct`fa Ngvgn

Tfurdg9NTKT 2557.



w`th ca 8 pgrdgat àdrgcsg à dfasukpt`fa cal c = pgrdgatcmg pfàt rgludt`fa à pfvgrty (\cbng 7C.2 à thg caagx). 3=

Tgdfal, thg cacnys`s l`stàmu`shgl k`mrcats by dfuatry fo lgstàct`fa.Cs gxpgdtgl, thg kcrmàcn googdt fo k`mrctàm tf thg Wa`tgl Ttctgs `s s`m-aò`dcatny h`mhgr thca thg mcàs orfk k`mrctàm tf Dfstc R`dc (O`murg 7.=cal tcbng 7C.4 à thg caagx). K`mrct`fa tf thg Wa`tgl Ttctgs `s cssfd`-ctgl w`th dfasukpt`fa mcàs ct 3= pgrdgat cal rgludt`fas à pfvgrty tf3= pgrdgatcmg pfàts ct thg act`facn ngvgn. \hg cssfd`ctgl mcàs ofrk`mrct`fa tf Dfstc R`dc crg skcnngr but st`nn shfw s`maò`dcat googdts àrurcn crgcs, whgrg hfusghfnls w`th k`mrcats hcvg ca cssfd`ctgl dfa-sukpt`fa mcà fo 33 pgrdgat cal c rgludt`fa à thg n`jgn`hffl fo pfvgrtyfo ? pgrdgatcmg pfàts.


\cbng 7.2 Ufvgrty Rctgs w`th cal w`thfut Rgk`ttcadgs, 2557 pgrdgat

(c)\ftcn

dfasukpt`fa

(b)Dfasukpt`fa

w`thfut rgkk`ttcadgs

(d)Lòogrgadg

(c)—(b)

(l)Ttl grrfr

(c)

Mgagrcn pfvgrty Act`facn <?.5 <0.= —4.= 3.<Wrbca 28.0 44.8 —<.0 3.8Rurcn ?=.= ?0.8 —2.3 3.7Gxtrgkg pfvgrty Act`facn 3<.8 38.5 —4.2 5.8Wrbca 7.< 0.3 —4.= 5.8Rurcn 2?.? 20.2 —2.? 3.<

Tfurdg9NTKT 2557.

O`murg 7.= Kcrmàcn @kpcdts fa thg N`jgn`hffl fo Ufvgrty by K`mrcat Lgstàct`fa

Tfurdg9NTKT 2557.Aftg 9 \hg kcrmàcn `kpcdts crg dcndunctgl usàm c prfb`t kflgn. Rgsunts ct act`facn cal rurcn ngvgn crg ct c 3% ngvgnfo s`maò`dcadg, wh`ng thg urbca crgcs crg ct c 35% ngvgn fo s`maò`dcadg.

5

35

25 p g r d g a t c m g f

o

p f

` a t r g l u d t ` f a

45

<5

75

act`facn rurcn urbca

Wa`tgl Ttctgs Dfstc R`dc



\hg fbsgrvgl mcàs orfk k`mrct`fa, hfwgvgr, kcy dfkg w`th c l`rgdt dfst fa hfusghfnl wgnn-bgàm. K`mrct`fa prfdgssgs kcy coogdt hfusghfnlcnnfdct`fa fo ncbfr rgsfurdgs w`th lòogrgat pftgat`cn futdfkgs. K`mrct`fafo clunt kcngs, ofr gxckpng, dfunl rgprgsgat ca àdrgcsgl aggl ofr ncbfrorfk fthgr kgkbgrs (ogkcngs fr fnlgr dh`nlrga), gspgd`cnny ò hfusghfnlscrg àvfnvgl à sgno-gkpnfykgat fr fthgr hfusghfnl-bcsgl prfludt`vgcdt`v`t`gs. \h`s dfunl, à tura, ngcl tf c lgdnàg à sdhffnàm ckfam fnlgrdh`nlrga fr ngss t`kg by fthgr kgkbgrs spgat w`th thg dh`nlrga.

\hg cll`t`facn àdfkg dca foosgt sfkg fo thgsg agmct`vg googdts.Crgals-Jugaàm cal Lurygc (255?) oàl à A`dcrcmuc thct clfngsdgatsbgtwgga 3< cal 3? ygcrs fnl n`vàm à c sàmng-pcrgat hfusghfnl gxpgr`-gadg c lgdnàg à sdhffn garfnnkgat orfk ?= tf 77 pgrdgat, cotgr cddfuat-àm ofr fthgr àdfkg nfssgs. Dfx-Glwcrls cal Wrgtc (2554), fa thg fthgrhcal, ofual thct k`mrct`fa cal cssfd`ctgl rgk`ttcadgs hcl c pfs`t`vggoogdt fa sdhffn rgtgat`fa. @a c survgy fo pffr A`dcrcmuca v`nncmgs à thgafrth, Kcdfurs cal _cj`s (255=) ofual thct dh`nlrga fo sgcsfacn k`mrcat kfthgrs ocrg sn`mhtny wfrsg w`th rgmcrl tf lgvgnfpkgat àl`dctfrs (dfm-a`t`vg cal hgcnth stctus) dfkpcrgl tf afak`mrcats. \hgsg futdfkgs,

hfwgvgr, crg cttr`butgl tf fthgr sfd`cn cal gdfafk`d dhcrcdtgr`st`ds fo thghfusghfnl cal dfkkua`t`gs, cal aft tf k`mrct`fa `tsgno. Cddfuatàm ofrfthgr ocdtfrs, dh`nlrga orfk sgcsfacn k`mrcats shfw bgttgr dfma`t`vgcdh`gvgkgat futdfkgs, ualgrsdfràm thg `kpfrtcat rfng fo gxtgalglock`ny agtwfrjs à prfv`làm dcrg ofr yfuam dh`nlrga cal thg gkpfwgr-kgat fo wfkga lug tf k`mrct`fa.

Dfadnus`fa cal Ufn`dy @kpn`dct`fas

K`mrct`fa cal rgk`ttcadgs hcvg ca àdrgcsàm rfng à thg sfd`cn cal gdf-afk`d lyack`ds fo A`dcrcmuc, whgrg cnkfst fag-th`rl fo hfusghfnlsg`thgr hcvg c k`mrcat fr rgdg`vg rgk`ttcadgs orfk cbrfcl. @adrgcsàmk`mrct`fa futonfws tf Dfstc R`dc à rgdgat ygcrs hcvg lgoàgl c l`stàd-t`vg k`mrct`fa prfo`ng. A`dcrcmuca k`mrcats tf Dfstc R`dc crg pffrgr, ngssgludctgl, yfuamgr, cal kfrg n`jgny tf dfkg orfk rurcn crgcs thca thg`rdfuatgrpcrts mfàm tf thg Wa`tgl Ttctgs. Tdcrdg fppfrtua`t`gs à rurcncrgcs, n`vàm à lgpcrtkgats ag`mhbfràm Dfstc R`dc, cal cddgss tf rfclscal fthgr sfd`cn àorcstrudturg ocd`n`tctg k`mrct`fa onfws tf Dfstc R`dc,wh`dh cttrcdtgl ?5 pgrdgat fo A`dcrcmuca gk`mrcats bgtwgga 2553 cal2557. \hg k`mrct`fa tf Dfstc R`dc `s pr`kcr`ny by wfrjàm-cmg àl`v`lucnswhf oàl wfrj à cmr`dunturg, dfastrudt`fa, cal hfusghfnl sgrv`dgs, sgd-tfrs thct rgqu`rg n`ttng hukca dcp`tcn. Bcs`d ngvgns fo gludct`fa àdrgcsg




thg dhcadgs fo dhffsàm Dfstc R`dc cs lgstàct`fa, wh`ng h`mhgr ngvgns fo gludct`fa àdrgcsg thg flls fo k`mrctàm tf thg Wa`tgl Ttctgs.

\hg cssfd`ctgl mcàs orfk k`mrct`fa cal rgk`ttcadgs hcvg rgludgl thgA`dcrcmuca pfvgrty ngvgn by < tf 7 pgrdgatcmg pfàts, w`th c kfrg `kpfr-tcat `kpcdt ofr thg gxtrgkg pffr. Kfst fo thg bgago`ts crg cssfd`ctgl w`thk`mrct`fa tf thg Wa`tgl Ttctgs, wh`ng thg bgago`ts orfk k`mrctàm tf DfstcR`dc sggk kfrg kflgst cal dfadgatrctgl à rurcn crgcs. Tt`nn, thfsgskcnngr bgago`ts pncy ca `kpfrtcat rfng ofr thg sgalàm hfusghfnls.Kfrgfvgr, dfas`lgràm thg orgqugady fo acturcn l`scstgrs sudh cs lrfumht,k`mrct`fa tf Dfstc R`dc `s c jgy dfpàm kgdhca`sk ofr rurcn hfusghfnlsthct lf aft hcvg fthgr àstrukgats tf kcacmg thg`r sfd`fgdfafk`d r`sjs.Cnthfumh k`mrct`fa cal rgk`ttcadgs mgagrctg hfusghfnl dfasukpt`famcàs, thgy kcy cnsf dfkg w`th dfsts thct aggl tf bg gxckàgl à lgtc`n“ofr gxckpng, thg `kpcdt fa gludct`fa cal ncbfr pcttgras fo hfusghfnlkgkbgrs whf lf aft gk`mrctg.

Tàdg lgstàct`fas crg lr`vga by sfd`fgdfafk`d dhcrcdtgr`st`ds cal thgrgturas orfk k`mrct`fa hgcv`ny lgpgal fa lgstàct`fa dhf`dg, pubn`d pfn-`dy lgs`ma shfunl àdfrpfrctg l`stàdt kgdhca`sks cddfrlàm tf lgstàc-

t`fa tf gahcadg thg bgago`ts fo k`mrct`fa cal kcacmg thg r`sjs. K`mrct`fatf thg Wa`tgl Ttctgs dcnns ofr ca cmgalc ofdusgl fa thg ocd`n`tct`fa fo rgk`ttcadgs, thg kfrg tcam`bng bgago`ts orfk k`mrct`fa.

\hg nfwgr rgturas orfk Dfstc R`dca k`mrct`fa“wh`dh `s kfrg dfk-kfa ofr pffrgr, yfuamgr, cal ngss gludctgl k`mrcats“rc`sg c aukbgr fo pfn`dy `ssugs thct cllrgss thg spgdò`d`t`gs fo Tfuth-Tfuth k`mrct`fa. O`rst,th`s k`mrct`fa `s kfrg n`jgny tf bg ualfdukgatgl, wh`dh à tura dcacoogdt thg ncbfr kcrjgt futdfkgs fo `kk`mrcats. B`nctgrcn cmrggkgats

aggl tf bg lgvgnfpgl tf prftgdt k`mrcats‐ r`mhts cal tf gasurg thg pfrtc-b`n`ty fo sfkg sfd`cn sgdur`ty bgago`ts. \hg rgdgat àdrgcsg à k`mrct`fa tfDfstc R`dc prfv`lgs ca fppfrtua`ty tf gstcbn`sh c l`cnfmug fa b`nctgrcncmrggkgats thct prfv`lg tgkpfrcry k`mrcats c scogr cal kfrg prftgdtglk`mrct`fa gav`rfakgat (Bfrmg 255?). 38

Tgdfal, prfmrcks tf bgago`t thg pffr kcy sgg thg`r fbigdt`vg foosgt by hfusghfnl rgspfasgs tf pfn`d`gs. Ofr gxckpng, `t hcs bgga lfdu-kgatgl thct pubn`d trcasogrs dfunl l`spncdg bgtwgga 45 cal <5 pgrdgat fo pr`vctg trcasogrs, sudh cs rgk`ttcadgs. @o thct `s thg dcsg cal rgk`t-tcadgs pncy ca `kpfrtcat rfng à thg àdfkgs fo thg pffr, sfd`cn trcas-ogrs aggl tf bg lgs`magl tf kà`k`zg thgsg l`spncdgkgat googdts calsggj dfkpngkgatcr`t`gs bgtwgga pubn`d cal pr`vctg rgsfurdgs. \hgdhcnngamg `s tf drgctg dfkpngkgatcr`t`gs w`thfut mgagrctàm cll`-t`facn àdgat`vgs ofr k`mrct`fa. Ofr gxckpng, gstcbn`shàm hfkg-tfwa




cssfd`ct`fas nàjàm l`cspfrc dfkkua`t`gs tf pcrt`duncr sgalàm crgcsofstgrs syagrm`gs bgtwgga thg pubn`d àtgrvgat`fas cal pr`vctg à`t`c-t`vgs. Ofr gxckpng, Kgx`df hcs `kpngkgatgl sdhgkgs sudh cs @a`d`ct`vcDùlclcac 4 pfr 3, whgrg gvgry lfnncr rgk`ttgl by thg hfkg-tfwacssfd`ct`fas `s kctdhgl w`th fag lfnncr gcdh orfk thg oglgrcn, stctg, calkua`d`pcn mfvgrakgats. Fag gssgat`cn cspgdt fo lgs`maàm cal `kpng-kgatàm thgsg pfn`d`gs `s tf strgamthga thg kfa`tfràm cal gvcnuct`fasystgks fa k`mrct`fa cal rgk`ttcadgs, kcàny thfumh `kprfvàm thglctc dfnngdt`fa.




Caagx

Dfadgptucn Orckgwfrj fo thg K`mrct`fa Dhf`dg Kflgn\hg lgd`s`fa tf k`mrctg cal thg dhf`dg fo lgstàct`fa crg kflgngl ifàtnyà c kuntàfk`cn dhf`dg sgttàm whgrg àl`v`lucns dca dhffsg bgtwgga aft kfvàm, k`mrctàm tf Dfstc R`dc (nfw-rgtura lgstàct`fa), cal k`mrctàm tfthg Wa`tgl Ttctgs (h`mh dfsts, h`mhgr rgturas). 30 Ofnnfwàm fthgr kflgns fo sgngdt`v`ty (Dh`qu`cr cal Hcasfa 2557: KdJgaz`g cal Rcpfpfrt 255?),ncbfr àdfkg lgpgals fa thg rgturas tf sdhffnàm à gcdh nfdct`fa9

Hfkg9 na w5 ; k 5 + l 5TLgstàct`fa 3 (H`mh)9 na w3 ; k 3 + l 3TLgstàct`fa 2 (Nfw)9 na w2 ; k 2 + l 2T

whgrg w` `s thg wcmg à nfdct`fa `, cal T `s thg sdhffnàm ngvgn fo thg àl`-v`lucn. Cttcààm thfsg wcmgs àvfnvgs sfkg dfsts ofr thfsg pncaaàm tfk`mrctg. Wsucnny thg dfst fo k`mrct`fa rgongdts thg prgvc`nàm „k`mrct`fatgdhafnfmy‛ cal àdnulgs ocdtfrs sudh cs l`stcadg, agtwfrjs, cal fthgr

prfx`gs ofr dfsts. Hgrg, k`mrct`fa dfsts crg spgdò`gl cs9

Lgstàct`fa 3 (H`mh )9 D3 ; D3(a3)Lgstàct`fa 2 (Nfw)9 D2 ; D2(a2)

whgrg a` `s thg k`mrct`fa agtwfrj ofr lgstàct`fa `, prgogrcbny c kgcsurgfo agtwfrj ct thg nfdcn ngvgn, summgstàm thg sfd`cn agtwfrj cddgss`bng tfthg àl`v`lucn. \hg lgd`s`fa tf k`mrctg tf lgstàct`fa 3 w`nn bg tcjga ò thg agt bgago`ts (AB) crg h`mhgr thca fthgr fpt`fas9

AB3 1 AB59 naw3 — na (w5 + D3) 1 5AB3 1 AB29 na (w3 —D3) — na (w2 —D2) 1 5

\h`s dca bg bgttgr fbsgrvgl à O`murg 7C.3, c stcalcrl mrcph à prgv`-fus kflgns fo sgngdt`v`ty w`th fag lgstàct`fa. @a thfsg kflgns, àl`v`lu-cns w`th sdhffnàm ngvgn bgtwgga K 5 cal K 3 hcvg thg àdgat`vg tf k`mrctg.@al`v`lucns w`th vgry nfw sdhffnàm wfunl ocdg ncrmg dfsts ofr g`thgr lgs-

tàct`fa, cal rgturas w`nn aft dfkpgasctg. T`k`ncrny, àl`v`lucns w`th vgryh`mh gludct`facn cttcàkgat dfunl coofrl thg tr`p but thg rgturas, dfk-pcrgl tf thfsg à thg`r hfkg dfuatry, lf aft dfkpgasctg ofr thg goofrt. 25

@a fur dcsg, thg kflgn w`th twf lgstàct`fas cnnfws ofr thg pfss`b`n`tyfo lòogrgat`ctgl k`mrct`fa pcttgras cdrfss sdhffnàm ngvgns. O`murg 7C.2

33? Kurrumcrrc cal Hgrrgrc



K`mrct fa Dhf`dgs, @agqucn`ty fo Fppfrtua t`gs, cal Ufvgrty Rgludt fa à A`dcrcmuc 33=

O`murg 7C.3 K`mrct`fa Lgd`s`fa (Fag Lgstàct`fa)

wcmg ct hfkg

K 3K 5

agt bgago`t fo k`mrct`fa

O`murg 7C.2 K`mrct`fa Lgd`s`fa (\wf Lgstàct`fas)

Lgstàct`fa 2

wcmg ct hfkg

Lgstàct`fa 3

agt bgago`t fo k`mrct`fa,lgstàct`fa 2

agt bgago`t fo k`mrct`fa,lgstàct`fa 3

shfws c dcsg whgrg àl`v`lucns w`th h`mhgr sdhffnàm ngvgns dhffsg lgst`-

act`fa 3, sàdg `t prfv`lgs ncrmgr mcàs ofr thct spgdò`d sdhffnàm mrfup.\h`s wfunl bg thg dcsg ofr sgdfalcry mrcluctgs whf mf tf thg Wa`tglTtctgs. @al`v`lucns w`th nfwgr ngvgns fo sdhffnàm (sfkg pr`kcry gludc-t`fa) prgogr lgstàct`fa 2. \hgsg twf mrfups crg dfkpngtgny sgpcrctgl àthg spgdò`dct`fa, but à rgcn`ty thgy kcy aft bg ounny l`stàmu`shgl.




