Mid Term Report of thermal power plant

8/16/2019 Mid Term Report of thermal power plant

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A

Midterm Training Report

Entitled

“ Thermal Power Plant ”

Submitted in partial fulfilment

For the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology

In Department of Mechanical Engineering

By

Baria Maheshkumar Mahendrasinh

Enroll. No.: 020712011

Under the Supervision of

Mr. Mahendra Pratap Singh

Head of Department

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Jagannath Universit

Jaipur

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Candidate Declaration

I, Baria Maheshkumar Mahendrasinh hereby declare that the work presented

in this report entitled “Thermal Power Plant” in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology, submitted in

the Department of Mechanical Engineering at agannath !ni"ersit#,

aipur, is an authentic record of my own work under the supervision of Mr.Mahendra Pratap Singh.

I also declare that the work embodied in the present proect report is my original

work!e"tension of the e"isting work and has not been copied from any

#ournal!thesis!book, and has not been submitted by me for any other Degree.


Enrolment $o.% &'&()'&))

Date% )*+&,+'&)-

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Certificate of the Super"isor

This is to certify that the proect report entitled “ Thermal Power Plant”

submitted by Baria Maheshkumar Mahendrasinh for the award of Degree of

Bachelor of Technology in the Department of Mechanical Engineering of

agannath !ni"ersit#, aipur, is a record of authentic work carried out by him

under my supervision.

The matter embodied in this proect report is the original work of the candidate

and has not been submitted for the award of any other degree or diploma. It is

further certified that he has worked with me for the required period in the

Department of Mechanical Engineering agannath !ni"ersit# aipur.

Dharmendra Parmar

Date% )*+&,+'&)-

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/cknowledgements

I would like to e"press my sincere gratitude to my proect guide “Mr.

Mahendra Pratap Singh” for giving me the opportunity to work on this topic.

It would never be possible for us to take this proect to this level without his

innovative ideas and his relentless support and encouragement.


0oll $o.% )'&*&))

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/1stract

$abrication is the process used to manufacture steelwork components that will, when

assembled and oined, form a complete frame. The frame generally uses readily availablestandard sections that are purchased from the steelmaker or steel stockholder, together with

such items as protective coatings and bolts from other specialist suppliers.

In this training report I included almost all those equipment and material which is used in

%.&. 'ngineers. (ostly fabricated parts are inside of boiler, cyclone and different type of

casing. )lthough a wide range of section shapes and si*es are produced, the designer may

find that the required section si*e is not available. In this case, built+up girders may be

fabricated from plate. ections and plate girders may also be strengthened by stiffening the

web or flanges depending upon the load to be carried. (ost modern steelwork fabrication

factories have computer aided design and detailing -)D/ which is linked directly to factory

floor computer numerically controlled -0/ machinery creating a genuine )D!)(

environment.

(ostly made parts are mild steel and stainless steel still some other material also used

according to requirement. I1m working here from one 2 half month and I1ve learnt about

different types of material and equipment. In fabrication, generally three main process

known, named cutting, bending and assembling. $inishing, casting and heat treatment etc.

processes are haven1t included still wherever its need then e"plained.

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C2$TE$T

Sr. No. Chapter Page No.

1. Intro!ction!hat is Thermal "ower "lant #

3

". Main component of Power Plant

1.Boiler

".T!r#ine

$.Conen%er

&.Boiler fee p!mp

'.(enerator

4

$. )or*ing of Power Plant

The fo!r proce%% of +an*ine cycle

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). 3ntroduction

4hat is Thermal Power Plant 5

) the rma l pow er st at i on is a power plant in which the prime mover is steam

driven. 6ater is hea ted , tur ns in t o ste am and spi ns a steam turbine which

either dr ives an electrical generator or does some other work, like ship propulsion )fter it

passes through the turbine, the stea m is condensed in a condenser an d re cy cl ed to

w h e re i t w a s h e a te d 7 t h i s i s k n ow n a s a 8ankine c ycle. T he g r e at e s t

v a r i a t io n in th e d es ig n o f th e rmal p o wer s t a t io n s i s d u e to th e different

fuel sources. ome prefer to use the term energy center because such facilities convert forms

of heat energy into electrical energy.

