Midterm First Term 2nd Prep

8/15/2019 Midterm First Term 2nd Prep

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Modern school elshrouk Science section

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1-The most important attempts to classify elements are

Mendeleev,moseley and modern periodic table

2- Mendeleev arranged the elements ascendigly according to atomicweight!hile moseley classify the element according to atomicnumber "-The Ne!#eland scientist Rutherford discovered that the nucleus ofthe atom contains Protons of positive charge$- Moseley discovered after studying x- rays the periodic propertiesof elements are related to their atomic number and not to theiratomic weight%- &n moseley periodic ta'le each element increase 'y one from theperceding one in the same period(-The modern periodic ta'le consists of 7 hori#ontal periods and 18 vertical groups.)-The danish scientist ohr had discovered the main energylevel!hich reach to 7 in the heaviest atom*- &n the modern periodic ta'le the elements arranged according toatomic number and the way of filling energy sublevels1+- ,lements of S-'lock are located on the !eft side of the eriodicta'le and they are arranged into " groups !hich are 1# and "#11- ,lements of -'lock are located on the right side of the periodicta'le and they are arranged in $ groups12- roups of d-'lock take letter e/cept group 8!hich consists of%vertical column.

1"- &-bloc' elements located on the middle of the periodic ta'lle and'egin to appear from period ( and they contain transition group

1

Revision sheet

0or 2nd prep

omplete the following


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1$- &n the modern periodic ta'le element of )-bloc' are located onthe left right side !hile elements of group P-bloc' are located in theright side and d-bloc' in the middle of the ta'le.1%- The num'er of electrons in the outer most energy level in the,lement 1" lies in period %and group %# in the modern periodic ta'le1(- The ne! num'er of #ero group is 18!hile % is 1*13- The atomic num'er of an element located in group 1 and period" is 111)- #tomic radius is used tomeasure the atomic si#e of an atom andthe measuring unite is picometer 1*- 4y increasing the atomic num'er !ithin a period the atomic si#edecrease'ecause the attraction force 'et!een positive nucleus andouter most electrons increases!hile in the group it increases2+-The atomic si#e of Magnesium 5Mg 126 atom is larger than that of'eryllium 54e $6 atom21-+lectronegativity&s the a'ility of the atom in covalent molecule toattract the electrons of the 'ond to!ards itself.22-4y increasing the atomic num'er the value of electronegativityincrease in period and decrease in the group2"- 4y increasing the atomic si#e in the group the electronegativity

decrease and this is inverse relation ship2$- lourine element has the highest electronegativity !hich e7ual (2%- esium element has the largest atomic si#e2(- water and ammonia are e/ampels of polar covelant compounds23- Methane and hydrogen sulphide are e/ampels of non polarcovelant compound2)- ,lements are classified into $ groups Metal,non metal ,metalloidand inert gases

2*- During the chemical reaction metal atom tends to lose electronsand changes into positive ion"+- During the chemical reaction non metal atom tends to gainelectrons and changes into negative ion"1- 4y increasing the atomic num'er !ithin group the metallicproperty increase !hile 'y increasing the atomic num'er in groupthe nonmetallic property decrease"2- oron and silicon are e/ampels of metalloids

""- The strongest non metal is flourine !hich found in group 7# !hilethe strongest metal is cesium !hich found in group 1#

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"$- ctive metals react !ith diluted hydrochloric acid giving salt ofacid and hydrogen gas evolve"%- arbon and sulphur are e/amples of non metals !hich do notreact !ith diluted acids"(- Metal o/ides are called basic oxides !hile non metal o/ides arecalled acidic oxides."3- 4asic o/ides dissolve in !ater giving al'aline solution !hich turnlitmus paper into blue")- cidic o/ides dissolve in !ater giving acidic solution !hich turnlitmus paper into red"*- The elements of group 1 are called al'ali metal and they arelocated in )-bloc' and their valencies is monovalent$+- The elements of group 2 are called al'aline earth metal andthey are located on the )-bloc' and their valencies is divalent$1- The elements of group 3 are called halogens and they aremonovalent in valency as they gain one electron during chemicalreaction$2- The most active Metal in group 1 is cesium 'ecause it has thelargest atomic si/e$"- 8ithium float on the surface of !ater !hile ru'idium sin' in !ateras it has density higher than !ater $$- Most alkali metal has low density$%- 9alogens are not e/ist in elementary state as they are very activeelements so they e/ist in the form of diatomic molecule$(- flourine and chlorine e/ist in gaseous state !hile bromine e/ist inli7uid state and iodine e/ist in solid state$3- Silion is used in eletronic device !hileli7uified nitrogen used inpreservation of corenea of eye as it has very low boiling point