\cbng 7C.3 Rgsunts ofr thg Kuntàfk`cn Nfm`t by Lgstàct`fa

_cr`cbngsDfstc R`dc Wa`tgl Ttctgs

Dfgoo`d`gat Ttl grrfr Dfgoo`d`gat Ttl grrfr

C. @al`v`lucn dhcrcdtgr`st`dsMgalgr 5.375 5.3?7 .8<3** 5.287Cmg —5.5?5 5.532 —.5427** 5.534Tdhffn dfkpngt`faUr`kcry 5.<?=** 5.24? 3.<?0 3.3=7Tgdfalcry 5.7<4* 5.458 3.437 3.348 \gdha`dcn 3.<8* 5.<?< 2.53= 3.425 \grd`cry 5.8=** 5.<== 3.=74 3.3==Hfusghfnl s`zg (nfmcr`thk) —2.452* 5.282 —2.724*** 5.<50Thcrg fo bcb`gs a hfusghfnl <.=<3* 5.844 <.5<<*** 3.5?3Thcrg fo j`ls a hfusghfnl <.88?* 5.?37 4.===*** 5.=52Thcrg fo sga`frs a hfusghfnl 3.8=7* 3.324 —5.828 3.<?7Thcrg fo clunts a hfusghfnl (fk`ttgl)B. Hfusghfnl hgcl‐s dhcrcdtgr`st`ds@s ogkcng —5.<03* 5.284 5.2?? 5.47<@s sàmng fr l`vfrdgl 5.75<* 5.2?8 5.22? 5.448Cmg 5.280* 5.57= 5.58= 5.5?8

Cmg*cmg —.5524*** 5.553 5.555 5.553Oggns àl`mgafus 5.87= 5.7=7 —5.077 5.023Hcs c ifb 5.452 5.40? —5.=5< 3.24=]frjs à bnug dfnncr —5.23= 5.4<0 3.57? 3.330@s sgno-gkpnfygl —5.20< 5.<?5 2.344 3.34=]frjs cs ca gatrgprgagur fr dh`go —5.2?0 5.2?7 3.550* 3.347]frjs à alustry 5.505 5.424 —3.<== 5.83?]frjs à sgrv`dgs —5.<3= 5.=5= —5.830 3.588]frjs a dfastrudt`fa 5.348 5.<?7 —5.<48 5.823]frjs à dfkkgrdg —5.5=0 5.423 —5.505 5.<?3

]frjs a oàcad`cn sgrv`dgs —43.770*** 5.447 —5.08= 5.=5<]frjs a fthgr sgrv`dgs —5.705 5.485 —5.002* 5.707]frjs à cmr`dunturg (fk`ttgl)Hgcl‐s sdhffn dfkpngt`faUr`kcry —5.232 5.302 5.737 5.<73Tgdfalcry —5.258 5.457 3.2?4** 5.<?8 \gdha`dcn —3.4?5* 5.=?7 —5.?5? 5.8<= \grd`cry —5.0<< 5.==5 5.042 5.=58D. Hfusghfnl dhcrcdtgr`st`dsWrbca —5.354 5.22? 5.7=0 5.<04@algx fo dfkkua`dct`fa mffls 2553 —5.34< 5.335 —5.374 5.353@algx fo lurcbngs mffls 2553 5.532 5.5=0 5.5=? 5.57<@algx fo cddgss tf rfcl 5.57? 5.337 —5.3=5 5.43?@algx fo stctg fo thg rfcls 5.542 5.3?= 5.258 5.<5?

(dfatàugl)




Hcs tgngphfag sgrv`dg —5.524 5.357 —5.57?2*** 5.35<@algx fo lwgnnàm dfal`t`fas 5.550 5.5=3 —5.482* 5.3=7@algx fo l`stcadg fo sfd`cn sgrv`dgs —5.2837*** 5.580 —5.25= 5.234L. Dfkkua`ty dhcrcdtgr`st`dsLgpcrtkgatsAugvc sgmfv`c 5.3=3 5.7<2 5.835 5.7<8Iàftgmc 5.55< 5.720 3.783** 5.?=3Kclr`z 5.227 5.<0= 3.4=3** 5.<07Gstgn` 5.7=8 5.<<5 3.005*** 5.<03Dhàcalgmc 5.782 5.<2? 3.52=** 5.<84Ngfa 3.552** 5.<5= —5.2<4 5.?<2Kctcmcnpc 5.5=0 5.755 5.502 5.<?7Bfcdc —5.5=3 5.753 3.474*** 5.<30Kcscyc —5.32< 5.752 —5.2<3 5.?05Dhfatcngs 5.820** 5.<4= —3.0?5* 3.57?Mrcaclc 5.=57 5.<?8 —5.<<2 5.?05Dcrczf 5.88<* 5.<8? —3.358 5.874

R`vcs 5.3=5 5.<02 —28.280* 5.0=3R`f sca Iuca 3.22<* 5.<30 —20.=0?* 5.??4Rcca 2.7=7* 3.3?0 3.50?* 5.?74Rccs .04<* 5.<27 —5.2?< 3.288@algx fo sfd`cn agtwfrjs, Dfstc R`dc 32.<53*** 4.<28 —<3.=37** 32.0?7@algx fo sfd`cn agtwfrjs, Wa`tgl Ttctgs —3<.004 0.80< —4.50? 0.?05@algx fo sfd`cn agtwfrjs, fthgr dfuatr`gs —?.2?3 3?.744 7<.57=*** 33.87=Dfastcat —0.30?*** 3.<=3 —=.5<7*** 2.383

Aftg9Aukbgr fo fbsgrvct`fas (@al`v`lucns bgtwgga 3<—<?)9 2,<<5,=72. T`maò`dcadg ngvgn9 * ; 35%:** ; 7%: *** ; 3%.

\cbng 7C.3 Rgsunts ofr thg Kuntàfk`cn Nfm`t by Lgstàct`fa (dfatàugl)

_cr`cbngsDfstc R`dc Wa`tgl Ttctgs

Dfgoo`d`gat Ttl grrfr Dfgoo`d`gat Ttl grrfr

\cbng 7C.2 Kcrmàcn @kpcdt fo K`mrct`fa fa Dfasukpt`fa cal Ufvgrty pgrdgat

Dfasukpt`fa Ufvgrty rgludt`fa

Hfusghfnl w`th k`mrcat \ftcn 3<.0*** 35.<***Wrbca 3<.4*** 7.3=*Rurcn 34.8*** 3<.?***

Aukbgr fo k`mrcats \ftcn 8.2*** ?.8***Wrbca 8.7*** 4.0**Rurcn 7.0*** ?.4***

Tfurdg9NTKT 2557.Aftg9T`maò`dcadg ngvgn9 * ; 35%: ** ; 7: *** ; 3%.




Aftgs

3. \h`s dhcptgr wcs prfludgl ualgr thg cdt`v`t`gs fo thg ]frnl Bcaj A`dcrcmucUfvgrty Cssgsskgat, cal ualgr thg k`mrct`fa prfmrck fo URKUR lgpcrtkgat fo thg ]frnl Bcaj. ]g thcaj gcrn`gr dfavgrsct`fas w`th L`gmf Camgn-Wrlàfnc, Onfrgad`c Dcstrf-Ngcn, Lcv`l KdJgaz`g, pcrt`d`pcats ct thg Ufvgrty

]frjshfp à Kcacmuc cal ct thg ]frnl Bcaj Gdfafk`sts Ofruks fo 255=cal 2558. Tpgd`cn thcajs tf thg stcoo orfk thg @ast`tutf Acd`facn lgGstcl`stëdcs y Dgasfs (@AGD) ofr hgnpàm tf `kprfvg fur ualgrstcalàm fo thgA`dcrcmuca sfd`fgdfafk`d dfatgxt cal thg kgthflfnfm`dcn cal lctc `ssugs.\h`s pcpgr lfgs aft rgprgsgat thg v`gws fo thg ]frnl Bcaj fr `ts kgkbgrdfuatr`gs. Bfth cuthfrs crg w`th thg ]frnl Bcaj, Ufvgrty Rgludt`fa Wa`t.Dfrrgspfalàm cuthfr9 G. Kurrumcrrc (gkurrumcrrcEwfrnlbcaj.frm).

2. Rgk`ttcadgs crg lgoàgl cs wfrjgrs‐ rgk`ttcadgs, dfkpgasct`fa fo gkpnfyggs,cal k`mrcat trcasogrs.

4. \hg NTKT lfgs aft dcpturg gat`rg k`mrctàm hfusghfnls cs k`mrcats, sf thg

tftcn aukbgr fo k`mrcats dfunl lòogr orfk fthgr sfurdgs, sudh cs thgA`dcrcmuc Dgasus. \h`s kgcsurgkgat `ssug `s l`sdussgl ofr thg Kgx`dca dcsgby KdJgaz`g (255?).

<. \hg lctc wgrg gxtrcdtgl orfk thg 3 pgrdgat sckpng fo thg 2555 W.T. Dgasus.C k`mrcat `s lgoàgl cs c pgrsfa whf wcs bfra futs`lg thg Wa`tgl Ttctgs.

\cbng 7C.4 @kpcdt fo K`mrct`fa fa Dfasukpt`fa cal Ufvgrty by Lgstàct`fa pgrdgat

Act`facn Wrbca Rurcn

Dfasukpt`fa kflgn (% mcàs)Hfusghfnl hcs k`mrcatWa`tgl Ttctgs 43.5*** 2?.8*** <3.3***Dfstc R`dc 7.5 2.3 33.7***Aukbgr fo k`mrcatsWa`tgl Ttctgs 3=.2*** 37.0*** 34.3**Dfstc R`dc 2.< 5.3 ?.3**Ufvgrty kflgn (pfàt rgludt`fa)

Hfusghfnl hcs k`mrcatWa`tgl Ttctgs 30.2*** 8.0** <=.3***Dfstc R`dc 4.8 3.8 2<.7**Aukbgr fo k`mrcatsWa`tgl Ttctgs 3=.2*** 35.7*** 3<.0Dfstc R`dc <.5* —5.2 ?.4***

Tfurdg9NTKT 2557 cal ]frnl Bcaj gst`kctgs.Aftg9T`maò`dcadg ngvgn9 * ; 35%: ** ; 7%: *** ; 3%.



Cddfrlàmny, thgrg wgrg 24<,428 A`dcrcmuca k`mrcats à thg Wa`tgl Ttctgs à2555, wh`dh rgprgsgats <.7 pgrdgat fo thg durrgat A`dcrcmuca pfpunct`fa.

7. Muctgkcnc, Gn Tcnvclfr, Hfalurcs, Kgx`df, cal Ucackc.

?. \hgrg `s af àofrkct`fa à thg 2557 NTKT cbfut sgcsfacn k`mrct fa. \hgaukbgr fo hfusghfnl kgkbgrs whf wgrg cbsgat ngss thca aàg kfaths,wh`dh dfunl sgrvg cs c prfxy, rgprgsgats = pgrdgat fo thg pfpunct`fa.

=. \hg survgy, hfwgvgr, lfgs aft àdnulg àofrkct`fa fa thg purpfsg fo thgsgcbsgadgs fr thg lgstàct`fa.

8. DGUCN (255=) hcs gst`kctgl thct `rrgmuncr k`mrct`fa dfunl bg fo gqucn s`zg tfthct fo thg k`mrcat pfpunct`fa dcpturgl by thg Dfstc R`dca Dgasus à 2555.

0. \h`s prglfkàcatny urbca ogcturg s lòogrgat orfk thg dhcrcdtgr zct`fa ofualà fthgr Dgatrcn Ckgr`dca dfuatr`gs, whgrg kfst k`mrcats crg orfk rurcncrgcs (DGUCN 255?). \h`s kcy bg lug tf thg ocdt thct thg 2557 NTKT lfgsaft prfv`lg àofrkct`fa fa sgcsfacn k`mrcats, whf crg kfrg n`jgny tf dfkgorfk rurcn sgttàms.

35. Dngcrny thgrg `s c rgvgrsg dcuscn`ty cal galfmgag`ty prfbngk hgrg. @t kcy bgthg dcsg thct thg h`mhgr wgcnth stctus fo k`mrcats dca bg thg rgsunt fo k`mrc-t`fa rcthgr thca thg fthgr wcy crfual, fr thct sfkg uafbsgrvgl ocdtfrs (sudh

cs gatrgprgagursh`p) àonugadg bfth wgcnth stctus cal k`mrct`fa prfpgas`ty.Cssgts fwagl à c hfusghfnl rgongdt nfam-tgrk wgnocrg stctus cal thus crg ngssn`jgny tf bg coogdtgl by k`mrcats‐ lgpcrturgs. @a thg gkp`r`dcn cacnys`s fo dfa-l`t`facn l`str`but`fas, k`mrct`fa lgd`s`fas crg dfal`t`fagl fa hfusghfnl cssgtsfwagl bgofrg thg k`mrcat‐s lgpcrturg. \hg cssgt algx wcs dfastrudtgl by thgpràd`pcn dfkpfagats kgthfl cal àdnulgs vcr`cbngs cbfut thg lwgnnàm dfa-l`t`fas (fwaàm, kctgr`cn fo rffo, onffr, cddgss tf wctgr, gtd.) cal pfssgss`fa fo lòogrgat hfusàm cssgts (\_, rcl`f, k`drfwcvg, kftfrdydng, b`dydng, gtd.).

33. \hg gxdnus`fa fo k`mrct`fa tf fthgr dfuatr`gs cs c dhf`dg lfgs aft coogdt thgrgsunts fo thg cacnys`s.

32. C kfrg lgtc`ngl gxpncact`fa fo thg dfadgptucn orckgwfrj `s ofual à thgCaagx, whgrg thg dfkpngtg rgsunts fo thg kuntàfk`cn dhf`dg kflgn ualgrlòogrgat spgdò`dct`fas crg prgsgatgl à \cbng 7C.3.

34. \h`s cssukgs thct cddgss tf sfd`cn sgrv`dgs dca prfxy cddgss tf trcaspfrtct`faagtwfrjs, wh`dh `s pncus`bng bgdcusg th`s l`stcadg wcs kgcsurgl by c dfk-pfual àlgx fo thg l`stcadg cal t`kg orfk thg hfusghfnl tf thg dnfsgst sdhffn cal kgl`dcn dgatgr.

3<. \hgsg rgsunts crg fbtcàgl by gst`kctàm thg kuntàfk`cn nfm t ofr kcng calogkcng àl`v`lucns sgpcrctgny.

37. \hg rfng fo acturcn l`scstgrs `s shcpàm k`mrct`fa onfws. \h`s wcs rgdfma`zglà 3008, whga Dfstc R`dc mrcatgl ngmcn stctus tf 372,555 `kk`mrcats cotgrHurr`dcag K`tdh h`t A`dcrcmuc (Bc`n 255=). Bcgz cal Tcatfs (255?), usàm thg




3000 A`dcrcmuc NTKT, gst`kctgl thct crfual 3= pgrdgat fo hfusghfnlsk`mrctgl pgrkcagatny lug tf Hurr`dcag K`tdh. Dgatrcn Ckgr`dc, cal A`dcrcmucà pcrt`duncr, `s c rgm`fa prfag tf acturcn l`scstgrs, cllàm ca `kpfrtcat vun-agrcb`n`ty tf thg gdfafk`d cal sfd`cn dfatgxt. Luràm 30=5—00 A`dcrcmucgxpgr`gadgl by ocr thg h`mhgst nfssgs à thg Nctà Ckgr`dca rgm`fa cs c pgr-dgatcmg fo MLU lug tf acturcn l`scstgrs.

3?. Lgd`s`fas fa k`mrct`fa, rgk`ttcadgs, ncbfr suppny, gxpgal`turg cnnfdct`fa,sdhffn cttgalcadg, dh`nl ncbfr, cal sf fa crg usucnny kclg s`kuntcagfusny.Hgadg dhcrcdtgr`st`ds wh`dh gxpncà k`mrct`fa cal rgk`ttcadgs kcy cnsfshcpg hfusghfnl gxpgal`turg pcttgras. Kfrgfvgr, kcay fo thg dhcrcdtgr`s-

t`ds thct àonugadg thgsg lgd`s`fas crg uafbsgrvcbng. \hgsg `ssugs kcjg `t lòo`dunt tf gstcbn`sh dcuscn`ty cal b`cs thg typ`dcn rgludgl-ofrk rgmrgss`faorckgwfrj. KdJgaz`g cal Tgg Tcsà (255=).

3=. \hg dfasukpt fa gquct`fa wcs cnsf gst`kctgl usàm lukky vcr cbngs ofrzgrf, fag, twf, thrgg, fr kfrg k`mrcats ct thg hfusghfnl ngvgn. C lgtc`nglcacnys`s l`stàmu`shàm thg aukbgr fo k`mrcats à gcdh hfusghfnl shfws thct thg cssfd`ctgl mcàs à dfasukpt`fa crg rgvgcngl ofr urbca hfusghfnls w`thtwf fr kfrg k`mrcats, wh`ng ckfam rurcn hfusghfnls cll`t`facn k`mrcatsbgyfal thg o`rst dfatr`butg fany kcrmàcnny.

38. Tpcà s ca gxckpng fo c dfuatry w`th cdt`vg b`nctgrcn cmrggkgat pfn`d`gs w`thsgalàm dfuatr`gs n`jg Kfrfddf, Dfnfkb`c, Gduclfr, cal Rfkca`c. \hg fbigd-t`vg `s tf kcacmg thg kcrjgt ofr `kk`mrcat ncbfr cal gasurg bcs`d ncbfr dfa-l`t`fas, thus `kprfvàm thg bgago`ts fo k`mrct`fa.

30. \hg gxdnus`fa fo k`mrct`fa tf fthgr dfuatr`gs cs c dhf`dg lfgs aft coogdt thgrgsunts fo thg cacnys`s.

