MICROWAVE ANTENNA DESIGNA Case Study Presented to the Faculty ofCollege of Engineering and TechnologyPamantasan ng Lungsod ng MaynilaIntramuros, Manila

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the DegreeBachelor of Science in Electronics Engineering

Proponents:Anunciacion, Sheena Franzes R.Bautista, Carlo Noriel B.Biblañas, Ronnel G.Chavez, Guia R.Mendoza, Renz O.Saturnino, Maaron John I.

Engr. Charles G. JuarizoAdviser

December 2013Brief Description of Baggao Municipality

A third class municipality with an area of 92,060 hectares. It was once a barangay of Amulung but due to a Royal Degree on November 27, 1896, it was separated from Amulung. Don Rafael Catolico became its head in 1899 making Baggao automatically a “pueblo.”Bounded by the Sierra Madre Mountain and the Pacific Ocean, Baggao also boasts of several scenic spots like the seven Steps at Gimuno, Duba Summer Resort and the hot spring at Intal, to name a few.The inhabitants were from the early Indonesian immigrant to the present-day Ybanag, Kalingas and the migrant Ilocanos who introduced the tobacco crop.As more settlers poured in, a Spanish Missionary was assigned in the person of Fray Pedro Vicandi, O.P. He directed the construction of a chapel atop the hill overlooking the village.The most important products are rice, corn, tobacco, mongo and lumber. The chief occupation of the people is farming.Baggao is the birthplace of Msgr. Teodolfo S. Domingo, D.D. He is the first native bishop of the Tuguegarao Diocese, and was consecrated on July 2, 1957 by Msgr. Egidio Vaquozzi, Papal Nuncio.

Components of a Microwave SystemTransmitters and Receivers. The basic building blocks of a microwave system are the ratio of frequency (RF) transmitters and receivers. These units make it possible to send and receive information at microwave frequencies. Most microwave transmitters are capable of an output power of 1W or more. A transmitter used in a terminal location has provisions for modulating the RF carrier with baseband signals from the varrier multiplex equipment. Receivers are capable of providing a usable baseband output with received microwave signal levels as low as -80dBm. A terminal receiver includes a demodulator to provide the baseband output to the carrier multiplex.

Carrier Multiplex. The microwave RF equipment has a wide bandwidth which is capable of carrying many channels of information. These channels are derived using multiplex equipment which can combine several hundred channels for transmission over one RF channel in a single bit stream.

City Government of BaggaoAttachments Land Area: 920.6 sq. km.

Barangays: Adaoag

Agaman (Proper)

Alba

Annayatan

Asassi

Asinga-Via

Awallan

Bacagan

Bagunot

Barsat East

Barsat West

Bitag Grande

Bitag Pequeño

Bunugan

Canagatan

Carupian

Catugay

Poblacion (Centro)

Dabbac Grande

Dalin

Dalla

Hacienda Intal

Ibulo

Immurung

J. Pallagao

Lasilat

Masical

Mocag

Nangalinan

Remus

San Antonio

San Francisco

San Isidro

San Jose

San Miguel

San Vicente

Santa Margarita

Santor

Taguing

Taguntungan

Tallang

Temblique

Taytay

Tungel

Mabini

Agaman Norte

Agaman Sur

C. Verzosa (Valley Cove)

Topography:A vast expanse of plains and valleys, bordered by mountains, running north to south both on its east and west ramparts. There are several prospective ports on the Pacific Coast, most notable of which is Valley Cove in Baggao. The land consists of alluvial plains, river deltas, low wetlands, mangroves, and beaches.Because of its topography, Cagayan has three types of climate. Type I climate prevails in Sta. Praxedes and in western Claveria, which have two pronounced seasons: wet, May to October and dry, the rest of the year. Type III climate is experienced in the eastern part of the Sierra Madre Mountains and in the Babuyan group of islands, where rainfall is evenly distributed throughout the year mainly because of the northeast trade winds. This further enhances the economic potential of the level land along the Pacific coast of the province.The greater portion of eastern Cagayan and the foothills of the Cordilleras in the west are undifferentiated mountain soils. These areas total 393,740 hectares or 43.74% of the total area of the province.