!hich reaches to -10$ $)- o $2is used in food preservation as it emitts gamma rays !hich killmicrobial cells$*- li3uid sodium is used in nuclear reactors%+- The 'ond 'et!een o/ygen and hydrogen in !ater molecule issingle covelant bond !hile the 'ond among !ater molecules ishydrogen bond%1- The angle 'et!een the !ater molecule is 12(.*

%2- The high 'oiling point of !ater is due to the presence of hydrogenbond

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%"- !hen the temperature of !ater decrease than $; its densitydecrease !hile its volume increase due to the formation ofhexagonal shape crystals !ith large spaces 'et!een them%$- The high latent heat of vapori/ation !ater make it a'le to resistthe change of from state to another so it is used in putting off fire !hilethe high specific heat of !ater make our 'ody temperature sta'le!ithout any change%%- " ? "Mgo

(1- Mgo 6 4 " o Mg5o96"

(2- Mg = 29cl dil Mgcl " 6 4 "

("- u = 9cl dil o reaction

($- = >2 ? o "

(%- o " 6 4 " o 9"co%

((- 2Na = 4"o " ao4 = 9 "

(3- 2@ = 29"o "9o4 6 4 "

()- "9 6 r" 2@4r 4


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(*- 2Na = l" "al3+- 2Na4r = l2 " al 6 r "31- 4r " = "9: 2@4r = &"32- l2 = @4r 9l 6 r"

3"- 29"o ,lectrolysis 4 " 6 ; "

＋－

3$- 9"o &oni#ation 4 6 o4

1- Electronegativity:&s the a'ility of an atom in acovelant

molecule to attract the electrons of the chemical 'ond to!ards it self

2- hemical activity series: it is aseries of metals !hich

arranged in an descending order according to their chemical activity

3- Metalloids :they are elements !hich have the properties of

'oth metals and non-metals

4- Basic oxides : they are metals o/ide some of them dissolve in

!ater giving alkaline solution

- !cidic oxides : they are non-metal o/ide that dissolve in !ater

giving acidic solution

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"hat is meant #y:


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$- !mphoteric oxides : They are metal o/ide !hich reacts !ith

'ases as acid and react !ith acids as 'ases forming salt and !ater

%- &olar covelant compo'nds: they are covelant cmpounds in!hich the difference in electonegativity 'et!een their elements isrelatively high

(- )on &olar Covelant Compo'nds : they are covelant

cmpounds in !hich the difference in electonegativity 'et!een theirelements is relatively lo!

*- +ydrogen #ond : !eak electrostatic attraction force arises'et!een the covelant molecules

1,- oni.ation : it is the process of converting the molecules of

some covelant compounds into ions

11- "ater poll'tion : the addition of any su'stances to the !ater

!hich causes continous gradual changes in !ater properties affectingthe health of living organisms

1- Mend eleev left gap s /empty ce lls0 in his periodic

ta#le

0or the ne! elements that !ill 'e discovered in the future

2- Eleme nt of the sam e gro'p s have similar

properties

4. They have the same no. of electrons in their outermost shell

6

ive reasons for5


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3- he atomic si.e decreases in periods #y

increasing the atomic n'm#er

Due to the increase in the attraction force 'et!een the positively

charged nucleus and the electrons in the outermost shell

4- h e atomic si.e increases in gro'p #y increasing

the atomic n'm #er

Due to the increase in the no. >f energy levels

- "ater molec'le is from the polar molec'les

4. The difference in electronegativity 'et!een its elements is relativelyhigh

$- Methane and hydroge n s'lphide are considered as

non polar covalent comp o'nds

4. The difference in electronegativity 'et!een their elements isrelatively lo!

%- esi'm / s0 is the most metall ic element in gro'p

/1!0

4. &t has the largest atomic si#e

(- lo'rine has the most non metallic property

4.it has the highest electronegativity

*- Metal oxides are 5nown as #asic oxides

B.they dissolve in water giving alkaline solution

1,- )on m etal oxides are 5nown as acidic oxides

B.they dissolve in water giving acidic solution

11- !ltho'gh iron oxide is from #asic oxides it doesn6tform al5ali

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B.it doesn’t dissolve in water

12- "e can 'se dil'te + l to differentiate #etween

copper and M agnesi'm

4.Magnesium reacts !ith diluted 9l giving salt of acid and hydrogengas evolvesMg = 29cl dil Mgcl2 = 92A


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4. During chemical reactions alkali metals tend to lose one electronfrom their outer most shell !hile alkaline earth metals tend to lose 2electrons

1*-9ithi'm floats on w ater s'rface8 w hile c esi'm

sin5s in w ater

4. 8ithium has density less than !ater !hile cesium has densityhigher than !ater

2,- Brom ine cannot rep lace chlorine in its salt

sol'tions

4. 4romine is less active than chlorine

21- 9i:'id sodi'm 'sed in n'clear reactors

4. it is good heat conductor it transfers heat from inside the nuclearreactor to outside the nuclear reactor