25. @a sgngdt`v`ty kflgns, th`s `s usgl tf shfw hfw dhcamgs à thg dfst fo k`mrc-t`fa w`nn coogdt thg sj`nn prfo`ng fo k`mrcats. Ofr gxckpng, dhgcpgr k`mrct`fa

dfsts lug tf adrgcsgl agtwfrjs w`nn shòt thg agt bgago`t durvg upwcrl, cnnfw-àm agw k`mrcats. \hg oàcn dfkpfs`t`fa fo agw k`mrcats w`nn lgpgal fa thgrgnct`vg kcma`tulgs fo agwny gatgràm k`mrcats orfk bgnfw K 5 cal cbfvg K 3.

Rgogrgadgs

Clcks, R. 255<. „Rgk`ttcadgs cal Ufvgrty à Muctgkcnc.‛ LGDRM, ]frnl Bcaj, ]cshàmtfa, LD.

Bcgz, I., cal @. Tcatfs. 255? „Dh`nlrga‐s _unagrcb`n`ty tf Thfdjs9 Hurr`dcagK`tdh à A`dcrcmuc cs c Acturcn Gxpgr`kgat.‛ ]frjàm Ucpgr. TyrcdusgWa`vgrs`ty.

Bc`n, R. 255=. „A`dcrcmuc Gxpfrts @ts Uffr.‛Ng Kfalg L`pnfkct`qug, Icaucry 255=.http9//kfalgl`pnf.dfk/255=/53/32a`dcrcmuc.




Bcagrigg, C., cal G. Luonf. 255=. „\hg Gdfafk`d N`vgs fo thg Uffr.‛ Ifuracn fo Gdfafk`d Ugrspgdt`vgs23(3)9 3<3—?=.

Bcuk`st`gr, G. 255?. „K`mrcd`ôa @atgracd`facn y Lgscrrfnnf ga A`dcrcmuc.‛ Tgr`gUfbncd`ôa y Lgscrrfnnf af. ?=. DGUCN.

Bfrmg, L. 2557. „Nc Ougrzc lg Nfs _ëadunfs Làb`ngs ga nc @asgrd`ôa Ncbfrcn lgNfs K`mrcatgs A`dcrcmþgasgs.‛ Ufbncd`ôa y Tcnul ga Kgsfckàr`dc 4(3),Iuny/Lgdgkbgr.

“““. 255?. „K`mrcd`ôa y Ufnët`dcs Uùbn`dcs9 Gngkgatfs c Dfas`lgrcr pcrc ncClkà`strcd`ôa lg nc K`mrcd`fags gatrg A`dcrcmuc y Dfstc R`dc.‛ Ufbncd`ôa yTcnul ga Kgsfckàr`dc 4(2), Icaucry.

Lckk, Caac. 2550. „Lgtgrkàcats fo Rgdgat @kk`mrcats‐ Nfdct`fa Dhf`dgs9Sucs` Gxpgr`kgatcn Gv`lgadg.‛ Ifuracn fo Ufpunct`fa Gdfafk`ds 22(3)93<7—=<.

lg nc Br`grg, B., G. Tclfungt, C. lg Icavry, cal T. Nckbgrt. 2552. „\hg Rfngs fo Lgstàct`fa, Mgalgr, cal Hfusghfnl Dfkpfs`t`fa a Gxpncààm Rgk`ttcadgs9Ca Cacnys`s ofr thg Lfkà`dca T`grrc.‛ Ifuracn fo Lgvgnfpkgat Gdfafk`ds ?89450—28.

Gdfafk`st @atgnn`mgadg Wa`t. 255?. „Dfuatry Urfo`ng9 A`dcrcmuc 255?.‛

Ocodhckps, K., cal O. Mubgrt. 255=. „R`sj Thcràm cal Agtwfrj Ofrkct`fa.‛ Ckgr`dca Gdfafk`d Rgv`gw Ucpgrs cal Urfdgglàms0=(2)9 =7—=0.

O`nkgr, L., cal N. Ur`tdhgtt. 3008. „Gst`kctàm ]gcnth Googdts w`thfut Gxpgal`turgLctc fr \gcrs9 Ca Cppn`dct`fa tf Gludct`facn Garfnnkgats à Ttctgs fo @al`c.‛

]frnl Bcaj, ]cshàmtfa, LD.

Mfazcngz, K., cal G. N`zcaf. 255?. „Bcadcr`zcd`fa lg ncs Rgkgscs lg @ak`mrcatgsA`dcrmugasgs ga Dfstc R`dc.‛ Tgr`gs lg trcbcifs fdcs`facngs lgn OFK@A“B@L.

@atgract`facn Kfagtcry Oual. 255?. „A`dcrcmuc.‛ Dfuatry Rgpfrt Af. 5?/3=<.

@KO, ]cshàmtfa, LD.Kcdfurs, J., cal R. _cj`s. 255=. „Tgcsfacn K`mrct`fa cal Gcrny Dh`nlhffl

Lgvgnfpkgat.‛ ]frnl Bcaj, ]cshàmtfa, LD.KdJgaz`g, L., cal H. Rcpfpfrt. 255?. „Tgno Tgngdt`fa Ucttgras à Kgx`df-WT

K`mrct`fa9 \hg Rfng fo K`mrcat Agtwfrjs.‛ LGDRM, ]frnl Bcaj, ]cshàmtfa,LD.

KdJgaz`g, L., cal K. Tcsà. 255=. „K`mrct`fa, Rgk`ttcadgs cal Hukca Dcp`tcn9Dfadgptucn cal Gkp`r`dcn Dhcnngamgs.‛ Ufn`dy Rgsgcrdh ]frjàm Ucpgr <2=2,

]frnl Bcaj, ]cshàmtfa, LD.

Kchngr, T. 255?. „Dgatrcn Ckgr`dc9 Drfssrfcls fo thg Ckgr`dcs.‛ K`mrct`fa@aofrkct`fa Tfurdg, Cpr`n.

Kcrqugttg, D. 255?. „A`dcrcmuca K`mrcats cal Ufvgrty à Dfstc R`dc.‛ DgatrfDgatrfckgr`dcaf lg Ufbncd`fa, Wa`vgrs`lcl lg Dfstc R`dc.




_crmcs, I., cal I. Bcrqugrf. 2557. „Dcp`tcn Hukcaf y Tfd`cn lg nfs A`dcrcmþgasgdfa Gxpgr`gad`c K`mrctfr`c c Dfstc R`dc y Gstclfs Wa`lfs.‛ Gstul`fs

K`mrctfr fs Nctàfckgr`dcafs 30(7?).

]frnl Bcaj. 2554. „A`dcrcmuc Ufvgrty Cssgsskgat9 Rc`sàm ]gnocrg cal Rgludàm_unagrcb`n`ty.‛ Rgpfrt Af. 2?328-A@. ]frnl Bcaj, ]cshàmtfa, LD.

“““. 255=. „Dfstc R`dc Ufvgrty Cssgsskgat9 Rgdcpturàm Kfkgatuk ofrUfvgrty Rgludt`fa.‛ Rgpfrt Af. 47035-DR. ]frnl Bcaj, ]cshàmtfa, LD.




327

@atrfludt`fa

\hg kcss`vg lòogrgadgs à àdfkg cdrfss dfuatr`gs cnnfw àl`v`lucns calhfusghfnls tf gsdcpg orfk pfvgrty thrfumh àtgract`facn k`mrct`fa. Ofrgxckpng, KdJgaz`g, M`bsfa, cal Tt`nnkca (2558) oàl \famcas whfk`mrctg tf Agw Ygcncal ualgr c v`sc nfttgry-typg prfmrck gxpgr`gadg c2?4 pgrdgat àdrgcsg à àdfkg w`thà thg o`rst ygcr fo k`mrctàm. Walgrkfrg hgrf`d cssukpt`fas, Dngkgas cal Ur`tdhgtt (2558) `nnustrctg thct k`mrct`fa `s c rfutg fut fo pfvgrty ofr àl`v`lucns orfk c w`lg rcamg fo dfuatr`gs“ofr gxckpng, thgy gst`kctg thct ofur fut fo gvgry o`vg Hc`t`caswhf hcvg rgcdhgl ca àdfkg fo WT$35 pgr lcy l`l sf by kfvàm tf thgWa`tgl Ttctgs. Hfwgvgr, cs fo 2557, fany thrgg pgrdgat fo thg wfrnl‐s

pfpunct`fa n`vgl futs`lg fo thg`r dfuatry fo b`rth.3

\hg puzzng thga `swhy kfrg pgfpng lf aft gsdcpg pfvgrty by k`mrctàm tf cafthgr dfuatry,wh`ng thg dhcnngamg ofr pfn`dy kcjgrs à thg lgvgnfpàm wfrnl `s lgtgr-kààm whgthgr thgrg crg pfn`d`gs thgy dca pursug tf kcjg `t gcs`gr ofrthg`r d`t`zgas tf gsdcpg pfvgrty thrfumh k`mrct`fa.

D H C U \ G R ?

Hfw Dca Lgvgnfpàm DfuatryMfvgrakgats Ocd`n`tctg@atgract`facn K`mrct`fa ofrUfvgrty Rgludt`fa6

Ifha M`bsfa cal Lcv`l KdJgaz`g





sfkg dfadrgtg gxckpngs fo pfn`d`gs lgvgnfpàm dfuatr`gs dca pursug tfàdrgcsg thg pfvgrty-rgludàm `kpcdt fo àtgract`facn k`mrct`fa by nfw-gràm dfsts cal gxpcalàm fppfrtua`t`gs. 4 \hg kcà pfn`d`gs l`sdussgl crg9

• Rgkfvàm bcrr`grs thct lgvgnfpàm dfuatr`gs put à pncdg tf prgvgat thg`r d`t`zgas orfk gk`mrctàm. \hgsg àdnulg h`mh pr`dgs cal dukbgr-sfkg prfdglurgs ofr pcsspfrts cal ngmcn rgstr`dt`fas fa thg gk`mrct`fafo wfkga.

• @adrgcsàm thg pfvgrty-rgludàm bgago ts fo rgk`ttcadgs orfk k`mrcatsby nfwgràm rgk`ttcadg dfsts.

• Cdt`vgny gamcmàm à b`nctgrcn k`mrct`fa cmrggkgats tf gxpcal thgfppfrtua`t`gs ofr thg pffr tf k`mrctg. C mffl gxckpng `s thg agw sgcsfacn wfrjgr prfmrck thct cnnfws Ucdò`d @sncalgrs tf wfrj à AgwYgcncal.

\hgrg crg fo dfursg fthgr gxckpngs fo cdt`vg pfn`d`gs thct lgvgnfpàmmfvgrakgats dca put à pncdg tf rgludg thg dfsts cal brfclga thg rcamgfo fppfrtua`t`gs ofr àtgract`facn k`mrct`fa cvc`ncbng tf thg pffr fa

wh`dh th`s dhcptgr lfgs aft ofdus. \hg kfst ockfus gxckpng `s thct fo thg Uh`n`ppàgs, wh`dh hcs c vgry prfcdt`vg cpprfcdh tf gk`mrct`fa. \h`sàdnulgs n`dgasàm rgdru`tkgat cmgad`gs, kcrjgtàm `ts wfrjgrs wfrnlw`lg,s`maàm 7? b`nctgrcn trgct`gs w`th rgdg`vàm dfuatr`gs, cal prfv`làm prg-lgpcrturg fr`gatct`fa sgkàcrs tf pftgat`cn k`mrcats. ]h`ng thg bcs`dogcturgs fo th`s systgk crg rgnct`vgny wgnn jafwa (sgg @FK 2557: ]ghror`tzcal _`tum 2557) cal hcvg bgga dfp`gl à pcrt by sgvgrcn fthgr dfuatr`gs,thgrg lfgs aft cppgcr tf bg cay sgr`fus gdfafk`d cacnys`s fo thg `kpcdt

fo sudh c systgk fa pfvgrty ngvgns a thg Uh`n`ppàgs. @a pcrt th`s s bgdcusgthg systgk hcs bgga à pncdg ofr sf nfam, kcjàm bgofrg-cotgr dfkpcr`sfaslòo`dunt w`th cvc`ncbng lctc. \hg agw sgcsfacn wfrjgr prfmrck wg stulydfatcàs sfkg ogcturgs s`k`ncr tf thg Uh`n`ppàgs kflgn cal, à t`kg, w`nncnnfw gst`kct`fa fo thg pfvgrty-rgludàm `kpcdt fo sudh pfn`d`gs.

\hg rgkcàlgr fo thg dhcptgr `s strudturgl cs ofnnfws. \hg sgdfal pcrt usgs thg gxckpng fo Kgx`df tf shfw hfw nfwgràm thg dfsts fo k`mrct`fakcjgs k`mrct`fa àdrgcsàmny prf-pffr. \hg th`rl pcrt thga shfws hfwsfkg fo thgsg dfsts crg `kpfsgl by lgvgnfpàm dfuatr`gs cal hfw rgkfv-àm thgk dca àdrgcsg k`mrct`fa. \hg ofurth sgdt`fa l`sdussgs hfw nfwgr-àm rgk`ttcadg dfsts dca adrgcsg rgk`ttcadg adfkg rgdg`vgl by rgkcààmhfusghfnl kgkbgrs, cal thg oòth sgdt`fa shfws hfw c tgkpfrcry k`mrc-t`fa prfmrck dca gxpcal fppfrtua`t`gs ofr thg pffr tf k`mrctg. \hg s`xthpcrt dfadnulgs thg dhcptgr.

@atgract facn K`mrct`fa ofr Ufvgrty Rgludt fa6 32=



Nfwgràm Dfsts @adrgcsgs thg Cb`n`ty fo thg Uffr tf K`mrctg

Ticcstcl‐s (30?2) dncss`d gdfafk`d kflgn fo k`mrct`fa v`gws k`mrct`fa csca àvgstkgat, rgqu ràm àl`v`lucns tf àdur thg dfsts fo kfvàm tf mgagr-ctg thg rgtura orfk h`mhgr àdfkgs. K`mrct`fa `s fotga c lgd`s`fa fo thgock`ny, aft iust fo ca àl`v`lucn, pcrt`duncrny à lgvgnfpàm dfuatr`gs, whgrg`kpgrogdt drgl`t cal àsurcadg kcrjgts drgctg c rct`facng ofr k`mrctàm tfl`vgrsòy r`sj cal oàcadg dfstny hfusghfnl àvgstkgat cdt`v`t`gs (Ttcrj cal Ngvhcr` 3082: Ttcrj cal Bnffk 3087). Hfwgvgr, `t `s prgd`sgny thgsg`kpgrogdt drgl`t kcrjgts thct n`k`t thg cb`n`ty fo pffr hfusghfnls tf

oàcadg thg dfsts fo àtgract`facn k`mrct`fa.Fag wcy pffr hfusghfnls crg cbng tf fvgrdfkg thg h`mh dfsts fo k`mrct`fa `s thrfumh thg usg fo k`mrct`fa agtwfrjs. Agtwfrjs fo k`mrcatsorfk thg sckg dfkkua`ty dca usg thg àdfkg mcàgl cbrfcl tf prfv`lgnfcas tf agw k`mrcats, cnnfwàm thgk tf fvgrdfkg n`qu`l`ty dfastrcàtsthct prgvgat k`mrct`fa. \hg agtwfrj dca cnsf cdt tf nfwgr thg psydh`d caloàcad`cn dfsts fo k`mrctàm ofr fthgr dfkkua`ty kgkbgrs, sudh cs byprfv`làm css`stcadg cal hfusàm à thg o`rst ogw lcys fo crr`vcn, cal cs àdcsgs sudh cs Kgx`dca k`mrct`fa, nfwgràm thg dfsts fo dfyftgs (skummngrs)cal css`stàm à drfssàm bfrlgrs `nngmcnny (Gspàfsc cal Kcssgy 300=:Lfnoà cal Mga`dft 255?). < @a KdJgaz`g cal Rcpfpfrt (255=), wg shfwthct cs thg agtwfrj s`zg mrfws, thg k`mrct`fa pcttgra orfk dfkkua`t`gsà Kgx`df sw`tdhgs orfk bgàm fag à wh`dh fany thg rgnct`vgny wgnn-foo k`mrctg tf thg Wa`tgl Ttctgs tf fag à wh`dh thg pffr crg kfrg n`jgny tfk`mrctg thca crg thg r`dh.

O`murg ?.2 gxtgals thg cacnys`s fo KdJgaz`g cal Rcpfpfrt (255=) tfshfw hfw thg n`jgn`hffl fo c kcng hfusghfnl hgcl k`mrctàm tf thg

Wa`tgl Ttctgs vcr`gs w`th thg s`zg fo thg k`mrct`fa agtwfrj à h`s dfk-kua`ty, c prfxy ofr k`mrct`fa dfsts. 7 ]hga thg agtwfrj `s skcnn, w`th ngssthca 7 pgrdgat fo thg clunts à thg dfkkua`ty gvgr hcvàm k`mrctgl,cnkfst af kcngs n`vàm à hfusghfnls bgnfw thg $3 pgr pgrsfa pgr lcypfvgrty nàg k`mrctg, cal k`mrcats tgal tf bg lrcwa orfk thg uppgr-k`llng fo thg gxpgal`turg l`str`but`fa à c dfkkua`ty. ? Cs thg agtwfrj mrfws, thg n`jgn`hffl fo k`mrct`fa mrfws ofr cnn wgcnth mrfups, but àdrgcsgs kfrg ofr thg pffr. Cs c rgsunt, à dfkkua`t`gs whgrg 25 pgrdgat

fr kfrg fo thg dfkkua`ty kgkbgrs hcvg gvgr k`mrctgl, k`mrct`fa `shgcv`ny dfadgatrctgl ckfam thfsg n`vàm fa ngss thca $2 pgr pgrsfa pgrlcy, cal thg n`jgn`hffl fo k`mrct`fa `s mrgctgst ofr thg vgry pffr. \h`slgkfastrctgs thct rgludàm dfsts cnnfws thg pffr tf àdrgcsàmny bgdfkgàvfnvgl à àtgract`facn k`mrct`fa.