Location:Transmitter: Address:

Receiver:Address:

Images: Coordinates:

Transmitter:Longitude: 121°46’30”Latitude: 17°46’30”

Receiver:Longitude: 121°59’15”Latitude: 17°49’15”

Billboard 1:Longitude: 121°50’Latitude: 17°52’

Billboard 2:Longitude: 121°58’Latitude: 17°49’50”

PATH PROFILE (k = 4/3; f = 6 Ghz)Transmitter to Billboard 1Distance, Tx (km) Elevation (m) d1 (km) d2 (km) h (m) Corrected Elevation (m)0 138 0 12 0.0000 138.00001 0 1 11 0.6471 0.64712 120 2 10 1.1765 121.17653 120 3 9 1.5882 121.58824 0 4 8 1.8824 1.88245 200 5 7 2.0588 202.05886 200 6 6 2.1176 202.11767 140 7 5 2.0588 142.05888 200 8 4 1.8824 201.88249 160 9 3 1.5882 161.588210 200 10 2 1.1765 201.176511 240 11 1 0.6471 240.647112 300 12 0 0.0000 300.0000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

0

50

100

150

200

250

300Tx to B1

Elevation (m) Corrected Elevation (m)

Distance

Billboard 1 to Billboard 2Distance, Tx (km) Elevation (m) d1 (km) d2 (km) h (m)

Corrected Elevation (m)0 300 0 15 0.0000 300.00001 50 1 14 0.8235 50.82352 0 2 13 1.5294 1.52943 0 3 12 2.1176 2.11764 0 4 11 2.5882 2.58825 50 5 10 2.9412 52.94126 0 6 9 3.1765 3.17657 50 7 8 3.2941 53.29418 0 8 7 3.2941 3.29419 50 9 6 3.1765 53.176510 0 10 5 2.9412 2.941211 90 11 4 2.5882 92.588212 220 12 3 2.1176 222.117613 180 13 2 1.5294 181.529414 340 14 1 0.8235 340.823515 531 15 0 0.0000 531.0000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550 B1 to B2

Elevation (m) Corrected Elevation (m)

Distance

Billboard 2 to ReceiverDistance, Tx (km) Elevation (m) d1 (km) d2 (km) h (m) Corrected Elevation (m)0 531 0 18.2500 0.0000 531.00001 360 1 17.2500 1.0147 361.01472 180 2 16.2500 1.9118 181.91183 120 3 15.2500 2.6912 122.69124 190 4 14.2500 3.3529 193.35295 210 5 13.2500 3.8971 213.89716 120 6 12.2500 4.3235 124.32357 70 7 11.2500 4.6324 74.63248 180 8 10.2500 4.8235 184.82359 360 9 9.2500 4.8971 364.897110 340 10 8.2500 4.8529 344.852911 280 11 7.2500 4.6912 284.691212 220 12 6.2500 4.4118 224.411813 360 13 5.2500 4.0147 364.014714 280 14 4.2500 3.5000 283.500015 220 15 3.2500 2.8676 222.867616 170 16 2.2500 2.1176 172.1176

17 370 17 1.2500 1.2500 371.250018 480 18 0.2500 0.2647 480.264718.25 535 18.25 0.0000 0.0000 535.0000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550B2 to Receiver

Elevation (m) Corrected Elevation (m)

Distance

Transmitter to ReceiverDistance, Tx (km) Elevation (m) d1 (km) d2 (km) h (m) Corrected Elevation (m)0 138 0 33.25 0.0000 138.00001 120 1 32.25 1.8971 121.89712 80 2 31.25 3.6765 83.67653 120 3 30.25 5.3382 125.33824 200 4 29.25 6.8824 206.88245 160 5 28.25 8.3088 168.30886 240 6 27.25 9.6176 249.61767 200 7 26.25 10.8088 210.80888 220 8 25.25 11.8824 231.88249 100 9 24.25 12.8382 112.838210 304 10 23.25 13.6765 317.676511 120 11 22.25 14.3971 134.397112 140 12 21.25 15.0000 155.000013 50 13 20.25 15.4853 65.485314 50 14 19.25 15.8529 65.852915 0 15 18.25 16.1029 16.102916 0 16 17.25 16.2353 16.2353

17 30 17 16.25 16.2500 46.250018 45 18 15.25 16.1471 61.147119 50 19 14.25 15.9265 65.926520 80 20 13.25 15.5882 95.588221 50 21 12.25 15.1324 65.132422 120 22 11.25 14.5588 134.558823 0 23 10.25 13.8676 13.867624 0 24 9.25 13.0588 13.058825 0 25 8.25 12.1324 12.132426 0 26 7.25 11.0882 11.088227 160 27 6.25 9.9265 169.926528 160 28 5.25 8.6471 168.647129 180 29 4.25 7.2500 187.250030 280 30 3.25 5.7353 285.735331 340 31 2.25 4.1029 344.102932 400 32 1.25 2.3529 402.352933 520 33 0.25 0.4853 520.485333.25 535 33.25 0 0.0000 535.0000

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550Tx to Rx

Elevation (m) Corrected Elevation (m)

Distance

MICROWAVE PATH COMPUTATIONS

MICROWAVE PATH:

1. Losses

30' x 40'104°

79°

12 km.

