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Microwave Materials for Wireless Applications
David B. Cruickshank
A R T E C H H O U S E B O S T O N | L O N D O N
a r t e c h h o u s e . c o m
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Garnets
XV
xvii
xix
1 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Garnet Structure and Chemistry 3
1.3 Magnetism and Ferrimagnetism 5
1.4 Magnetic Ions Behaving Badly 6
1.5 Lanthanides and Dodecahedral Substitution 7
1.6 Octahedral Substitution 11
1.6.1 Nonmagnetic Octahedral Substitution 11
1.6.2 Manganese (Mn) Substitution 13
1.6.3 Cobalt (Co) Substitution 14
1.7 Tetrahedral Substitution 14
1.7.1 Aluminum (Al) 14
1.7.2 Gallium (Ga) 16
1.7.3 Vanadium (V) 16
v
VI Microwave Materials for Wireless Applications
1.8 Mixed Systems 17
1.8.1 Low Firing Temperature Garnets 18
1.9 Rare Earth Substitution 18
1.10 Summary 19
References 20
Selected Bibliography 21
2 Spinels 23
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 Nickel Spinels 25
2.2.1 Overview of Nickel Spinel Applications 26
2.2.2 Nickel Ferrites Above 10 GHz 31
2.3 Magnesium Spinels 32
2.4 Lithium Ferrite 33
2.5 Summary 36
References 36
Selected Bibliography 37
3 Absorbers 39
3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 Ni and NiZn Ferrite Absorbers 40
3.3 Water as an Absorber 44
3.4 Barium Titanate Piezoelectrics 46
3.5 Silicon Carbide Absorbers 48
3.6 Magnetic Metal Polymer Composite Materials 49
3.7 Hexagonal Ferrite Absorbers 53
Contents VII
3.8 Summary 53
References 53
4
4.1
4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8 4.8.1 4.8.2 4.8.3 4.8.4 4.8.5
4.9
Plastics and Plastic Ceramic Composite Materials
Introduction
Plastics and Hydrocarbon Polymers
Hydrocarbon-Based Polymers
Hydrocarbons with Aromatic Side Chains
Fluorocarbon-Based Polymers
Structural Thermoplastics
Epoxies
Silicones
Polyurethanes
Filled Polymers
Types of Fillers
Filled Polyolefins
Filled Fluorocarbons
Filled High-Temperature Polymers
Filled Epoxies for Laminates
Summary
References
57
57
58
58
59
61
64
65
67
70
70
70
73
73 74
74
75
75
5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
Low Dielectric Constant Ceramic Dielectrics
Introduction to Ceramic Dielectrics
Measurement
Applications
Silica and Silicates
77
77
78
78
80
VIII Microwave Materials for Wireless Applications
5.4.1
5.5
5.5.1 5.5.2 5.5.3 5.5.4 5.5.5 5.5.6
5.6
The Range of Si-O-Based Dielectric Materials by Using Silicates
1 О
High-Temperature and High-Conductivity Materials
Nitrides, Oxides, and Fluorides Alumina (A1203) Boron Nitride (BN) Beryllium Oxide (BeO) Aluminum Nitride (A1N) Diamond
Dielectrics for Thick Film and Low Temperature
81
83
83 84 85 86 86 87
Cofired Ceramic (LTCC) Applications 87
5.7 Summary 89
References 89
Selected Bibliography 90
6 High Dielectric Constant Dielectrics Ц
6.1 Introduction 91
6.2 Dielectrics with Dielectric Constants
in the Range 20 to 55 92
6.3 The BaTi4O9/Ba2Ti9O20 System 94
6.4 The Zirconium Titanate/Zirconium Tin
Titanate System (ZrTi04/(Zr,Sn)Ti04) 95
6.5 Perovskite Materials 95
6.6 High-QPerovskites 98
6.7 Temperature-Stable Dielectrics with Dielectric Constants Greater Than 55 99
6.8 Commercially Available TTBs 102
References 103
Selected Bibliography 104
Contents
7
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
7.10
7.11
7.12
Metals at Microwave Frequencies
Introduction
Application of Metals to Microwave
Transmission Lines
Copper
Aluminum
Silver
Gold
Relative Losses of Metals in Microstrip and