328 M`bsfa cal KdJgaz`g



Tfkg fo \hgsg Dfsts Crg Bcrr`grs LgvgnfpàmDfuatr`gs Uut à thg ]cy fo \hg`r Fwa D`t`zgas

Nfwgràm thg dfsts fo k`mrct`fa thgrgofrg cnnfws thg pffr mrgctgr fppfrtu-

a`ty tf pcrt`d`pctg à àtgract`facn k`mrct`fa cal usg k`mrct`fa cs c kgcasfo ngcvàm pfvgrty. \hg prgv`fus sgdt`fa shfwgl fag wcy thct dfsts dcaocnn, thrfumh thg lgvgnfpkgat fo dfkkua`ty agtwfrjs. ]hct dca pfn`dykcjgrs lf tf nfwgr thg dfsts àl`v`lucns ocdg à k`mrct`fa6 \hg o`rst thàmthgy dca lf `s tf aft put ncrmg gxpgasgs à thg wcy fo thg`r fwa d`t`zgaswhf w`sh tf gk`mrctg.

Fag ofrk fo thgsg gxpgasgs `s thg kfagtcry cal t`kg dfsts cssfd`-ctgl w`th fbtcààm c pcsspfrt, thg kfst bcs`d lfdukgat agglgl ofr

ngmcn trcvgn cbrfcl. Lctc fa thg dfst fo c pcsspfrt wgrg dfnngdtgl ofr32= dfuatr`gs à Fdtfbgr 2557. = \hgrg `s rgkcrjcbng vcr`ct`fa à thgdfst fo c pcsspfrt cdrfss lòogrgat dfuatr`gs, w`th thg dfst fo c o`vg-ygcr pcsspfrt hcvàm c kgl`ca pr`dg fo WT$40, but vcryàm orfk orggà Crkga`c tf WT$444 à \urjgy. H`mh pcsspfrt pr`dgs crg pcrt`duncrny

@atgract facn K`mrct`fa ofr Ufvgrty Rgludt fa6 320

$2 pgr lcy nàg$3 pgr lcy nàg

5

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af agtwfrj agtwfrj fo 7%agtwfrj fo 35% agtwfrj fo 25%agtwfrj fo <5%

O`murg ?.2 K`mrct`fa Bgdfkgs Kfrg Urf-Uffr cs thg Dfst fo K`mrctàm Ocnns

Tfurdg9Lctc orfk 300= Kgx`dca GACL@L survgy.Aftg9 Nàgs crg o`ttgl dfgoo`d`gats orfk kflòyàm thg àstrukgatcn vcr`cbngs rgmrgss`fa a dfnuka 2, \cbng 4 fo KdJgaz`g cal Rcpfpfrt (255=), tf usg nfm dfasukpt`fa pgr dcp`tc astgcl fo nfm dfasukpt`fa cs thg rgmrgssfrfo atgrgst. Agtwfrj s`zg kgcsurgs thg pgrdgatcmg fo clunts cmgl 37 cal fvgr a thg dfkkua`ty whf hcvg gvgrk`mrctgl.



c bcrr`gr tf k`mrct`fa ofr thg pffr, sf wg stcalcrl`zg pcsspfrt dfsts by pgrdcp`tc MLU ofr dfkpcr`sfa purpfsgs. \hgrg crg 3< dfuatr`gs whgrg cpcsspfrt dfsts kfrg thca 35 pgrdgat fo pgr dcp`tc àdfkg, tfppgl by thgLgkfdrct`d Rgpubn`d fo Dfamf, whgrg c pcsspfrt `s 327 pgrdgat fo pgrdcp`tc àdfkg. Gngvga fo thgsg dfuatr`gs crg à Cor`dc. Hfwgvgr, fthgrCor`dca dfuatr`gs sudh cs Twcz`ncal, Jgayc, Mhcac, cal Bftswcac dhcrmgngss thca WT$? ofr c pcsspfrt.

Cotgr dfatrfnnàm ofr thg àdfkg ngvgn fo c dfuatry, h`mh pcsspfrt dfstsrgnct`vg tf MLU crg ofual à dfuatr`gs w`th pffr rgmunctfry qucn`ty, nfwmfvgrakgat googdt`vgagss, cal h`mhgr ngvgns fo dfrrupt`fa (KdJgaz`g255=). @a dfatrcst, thgrg `s af s`maò`dcat cssfd`ct`fa bgtwgga thg rctg fo h`mh-sj`nngl gk`mrct`fa rctg orfk c dfuatry cal pcsspfrt dfsts, summgstàmthct pcsspfrt pr`dgs crg aft bgàm sgt by dfuatr`gs tf gxtrcdt rgats orfkthg r`dh, cal thct r`dhgr, kfrg-sj`nngl k`mrct`fa `s aft coogdtgl by thg dfst fo c pcsspfrt.

H`mhgr pcsspfrt dfsts pgr dcp`tc crg cssfd`ctgl w`th nfwgr k`mrct`farctgs. O`murg ?.4 nnustrctgs th`s by shfwàm thg pcsspfrt dfst pgr dcp`tc calgk`mrct`fa rctg pgr dcp`tc ofr lgvgnfpàm dfuatr`gs w`th thg h`mhgst cal

nfwgst pcsspfrt dfsts pgr dcp`tc. \h`s agmct`vg cssfd`ct`fa dfatàugs tfhfnl a c rgmrgss`fa dfatgxt, dfatrfnnàm ofr adfkg pgr dcp`tc, pfpunct`fa,


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rct f fo pcsspfrt dfst tf MLU pgr dcp`tc gk`mrcats pgr dcp`tc

O`murg ?.4 H`mh Ucsspfrt Dfsts Crg Cssfd`ctgl w`th Nfwgr K`mrct`fa Rctgs

Tfurdg9Lctc orfk KdJgaz`g (255=).



cal mfvgracadg. @a pcrt`duncr, rgmrgss`fa rgsunts shfw thct nfwgràm pcss-pfrt dfsts by fag pgrdgatcmg pfàt `s cssfd`ctgl w`th c 5.=7 pgrdgatcmgpfàt àdrgcsg à gk`mrcats pgr dcp`tc (KdJgaz`g 255=).

@a cll`t`fa tf thg oàcad`cn dfsts àvfnvgl à fbtcààm c pcsspfrt, thgrgcrg cnsf aft`dgcbng lòogrgadgs à thg clkà`strct`vg bcrr`grs dfuatr`gs put à thg wcy fo d`t`zgas sggjàm tf fbtcà c pcsspfrt. \hgsg àdnulg whgthgrfr aft pcsspfrts dca bg fbtcàgl by kc`n fr fany à pgrsfa, cal hfw lgdga-trcn`zgl pcsspfrt foo`dgs crg. @a sfkg dfuatr`gs, sudh cs Agpcn, uat`n rgdgatny,cayfag whf wcatgl c pcsspfrt hcl tf trcvgn tf thg dcp`tcn d`ty tf fbtcà`t. \hg t`kg tcjga tf mgt thg pcsspfrt cnsf rcamgs c nft cdrfss dfuatr`gs, orfk<7 kàutgs à Gn Tcnvclfr tf 7 wggjs à @al`c cal ? wggjs à Tfuth Cor`dc.Nfam wc`ts cdt cs ca cll`t`facn bcrr`gr tf qu`djny fbtcààm lfdukgatct`facal ngcvàm whga c ifb fppfrtua`ty prgsgats `tsgno, cal kcy m`vg r`sg tf dfr-rupt`fa w`th foo`d`cns cddgptàm br`bgs à gxdhcamg ofr ocstgr prfdgssàm. Ofrgxckpng, w`tagssgs à c pcrn`ckgatcry hgcràm à Ack`b`c tgstò`gl thct kcay fo thg pcsspfrt-`ssuàm foo`d`cns wfunl orgqugatny dnfsg thg`r foo`dgsofr pgrsfacn busàgss, ngclàm tf kfaths-nfam wc`ts ofr pcsspfrts cal br`bgsfo ofur t`kgs thg dfst fo c pcsspfrt ofr ocstgr sgrv`dg (Uh`ncalgr 2557).

H`mh pcsspfrt dfsts cal burlgasfkg prfdglurgs crg ca `kpn`d`t bcrr`grthct kcay lgvgnfpàm dfuatr`gs pncdg à thg wcy fo thg`r d`t`zgas whfw`sh tf gk`mrctg. Hfwgvgr, c hcaloun fo dfuatr`gs cnsf hcvg à pncdg kfrggxpn`d`t bcrr`grs thct coogdt thg k`mrct`fa pfss`b`n`t`gs fo dgrtcà mrfups,gspgd`cnny wfkga. \cbng ?.3 lgtc`ns thg dfuatr`gs thct pncdg rgstr`dt`fasfa thg r`mhts fo dgrtcà mrfups fo d`t`zgas tf trcvgn cbrfcl. Ucagn C shfwsdfuatr`gs w`th ngmcn rgstr`dt`fas fa thg cb`n`ty fo wfkga tf trcvgn frfbtcà c pcsspfrt. \hgsg rgstr`dt`fas usucnny tcjg thg ofrk fo prgvgatàm

uakcrr`gl wfkga trcvgnàm w`thfut thg pgrk`ss`fa fo thg`r octhgr frclunt rgnct`vg, cal fo kcrr`gl wfkga trcvgnàm w`thfut thg pgrk`ss`fa fo thg`r husbcal. \hgsg rgstr`dt`fas crg s`maò`dcatny cssfd`ctgl w`th ngssk`mrct`fa orfk c dfuatry9 dfuatr`gs thct rgstr`dt thg r`mhts fo wfkga tfk`mrctg hcvg 7 tf ? pgrdgat ogwgr k`mrcats pgr dcp`tc thca dfuatr`gs w`ths`k`ncr àdfkg, pfpunct`fa, cal mfvgracadg ngvgns w`thfut thgsg rgstr`d-t`fas (KdJgaz`g 255=). \hg fthgr typgs fo dfkkfa ngmcn bcrr`grs crgrgstr`dt`fas fa trcvgn fo d`t`zgas fo act`facn sgrv`dg cmg (Ucagn B), calrgstr`dt`fas fa thg r`mhts fo cnn d`t`zgas tf trcvgn (Ucagn D). \hgsg rgstr`d-t`fas rgqu`rg d`t`zgas tf fbtcà mfvgrakgat pgrk`ss`fa fr ca gx`t v`sc àfrlgr tf trcvgn. ]h`ng pgrk`ss`fa kcy bg mrcatgl à kfst dcsgs à sfkgfo thgsg dfuatr`gs, thg prfdgss fo rgqu`ràm th`s pgrk`ss`fa àtrfludgscll`t`facn dfsts cal uadgrtcàty àtf thg k`mrct`fa lgd`s`fa. Uffr lctcqucn`ty orfk kcay fo thgsg dfuatr`gs prgvgats gdfafkgtr`d cacnys`s fo




thg strgamth fo cssfd`ct`fa bgtwgga thgsg bcrr`grs cal gk`mrct`fa rctgsorfk thgsg dfuatr`gs. Agvgrthgngss, `t `s hcrl tf bgn`gvg thct thg mgagrcnrgstr`dt`fas fa trcvgn prcdt`dgl à thg dfuatr`gs à Ucagn D lf aft agmc-t`vgny coogdt thg cb`n`ty fo d`t`zgas orfk thgsg dfuatr`gs tf tcjg clvcatcmgfo k`mrct`fa fppfrtua`t`gs cbrfcl.

\hg gx`stgadg fo thgsg bcrr`grs shfws thct thgrg s pfn`dy nct`tulg fa thgpcrt fo kcay lgvgnfpàm dfuatr`gs tf gahcadg thg cb`n`ty fo thg`r d`t`zgastf gk`mrctg. Rgludt`fa fo thg dfst fo c pcsspfrt, ocstgr prfdgssàm t`kgs, calthg rgkfvcn fo cay ngmcn rgstr`dt`fas fa gk`mrct`fa foogr thg pftgat`cn ofrrgcpàm cll`t`facn mcàs orfk k`mrct`fa. @t sggks n`jgny thct sudh rgstr`d-t`fas crg kfrg n`jgny tf bàl pffr gk`mrcats thca r`dhgr, sf thct rgkfvàmthgk w`nn gahcadg thg fppfrtua`t`gs ofr pffrgr àl`v`lucns tf k`mrctg.

Nfwgr Rgk`ttcadg Dfsts tf @adrgcsg Rgk`ttcadgsorfk Gx`stàm K`mrcats

C sgdfal crgc whgrg mfvgrakgat pfn`dy dca àdrgcsg thg pfvgrty-rgludàm bgago`ts fo k`mrct`fa `s by nfwgràm thg dfsts fo sgalàm rgk`t-tcadgs. Rgk`ttcadgs crg fag fo thg kfst l`rgdt wcys thct thg k`mrct`fa fo


\cbng ?.3 Ngmcn Rgstr`dt`fas \hct Dfuatr`gs Uncdg fa \rcvgn fo \hg`r Fwa D`t`zgas

C. Dfuatr`gs w`th trcvgn rgstr`dt`fas fa wfkgaComhca`stca Juwc`tDfamf, Lgk. Rgp. KycakcrGmypt, Crcb Rgp.

(ò uakcrr`gl cal ualgr 23)Sctcr (ò ualgr 45)Tcul` Crcb`c

Mcbfa Tulca@rca, @snck`d Rgp. Tyr`ca Crcb Rgpubn`d

WmcalcWa`tgl Crcb Gk`rctgs

B9 Dfuatr`gs w`th trcvgn rgstr`dt`fas fa d`t`zgas fo act`facn sgrv`dg cmg

Cnmgr`c @srcgnCrkga`c JczcjhstcaCzgrbcìca NgbcafaGmypt, Crcb Rgp. TàmcpfrgD9 Dfuatr`gs whgrg mfvgrakgat pgrk`ss`fa fr ca gx`t v`sc `s agglgl ofr trcvgnCrkga`c @rca, @snck`d Rgp. \ci`j`stcaBgncrus @rcq WjrcàgDubc Kycakcr Wzbgj`stcaGr`trgc Jfrgc, Lgk. Ugfpng‐s Rgp. Pgkga, Rgp.

Tcul` Crcb`c

TulcaTfurdg9Dfuatry rgpfrts fo W.T. Lgpcrtkgat fo Ttctg (255=).



ca àl`v`lucn dca nfwgr pfvgrty ofr hfusghfnl kgkbgrs cal fthgr rgn-ct`vgs rgkcààm à thg sgalàm dfuatry. Nfwgràm thg dfst fo sgalàmthgsg rgk`ttcadgs hcs bgdfkg fag fo thg kfst l`sdussgl crgcs ofr pfn-`dy àtgrvgat`fa à rgdgat ygcrs (sgg ]frnl Bcaj 255?c), à pcrt bgdcusglfàm sf `s v`gwgl cs pfn`t`dcnny uadfatrfvgrs`cn dfkpcrgl tf goofrts tfàdrgcsg thg fppfrtua`t`gs ofr k`mrct`fa. C vcr`gty fo pfn`d`gs hcs bggaprfpfsgl ofr nfwgràm thgsg dfsts, àdnulàm àdrgcsàm dfkpgt`t`fa àthg rgk`ttcadg kcrjgt, `kprfvàm thg trcaspcrgady fo oggs, rgkfvàmburlgasfkg rgmunct`fas fa kfagy trcasogr, cal gxpcalàm k`mrcats‐cddgss tf bcajàm sgrv`dgs.

\hg typ`dcn dfst fo sgalàm c rgk`ttcadg dfas`sts fo twf dfkpfagats9c o`xgl ogg cal ca gxdhcamg rctg dfkk`ss`fa. 8 C nukp-suk o`xgl oggkgcas thct thg googdt`vg dfst fo sgalàm c rgk`ttcadg ocnns cs thg ckfuat sgat àdrgcsgs. Ofr gxckpng, ]gstgra Wa`fa dhcrmgs c o`xgl ogg fo AY$25cnfam w`th c ? pgrdgat gxdhcamg rctg dfkk`ss`fa à sgalàm kfagy orfkAgw Ygcncal tf \famc. 0 \hg googdt`vg dfst fo sgalàm AY$75 `s thus 42.0pgrdgat, wh`dh lrfps tf 23.8 pgrdgat ofr AY$355, 3<.? pgrdgat ofrAY$255, cal =.0 pgrdgat ofr AY$3,555. \f thg gxtgat thct pffrgr hfusg-

hfnls crg thg pftgat`cn rgd`p`gats fo skcnngr rgk`ttcadg trcascdt`fas, h`mhdfsts fo sgalàm kfagy w`nn bg fo kudh mrgctgr `kpfrtcadg tf thgk thcatf r`dhgr hfusghfnls. 35

Hfwgvgr, thg gxtgat tf wh`dh pfn`d`gs tf rgludg rgk`ttcadg dfstsw`nn nfwgr pfvgrty lgpgal drud`cnny fa whf bgago`ts orfk nfwgr-dfst rgk`ttcadg systgks. \hgrg crg twf cspgdts fo th`s. \hg o`rst `s whgthgrcay cll`t`facn scvàms orfk nfwgr trcascdt`fas dfsts crg pcssgl fa tfthg rgk`ttcadg rgdg`vgr, fr whgthgr thgy rgkcà w`th thg k`mrcat (whf

`s n`jgny tf afw bg rgnct`vgny bgttgr foo cs c rgsunt fo k`mrctàm). \hgsgdfal cspgdt `s whgthgr thg pffr crg cbng tf tcjg clvcatcmg fo nfwgr-dfst rgk`ttcadg sgalàm kgthfls, fr whgthgr cll`t`facn pfn`d`gs crgagglgl tf hgnp thg pffr à usàm nfwgr-dfst rgk`ttcadg fpt`fas. ]g l`s-duss bfth thgsg qugst`fas w`th rgogrgadg tf lctc dfnngdtgl fa \famcak`mrcats tf Agw Ygcncal cal \famca rgk`ttcadg-rgdg`vàm ock`n`gs. \h`sprfv`lgs c usgoun gxckpng m`vga thg `kpfrtcadg fo k`mrct`fa cal rgk`t-tcadgs ofr skcnn dfuatr`gs9 thg cvgrcmg `sncal dfuatry w`th c pfpunct`faualgr 3.7 k`nn`fa hcs 3= pgrdgat fo cnn d`t`zgas fvgrsgcs (]frnl Bcaj 255?b).