22- 7ilicon slides are 'sed in ma5ing electronic device

4. it is semiconductor its conductivity of electricity depends on the

temperature

23- 9i:'efied nitrogen is 'sed in preservation of cornea

of eye

4.&t has very lo! 'oiling point -1*( C

24- Co#alt $, is 'sed in preservation of food

4. it emits gamma rays that kill the micro'ial cells

2- he high #oiling point of water

Due to the presence of hydrogen 'ond

2$- !ltho'gh water free.es at polar .ones8 the a:'atic

creat're can live

4. on free#ing the density of !ater decrease and the volume increase

due to the formation of he/agonal shape crystals !ith large spaces'et!een them

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2%- "ater is 'sed in p'tting off fire

4. !ater has high latent heat of vapori#ation

2*- he temperat're of the h'man #ody doesn6t change

#y changing atmospheric temperat're

4.!ater has high specific heat

3,-- ;issolving of s'gar in water altho'gh it is from

covalent Compo'nd

4. they form hydrogen 'ond !ith !ater

31-


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5MendeleevPeriodic table62- The partition of periodic ta'le that contains elements having similarproportion in vertical column. 5Group6"- The ta'le in !hich elements are arranged according to their atomicnum'er. 5Moseley periodictable6%- ,lements of d-'lock in the modern periodic ta'le.

5Transitionalelements6(- ,lements of group #ero in the modern periodic 5Nobelgases 6)- The measuring unit of atomic radius !hich is used as a measure for the atomic si#e. (Picometer61+- n atom of metallic element !hich loses one electron or moreduring the chemical reaction. 5Positiveion) 11- The inert gas !hich has the same electronic structure of sodiumion 5Na=6. 5Neon612- >/ides !hich dissolve in !ater producing alkalinesolution 5Basicoxides)1"- >/ides !hich dissolve in !ater giving acidic solution


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1(- Monovalent elements e/ist in p-'lock in the periodic ta'le.( Halogens=13- The halogen !hich e/ists in a solid state. 5Iodine61)- The halogen !hich e/ists in a li7uid state. 5Bromine61*- The kind of rays !hich are emitted from co'alt 5(+6.5Gamma= 2+- The metalloid !hich is used in the manufacture of electronicdevices. 5ilicon621- &t is a series in !hich metals are arranged in a descending orderaccording to their chemical activity. 5C!emical activityseries622- They are non metallic o/ides !hich dissolve in !ater formingacidic solutions. 5"cidic oxides62"- &t is a !eak electrostatic attraction force that arises 'et!een themolecules of polar compounds. 5Hydrogen bond62$- &t is the process of converting the molecules of some covalentcompounds into ions. 5Ioni#ation62%- &t is addition of any su'stance to the !ater !hich causescontinuous gradual change in !ater properties affecting the health andthe life of living creatures. 5$ater pollution6

2(- They are the elements !hich have the properties of 'oth metalsand non metals 5Metalloids623- ,lements !hich have less than $ electrons in their outer mostshell 5Metals62)- they are metal o/ides !hich can react !ith acids as 'ase andreact !ith 'ases as acid giving salt and !ater ("mp!otericoxides%2*- The positive pole of voltmeter 9ofmannBs ("node6"+- The negative pole of voltmeter 9ofmannBs 5Cat!ode6"1-The apparatus usedf to make electrolysis of !ater(Ho&mann's voltmeter%

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1-!dding di l'ted + l to apiece of mag nesi'm

Magnesium chloride is formed and hydrogen gas evolveMg = 29cl dil Mgcl2 = 92A

2-!dd ing di l'ted + l to apiece of

copper

No reaction

3-;issolving ma gnesi'm oxide in water

It will dissolve in water giving magnesium hydroxide (alkalinesolution ) Mgo = 92o Mg5o962

4-!dding violet litm's sol'tion to magnesi'm oxide

The solution !ill turn into 'lue

- ;issolving ! #'rning coal in water then adding violet

litm's sol'tion

&t !ill turn into red due to the formation of car'onic acid o2 = 92o 9"co%

$- &'tting acidified water in voltammeter +ofmann=s ,lectrolysis of !ater !ill occur !here:

1-the o/ygen !ill go to anode 5positive pole6 and2-the hydrogen !ill go to cathode 5negative pole6

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"hat happen when

9ocate the position of

the following elements


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)Na

Period* + group* " Bloc,*)bloc,

-)Ca-.

Period* / group* -" Bloc,*)bloc,

+)Ne.

Period* - group* #ero Bloc,*P)bloc,

)0lement x 1!ic! locate in period - group +"

Atomic no !"# $

-)0lement x 1!ic! locate in period + group #ero

Atomic no !"%"% &%14

Calc'late the atomic no of


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Midterm First Term 2nd Prep