Waveguide Transmission Lines
Nickel
Steels
Magnetic Temperature-Compensating Alloys
Metal Alloys with Low or Zero Expansion Coefficient
Metal Plating on Plastics
107
107
108
108
112
113
114
114
115
116
116
116
117
References 119
Selected Bibliography 119
8 Ferrite Devices 121
8.1 Introduction 121
8.2 Below-Resonance Junction Devices—Selecting
the Correct Magnetization 123
8.4 Magnetization Against Temperature 127
8.5 Insertion Loss Considerations Below Resonance 128
X Microwave Materials for Wireless Applications
8.6 Power Handling in Below-Resonance
Junction Devices 130
8.7 Intermodulation in Below-Resonance
Junction Devices 131
8.8 Microstrip Below-Resonance Devices 133
8.9 Below-Resonance Linear Devices 133
8.10 Switching and Latching Devices 134
8.11 Temperature Considerations 139
8.13 Above-Resonance Devices 139
8.14 Power Handling in Above-Resonance Devices 142
8.15 Above-Resonance Phase Shifters 142
8.14 Devices at Resonance 143
References 143 Selected Bibliography 144
9
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
Resonators and Filters Based on Dielectrics
Introduction
Circuit-Based Resonators
Coaxial Resonators
TE-Based Dielectric Resonator Applications
Dielectric Resonator Loaded Cavities
Dielectric Support Materials
TM Dielectric Resonator-Based Cavities
Intermodulation in Dielectric Loaded Cavities
References
145
145
145
147
149
151
155
156
157
158
Contents XI
Selected Bibliography 158
10 Antennas and Radomes 159
10.1 Introduction 159
10.2 Ferrite Rod Antennas for VHF and UHF 159
10.3 Patch Antennas 161
10.4 Ferrite Patch Antennas 163
10.5 Planar Inverted-F Antennas (PIFA) 164
10.6 Dielectric Resonator Antennas 164
10.7 Metal Antennas 165
10.8 Radomes 165
10.8.1 Half-Wave Radomes 166
10.8.2 A-and C-Sandwich Construction 167
10.9 Foam Radome Materials 167
10.10 Ceramic Materials 168
10.11 Microwave and IR Transparent Radomes 171
10.12 Absorbers for Antennas 172
10.13 Phased-Array Antennas 172
References 172
Selected Bibliography 173
11 Tunable Devices 175
11.1 Introduction 175
11.2 Magnetic Tuning 175
11.3 Lumped Element Magnetically Tunable Filters 176
XII Microwave Materials for Wireless Applications
11.4 Ferrite Phase Shifters 177
11.5 Magnetically Tunable Microstrip Filters 178
11.5.1 Magnetically Tunable Dielectric Resonator Filters 178
11.6 Single-Crystal YIG Resonators 179
11.7 Epitaxial Thin-Film Magnetically Tuned YIG Devices 182
11.8 Ferroelectric-Tuned Devices 183
11.9 Tunable MEMS Devices 185
11.10 Low Temperature and Cryogenic Devices 186
11.10.1 Magnetic Materials at Low Temperature 186
11.10.2 Dielectrics at Low Temperature 187
11.10.3 Superconductors at Microwave Frequencies 188
References 188
12 Measurement Techniques 191
12.1 Introduction 191
12.2 Dielectric Constant and Loss 191
12.2.1 Perturbation Techniques 193
12.2.2 Dielectric Properties Using Dielectric Resonators 194
12.2.3 Dielectric Temperature Coefficients 197
12.2.4 Low-Frequency Measurements of Dielectric
Properties 197
12.2.5 Split Resonator Technique 198
12.3 Magnetization 199
12.3.1 Vibrating Sample Magnetometer 200
12.3.2 AC Magnetization 201
12.4 Line Width Measurements 203
12.4.1 Ferrimagnetic Resonance 203
12.4.2 Spinwave Line Width 205
12.4.3 Effective Line Width and Magnetic Losses 206
Contents xiii
12.5 Permeability and Magnetic Loss Spectrum 207
12.6 Intermodulation and Third-Harmonic Distortion Measurement 208
12.7 Density 209
References 209
About the Author 2Ц
Index 213