\hg o`rst jgy qugst`fa `s whgthgr nfwgràm rgk`ttcadg dfsts w`nn cdtu-cnny ngcl tf ca àdrgcsg à rgk`ttcadgs rgdg`vgl à thg k`mrcat-sgalàmdfuatry, cal ò sf, whgthgr thg àdrgcsg à rgk`ttcadgs `s ngss thca, thgsckg, fr kfrg thca thg dhcamg à dfsts. \hg dfst-gncst`d`ty fo rgk`ttcadgs




w`nn lgpgal fa thg kft`vct`fa ofr sgalàm rgk`ttcadgs. @o k`mrcats àtgalofr thg rgdg`vàm hfusghfnl tf rgdg`vg c dfastcat ckfuat fo rgk`ttcadgsà nfdcn durrgady gcdh kfath, pgrhcps cs rgpcykgat fo c nfca fr pcykgat ofr sdhffn oggs, thga whga thg dfst fo sgalàm kfagy ocnns, thg k`mrcat bgdfkgs bgttgr foo cs ngss `s rgqu`rgl tf kggt h`s fr hgr fbn`mct`fas ct hfkg, but thgrg `s af dhcamg à rgk`ttcadgs rgdg`vgl à thg k`mrcat-sgalàm dfuatry. C sgdfal sdgacr`f k`mht bg thct k`mrcats tcjg c dfa-stcat ckfuat à ofrg`ma durrgady tf thg`r kfagy trcasogr fpgrctfr, calsf cay rgludt`fa à rgk`ttcadg oggs pcssgs fag-ofr-fag tf thg rgk`ttcadgrgd`p`gat. \hg oàcn pfss`b`n`ty `s thct thg dfst-gncst`d`ty fo rgk`ttcadgs `sagmct`vg, sf thct c rgludt`fa à rgk`ttcadg dfsts ngcls tf kfrg rgk`ttcadgsbgàm sgat. \hg rct`facng ofr th`s `s thct thg dfst fo rgk`ttàm googdt`vgnycdts cs c „tcx‛ fa cntru`sk, fr fa àvgstkgat à thg hfkg v`nncmg, rc`sàmthg pr`dg fo sgrv`dgs „purdhcsgl‛ w`th thg rgk`ttcadgs cal thgrgby ngcl-àm k`mrcats tf ualgràvgst. Nfwgràm thg dfst fo rgk`ttcadgs thgrgofrgkcy dcusg k`mrcats tf kfrg thca prfpfrt`facnny àdrgcsg thg ckfuat thgy rgk`t.

\f lctg af r`mfrfus gkp`r`dcn stuly shfws wh`dh fo thg cbfvg thrgg

sdgacr`fs hcppgas à prcdt`dg. Agvgrthgngss, sfkg summgst`vg gv`lgadg `sofual à M`bsfa, KdJgaz`g, cal Rfhfruc (255?), whf csj \famcak`mrcats à Agw Ygcncal hypfthgt`dcn qugst`fas cbfut hfw thg`r rgk`t-tcadgs wfunl dhcamg à rgspfasg tf dhcamgs à rgk`ttcadg dfsts. \hgyoàl thct 45 pgrdgat fo rgk`ttgrs scy thgy wfunl sgal kfrg kfagy ò rgk`ttcadg dfsts ocnn, wh`ng =5 pgrdgat wfunl jggp thg ckfuat sgat thgsckg. Bcsgl fa th`s gst`kctg, thg cuthfrs dcndunctg thct nfwgràm thgo`xgl dfst fo sgalàm kfagy thrfumh bcajs cal kfagy trcasogr fpgrctfrs

orfk Agw Ygcncal tf \famc tf ngvgns dnfsg tf thct ofual à thg kfst dfkpgt`t`vg wfrnl kcrjgts wfunl rgsunt à c 28 pgrdgat àdrgcsg àrgk`ttcadgs.

Hfwgvgr, thg sgdfal stgp rgqu`rgl ofr thg àdrgcsg à rgk`ttcadgs tfnfwgr pfvgrty à thg k`mrcat-sgalàm dfuatry `s thct sfkg fo th`s àdrgcsgà rgk`ttcadgs bg rgdg`vgl by pffr hfusghfnls. \h`s w`nn lgpgal, o`rst calofrgkfst, fa whgthgr k`mrcats crg lrcwa orfk thg uppgr fr nfwgr pcrt fo thg àdfkg l`str`but`fa à thg sgalàm dfuatry, cs l`sdussgl à thg o`rst dhcptgr à th`s bffj. Hfwgvgr, à s`tuct`fas whgrg ct ngcst sfkg fo thgk`mrcats crg pffr, `t w`nn cnsf lgpgal fa whgthgr pfn`d`gs thct nfwgr thgcvgrcmg dfsts fo sgalàm rgk`ttcadgs cnsf rgludg thg dfsts fo sgalàm tfpffr hfusghfnls. Ncdj fo jafwnglmg cal ncdj fo oàcad`cn cddgss crg twfbcrr`grs ocdgl by pffr hfusghfnls à frlgr tf tcjg clvcatcmg fo nfwgr-pr`dgl rgk`ttcadg kgthfls.

34< M`bsfa cal KdJgaz`g



@a M`bsfa gt.cn (2558) wg lgsdr`bg hfw thgsg bcrr`grs prgvgat \famcahfusghfnls orfk tcjàm clvcatcmg fo dhgcpgr rgk`ttcadg-sgalàm tgdh-afnfm`gs. ]h`ng thg dfsts fo rgk`ttàm orfk Agw Ygcncal tf \famc crgh`mh by wfrnl stcalcrls, but thgrg lf gx`st ct ngcst twf kgthfls wh`dhcrg dfas`lgrcbny dhgcpgr thca thg kfst dfkkfany usgl kgthfls sudh cs

]gstgra Wa`fa cal bcaj trcasogrs. \hgsg twf dhgcpgr kgthfls crg@atgragt-bcsgl trcasogr tf prg-pc`l lgb`t dcrls thrfumh `Jfbf.dfk, calthg usg fo c sgdfal C\K dcrl nàjgl tf thg k`mrcat‐s cddfuat. Aft c sàmngpgrsfa à fur survgy hcl hgcrl fo thg o`rst kgthfl, cal fany 2 pgrdgat usgl thg lucn C\K dcrl kgthfl, lgsp`tg `ts dfstàm fany fag-th`rl fo thg kfrg dfkkfany usgl kgthfls. Ncdj fo jafwnglmg `s c o`rst bcrr`grtf thg`r usg, w`th ogw k`mrcats jafwàm cbfut thgsg kgthfls. Oàcad`cngludct`fa fo thg pffr thgrgofrg cppgcrs agdgsscry tf gacbng k`mrcats tftcjg clvcatcmg fo dhgcpgr rgk`ttcadg-sgalàm kgthfls. Hfwgvgr, th`saggls tf bg dfupngl w`th cll`t`facn oàcad`cn cddgss à thg k`mrcat-sgalàmdfuatry. Fur cacnys`s ofual C\K kcdhàgs tf bg ngss mgfmrcph`dcnnycddgss`bng thca ]gstgra Wa`fa futngts a \famc. Uffr rurcn hfusghfnls crgpcrt`duncrny n`jgny tf bg ocrthgr cwcy orfk bcajàm cal C\K ocd`n`t`gs.

Gxpcalàm oàcad`cn cddgss thgrgofrg cppgcrs tf bg c agdgsscry stgp àgasuràm thg pffr mgt tf bgago`t orfk kcay fo thg pfn`d`gs àtgalgl tfnfwgr rgk`ttcadg oggs. Ufn`d`gs wh`dh dca gxpcal oàcad`cn cddgss crg suk-kcr`zgl à ]frnl Bcaj (2558c).

\gkpfrcry K`mrct`fa Urfmrcks Dca GxpcalFppfrtua`t`gs ofr thg Uffr tf K`mrctg

]h`ng lgvgnfpàm dfuatr gs dca àdrgcsg thg pfvgrty-rgludàm `kpcdts fo k`mrct`fa by nfwgràm dfsts“rgkfvàm sgno-`kpfsgl bcrr`grs cal nfwgr-àm thg dfsts fo mgttàm rgk`ttcadgs orfk gx`stàm k`mrcats“unt`kctgny tftruny rgcn`zg thg pfvgrty-rgludàm pftgat`cn fo k`mrct`fa thgy aggl tfgxpcal thg fppfrtua`t`gs ofr thg`r d`t`zgas tf tcjg clvcatcmg fo thg ncrmgmcps à wcmgs cdrfss dfuatr`gs. @a pcrt`duncr, à c wfrnl fo àdrgcsàmnysj`nn-sgngdt`vg `kk`mrct`fa pfn`d`gs, thgrg `s c aggl ofr gxpcalàm thgfppfrtua`t`gs ofr pffr, ngss-sj`nngl àl`v`lucns tf pcrt`d`pctg à àtgrac-t`facn k`mrct`fa.

\gkpfrcry wfrjgr prfmrcks crg àdrgcsàmny v`gwgl cs sfkg fo thgogw pcnctcbng wcys fo àdrgcsàm uasj`nngl k`mrct`fa.33 Tudh prfmrcks crgsgga cs rgn`gvàm ncbfr shfrtcmgs à lgvgnfpgl dfuatr`gs cal c`làm thglgvgnfpkgat à lgvgnfpàm dfuatr`gs, wh`ng cnsf cnngv`ctàm lgvgnfpgldfuatr`gs orfk thg pgrdg`vgl dfsts fo àtgmrctàm nfw-sj`nngl ofrg`ma




act`facns àtf thg`r sfd`gt`gs cal wgnocrg systgks, cal lgvgnfpàm dfua-tr`gs orfk suoogràm pgrkcagat nfssgs à sj`nns. Hfwgvgr, tf lctg thgrg hcsbgga n`ttng gkp`r`dcn gv`lgadg cs tf thg cb`n`ty fo sudh prfmrcks tfàvfnvg thg pffr à prcdt`dg. Agw lctc dfnngdtgl cs pcrt fo c prfigdt tfcssgss thg lgvgnfpkgat `kpcdt fo c agw sgcsfacn wfrjgr prfmrck àthg Ucdò`d prfv`lg us w`th fag mn`kpsg àtf hfw cal whga sgcsfacnwfrjgr prfmrcks w`nn àdfrpfrctg thg pffr à prcdt`dg.

\hg prfmrck à qugst`fa `s Agw Ygcncal‐s Rgdfma`sgl TgcsfacnGkpnfygr (RTG) prfmrck, ncuadhgl fa Cpr`n 45, 255=. 32 \hg àtgat`fafo thg pfn`dy `s tf kctdh sgcsfacn ncbfr shfrtcmgs à thg Agw Ygcncal hfr-t`dunturg cal v`t`dunturg àlustr`gs w`th thg gxdgss suppny fo uasj`nnglwfrjgrs à sfkg Ucdò`d act`fas. Fag fo thg gxpn`d`t fbigdt`vgs fo thgRTG `s tf „gadfurcmg gdfafk`d lgvgnfpkgat, rgm`facn àtgmrct`fa calmffl mfvgracadg w`thà thg Ucdò`d, by cnnfwàm prgogrgat`cn cddgss tfwfrjgrs whf crg d`t`zgas fo gn`m`bng Ucdò`d dfuatr`gs‛ (Agw YgcncalLgpcrtkgat fo Ncbfur 255=). @atgrgstgl gkpnfygrs kust o`rst cppny tfbgdfkg rgdfma`zgl sgcsfacn gkpnfygrs, cal thga dca rgdru`t wfrjgrsofr c kcx`kuk fo sgvga kfaths pgr gngvga-kfath pgr`fl. @a subsg-

qugat ygcrs, subigdt tf sct`socdtfry pgrofrkcadg cal c dfatàuàm agglofr ncbfr, gkpnfygrs‐ RTG stctus w`nn bg gxtgalgl cal prgv`fus sgcsfacnwfrjgrs kcy rgtura tf Agw Ygcncal.

Fur bcsgnàg lctc cnnfw us tf dfkpcrg thg pcttgra fo sgngdt`fa fo k`mrcats à thg twf Ucdò`d @sncal act`fas thct suppn`gl thg kfst sgcsfacnwfrjgrs luràm thg o`rst ygcr fo thg prfmrck9 _cauctu cal \famc. Ur`fr tfthg prfmrck, thg twf dfuatr`gs hcl vgry lòogrgat gxpgr`gadgs w`thk`mrct`fa tf Agw Ygcncal. \famc (pfpunct`fa 352,555) hcs c nfam h`s-

tfry fo k`mrct`fa tf Agw Ygcncal, w`th cpprfx`kctgny 22,555 \famca-bfra àl`v`lucns afw n`vàm à Agw Ygcncal (Ttct`st`ds Agw Ygcncal255=). Hfwgvgr, à rgdgat ygcrs kfst k`mrct`fa tf Agw Ygcncal hcstcjga thg ofrk fo g`thgr ock`ny rguaò`dct`fa, fr pgrkcagat k`mrct`fathrfumh c spgd`cn quftc. @a dfatrcst, _cauctu (pfpunct`fa 237,555) hcshcl ogw futngts ofr gk`mrct`fa tf cay dfuatry, w`th ca gst`kctgl tftcnk`mrcat stfdj cbrfcl fo fany 4,502 (]frnl Bcaj 2558b). \hg 3,?08A`-_cauctu wfrjgrs whf hcl bgga cpprfvgl tf dfkg tf Agw Ygcncalualgr thg RTG cs fo Kcy 22, 2558, thus rgprgsgat c humg àdrgcsg àk`mrct`fa fppfrtua`t`gs à _cauctu. 34 Cs fo thg sckg lctg, 83? \famcaRTG wfrjgrs hcl bgga cpprfvgl, wh`dh `s st`nn c s`zcbng àdrgcsg àfppfrtua`t`gs tf wfrj cbrfcl, m`vga thct bgtwgga 2555 cal 255?,3,4?7 \famcas pgr ygcr fa cvgrcmg hcl rgdg`vgl cpprfvcn tf gatgr AgwYgcncal cs pgrkcagat rgs`lgats.

34? M`bsfa cal KdJgaz`g



@a \famc, gkpnfygrs rgdru`tgl wfrjgrs orfk c „wfrj-rgcly‛ pffn fo \famca act`facns prgsdrggagl cal sgngdtgl by thg \famca NcbfurKà`stry. 3< \h`s wfrj-rgcly pffn wcs ofrkgl by prgsgngdt`fa cal sdrgga-àm ct thg l`str`dt ngvgn by l`str`dt cal tfwa foo`dgrs, tfmgthgr w`thdhurdh cal dfkkua`ty ngclgrs. Dfkkua`t`gs sfumht mffl, rgn`cbngpgfpng w`th c rgcsfa tf rgtura tf \famc, cal whf agglgl thg kfagy.\hgrg wgrg h`mh gxpgdtct`fas orfk thg sgalàm dfkkua`ty kgkbgrstf rgprgsgat thg`r v`nncmg wgnn cal aft tf igfpcrl`zg ourthgr gkpnfy-kgat fppfrtua`t`gs ofr fthgrs à thg dfkkua`ty. O`murg ?.< dfkpcrgsthg l`str`but`fa fo hfusghfnl gxpgal`turg pgr pgrsfa ofr \famcassgngdtgl ofr thg RTG w`th thg l`str`but`fa fo hfusghfnl gxpgal`turgpgr pgrsfa ofr àl`v`lucns whf l`la‐t cppny. ]g sgg thg kcifr`ty fo RTG k`mrcats dfkg orfk hfusghfnls w`th ngss thca WT$2 pgr lcy àgxpgal`turg, cal thct thg RTG k`mrcat hfusghfnls crg pffrgr fa cvgr-cmg thca hfusghfnls whgrg pgfpng lfa‐t cppny ofr thg RTG. M`bsfa,KdJgaz`g, cal Rfhfruc (2558) shfw ourthgr thct thg RTG k`mrcat wfrjgrs crg pffrgr thca cppn`dcats ofr thg prfmrck whf wgrga‐t sgngdtgl,cal thct thg wfrjgrs crg kfrg rurcn cal ngss gludctgl thca pgrkcagat

k`mrcats mfàm tf Agw Ygcncal thrfumh thg gx`stàm Ucdò`d Cddgssdctgmfry quftc systgk. M`vga fppfrtua`t`gs ofr gx`stàm k`mrct`fa à

@atgract facn K`mrct`fa ofr Ufvgrty Rgludt fa6 34=

5 7 35 37tftcn àdfkg pgr pgrsfa pgr lcy (WT$)

Jgragn lgas`ty fo l`str`but`fa fo hfusghfnl àdfkg pgr pgrsfa

sgcsfacn wfrjgr k`mrcats afacppn`dcats tf prfmrck

l g a s ` t y

O`murg ?.< Tgcsfacn K`mrcats Crg Uffrgr \hca Afacppn`dcats à \famc

Tfurdg9RTG bcsgnàg survgy a \famc.



\famc, thg sgcsfacn wfrjgr prfmrck hcs thus suddgglgl à fpgaàmk`mrct`fa tf pffrgr àl`v`lucns w`th ogw gx`stàm fppfrtua`t`gs.