There are many different types of power plants including thermal power plants and

hydel power plants. Thermal power plants use fuel such as 9as, HD, $urnace :il or nuclear

fuel to produce heat energy that is converted to electrical energy through a series of

intermediate processes. Hydel power plants convert the potential energy of water to electrical

power as it flows from higher to lower elevations. The ;traditional; thermal power plant isthe 8ankine cycle plant, named after the man who invented the cycle. ) power plant cycle is

a series of processes in which a fluid, generally water!steam, is used to convert heat energy to

mechanical energy. The 8ankine cycle in its simplest form consists of a boiler, a turbine, a

condenser, and a boiler feed pump. 'arly plantshad thermal efficiencies of appro"imately

to 4?>. :nly to 4?> of the heat energy in the fuel burned in these plants was

converted to electrical energy. The rest was lost in various ways. The 8ankine cycle has been

refined considerably over the years and made more efficient by the addition of components

like 'conomi*er, $eed water heaters, uper heaters and 8e+heaters. The efficiency of the

8ankine cycle has also been improved by increasing the pressure and temperature of the

cycle. The laws of thermodynamics and considerations such as material limitations have

prevented any significant improvement since then. @ower plants commonly use heat rate to

measure efficiency.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensation


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Main Component 2f Thermal Power Plant %

3. Boiler


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heating applications including water heating, central heating, boiler+based power generation,

cooking, and sanitation.

DET/36S %

()&' BH'C

T@' )$B Bo" type , ingle drum

$C:6 3?? T@H

@8'E8' )T :!C F= &g!q. cm

()I0 T')( T'(@'8)TE8' AG= Deg

$''D 6)T'8 T'(@'8)TE8' 35F Deg

D'I90 '$$II'0 G

$E80)' 6IDTH 55?F mm

$E80)' D'@TH =AF3 mm

E@'8H')T:8 T@' onvection uperheator

':0:(I'8 T@' @lain Type

)I8 H')T'8 T@' Tubular

E8$)' )8') A5G45 q. m

'.T!0B3$E %

) steam turbine is a device that e"tracts thermal energy from pressuri*ed steam and uses it todo mechanical work on a rotating output shaft. Because the turbine generates rotary motion, it

is particularly suited to be used to drive an electrical generator . The steam turbine is a form of

4

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler_(water_heating)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler_(water_heating)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_heatinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_heatinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler_(power_generation)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler_(power_generation)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler_(power_generation)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_energyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_(physics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_(physics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotational_motionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_generatorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_generatorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler_(water_heating)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_heatinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler_(power_generation)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_energyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_(physics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotational_motionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_generator


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heat engine that derives much of its improvement in thermodynamic efficiency from the use

of multiple stages in the e"pansion of the steam.

DET/36ES %

()&' HI0 0I@@:0 , #)@)0

T@' Back @ressure um '"traction team Turbine

(:D'C BF+8+'8

'8I)C 0E(B'8 355?G , 355?5

8@( F?4G

CEB' :IC ervo @rime+AF

I0C'T T')( @8'E8' F? &g!q. cm

I0C'T T')( T'(@'8)TE8' AG? Deg

'H)ET T')( @8'E8' 4.G &g!q. cm

'H)ET T')( T'(@'8)TE8'


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)@)IT 3


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T@' ynchronous 9enerator

'8I)C 0: (5=4


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changed. The number of gears used in the reduction gear assembly depends on the output

speed requirement of the application.The reduction gear assembly is usually known as

reduction gear bo".

DET/36S %

I0@ET @''D F?4G 8@(

:ET@ET @''D 3=?? 8@(

@''D 8)TI: 3!A.?


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$ig @ower @lant 6orks on 8ankine ycle

The main principle of the working of thermal power plant is on the basis of the 8ankine

cycle.

