Appendix A

MICROTURBINE ENERGY SYSTEMS EXPERIENCES FROM 18 MICROTURBINE APPLICATIONS

FOR CHP AND INDUSTRIAL PURPOSES

Aksel Hauge Pedersen, DONG, Denmark 1. INTRODUCTION The OMES Project [1] is partly financed through the EU 5th Frame Working Programme. Participants in the project are Gasum, Finland Vattenfall/SGC and the microturbine manufactures Turbec from Sweden Statoil, Norway DONG and Energi E2 from Denmark. DONG is overall Project leader. The installations, spread over the six countries Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Germany and Ireland, are industrial, commercial as well as domestic installations. The installations covers a number of different applications:

Flexible steam generation CO2 fertilization in greenhouses Cooling Traditional CHP (Schools, Business Centers, etc.) Cluster installation of microturbine CHP units

Data on energy efficiency, availability, emission, O/M costs etc. are recorded and re-ported over the operation period which is from sometime in 2002 where most of the in-stallations were made, through April 2004. The data obtained will form a basis for possible energy savings and reduced emission through the use of efficient microturbines in CHP applications.

Country Units Demo host Type of installation Comments

DK 5 Diff. Apartment houses, Kge CHP - Cluster In operation March 2003

DK 2 Cph Airport CHP - Boiler house In operation Feb. 1, 2003

DK 1 M/R station, Lynge CHP - M/R station 13.500 running hours end of 2002

N 1 Statoil, Stavanger CHP- Cooling, methanol Turbine delivery Jan. 2003

N 1 Fjell Borettslag CHP - Methanol Turbine delivery Jan. 2003

S 1 Mariestads Avl. Rening. CHP - Biogas (sewage) In operation beginning of 2002.

S 1 Klitte & Lundh (Green House) CHP - CO2 enrichment In operation beginning of 2002

S 1 School at Kvlinge CHP - Boiler house 9000 running hours end of 2002

SF 1 VTT CHP - cooling In operation October 2002

D 1 Buss. Center, Hamburg CHP - heating In operation October 2002

EI 1 Industry Limerick CHP - steam In operation Feb. 2003

EI 1 St. John of God Hosp. Dublin CHP - Hospital In operation since Nov. 2002

EI 1 SAS Radisson Limerick CHP - Hotel Installed Feb. 2003

TOTAL 18

Table 1: Overview for installations in the OMES project (see web site http//www.omes-eu.com)

2. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL OBJECTIVES The project includes activities of both R&D and demonstration character. The different applications are developed and validated in relation to optimization of CHP sys-tems as summarized below: 2.1 Cluster installation of microturbine CHP units A Cluster installation of microturbine CHP units is a power generation system consisting of a number of connected CHP systems installed on different sites (close to the consumer) in a limited geographical area and operated by one operator. The units will be operated in such a way that the total power plant (all units to-gether) is operated as efficiently as possible as regards economy and environment. Traditionally, each site is operated independently. By looking at the Cluster installation of microturbine CHP units as one system a number of advantages can be achieved. The project will comprise development of software for an optimal operating mode for a Cluster installation of microturbine CHP units as described above and vali-date it in a power plant with 5 microturbine units, i.e. a 0,5 MWe power plant. 2.2 Steam generation The basic CHP system in this size is designed for heating of water for space heating etc. Many applications have a need for steam. The microturbine offers special advantages in this respect due to the fact that it has all its available heat as hot gases in the exhaust, which is suitable for use in steam production. Systems for flexible steam production have been analyzed and the most prom-ising ones are now developed and will be validated in field tests. 2.3 Use of CO2 in greenhouses/drying For many industrial processes, the exhaust gas from the gas turbine can be used for drying and for other useful purposes. In this project is demonstrated the usage of the CO2 content from the exhaust gases in greenhouses.