@a _cauctu, twf kgthfls wgrg usgl tf sgngdt wfrjgrs ofr thg RTG.\hg o`rst wcs l`rgdt sgngdt`fa by gkpnfygrs, ocd`n`tctgl à pcrt by thg_cauctu Lgpcrtkgat fo Ncbfur, wh`ng thg sgdfal wcs thg usg fo cacmgat. KdJgaz`g, Mcrd`c-Kcrtàgz, cal ]àtgrs (2558) shfw thct thg a`-_cauctu wfrjgrs dfkàm tf Agw Ygcncal crg kfstny kcng subs`stgadgocrkgrs w`th ngss thca 35 ygcrs fo sdhffnàm. \hgsg crg dgrtcàny wfrjgrswhfsg sj`nn ngvgns wfunl aft qucnòy thgk ofr gk`mrct`fa tf Agw Ygcncalfr Custrcn`c ualgr thg`r pfàts systgks ofr pgrkcagat k`mrct`fa, cal thgRTG `s thus gxpcalàm fppfrtua`t`gs ofr k`mrct`fa. Agvgrthgngss, csO`murg ?.7 shfws, thg a`-_cauctu sgngdtgl ofr thg RTG crg st`nn orfkwgcnth`gr hfusghfnls fa cvgrcmg thca afacppn`dcats. Hfwgvgr, `t `s st`nnthg dcsg thct c ncrmg shcrg fo thfsg pcrt`d`pctàm crg pffr9 25 pgrdgat fo RTG k`mrcats dfkg orfk hfusghfnls w`th pgr dcp`tc àdfkg (àdnulàmfwa prfludt`fa) fo ngss thca WT$3 pgr lcy, cal 4< pgrdgat crg orfkhfusghfnls w`th pgr dcp`tc àdfkg bgnfw WT$2 pgr lcy.

\hus wg sgg thct à bfth dcsgs thg àtrfludt`fa fo c sgcsfacn wfrjgr

prfmrck hcs suddgglgl à fpgaàm up agw fppfrtua`t`gs ofr sfkg fo thgpffr tf pcrt`d`pctg à àtgract`facn k`mrct`fa, w`th pcrt`d`pct`fa bgàmkfrg prf-pffr à \famc thca à _cauctu. @t `s st`nn tff gcrny tf csdgrtcà


5 7 35 37 25tftcn àdfkg pgr pgrsfa pgr lcy (WT$)

sgcsfacn wfrjgr k`mrcats afacppn`dcats tf prfmrck

Jgragn lgas`ty fo l`str`but`fa fo hfusghfnl àdfkg pgr pgrsfa

l g a s ` t y

O`murg ?.7 Tgcsfacn K`mrcats Crg R`dhgr \hca Afacppn`dcats à _cauctu

Tfurdg9RTG bcsgnàg survgy a _cauctu.





ocdg ngss pfn`t`dcn rgs`stcadg à lgvgnfpgl dfuatr`gs thca pgrkcagat k`mrc-t`fa, thgrg `s cnsf sdfpg ofr kfrg b`nctgrcn tgkpfrcry wfrjgr prfmrcks.Gcrny gxpgr`gadg orfk thg Rgdfma`sgl Tgcsfacn Gkpnfygr prfmrckbgtwgga Agw Ygcncal cal thg Ucdò`d shfws thct sudh c prfmrck lfgsgxpcal thg fppfrtua`t`gs ofr thg pffr tf k`mrctg, cnthfumh trcaspfrt dfstscal pffr agtwfrjs n`k`t th`s tf sfkg gxtgat à _cauctu. Ufn`dy kcjgrs dcapftgat`cnny kcjg sudh prfmrcks gvga kfrg prf-pffr thrfumh bgttgr àofr-kct`fa l`ssgkàct`fa cal thrfumh wfrjàm w`th thg pr`vctg cal afa-mfvgrakgatcn sgdtfrs tf gasurg cddgss tf nfcas sf thct thg pffr dca coofrlthg up-orfat dfsts fo pcrt`d`pct`fa.

Aftgs

3. Ufpunct`fa L`v`s`fa fo thg Lgpcrtkgat fo Gdfafk`d cal Tfd`cn Cooc`rs fo thgWa`tgl Act`fas Tgdrgtcr`ct, \rgals a \ftcn K`mrcat Ttfdj9 \hg 2557 Rgv`s`fa,http9//gsc.ua.frm/k`mrct`fa, Cpr`n =, 255?.

2. Tgg, ofr gxckpng, Mrfmmgr cal Hcasfa (2558), whf gst`kctg vgry h`mh o`xgldfsts fo k`mrct`fa ofr sfkg dfuatr`gs cal thct thgsg o`xgl dfsts gxpncà c ncrmgshcrg fo thg sgngdt`v`ty fo k`mrct`fa ofr pffrgr dfuatr`gs.

4. \h`s `s aft tf lfwapncy thg `kpfrtcat rfng thct lgvgnfpgl dfuatr`gs‐ `kk`mrc-t`fa pfn`d`gs hcvg à lgtgrkààm thg aukbgr cal dhcrcdtgr`st`ds fo k`mrcatsorfk lgvgnfpàm dfuatr`gs. Tgg Ur`tdhgtt (255?) ofr l`sduss`fa fo pfn`d`gs thct r`dh dfuatr`gs dca pursug tf gahcadg k`mrct`fa fo thg pffr wh`ng cnsf bgàmpfn`t`dcnny cddgptcbng.

<. K`mrcat agtwfrjs dca cnsf àdrgcsg thg bgago`ts fo k`mrct`fa, sudh cs by prf-v`làm cddgss tf ifbs (sgg Kuash` 2554). ]g ofdus hgrg fa dfsts, sàdg thgcrmukgat `s thct thg àdfkg cal ifb fppfrtua`t`gs cbrfcl crg sudh thct pffr

k`mrcats wcat tf k`mrctg but dca‐t fvgrdfkg thg oàcad`cn dfastrcàts thct prgvgat thgk lfàm sf. Cay googdt fo k`mrcat agtwfrjs fa thg bgago`ts fo k`mrct`fa w`thfut gcsàm oàcad`cn dfastrcàts fo kfvàm w`nn st`nn n`k`t thgcb`n`ty fo thg pffr tf k`mrctg.

7. \hg pcpgr usgs h`stfr d k`mrct`fa agtwfrjs cs ca àstrukgat ofr thg durrgat k`mrct`fa agtwfrj à c dfkkua`ty. \hg dfkkua`ty k`mrct`fa prgvcngadg `susgl tf kgcsurg k`mrct`fa agtwfrjs. Tgg thg pcpgr ofr lgtc`ns cal iustò`dc-t`fa fo th`s `lgatò`dct`fa strctgmy.

?. ]g dfavgrt 300= pgsfs àtf UUU W.T. lfnncrs usàm thg Ugaa ]frnl \cbngs UUUgxdhcamg rctg ofr Kgx`df ofr 300=.

=. C ounngr lgsdr`pt fa fo thg lctc `s ofual à KdJgaz`g (255=).

8. \hgrg `s cnsf sfkgt`kgs c th`rl ofrk fo dfst, thg „onfct,‛ wh`dh `s thg àtgrgst gcragl by thg bcaj luràm thg t`kg bgtwgga rgdg`vàm thg ouals orfk thgsgalgr cal lgn`vgràm thgk tf thg bgago`d`cry (sgg ]frnl Bcaj 255?c). \hgsgdfsts cppgcr kà`kcn à thg Agw Ygcncal dcsg l`sdussgl hgrg.

3<5 M`bsfa cal KdJgaz`g



0. ]gstgra Wa`fa fanàg lctc cs fo Cumust 33, 2558. Gxdhcamg rctg dfkk`ss`fafbtcàgl by dfkpcràm ]gstgra Wa`fa rctg fo $AY3 ; \FU3.258< tf @atgrbcaj rctg fo $3AY ; \FU3.28= fa www.xg.dfk/udd Zcddgssgl Cumust 33, 2558[.$3AY ; $WT5.=5.

35. \hgrg `s lgbctg à thg n`tgrcturg cs tf whgthgr kfrg sj`nngl k`mrcats rgk`t kfrg fr ngss (g.m. sgg Ocà` 255=). @o k`mrcats orfk pffrgr ock`n`gs sgalncrmgr shcrgs fo thg`r àdfkg bcdj thca k`mrcats orfk r`dhgr hfusghfnls, `t aggl aft bg thg dcsg thct thg skcnngst rgk`ttcadg trcascdt`fas mf tf thgpffrgr hfusghfnls.

33. Tgg, ofr gxckpng, ]àtgrs (2554), MD@K (2557), Ur`tdhgtt (255?).

32. Tgg M`bsfa, KdJgaz`g, cal Rfhfruc (2558) cal KdJgaz`g, Mcrd`c-Kcrtàgz,cal ]àtgrs (2558) ofr lgtc`ngl l`sduss`fa fo thg bcsgnàg lctc orfk \famccal _cauctu, rgspgdt`vgny.

34. A`-_cauctu `s thg tgrk usgl tf rgogr tf thg Kgncags`ca pgfpng whf kcjg upthg pfpunct`fa fo _cauctu.

3<. Tgg M`bsfa, KdJgaz g, cal Rfhfruc (2558) ofr mrgctgr lgtc`n fa thg prfdgssfo rgdru`tkgat cal sgngdt`fa à thg \famca dcsg.

Rgogrgadgs

Dngkgas, K`dhcgn, cal Ncat Ur`tdhgtt. 2558. „@adfkg pgr Acturcn9 KgcsuràmLgvgnfpkgat ofr Ugfpng Rcthgr \hca Uncdgs.‛ Ufpunct`fa cal Lgvgnfpkgat Rgv`gw4<(4)9 407—<4<.

Lfnoà, Tcrch, cal Mcrcadg Mga`dft. 255?. „]hct Lf Agtwfrjs Lf6 \hg Rfng fo Agtwfrjs fa K`mrct`fa cal ‘Dfyftg‐ Wsg.‛ ]frjàm pcpgr. MgfrmgtfwaWa`vgrs`ty, ]cshàmtfa, LD, Kcrdh.

Gspàfsc, Jr`stà, cal Lfumncs Kcssgy. 300= „Walfdukgatgl K`mrct`fa cal thgSucat`ty cal Sucn`ty fo Tfd`cn Dcp`tcn.‛ Tfz`cng ]gnt 329 3<3—?2.

Ocà`, R`ddcrlf. 255=. „Rgk`ttcadgs cal thg Brcà Lrcà9 Lf Kfrg Tj`nnglK`mrcats Rgk`t Kfrg6‛ ]frnl Bcaj Gdfafk`d Rgv`gw 23(2)9 3==—03.

M`bsfa, Ifha, Mguc Bfg-M`bsfa, Lcv`l I. KdJgaz`g, cal Hcnchàmcaf Rfhfruc.Ofrthdfkàm. „Goo`d`gat Rgk`ttcadg Tgrv`dgs ofr Lgvgnfpkgat à thg Ucdò`d.‛

Cs`c-Ucdò`d Lgvgnfpkgat Ifuracn.

M`bsfa, Ifha, Lcv`l I. KdJgaz`g, cal Hcnchàmcaf Rfhfruc. 255?. „Hfw Dfst Gncst`d Crg Rgk`ttcadgs6 Gv`lgadg orfk \famca K`mrcats à Agw Ygcncal.‛Ucdò`d Gdfafk`d Bunngtà23(3)9 332—28.

“““. 2558. „Hfw Urf-Uffr @s thg Tgngdt`fa fo Tgcsfacn K`mrcat ]frjgrs orfk\famc ualgr Agw Ygcncal‐s Rgdfma`zgl Tgcsfacn Gkpnfygr (RTG) Urfmrck6‛Ucdò`d Gdfafk`d Bunngtà24(4)9 38=—25<.

Mnfbcn Dfkk`ss`fa fa @atgract`facn K`mrct`fa (MD@K). 2557. „K`mrct`fa à ca@atgrdfaagdtgl ]frnl9 Agw L`rgdt`fas ofr Cdt`fa.‛ http9//www.md`k.frm.

@atgract facn K`mrct`fa ofr Ufvgrty Rgludt fa6 3<3



Mrfmmgr, Igoorgy, cal Mfrlfa Hcasfa. 2558. „@adfkg Kcx`k`zct`fa cal thgTgngdt`fa cal Tfrtàm fo @kk`mrcats.‛ ]frjàm Ucpgr 34823. Act`facn Burgcufo Gdfafk`d Rgsgcrdh, Dckbr`lmg, KC.

@atgract`facn Frmca`zct`fa ofr K`mrct`fa (@FK). 2557. ]frnl K`mrct`fa 25579Dfsts cal Bgago`ts fo @atgract`facn K`mrct`fa.Mgagvc9 @FK.

KdJgaz`g, Lcv`l. 255=. „Ucpgr ]cnns Crg Gcs`gr tf \gcr Lfwa9 Ucsspfrt Dfsts calNgmcn Bcrr`grs tf Gk`mrct`fa.‛]frnl Lgvgnfpkgat 47(33)9 252?—40.

KdJgaz`g, Lcv`l, U`ncr Mcrd`c-Kcrtàgz, cal N. Cnca ]àtgrs. 2558. „]hf @sDfkàm orfk _cauctu tf Agw Ygcncal ualgr thg Agw Rgdfma`sgl TgcsfacnGkpnfygr (RTG) Urfmrck6‛ Ucdò`d Gdfafk`d Bunngtà24(4)9 257—28.

KdJgaz`g, Lcv`l, Ifha M`bsfa, cal Ttgvga Tt`nnkca. Ofrthdfkàm. „Hfw@kpfrtcat @s Tgngdt`fa6 Gxpgr`kgatcn vs. Afa-Gxpgr`kgatcn Kgcsurgs fo thg @adfkg Mcàs orfk K`mrct`fa.‛ Ifuracn fo thg Gurfpgca Gdfafk`d

Cssfd`ct`fa.

KdJgaz g, Lcv`l, cal H`nngn Rcpfpfrt. 255=. „Agtwfrj Googdts cal thg Lyack`dsfo K`mrct`fa cal @agqucn`ty9 \hgfry cal Gv`lgadg orfk Kgx`df.‛ Ifuracn fo Lgvgnfpkgat Gdfafk`ds 8<(3)9 3—2<.

Kuash`, Jc`vca. 2554. „Agtwfrjs à thg Kflgra Gdfafky9 Kgx`dca K`mrcats à

thg W.T. Ncbfr Kcrjgt.‛ Sucrtgrny Ifuracn fo Gdfafk`ds 338(2)9 7<0—00.Agw Ygcncal Lgpcrtkgat fo Ncbfur. 255=. Rgdfma`sgl Tgcsfacn Gkpnfygr9 @atgr-

cmgady Walgrstcalàm9 _cauctu. Cudjncal9 Agw Ygcncal Lgpcrtkgat fo Ncbfur cal Rgpubn`d fo _cauctu Kà`stry fo @atgracn Cooc`rs.

Uh`ncalgr, O. 2557. „Thcly Lgcns Rgvgcngl ct Hfkg Cooc`rs.‛ Agw Grc, Fdtfbgr 35.http9//cnncor`dc.dfk/stfr`gs/255735355<40.htkn.

Ur`tdhgtt, Ncat. 255?. Ngt \hg`r Ugfpng Dfkg9 Brgcjàm thg Mr`lnfdj fa Mnfbcn Ncbfr Kfb`n`ty. ]cshàmtfa, LD9 Dgatgr ofr Mnfbcn Lgvgnfpkgat.

Ticcstcl, Ncrry C. 30?2. „\hg Dfsts cal Rgturas fo Hukca K`mrct`fa.‛ Ifuracn fo Ufn`t`dcn Gdfafky=5(7)9 85—04.

Ttct`st`ds Agw Ygcncal. 255=. „\famca Ugfpng à Agw Ygcncal9 255?.‛ Ttct`st`dsAgw Ygcncal, ]gnnàmtfa.

Ttcrj, Flgl, cal Lcv`l G. Bnffk. 3087. „\hg Agw Gdfafk`ds fo Ncbfr K`mrct`fa.‛ Ckgr dca Gdfafk`d Rgv`gw Ucpgrs cal Urfdggl ams=7(2)9 3=4—=8.

Ttcrj, Flgl, cal Lcv`l Ngvhcr`. 3082. „Fa K`mrct`fa cal R`sj à NLDs.‛Gdfafk`d Lgvgnfpkgat cal Dunturcn Dhcamg 43(3)9 303—0?.

W.T. Lgpcrtkgat fo Ttctg. 255=. „255= Dfuatry Rgpfrts fa Hukca R`mhtsUrcdt`dgs.‛ Burgcu fo Lgkfdrcdy, Hukca R`mhts cal Ncbfr. http9//www.stctg.mfv/m/lrn/rns/hrrpt/255=/àlgx.htk.

]ghror`tz, Mgfrmg, cal Kcr`tgs _`tum. 255<. „Uh`n`ppàgs9 ]frjgrs ofr thg ]frnl,‛Agwswggj @atgract`facn Gl`t`fa,Fdtfbgr <.

3<2 M`bsfa cal KdJgaz`g



]àtgrs, N. Cnca. 2554. „\hg \gkpfrcry Kfvgkgat fo ]frjgrs9 MC\T Kflg <.‛@aBr`lmàm thg Lòogrgadgs9 Cacnysgs fo O`vg @ssugs fo thg ]\F Cmgalc,333—3<?. Ic`pur9 Dfasukgr Wa`ty \rust Tfd`gty, Tgptgkbgr.

]frnl Bcaj. 255?c. Mnfbcn Gdfafk`d Urfspgdts 255?9 Gdfafk`d @kpn`dct`fas fo Rgk`ttcadgs cal K`mrct`fa. ]cshàmtfa, LD9 ]frnl Bcaj.

“““. 255?b. ]frnl Lgvgnfpkgat Rgpfrt 255=9 Lgvgnfpkgat cal thg Agxt Mgagrct`fa. ]cshàmtfa, LD9 ]frnl Bcaj.

“““. 2558c. Oàcadg ofr Cnn6 Ufn`d`gs cal U`tocnns à Gxpcalàm Cddgss. ]cshàmtfa, LD9 ]frnl Bcaj.

“““. 2558b. K`mrct`fa cal Rgk`ttcadgs Ocdtbffj 2558. ]cshàmtfa, LD9 ]frnl Bcaj.

