PRESENTED BYVIKRAM KUNAL RAHUL KUMAR VIPUL PRAKASH RAJANISH KUMAR SINGH UDAY KUMAR

CONTENTS Aim Introduction Breast cancer statistics

Anatomy of breast tissue Detection methods UWB Technology Antenna design and model conclusion

Aim To get an overview of the process of breast tumour

detection using microwave.

BREAST CANCER STATISTICS (introduction) Breast cancer is the tumour that forms in the ducts or

lobules of the breast tissue. Most common and leading cause of death in women. An early detection of tumour existence increases the chances of overcoming the problem.

Estimated cancer incidences

Anatomy of breast tissue The breast tissue consists of 10-20 lobes which are

surrounded by the fat and connective tissues. Each lobe is surrounded by number of lobules Each lobules are further divided into about 10-100 alveoli which are responsible for producing milk in the breast.

Anatomy of breast tissue(conti..) The lobules are the basic unit of breast tissues and consists

of epithelial cells lined up around them. These epithelial cells form as a single or double layer of cuboidal cells along the duct system. Any change in these epithelial cells leads to cause of breast cancer.

Types of breast cancer There are mainly two types of breast cancer:- (1)invasive

and (2) non invasive Non-invasive breast cancer limits within lobules and ducts and do not spread to the tissues that are surrounding or to the other parts of body. Invasive breast cancer spread to the other part of body and it is the advanced stage of this disease. Non invasive cancer can also become invasive and affect other part of the body.

Breast phantom model

Detection methods x-ray mammography Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Ultrasound screening

Microwave detection X-Ray mammography is currently the most widely used.

This method suffers from high miss detection ratio which can go up to 30% in addition to the damage of surrounding tissues.

Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) Currently the most accurate method Contrast is based on different relaxation times of different

hydrogen nuclei in the biological tissues This method is very much expensive[5]

Ultrasound screening It identifies cysts Characterizes masses incompletely assessed by

mammography Accuracy is user dependent Not capable of detecting tumor of size lesser than 1cm[5]

Microwave detection There are three methods are explored using microwave

detection of breast cancer 1>passive 2>hybrid 3>active Passive method- In this method we get temperature difference between normal and malignant tissues. Temperature of malignant tissue will have more temperature.

Microwave detection(cont..) In hybrid method tissue will be heated up rapidly and then

with the help of transducers ,pressure waves will be detected from the heated tissue. In active method microwaves are transmitted over the tissue and the reflected signals are recorded which will have the information of any abnormalities present. Microwaves are electromagnetic waves which are transmitted by the antennas over the tissue and then reflected wave are recorded.

Importance of dielectric constant As the dielectric constants of different parts of body has

different values at radio and microwave frequencies. dielectric constant is differ by the amount of water content in the tissue. Normal breast tissues will have a dielectric constant lies between 9 and 13 while the dielectric constant of malignant tissue having about three times than normal tissue. Hence microwave technique shows the considerable contrast between normal and cancerous tissues.

Importance of dielectric constant (cont...)Freq. Tissue Skin 6 ghz 2.6 4.3 4 ghz 4.2 34 1 ghz 8 40 3 ghz 10 35

Tumor

8.7

44

80

50

Tumor size

4 mm

10 mm

10 mm

10 mm

What is Ultra Wideband?Radio technology that modulates impulse based waveforms instead of continuous carrier wavesTime-domain behavior Ultrawideband Communication1 0 1

Frequency-domain behavior

Impulse Modulation

time

3

frequency(FCC Min=500Mhz)

10 GHz

Narrowband Communication

0

1

0

1

Frequency Modulation2.4 GHz

Time domain characterization of uwb antenna

Continued... The transmitted pulse get differentiated at the antenna,

then it convolves with the impulse response of the antenna ,then it convolves with the impulse response of the medium and again at the receiving antenna, it convolves with the impulse response of the receiving antenna. The received signal can be used to calculate the distance between two nodes, or to find the nature of the medium or any obstruction in the path of the signal and also its shape, size and location.[3].

Microwave detection (Active method) Directional antennas were used to transmit and receive

Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) signals in 3 to 10 GHz frequency range. This method involves transmitting UWB signals through the breast tissue and records the received signals from different locations. As the dielectric properties of tumour differ from healthy breast tissue, this suggests that the reflected and the scattered signals will be different for both types of tissues.

Microwave detection (Active method) There are two main methods used in UWB (1) Microwave tomography, in which forward and

reversed electromagnetic field equations are solved to detect the location of the tumour (2) Transmitting and receiving short pulses using UWB antennas. Both of the above approaches have some drawbacks as either they are unable to detect and locate small tumour size or they must use large number of antennas.

Reasons for using UWB technology Higher frequencies are attenuated much in comparison to

lower frequencies in body tissues. Lower frequencies are necessary for increasing the penetrating depth Higher frequencies are necessary for detecting smaller dimension tumors and hence to increase resolution.[5]

Block diagram for the tumour detection The whole system for experimental data collection and

detection process is shown in Figure. The system prototype consists of a UWB Tx -Rx. To generate experimental data, the following steps are used: (1) The UWB transmitter and receiver are placed diagonally at opposite sides of the breast phantom

The Experimental Data Collection and Detection(cont..) 2) Activate the transmitter to transmit 4.7GHz (centre

frequency) UWB signal. 3) Capture the received signal from the receiver. 4) Send the received signals to processing module for DCT and best complement detection (when the tumour is in line with Tx-Rx pair).

Dimensions and parameters of UWB antenna

Symbol L W L1 W1 L2 W2 L3 L4 r Lg

Size (mm) 34.2 34.2 6.1 3.0 5.5 2.0 17.1 17.1 5.7 10.5

Top view of the antennaL4 L

L3

L2

L1

w

Bottom View

LL

Simulated graph of uwb antenna

Conclusion Our goal was to design a UWB antenna for the detection

purpose and study the process setup. Simulation of a simple UWB antenna has been completed.

references[1].An Investigation on Microwave Breast Cancer Detection by Ultra-Wide band width (UWB) Micro strip Slot Antennas by Kirthika Nahalingam and Satish K Sharma ,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering ,San Diego State University [2].Experimental breast tumour detection using nn-based uwb by S. A. Alshehri, S. Khatun, Z. Awang, R. Mahmood.

Continued:[3].Principles and design of UWB antenna by W.Wiesbeck,G.Adamiuk,T.Zwick.2009 [4].Circular Patch UWB antenna with time domain analysis by Manimaran Nagalingam.2011 [5]. Could we use UWB sensing for breast cancer detection? by I.Hilger, C. Geyer, G.Rimkus , M.Helbig , J. Sachs, U.Schwarz, M.A. Hein, W.A. Kaiser