18.25 km.

15 km.

30' x 40'

12'

12'

?

?

Wave guide loss: 1.4 dB100 ft .

(236.16 ft.) + (0.1dBft .

) (5 ft.) = 3.80624 dBComponent losses:

Modulation Implementation Loss = 1 dBConnector Loss = 0.1 dBHybrid Loss = 0.5 dBRadome Loss = 0.5 dB

Net Path Loss:Near Field or Far Field

d '=2.5 (4 ) (30 x 40 ) cos (104 /2 )

π ( 9.84 x108

6 x109)

= 2.7158miles x 1.609km.1mile

= 4.37 km. Far Field of both antennas Far Coupled or Closed Coupled(a + b) > √2 λd '√30 x40cos 1042 + √30 x40cos 792 > √2( 9.84 x1086 x109

)(15km .x 1.609 (5280 ))

57.6102<127.063

Far CoupledSolving for NPL:NPL = -G1 + FSL1 + AAL1 – GB1 + FSL2 + AAL2 – GB2 + FSL3 +AAL3 – G2

G1 = G2 = 7.5 + 20 log (12) + 20 log (6) = 44.65 dBFSL1 = 92.4 + 20 log (12) + 20 log (6)

= 129.55 dBFSL2 = 92.4 + 20 log (15) + 20 log (6) = 131.48 dB

FSL3 = 92.4 + 20 log (18.25) + 20 log (6) = 133.19 dBAAL1 = 0.00117 (12) (6) = 0.08424 dBAAL2 = 0.00117 (15) (6) = 0.1053 dBAAL3 = 0.00117 (18.25) (6)

= 0.128116 dBGB1 = 22.3 + 20 log (30 x 40) + 40 log (6) + 20 log cos ( 104

2¿

= 110.80 dBGB2 = 22.3 + 20 log (30 x 40) + 40 log (6) + 20 log cos ( 79

2¿

= 112. 76 dB

NPL = -44.65 +129.55 +0.08424 – 112.76 + 131.48 + 0.1053 – 110.80 + 133.19 + 0.128116 – 44.65 = 81.68 dB2. Antenna Tower Height Computation

F1 = 17.3 √ 10 (23.25)6 (33.25)=18.761m

Minimum Clearance = 0.6 (18.6761) + 13.6765 = 24.8822 mω (tentative tower height):ω = 304 + 24.8822 – (119.3985 + 138) = 71.4837 ≈72mChecking: (If there is Fresnel zone interference)η = ( 24.882218.6761 )

2

= 1.78

Odd With 72 m tower height, no Fresnel zone interference exists (recommended height)

3. Azimuth Angle ComputationHOP 1 LATITUDE LONGITUDETransmitter 17°46'30" 121°46'30"Billboard 1 17°52' 121°50'Δφ = 5'30" Δλ = 3'30"Δφseconds = 330" Δλseconds = 210"

Φm = ϕsmaller +∆ϕ (sec .)2

= 17°46’30” + ¿ = 17.82°

log Bm / Am = 0.002898 log cos ϕm = -0.02135log Δλsec. = 2.3222log Δλsec. = 2.5185log cot(ω) = 1.6404

ω = 58.6333°C = ∆ λ

2 sin ϕm

= ¿ sin (17.82) = 0.5355°Azimuth of Tx = 90 – 58.6333 – 0.5355

= 30.8312°Azimuth of B1 = 270 – 58.6333 – 0.5355

= 210.8312°HOP 2 LATITUDE LONGITUDEBillboard 1 17°52' 121°50'Billboard 2 17°49'50" 121°58'Δφ = 2'10" Δλ = 8'Δφ(seconds) = 130" Δλ(seconds) = 480"

Φm = ϕsmaller +∆ϕ (sec .)2

= 17°49’50” + ¿ = 17.85°log Bm / Am = 0.002698 log cos ϕm = -0.02143log Δλsec. = 2.6812

log Δλsec. = 2.1139log cot(ω) = 0.548568

Subtract}Add}

Add}Subtract}

ω = 15.7893°C = ∆ λ

2 sin ϕm

= ( 8 '2 ) sin (17.82) = 1.2261°Azimuth of B1 = 90 – 15.7893 – 1.2261

= 72.9846°Azimuth of B2 = 270 – 15.7893 – 1.2261

= 252.9846°4. Solving for Minimum Required Received Signal Loss.