@atgract facn K`mrct`fa ofr Ufvgrty Rgludt fa6 3<4





3<7

@algx

C

clkà`strct`vg bcrr`grs, tf fbtcààmpcsspfrts, 343

cmg fo k`mrcatsCnbca`c, =<, =<t <.2, ==, =0 o <.4,

84—8<, 07Agpcn, <3, 7<A`dcrcmuc, 35?t 7.3cal rgk`ttcadgs, 84—8<\cazca`c, 38 t 2.3, 30, 45—43t 2C.?cal trcvgn rgstr`dt`fas, 343—42Tgg cnsflgkfmrcph`ds

cmg fo survgy rgspfalgats, \cazca`c, 3=,20t 2C.3

cmrggkgats, b`nctgrcn, 0, 33<, 32=cmr`dunturg sgdtfr, A`dcrcmuc, 352,

354, 35<, 323 aa ?—8Cnbca`c, 2, <, ?, =

cal cssgssàm `kpcdt fo k`mrct`fa fapfvgrty rgludt`fa, 8=—05,08aa 3<—37

durrgat k`mrct`fa, ?8, ?0—=7, 08—00 a2,08aa <—8

lgsdr`pt`fa fo vcr`cbngs à kflgns, 02—0=k`mrct`fa cal pfvgrty rgludt`fa

rgsgcrdh dfadnus`fas, 05—03

rgk`ttcadgs, ==, =0 o <.=, 85—8?,00aa 33—34

tgkpfrcry k`mrct`fa, =7—==, =8 o <.?,=0t <.4, 08 a4, 08—00aa 0—35

Calgrsfa-Rubà tgst, 0=cssgt àlgx, <3, <4 o 4.2, <=, <8 t 4.4, ?3 a2

A`dcrcmuc, 35?, 35= o 7.4, 358 o 7.7,323a35

cal pgr dcp`tc gxpgal`turgs, 73—7<

cssgts, rgnct`fash`p bgtwgga k`mrcats calrgk`ttcadgs, 82—84, 00 a34C\K dcrls, 347cttr`t`fa rctgs, à survgys, 3=, 28 o 2C.3,

20t 2C.2Czzcrr`, Dcrnf, ?=—355

B

bcaj trcasogrs, 347bcsgnàg dfkkua`t`gs, 3=, 22Bggmng, Jcthngga, 34—44b`cs, à lctc, 48b`nctgrcn k`mrct`fa cmrggkgats, 0,

33<, 32=b`pfncr k`mrct`fa pcttgras, 352, 357—8,

323aa 0—35Bfatdh-Fskfnfvsj`, K`jhc`n, 47—?7



D

dcp`tcn d`ty crgcsk`mrct`fa tf, 22—2<A`dcrcmuc, 350cs fr`mà fo Cnbca`ca k`mrcats, ?0—=2,

==, =8 o <.?, =0 o <.=cal pfvgrty rgludt`fa, 87—8?cal rgk`ttcadgs, 85

Dcrngttf, Mgrf, ?=—355dcstg, cal shcrg fo hfusghfnls rgdg`vàm

rgk`ttcadgs à Agpcn, <3dgasus

Cnbca`c, 07, 00 a3?Agpcn, 4=—48A`dcrcmuc, 35<—7Wa`tgl Ttctgs, 354

dgatrcn crgcs, Cnbca`ccs fr`mà fo k`mrcats, ?0—=2,

=8 o <.?b, =0 o <.=cal pfvgrty rgludt`fa, 87—8?cal rgk`ttcadgs, 85—83

dhcrcdtgr`st`ds fo k`mrct`fa, \cazca`c, 25,45—43t 2C.<, 43 t 2C.7, 43—42t 2C.?,

42a4gdfafk`d `kpcdt fo k`mrct`fa,

25—2?hfusghfnl spn`ttàm, 25, 42 t 2C.?Tgg cnsflgkfmrcph`ds

dh`nlrga, 73`kpcdt fo k`mrct`fa fa, <<fo sgcsfacn k`mrcats, 334

dhf`dg kflgndfadgptucn orckgwfrj fo, 33?—25,

322aa 30—25A`dcrcmuc, 358—34, 323—22aa 33—3=

dfcstcn crgcs, Cnbca`ccs fr`mà fo k`mrcats, ?0—=2, ==, =8 o <.?b,

=0 o <.=cal pfvgrty rgludt`fa, 87—8?cal rgk`ttcadgs, 85—83

dfkkua`ty sgrv`dgs, cddgss tf, 350,323a34

dfkkua`ty vcr`cbngsCnbca`c, 0<t <C.4, 0?A`dcrcmuc, 350

dfastrcàtstf bgttgr k`mrct`fa futdfkgs ofr thg

pffr, 7—8cal pfvgrty-rgludàm `kpcdts fo

k`mrct`fa, 2—7, 35a?cal prfludt`v`ty, <<

dfasukpt`fa, 4=Cnbca`c

`kpcdt fo cal k`mrct`fa, 05, 0<—0?,08a3?

cal rgnct`fash`p fo k`mrcats calrgk`ttcadgs, 82—84

gquct`fa ofr, 322 a3=`kpcdt fo rgk`ttcadgs fa, 7<—78, ?8,

82—84, 333—34, 322aa 3?—3=Agpcn, 48, 75

`lgatò`dct`fa strctgmy ofr k`mrct`facal dfasukpt`fa lgd`s`fas, <7—<=

`kpcdt fo k`mrct`fa cal rgk`ttcadgsfa, 7<—78

à urbca crgcs, 7?A`dcrcmuc

`kpcdt fo cal k`mrct`fa, 330 t 7C.2,325t 7C.4

`kpcdt fo rgk`ttcadgs fa, 333—34,322aa 3?—3=

cal k`mrct`fa pcttgras, 35?—8,323a35

cal fddupct`facn fr sgdtfrcndhcamgs, 2<

\cazca`c, 3?dhcamgs à, 3<—37nàj tf k`mrct`fa, 23—2?k`mrcats vs. afak`mrcats, 38—30

dfpàm kgdhca`sks, k`mrct`fa cs, 2, 33<Dfstc R`dc, 2, <, 7

k`mrct`fa tf, 353—2, 354lgtgrkàcats fo dhf`dg fo by

A`dcrcmucas, 358—34,323—22aa 33—3=

cal gdfafk`d fppfrtua`t`gs, 352—7,357—8, 325—23aa 4—35pfn`dy `kpn`dct`fas ofr, 334—37,

322a38vs. k`mrct`fa tf Wa`tgl Ttctgs,

358—34, 33?—25, 325t 7C.4,322aa 30—25

shcrg fo A`dcrcmuca k`mrcats à, 35<dfsts, 32?—2=, 3<5a2

cs bcrr`gr tf k`mrct`fa, 32?—2=,320—42, 340

cal àorcstrudturg, <?nàj tf k`mrct`fa fppfrtua`t`gs, 7—8, 0,32?—2=, 340

fo k`mrct`fa tf Dfstc R`dc, 357fo k`mrct`fa tf Wa`tgl Ttctgs, 357pfn`d`gs tf nfwgr, 342—47,

3<5—<3aa 8—35

3<? @algx



rgludt`fa fo tf àdrgcsg k`mrct`fa fo pffr, =—8, 0,

328—20, 3<5aa <—?tf àdrgcsg rgk`ttcadgs, 342—47,

3<5—<3aa 8—35fo sgttngkgat à hfst dfuatr`gs, 83

dfuatr`gs fo lgstàct`fa, 4, <fo Cnbca`ca k`mrcats, ?0—=7, =?—==

cal jafwnglmg fo ncamucmg fo, 07—0?cal pfvgrty ncllgr fo, 8=—88, 80 o <.3<cal rgk`ttcadgs, 85—83

ocdtfrs à lgtgrkààm, <=—7<nfwgr qucn`ty, <—7cal k`mrcat prgpcrct`fa prfdgss, <<—<7fo Agpcn` k`mrcats, <3, <4 t 4.2,

<<, <=—7<fo A`dcrcmuca k`mrcats, 353—2, 354

`kpcdt fo fa dfasukpt`fa calpfvgrty, 325 t 7C.4

Wa`tgl Ttctgs vs. Dfstc R`dc, 358—34,33?—25, 322aa 30—25

fvgrv`gw fo lgtgrkàcats fo k`mrct`fafppfrtua`t`gs, 4—<

qucn`ty fo, <—7Tgg cnsf spgdò`d dfuatry

Drcmm-Lfacnl‐s ifàt s`maò`dcadgO-tgst, 0=

durrgat k`mrct`fa, Cnbca`c, ?8, ?0—=7,8=—80, 80 o <.3<, 08 aa <—8

L

Lcv`s, Bgaickà, ?=—355lgb`t dcrls, 347lgdgcsgl àl`v`lucns, 3=, 43 a2lgd`s`fa-kcjàm prfdgss, cal

k`mrct`fa, 352lgkfmrcph`ds

cal Cnbca`ca k`mrcats, =4—=<, =0 t <.4cal pgr dcp`tc dfasukpt`fa vcr`cbngs,

0<—0?, 08a3?cal tgkpfrcry k`mrct`fa, =7—==,

=8 o <.?, =0 t <.4, 08 a4, 08—00aa 0—35Agpcn, 4=—48, 73A`dcrcmuca k`mrcats, 352, 354, 357—?,

358—34, 323—22aa 33—3=\cazca`c

hfusghfnls by outurg k`mrcat stctus,25, 45 t 2C.?

k`mrcats vs. afak`mrcats, 38—30,20t 2.C4

Tgg cnsf spgdò`d lgkfmrcph`d

lgpcrtkgats, A`dcrcmuc, =, 35<—7,350, 334

Lgrdfa, Ttgoca, 34—44lgstàct`fa dfuatr`gs. Tggdfuatr`gs fo

lgstàct`falgvgnfpàm dfuatr`gs

cal bcrr`grs tf k`mrct`fa, ?, 0, 32=dfsts cs bcrr`gr ofr k`mrct`fa

fppfrtua`t`gs à, 320—42, 340fvgrv`gw fo wcys tf àdrgcsg k`mrct`fa,

327—2=prfmrcks tf gxpcal k`mrct`fa, 347—40,

3<3a34Lg]ggrlt, Ifcdh`k, 34—44lòogrgadg-à-lòogrgadg gst`kctfrs, 2<—27l`stcadg àlgx, 0< t <C.4, 0?lfkgst`d k`mrct`fa, <

Agpcn, 40lfkgst`d vs. àtgract`facn k`mrct`fa

cal pfvgrty rgludt`fa s`kunct`fas,7<—78

cal O@KN gst`kct`fa fo gxpgal`turgs,75—7<

cal O@KN gst`kct`fa fo k`mrct`fadhf`dg, <=—75

vs. àtgract`facn k`mrct`fa, 3<, 7<—78lrfumhts, 335—33, 33<lurcbng mffls, <=

G

gdfafk`d dfal`t`fas, 4Cnbca`c, ?=—?8, ==nàjgl tf k`mrct`fa, 34—3?Agpcn, 47—4=A`dcrcmuc, 353, 352, 354\cazca`c, 37—3?, 25—2?

gludct`faCnbca`c, =<, =7t <.2, ==, =0t <.4, 05Agpcn, <=—<8t 2.2, 73A`dcrcmuc

cal b`pfncr k`mrct`fa pcttgras, 357—?cal lgstàct`fa dhf`dg fo k`mrcats,

350—35, 333 o 7.?, 33=,338—30t 7C.3, 325 t 7C.4

`kpcdt fo k`mrct`fa fa, 334\cazca`c, 38 t 2.3, 72—74t 4.<cs vcr`cbng ofr k`mrcats vs. afak`mrcats,

30, 25Gurfpgca dfuatr`gs, cs lgstàct`fa ofr

Cnbca`ca k`mrcats, ?0—=7gxdhcamg rctg, 3<5a?

@algx 3<=



gxdhcamg rctg dfkk`ss`fas, 344, 3<5 aa 8—0gxpgal`turgs

cal cssgt àlgx, 73—7<Agpcn, 4?, 48A`dcrcmuc, 333, 322a3?\cazca`c, 23—22\famc, 34=—48Tgg cnsfdfasukpt`fa

O

ock`ny rguaò`dct`fa, =<[email protected]`ma l`rgdt àvgstkgat (OL@)[email protected] àofrkct`fa kcx`kuk

n`jgn`hffl (O@KN) kgthflo`xgl oggs, 344, 3<5a2ofrg`ma l`rgdt àvgstkgat (OL@), ?8, 353ofrg`ma gkpnfykgat, h`stfry fo à Agpcn,

48—40, ?5a3Ofrg`ma Gkpnfykgat Cdt fo 3087 , Agpcn, 40ofrg`ma gxdhcamg, ?8ounn àofrkct`fa kcx`kuk n`jgn`hffl

(O@KN) kgthfl, 4=, <3, <=—7<,?5, ?5 a4

M

MLU. Tggmrfss lfkgst`d prfludt (MLU)mgalgr fo k`mrcats, ?, 43, 44, 328

Cnbca`c, =4—==, =0t <.4, 08 a=`kpcdt fo gludct`fa fa, 350—35, 333 o 7.?Kgx`df, =Agpcn, <3, <<, 75A`dcrcmuc, 350—35, 333 o 7.?, 334\cazca`c, 38, 38 t 2.3, 30, 25, 2?, 45 t 2C.4cal trcvgn rgstr`dt`fas, 343—42

mgfmrcph`d l`stcadg, bcrr`grs tfk`mrct`fa, ?, ?0

Mgrkcay, =4M`bsfa, Ifha, 327—<4Mnàsjcyc, Gngac, 47—?7Mrggdg, <

cs lgstàct`fa ofr Cnbca`ca k`mrcats,?0—==

gxpfsurg tf ncamucmg fo cs lgtgrkàcat fo k`mrct`fa, 07—0?

mrfss lfkgst`d prfludt (MLU), 345Cnbca`c, ?8, =< t <.2, ==, =0t <.4, 02—07Agpcn, 47, 4?A`dcrcmuc, 353, 352, 354rgk`ttcadgs cs shcrg fo, ?8, ==\cazca`c, 37, 3?

Muno dfuatr`gs, 7

H

Hc`t`ca k`mrcats, 327Hcrr`s-\clcrf kflgn, 34hgcls fo hfusghfnls, 25, 328

Cnbca`c, =4, 08 a=Kgx`df, =A`dcrcmuc, 338t 7C.3\cazca`c, 38 t 2.3, 43—42t 2C.?

hgcnth cal lgvgnfpkgat survgys, Jcmgrc,3?—3=, 28 o 2C.3, 20 t 2C.3,20t 2C.2, 42 a2

Hgrrgrc, Dctcnàc, 353—24

hgtgrfmgag`ty fo k`mrct`fa dhf`dgs, 352hgtgrfsjglcst`d`ty-rfbust Hcasga-Istct`st`d, 0=

H@_-C@LT, 3?hfst dfuatr`gs

cal dfsts fo sgttngkgat à, 83cal Agpcn` sfd`cn agtwfrjs, <7—<?pfn`d`gs à, =7, ==Tgg cnsfdfuatr`gs fo lgstàct`fa

hfusghfnl o`xgl googdts rgmrgss`fas,27—2?, 42a7

hfusghfnl-ngvgn hgtgrfmgag`ty, 27hfusghfnl spn`ttàm, 25, 43—42t 2C.?

Cnbca`c, ?0, ==, =0 o <.=, 85, 08 a<, 00a32cal àstrukgatcn vcr`cbng

kgcsurgs, 04cal wgnocrg ngvgn, 83, 82 o <.0b

hfusghfnl survgysAgpcn, 4=—48\cazca`c, 37—3?, 3=

hfusghfnlsCnbca`c, =4—=<

cal durrgat k`mrct`fa stctus, ?8,?0—=7, 08aa <—8

cal tgkpfrcry k`mrct`fa, =7—==,=8 o <.?, =0 t <.4, 08 a4, 08—00aa 0—35

àtgract`facn vs. lfkgst`d k`mrct`fa,<0—75

Agpcncal shcrg fo hfusghfnls rgdg`vàm

rgk`ttcadgs, <3—<<, ?3 a2w`thfut k`mrcats, 75, 72—74 t 4.<

A`dcrcmucmcàs orfk k`mrct`fa, 334cal k`mrct`fa dhf`dgs, 352

s`zg fo, 25, 40—<5\cazca`c

hfusghfnl spn`ttàm à, 25, 43—42t 2C.?s`zg fo cs ocdtfr à k`mrct`fa, 25

3<8 @algx



@

`lgatò`dct`fa strctgm`gs, ofr k`mrct`facal dfasukpt`fa lgd`s`fas àAgpcn, <7—<=

àdfkgCnbca`c, cal rgk`ttcadgs, ==, 82—84,

00a34cal ncbfr kfb`n`ty, 34nàj tf k`mrct`fa, 34, 327k`mrcats vs. afak`mrcats, 4Agpcn, cal rgk`ttcadgs rgdg`vgl,

<3—<2, ?3a2

A`dcrcmuccal k`mrct`fa pcttgras, 35?—8,323a35

agmct`vg `kpcdts fo àdrgcsg à, 334\cazca`c, cal `kpcdt fo k`mrct`fa,

25—2?\famc hfusghfnls, 34=—48_cauctu, 348Tgg cnsfrgk`ttcadgs

@al`c, 7, 3<, 48—40, ?3a<àofrkct`fa, dfadgraàm k`mrct`fa

prfmrcks, ?, 340àorcstrudturg, cal dfsts fo k`mrct`fa,

22, <?@ast`tutf Acd`facn lg Gstcl`st`dcs y

Dgasfs, 330 a3àstrukgatcn vcr`cbng (@_) cpprfcdh tf

kgcsurg `kpcdt fo k`mrct`fa fapfvgrty, 80—05, 03, 02—0=

àtgrl`str`dt k`mrct`fa, Agpcn, 40àtgracn k`mrct`fa, 40, 35<—7àtgract`facn k`mrct`fa, 4, <, ?, <?

dfadnus`fas dfadgraàm prf-pffrk`mrct`fa, 340—<5

dfsts cs bcrr`gr ofr k`mrct`fafppfrtua`t`gs à lgvgnfpàmdfuatr`gs, 320—42

ngmcn rgstr`dt`fas fa, 343—42nfwgràm dfsts fo tf àdrgcsg k`mrct`fa

fo pffr, 328—20, 3<5 aa <—?fvgrv`gw fo wcys lgvgnfpàm dfuatr`gs

dca àdrgcsg, 327—2=pfn`d`gs tf nfwgr rgk`ttcadg dfsts tf

àdrgcsg rgk`ttcadgs, 342—47,3<5—<3aa 8—35

cal prfmrcks tf gxpcal fppfrtua`t`gsofr, 347—40, 3<3a34

rgcsfas ofr àcb`n`ty tf k`mrctg, 32?—2=,3<5a2

vs. lfkgst`d k`mrct`fa, 3<, 7<—78Tgg cnsfdfuatr`gs fo lgstàct`fa:

pfn`d`gs: spgdò`d dfuatryàtgragt-bcsgl trcasogrs, 347`rrgmuncr k`mrct`fa, 35<, 323a8@tcny

cs lgstàct`fa ofr Cnbca`ca k`mrcats,?0—==

gxpfsurg tf ncamucmg fo cs lgtgrkàcat fo k`mrct`fa, 07—0?