The 8nakine ycle is a model that is used to predict the performance of steam turbine

systems. The 8ankine cycle is an ideali*ed thermodynamic cycle of a heat engine that

converts heat into mechanical work. The heat is supplied e"ternally to a closed loop, which

usually uses water as the working fluid.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_enginehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_enginehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_fluidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_fluidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_fluidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_enginehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_fluid


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7ig % 'nergy Transformation n @ower @lant

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The 8ankine cycle closely describes the process by which steam+operated heat engines

commonly found in thermal power generation plants generate power. The heat sources used

in these power plants are usually nuclear fission or the combustion of fossil fuels such as

coal, natural gas, and oil.

The efficiency of the 8ankine cycle is limited by the high heat of vapori*ation of the working

fluid. )lso, unless the pressure and temperature reach super critical levels in the steam boiler,the temperature range the cycle can operate over is quite small steam turbine entry

temperatures are typically around =F=K and steam condenser temperatures are around 4?K.

This gives a theoretical ma"imum arnot efficiency for the steam turbine alone of about F4>

compared with an actual overall thermal efficiency of up to A for a modern coal+fired

power station. This low steam turbine entry temperature -compared to a gas turbine/ is why

the 8ankine -steam/ cycle is often used as a bottoming cycle to recover otherwise reected

heat in combined+cycle gas turbine power stations.

The working fluid in a 8ankine cycle follows a closed loop and is reused constantly. The

water vapor with condensed droplets often seen billowing from power stations is created by

the cooling systems -not directly from the closed+loop 8ankine power cycle/ and representsthe means for -low temperature/ waste heat to e"it the system, allowing for the addition of

-higher temperature/ heat that can then be converted to useful work -power/. This Le"haustL

heat is represented by the ;Mout; flowing out of the lower side of the cycle shown in the T!s

diagram below. ooling towers operate as large heat e"changers by absorbing the latent heat

of vapori*ation of the working fluid and simultaneously evaporating cooling water to the

atmosphere. 6hile many substances could be used as the working fluid in the 8ankine cycle,

water is usually the fluid of choice due to its favorable properties, such as its non+to"ic and

unreactive chemistry, abundance, and low cost, as well as its thermodynamic properties. By

condensing the working steam vapor to a liquid the pressure at the turbine outlet is lowered

and the energy required by the feed pump consumes only 3> to 4> of the turbine output

power and these factors contribute to a higher efficiency for the cycle. The benefit of this isoffset by the low temperatures of steam admitted to the turbine-s/. 9as turbines, for instance,

have turbine entry temperatures approaching 3=??K. However, the thermal efficiencies of

actual large steam power stations and large modern gas turbine stations are similar.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_enginehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_stationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_stationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_powerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercritical_fluidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnot_efficiencyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_cyclehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_towerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_towerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_of_vaporizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_of_vaporizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Properties_of_water#Heat_capacity_and_heats_of_vaporization_and_fusionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_enginehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_stationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_powerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercritical_fluidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnot_efficiencyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_cyclehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_towerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_of_vaporizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_of_vaporizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Properties_of_water#Heat_capacity_and_heats_of_vaporization_and_fusionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbine


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The four processes in the 0ankine c#cle %

$ig T+s Diagram of 8ankine ycle

There are four processes in the 8ankine cycle. These states are identified by numbers -in

brown/ in the above T+s diagram.

• Process )+' The working fluid is pumped from low to high pressure. )s the fluid is a

liquid at this stage, the pump requires little input energy.

• Process '+, The high pressure liquid enters a boiler where it is heated at constant pressure by an e"ternal heat source to become a dry saturated vapour. The input

energy required can be easily calculated graphically, using an enthalpy+entropy chart

-aka h+s chart or (ollier diagram/, or numerically, using steam tables.

• Process ,+* The dry saturated vapour e"pands through a turbine, generating power.

This decreases the temperature and pressure of the vapour, and some condensation

may occur. The output in this process can be easily calculated using the chart or tables

noted above.

•

Process *+) The wet vapour then enters a condenser where it is condensed at aconstant pressure to become a saturated liquid.

In an ideal 8ankine cycle the pump and turbine would be isentropic, i.e., the pump and

turbine would generate no entropy and hence ma"imi*e the net work output. @rocesses 3+<

and 4+A would be represented by vertical lines on the T+s diagram and more closely resemble

that of the arnot cycle. The 8ankine cycle shown here prevents the vapor ending up in the

superheat region after the e"pansion in the turbine, N3O which reduces the energy removed by

the condensers.