Utilizing the 64-QAM and 10-4 bit error rate, Eb/N0 = 16.8 dBn = 6 (from 64-QAM);

Minimum RSL = -77 dBm (Practical Threshold) + 48 dB = -29 dBmRequired RSL = 30 dBm – 69.8675dB (NPL w/ component losses)

= -39.8675 dBmDESIGN SPECIFICATIONS and EQUIPMENTS1. Antenna Type

GUYED TOWER

328.2624’

328.2624’Antenna Height = 236.16 feetArea = 344 x 344Approximate Acreage = 2.712. Waveguide

188.928’

120°

120°

120°

WR159Waveguide frequency bands and interior dimensions

Frequency Band Waveguide Standard Frequency Limits (GHz) Inside Dimensions (inches) Inside Dimensions (mm)WR-2300 0.32 - 0.49 23.000 x 11.500 584.2 x 292.1WR-2100 0.35 - 0.53 21.000 x 10.500 533.4 x 266.7WR-1800 0.43 - 0.62 18.000 x 9.000 457.2 x 288.6WR-1500 0.49 - 0.74 15.000 x 7.500 381.0 x 190.5WR-1150 0.64 - 0.96 11.500 x 5.750 292.1 x 146.05WR-1000 0.75 - 1.1 9.975 x 4.875 253.365 x 126.6825WR-770 0.96 - 1.5 7.700 x 3.385 195.58 x 97.79WR-650 1.12 to 1.70 6.500 x 3.250 165.1 x 82.55R band WR-430 1.70 to 2.60 4.300 x 2.150 109.22 x 54.61D band WR-340 2.20 to 3.30 3.400 x 1.700 86.36 x 43.18S band WR-284 2.60 to 3.95 2.840 x 1.340 72.136 x 34.036E band WR-229 3.30 to 4.90 2.290 x 1.150 58.166 x 29.21G band WR-187 3.95 to 5.85 1.872 x 0.872 47.5488 x 22.1488F band WR-159 4.90 to 7.05 1.590 x 0.795 40.386 x 20.193C band WR-137 5.85 to 8.20 1.372 x 0.622 34.8488 x 15.7988H band WR-112 7.05 to 10.00 1.122 x 0.497 28.4988 x 12.6238X band WR-90 8.2 to 12.4 0.900 x 0.400 22.86 x 10.16X-Ku band WR-75 10.0 to 15.0 0.750 x 0.375 19.05 x 9.525Ku band WR-62 12.4 to 18.0 0.622 x 0.311 15.7988 x 7.8994K band WR-51 15.0 to 22.0 0.510 x 0.255 12.954 x 6.477K band WR-42 18.0 to 26.5 0.420 x 0.170 10.668 x 4.318Ka band WR-28 26.5 to 40.0 0.280 x 0.140 7.112 x 3.556Q band WR-22 33 to 50 0.224 x 0.112 5.6896 x 2.8448U band WR-19 40 to 60 0.188 x 0.094 4.7752 x 2.3876V band WR-15 50 to 75 0.148 x 0.074 3.7592 x 1.8796E band WR-12 60 to 90 0.122 x 0.061 3.0988 x 1.5494W band WR-10 75 to 110 0.100 x 0.050 2.54 x 1.27F band WR-8 90 to 140 0.080 x 0.040 2.032 x 1.016D band WR-6 110 to 170 0.0650 x 0.0325 1.651 x 0.8255G band WR-5 140 to 220 0.0510 x 0.0255 1.2954 x 0.6477WR-4 170 to 260 0.0430 x 0.0215 1.0922 x 0.5461WR-3 220 to 325 0.0340 x 0.0170 0.8636 x 0.4318Y-band WR-2 325 to 500 0.0200 x 0.0100 0.508 x 0.254

WR-1.5 500 to 750 0.0150 x 0.0075 0.381 x 0.1905WR-1 750 to 1100 0.0100 x 0.0050 0.254 x0.127

3. Connector

APC-2.4 (2.4mm) - The 50 S APC-2.4 (Amphenol Precision Connector-2.4 mm) is also known as an OS-50 connector. It was designed to operate at extremely high microwave frequencies (up to 50 GHz).

POWER LEVEL DIAGRAM

B1 RxB2Tx