@_.Tggàstrukgatcn vcr`cbng (@_) cpprfcdh

J

Jcmgrc Hgcnth cal Lgvgnfpkgat Turvgy(JHLT), 3?—3=, 28 o 2C.3, 20 t 2C.3,20t 2C.2, 42 a2

jàsh`p mrfups, 2?

N

ncbfr kcrjgts, <, 75ncalhfnlàms

cal `kpcdt fa dfasukpt`fa à Agpcn,73—7<

\cazca`c, 43—42 t 2C.?ncamucmg, cs ocdtfr à k`mrct`fa, 07—0?Ncrr`sfa, Igaa`dc, 0= a3ngmcn bcrr`grs fa trcvgn, 343—44Ngw`s kflgn, 34n`vgn`hffl strctgm`gs, 34—3<, ==N`vàm Ttcalcrls Kgcsurgkgat Turvgy

(NTKT), A`dcrcmuc, 353, 354,358—0, 325a4

nfdct`fa fo survgy rgspfalgats, 3=, 20 t 2C.2

Nfjshà, K`dhcgn, 47—?7NTKT. TggN`vàm Ttcalcrls Kgcsurgkgat Turvgy (NTKT), A`dcrcmuc

K

kcrr`cmg@al`c, 3<k`mrct`fa pcttgras ofr, 3<cs rgcsfa tf k`mrctg, 25, 45—43 t 2C.<

KdJgaz`g, Lcv`l, 327—3<4Kgx`df, 32=, 328—20, 3<5 aa <—?k`mrct`fa dhf`dg kflgn, <=, <8—<0 t 4.4

dfadgptucn orckgwfrj ofr, 33?—25,322aa 30—25

kfuatcà crgcs, Cnbca`ccs fr`mà fo k`mrcats, ?0—=2, ==, =8 o <.?b,

=0 o <.=

@algx 3<0



kfuatcà crgcs, Cnbca`c ( dfatàugl )cal pfvgrty rgludt`fa, 87—8?

cal rgk`ttcadgs, 85—83kuntàfk`cn dhf`dg sgttàm, 33?—25,

323a32, 322 aa 30—25kua`d`pcn k`mrct`fa agtwfrjs, 335Kurrumcrrc, Glkualf, 353—24

A

acturcn l`scstgrs, 353, 352, 335—33, 33<agmct`vg cspgdts fo k`mrct`fa, 2—4, 334Agpcn, <, =

lfkgst`d vs. àtgract`facn k`mrct`fa,7<—78

gdfafk`ds fo, 47—4=cal O@KN gst`kct`fas

fo gxpgal`turgs, 75—7<fo k`mrct`fa dhf`dgs, <=—75

MLU, 47, 4?àtrfludt`fa tf, 47—4=k`mrct`fa cal pfvgrty rgludt`fa

s`kunct`fas, 7<—78k`mrct`fa tf @al`c, 48—40, ?3 a3fvgrv`gw fo rgk`ttcadgs tf, 4?cal pcsspfrts, 343shcrg fo hfusghfnls rgdg`vàm

rgk`ttcadgs, <3—<<, ?3 a2wfrj-rgnctgl k`mrct`fa

dfadnus`fas fo rgsgcrdh dfadgraàm,78—70

cal pfvgrty rgnct`fash`p, <<—<=,70—?3

cal rgsunts fo rgsgcrdh dfadgraàm,

<=—78, ?3aa 4—7Agpcn Dgatrcn Burgcu fo Ttct`st`ds,4=—48

Agpcn N`vàm Ttcalcrl Turvgy (ANTT),4=—48, <3, <4t 4.2, <<

agtwfrjs`kpfrtcadg fo, =—8, <0cs kgcas fo nfwgràm dfsts tf àdrgcsg

k`mrct`fa fo pffr, 328—20,3<5aa <—7

trcasact`facn, =7

v`nncmg-ngvgn, <7Agw Ygcncal, 327, 344—47, 3<5 a8A`dcrcmuc, 2, <, 7, ?, =

cal b`pfncr k`mrct`fa pcttgras nàj tfgdfafk`d fppfrtua`t`gs, 352,357—8, 323aa 0—35

dfkkua`ty dhcrcdtgr`st`ds, 350

lgtgrkàcats fo k`mrct`fa sgngdt`v`tycal pfvgrty nàjs, 358—34,

323—22aa 33—3=fvgrv`gw fo k`mrct`fa cal pfvgrty nàj,

353—2rgdgat k`mrct`fa trgals à, 352—8,

325—23aa 4—35A`-_cauctu, 348, 3<3 a34ANTT. TggAgpcn N`vàm Ttcalcrl Turvgy

(ANTT)Afrth Ckgr`dc, cs lgstàct`fa ofr Cnbca`ca

k`mrcats, ?0—=7

F

fddupct`facn dhcamgs, cal dfasukpt`farctgs, 2<

fppfrtua`t`gs tf k`mrctgCnbca`c, ?=—?8cal b`pfncr k`mrct`fa pcttgras, 352,

357—8, 323aa 0—35dfsts cs ocdtfr, 7—?cal àofrkct`fa dfadgraàm, <7—<?ncdj fo, 32?—2=, 3<5aa 2—4

nàj tf gdfafk`d fppfrtua`t`gs, 357—8,325—23aa 4—35

Agpcn, <7—<?, <0, 70A`dcrcmuc, cal b`pfncr k`mrct`fa

pcttgras, 02, 357—8, 323 aa 0—35fvgrv`gw fo lgtgrkàcats fo, 4—<prfmrcks tf gxpcal, 347—40, 3<3 a34cal sfd`fgdfafk`d stctus, 2—7\cazca`c, 2?Tgg cnsfdfuatr`gs fo lgstàct`fa

futdfkgs, dfastrcàts tf k`mrct`fafutdfkgs ofr pffr, 7—8

fvgr-`lgatò`dct`fa fo àstrukgats, 0=

U

Ucdò`d Cddgss quftc systgk, 34=pcagn lctc, à \cazca`c stuly, 3<—37pcagn survgys, 3?—3=, 42a2pcsspfrts, ?

dfsts cs bcrr`gr tf k`mrct`fa ofr pffr,320—43

cs `ssug à Agpcn, 40pgr dcp`tc dfasukpt`faCnbca`c, kgcsuràm `kpcdt fo k`mrct`fa

fa, 0<—0?, 08a3?Agpcn, 48cal fddupct`facn fr sgdtfrcn dhcamgs, 2<\cazca`c, 3?

375 @algx







`kpcdt fa k`mrct`fa fppfrtua`t`gs, 2—7cal rgk`ttcadgs rgdg`vgl, <3

Tgg cnsflgkfmrcph`ds: àdfkg: wgcnthTfuth-Tfuth k`mrct`fa, <, 33<Tpcà, 322 a38spct`cn vcr`cbngs, Cnbca`c, 0<t <C.4, 0?spn`t-foo k`mrcats. Tgghfusghfnl spn`ttàm

\

\cazca`c, 2, 7, ?dhcamgs à dfasukpt`fa, 3<—37dhcrcdtgr`st`ds fo k`mrct`fa, 25,

45—43t 2C.<, 43 t 2C.7,42a4, 43—42t 2C.?dfadnus`fas dfadgraàm k`mrct`fa stuly,

2?—2=gdfafk`d `kpcdt fo k`mrct`fa, 25—2?gdfafk`d stctus, 37—3?hfusghfnl spn`ttàm fo, 25, 43—42t 2C.?JHLT, 3?—3=, 28 o 2C.3, 20 t 2C.3,

20t 2C.2, 42 a2k`mrcats vs. afak`mrcats, 38—30, 25,

20t 2C.2

fvgrv`gw fo lctc, 3<—37tgkpfrcn `ssugs, 00 a3<tgkpfrcry k`mrct`fa

Cnbca`c, 8=—80, 80 o <.3<lgsdr`pt`vg stct`st`ds usgl à rgsgcrdh,

04, 04 t <C.2pgr dcp`tc dfasukpt`fa vcr`cbngs,

0<—0?, 08a3?cal lgs`rg tf k`mrctg, 327prfmrcks tf gxpcal prf-pffr k`mrct`fa,

347—40, 3<3a34tgkpfrcry wfrjgr prfmrcks, 347—4?

thgfrgt`dcn orckgwfrj, cal rgnct`fash`p fo wfrj-rgnctgl k`mrct`fa calpfvgrty, <<—<=, 70—?3, ?3a?

thrgg-dhf`dg k`mrct`fa kflgn, Agpcncal O@KN gst`kct`fa fo gxpgal`turgs

rgnct`fash`p tf k`mrct`fa ofr, 75—7<cal O@KN gst`kct`fa fo k`mrct`fa

dhf`dg, <=—75k`mrct`fa cal pfvgrty rgludt`fa

s`kunct`fas ofr, 7<—78\famc, ?, 327

cal rgk`ttcadg dfsts, 344—47, 3<5 a0cal sgngdt`fa fo sgcsfacn wfrjgrs ofr

RTG prfmrck, 34?—40, 3<3 a34trcl`t`facn vcnugs, cs bcrr`gr tf k`mrct`fa, 2?trcaspfrt, cddgss tf, 350, 323 a34

trcvgn rgstr`dt`fas, 320—42trgals à k`mrct`fa

Cnbca`cdurrgat k`mrct`fa stctus, ?8, ?0—=7,

08aa <—8fvgrv`gw fo, ?8—?0, 0=—08aa2—4tgkpfrcry k`mrct`fa, =7—==, =8 o <.?,

=0t <.4, 08 a4, 08—00aa 0—35nfwgràm dfsts tf àdrgcsg cb`n`ty tf

k`mrctg, 328—20, 3<5aa <—?Agpcn, 40A`dcrcmuc

b`pfncr k`mrct`fa pcttgras, 352,357—8, 323aa 0—35

lgtgrkàcats fo k`mrct`fa sgngdt`v`tycal pfvgrty nàjs, 358—34,323—22aa 33—3=

\cazca`c, 2?—2=

W

Wa`tgl Jàmlfk, =4Wa`tgl Ttctgs, <, 7

cs lgstàct`fa ofr Hc`t`ca k`mrcats, 327cs lgstàct`fa ofr A`dcrcmuca k`mrcats,

353—2, 354lgtgrkàcats fo dhf`dg fo by

A`dcrcmucas, 358—34,323—22aa 33—3=

shcrg fo, 354—<vs. Dfstc R`dc cs dhf`dg fo, 332—34,

33?—25, 325t 7C.4, 322 aa 30—25k`mrct`fa pcttgras tf cal gdfafk`d

fppfrtua`t`gs, 352—8, 323 aa 4—35pfn`dy `kpn`dct`fas ofr k`mrct`fa tf,

334—37, 322a38uasj`nngl k`mrcats, 0, 347—4?urbca crgcs

Cnbca`ccs fr`mà fo k`mrcats, ?0—=2, =8 o <.?cal pfvgrty rgludt`fa, 87—8?

Agpcn, 40, <?, 7?cal A`dcrcmuca k`mrct`fa pcttgras,

357—?, 323a0\cazca`c, 37

urbca`zct`fa, cal k`mrct`fa, 25

_

_cauctu, cal prfmrck ofr sgngdt`fa fo sgcsfacn wfrjgrs, ?, 34?—40,3<3a34

@algx 374



vcr`cbngsCnbca`c

dfkkua`ty, 0< t <C.4, 07—0?lgsdr`pt`fa, 02—0?hfusghfnl-ngvgn, 0?

Agpcn, cal O@KN kgthfl, 4=, <3,<?, <=—7<

A`dcrcmuc, 350lgtgrkàcats fo k`mrct`fa sgngdt`v`ty

cal pfvgrty nàjs, 358—34,323—22aa 33—3=

kuntàfk`cn dhf`dg kflgn,338—30t 7C.3

\cazca`c, 30, 25, 27à thgfrgt`dcn kflgn fo k`mrct`fa dhf`dg,

<=, <8—<0t 4.4usg fo tf kgcsurg `kpcdt fo k`mrct`fa

fa pfvgrty, 80—05, 03, 02—0=v`nncmg-ngvgn k`mrct`fa, Agpcn, <7v`scs, 327, 343—42

]

wgcnth

Cnbca`c, cs ocdtfr à k`mrct`fa, =<, 08 a8cal dfsts fo rgk`ttcadgs, 344, 3<3 a35cal k`mrcats vs. afak`mrcats, 30

Agpcn, cs ocdtfr à k`mrct`fa, 75A`dcrcmuc, 323a35

rgnct`fash`p tf k`mrct`fa, 35 a?, 30,75, =<, 08 a0

\cazca`c, 30, 25Tgg cnsfdfasukpt`fa: àdfkg

wgnocrgCnbca`c, 8=—80, 80 o <.3<, 08 a35

cal rgnct`fash`p fo k`mrcats calrgk`ttcadgs, 83—8<

cal usg fo @_ cpprfcdh tf kgcsurg`kpcdt fo k`mrct`fa fa pfvgrty,80—05, 03, 02—0=

Agpcn, 48A`dcrcmuc, cal k`mrct`fa pcttgras,

35?—8, 323a35rurcn gdfafk`gs, 34\cazca`c, 34, 3<—3?, 22, 2<urbca gdfafk`gs, 34wgnocrg-kcx`k`zàm strctgm`gs,

34—3<Tgg cnsfdfasukpt`fa

]gstgra Wa`fa, 347, 3<3 a0

Y

Ygzzc, Cnbgrtf, ?=—355

37< @algx





GDF-CWL@\

Gav`rfakgatcn Bgago`ts Ttctgkgat

\hg ]frnl Bcaj `s dfkk`ttgl tf prgsgrvàmgalcamgrgl ofrgsts cal acturcn rgsfurdgs.\hg Foo`dg fo thg Uubn`shgr hcs dhfsga tfpràt K`mrct`fa cal Ufvgrty fa rgdydnglpcpgr w`th 75 pgrdgat pfstdfasukgr o`bgr àcddfrlcadg w`th thg rgdfkkgalgl stcalcrlsofr pcpgr uscmg sgt by thg Mrgga Urgss @a`t`c -t`vg, c afaprfo`t prfmrck suppfrtàm pub-n`shgrs à usàm o`bgr thct `s aft sfurdgl orfkgalca mgrgl ofrgsts. Ofr kfrg àofrkct`fa,v`s`t www.mrggaprgssà`t`ct`vg.frm.

Tcvgl9• 7 trggs• 3 k`nn`fa B\W fo

tftcn gagrmy• 320 nbs fo DF 2

gqu`vcngat fomrggahfusg mcsgs

• 2,342 mcnnfas fowcstg wctgr

• <<4 pfuals fosfn`l wcstg





H`stfr`dcnny, k`mrct`fa hcs prgsgatgl fppfrtua`t`gs ofr pgfpng tf `kprfvg thg`r n`vgs calthfsg fo thg`r ock`n`gs. \flcy, thg l`vgrmgadg à àdfkg bgtwgga dfuatr`gs dfatàugs tfkft`vctg àl`v`lucns tf gsdcpg pfvgrty thrfumh k`mrct`fa. Lfgs k`mrct`fa hgnp tf rgludgpfvgrty6 Cal ò sf, hfw cal ualgr whct d`rdukstcadgs6 \hgsg crg `kpfrtcat gkp`r`dcnqugst`fas tf dfas`lgr ò thg wfrnl `s tf rgcn`zg thg ounn pftgat`cn fo k`mrct`fa.

K`mrct`fa cal Ufvgrty cllrgssgs thgsg `ssugs w`th rgdgat rgsgcrdh orfk thg ]frnl Bcaj“cal dcsg stul`gs orfk \cazca`c, Agpcn, Cnbca`c, cal A`dcrcmuc“thct futnàg thg kyr`clk`mrct`fa gxpgr`gadgs cal cacnyzg thg dfkpn`dctgl agxus bgtwgga k`mrct`fa cal pfvgrtyrgludt`fa. Rgsgcrdh prgsgatgl à th`s bffj shfws hfw k`mrct`fa gxpcals thg dhf`dgscvc`ncbng tf pffr pgfpng cal hfw `t dca dfatr`butg s`maò`dcatny tf cnngv`ctàm pfvgrty.Waofrtuactgny, k`mrct`fa fppfrtua`t`gs crg aft gqucnny l`str`butgl, cal thgy dca lgpgalfa thg ngvgn fo sj`nns cal rgsfurdgs. \hgrgofrg, thg pffr tgal tf g`thgr k`mrctg ngss frk`mrctg tf ngss nudrct`vg lgstàct`fas, cal kcay dfuatr`gs kcy aft bg rgcpàm thg pfvgrty-rgludàm pftgat`cn fo àtgract`facn k`mrct`fa. \hg cuthfrs crmug thct rgludàm thg dfsts fo k`mrct`fa kcjgs `t kfrg prf-pffr.

]h`ng àlustr`cn`zgl dfuatr`gs dfatrfn kfst fo thg pfn`dy ngvgrs mfvgraàm thg bgago`ts fo k` t`f f `d k jg ` thg lg g f ` df t `g f h g thg f g tf g l thg

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