The actual vapor power cycle differs from the ideal 8ankine cycle because of irreversibilities

in the inherent components caused by fluid friction and heat loss to the surroundings7 fluidfriction causes pressure drops in the boiler, the condenser, and the piping between the

components, and as a result the steam leaves the boiler at a lower pressure7 heat loss reduces

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy-entropy_charthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-s_charthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-s_charthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollier_diagramhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_tablehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_condenserhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_pointhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_pointhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isentropichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isentropichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-s_diagramhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine_cycle#endnote_Van_Wyllen_ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy-entropy_charthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-s_charthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollier_diagramhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_tablehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_condenserhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_pointhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isentropichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-s_diagramhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine_cycle#endnote_Van_Wyllen_a


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the net work output, thus heat addition to the steam in the boiler is required to maintain the

same level of net work output.

uation %

Heat flow rate to or from the system -energy per unit time/

(ass $low 8ate -mass per unit time/

(echanical power consumed by or provided to the system -energy per unit

time/

Thermodynamic efficiency of the process -net power output per heat input,

dimensionless/

In general, the efficiency of a simple rankine cycle can be written as

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(physics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(physics)


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0eal 0ankine c#cle ?non+ideal@ %

7ig % 8ankine cycle with superheat

In a real power plant cycle -the name L8ankineL cycle is used only for the ideal cycle/, the

compression by the pump and the e"pansion in the turbine are not isentropic. In other words,

these processes are non+reversible and entropy is increased during the two processes. This

somewhat increases the power required by the pump and decreases the power generated by

the turbine.

In particular the efficiency of the steam turbine will be limited by water droplet formation. )s

the water condenses, water droplets hit the turbine blades at high speed causing pitting and

erosion, gradually decreasing the life of turbine blades and efficiency of the turbine. The

easiest way to overcome this problem is by superheating the steam. :n the Ts diagram above,

state 4 is above a two phase region of steam and water so after e"pansion the steam will be

very wet. By superheating, state 4 will move to the right of the diagram and hence produce a

drier steam after e"pansion.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(physics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(physics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts_diagramhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(physics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts_diagram


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0ankine c#cle with reheat %

7ig % 8ankine cycle with reheat

The purpose of a reheating cycle is to remove the moisture carried by the steam at the final

stages of the e"pansion process. In this variation, two turbines work in series. The first

accepts vapour from the boiler at high pressure. )fter the vapor has passed through the first

turbine, it re+enters the boiler and is reheated before passing through a second, lower+

pressure, turbine. The reheat temperatures are very close or equal to the inlet temperatures,whereas the optimum reheat pressure needed is only one fourth of the original boiler

pressure. )mong other advantages, this prevents the vapor from condensing during its

e"pansion and thereby damaging the turbine blades, and improves the efficiency of the cycle,

because more of the heat flow into the cycle occurs at higher temperature. The reheat cycle

was first introduced in the 35


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0egenerati"e 0ankine c#cle %

7ig % 8egenerative 8ankine cycle

The regenerative 8ankine cycle is so named because after emerging from the condenser

-possibly as a subcooled liquid/ the working fluid is heated by steam tapped from the hot

portion of the cycle. :n the diagram shown, the fluid at < is mi"ed with the fluid at A -both at

the same pressure/ to end up with the saturated liquid at . This is called ;direct contact

heating;. The 8egenerative 8ankine cycle -with minor variants/ is commonly used in real power stations.

)nother variation sends bleed steam from between turbine stages to feedwater heaters to

preheat the water on its way from the condenser to the boiler. These heaters do not mi" the

input steam and condensate, function as an ordinary tubular heat e"changer, and are named

;closed feedwater heaters;.

8egeneration increases the cycle heat input temperature by eliminating the addition of heat

from the boiler!fuel source at the relatively low feedwater temperatures that would e"ist

without regenerative feedwater heating. This improves the efficiency of the cycle, as more of

the heat flow into the cycle occurs at higher temperature.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcooled_liquidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedwater_heaterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcooled_liquidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedwater_heater


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Mid Term Report of thermal power plant