8/10/2019 Middle Ages of Palestine
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Middle Ages
TheDome of the Rock,the world's first great work ofIslamic
architecture,constructed in 691.
Minaret of theWhite MosqueinRamla,constructed in 1318
Arab architecture in the Middle Ages
Palestine was conquered by the Islamic Empire, beginning in 634
CE. In 636 CE, theBattle ofYarmoukduring theMuslim conquest of
Syriamarked the new Muslim hegemony over the
region, which was classified asBild al-Shm(Greater Syria). The
majority of the populationwas Christian and was to remain so until
the conquest of Saladin in 1187. The invasion appears
to have had little impact on social and administrative
continuities for several decades .[42][43][44][45]
The word 'Arab' at the time referred predominantly to Bedouin
nomads, though Arab settlement
is attested in the Judean highlands and near Jerusalem by the
5th century, and some tribes had
converted to Christianity.[42]
The local population engaged in farming, which was
considereddemeaning, were called Naba, referring toAramaic-speaking
villagers. Anadth,brought in
the name of a Muslim freedman who settled in Palestine ordered
them not to settle in thevillages, for he who abides in villages it
is as if he abides in graves.'[46]In 661 CE, with the
assassination ofAli,Muawiyah Ibecame the uncontested Caliph of
the Islamic World after
being crowned inJerusalem.TheDome of the Rock,completed in 691,
was the world's firstgreat work of Islamic
architecture.[47]TheUmayyads,who had spurred a strong economic
resurgence in the area,[48]were replaced by theAbbasidsin
750.Ramla,the major city, became
the administrative centre for the following centuries. Tiberias
became a thriving centre ofMuslim scholarship.[49]From 878,
Palestine was ruled from Egypt by semi-autonomous rulers for
almost a century, beginning with the Turkish freemanAhmad ibn
Tulun,for whom both Jews
and Christians prayed when he lay dying
[50]
and ending with theIkhshididrulers, characterized bypersecution
of Christians as the threat from Byzantium
grew.[51]TheFatimids,with apredominantlyBerberarmy, invaded the
region in 970, a date that marks the beginning of a
period of unceasing warfare between numerous enemies, which
destroyed Palestine, and in
particular devastating its Jewish population.[52]
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ni-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine#cite_note-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine#cite_note-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine#cite_note-Avni-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine#cite_note-Avni-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilad_a-Shamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Syriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmoukhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmoukhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramlahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Mosque,_Ramlahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock
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The 12th-century Crusader fortress inAcre
In 1073, Palestine was captured by theGreat Seljuq Empire,only
to be recaptured by the
Fatimidsin 1098, who then lost the region to theCrusadersin
1099. Their control of Jerusalem
and most of Palestine lasted almost a century until defeat
bySaladin's forces in 1187, after whichmost of Palestine was
controlled by the Ayyubids. A rump crusader state in the northern
coastal
cities survived for another century, but, despite seven further
crusades, the crusaders were no
longer a significant power in the region. TheFourth Crusadeled
directly to the decline of the
Byzantine Empire,dramatically reducing Christian influence
throughout the region.
TheMamluk Sultanatewas indirectly created inEgyptas a result of
theSeventh Crusade.TheMongol Empirereached Palestine for the first
time in 1260, beginning with theMongol raids
into PalestineunderNestorian ChristiangeneralKitbuqa,and
reaching an apex at the pivotal
Battle of Ain Jalut.In 1486, hostilities broke out between the
Mamluks and theOttoman Turksina battle for control over western
Asia, and the Ottomans captured Palestine in 1516.
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