2.4 Cooling The microturbine offers possibilities for combined cooling/chilling and heating. The cooling is generated with absorption cooling, thus avoiding the use of harmful gases, noise and obtaining long TBO (Time Between Overhauls). Again, the microtur-bine unit is expected to be advantageous to competing technologies by the fact that all heat production can be used for production of cooling. An optimized system for cooling is developed and will be validated in field tests.

2.5 Innovation Microturbines for stationary industrial applications are now coming to market af-ter many years development work. Compared to the larger industrial turbines, microtur-bines are often constructed as radial turbines instead of an axial outline. To achieve a reasonable and competitive shaft efficiency development work has concentrated on reduction of friction-based losses and the integration of recuperators for preheating the inlet air, thus reducing the fuel consumption. Increasing interest and the implementing of emission regulations has lead to design work to ensure the lowest possible emission. This design work has primarily in-cluded the use of lean-burn silo-type combustion chambers. In this way low emission values of CO, NOx and unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) can be obtained at power ratings typically from 50-100% load. Typically, UHC and CO are hardly measurable, and NOx emission is below approx. 15-20 ppm (at 15% O2).

2.6 Competing Technologies Microturbine based CHP units are in some applications up against reciprocating engine based units. Generally, the latter still have higher electrical efficiency, approxi-mately 30-34% against the announced 30% from the first series of the 100 kW micro-turbines. The advantages by using microturbine-based units are:

Lower maintenance costs Lower primary emission, especially as regards NOx. CO and UHC, including the

greenhouse gas methane if present in the fuel. Less space requirements, less vibrations Easier multifuel possibility Development potential for higher efficiency

2.7 Success Criteria The general criteria of success for the developed and tested OMES microtur-bine based CHP units are:

Power Efficiency 30 % during full load operation (ref. LCV) Overall efficiency 80 % (ref. LCV) Availability 90 % Reliability 95% O/M Costs < 10 Euro/MWhe. Unit Cost < 800 Euro/kWe Emission levels < 15 ppm NOx, @: 15% O

3. DESCRIPTION OF INSTALLATIONS 3.1 Cluster installations Torpgrden The Torpgrden installation is placed in a group heating station supplying dwelling houses with heat and hot water. There are 176 tenancies with a size between 31 and 108 m2. The heat consumption for the housing is 7.100 GJ/year. With the existing boilers this heat consumption resulted in a gas consumption of 200.000 Nm3/year. By establishing the micro gas turbine energy system the total gas consumption will increase to app 375.000 Nm3/year also resulting in a power production of 1.200.000 kWh /year to the grid. The new system will consist of:

the 2 existing boilers 2 new mini gas turbines 2 gas compressors for the gas turbines a 20 m3 heat accumulator situated outside the building

In the new system the micro gas turbines will run 6.200 h/year producing most of the heat (6.000 GJ/year), but there will still be produced 1.000 GJ/year from the exist-ing boilers running 3.700 h/year. Installation costs Turbines: 2*81.500 Installation costs: 180.000 (estimate) Cluster installation: 22.000 (estimate) Total installation: 365.000 (estimate) Maintenance cost is 1,5 cent/kWh up to (but not inclusive) 60.000 hours overhaul. Monitoring

Registration of electricity used and produced are made by the local power dis-tribution company

The unit is monitored, controlled and regulated by a cluster installation software developed by Turbec, Vaasa Automation and Energi E2. The cluster installation enables remote monitoring, control and regulation from the control room in the central power plant Kyndbyvrket.

Plant Torpgrden Plant owner Energi E2 Installed March 2003 Fuel Natural gas Function Heating of houses and production of hot water power gross (excl. pressuration of gas) % 30% - according to preliminary test of microturbine power net % 29% - according to preliminary test of microturbine total gross (excl. pressuration of gas) % 76% - according to preliminary test of microturbine total net % 74% - according to preliminary test of microturbine Water temp. out deg. C 95

Table 2: Plant description - Torpgrden Hastrupvnge The T100 at Hastrupvnge is placed in a group heating station supplying dwelling houses with heat and hot water. The heat consumption for the housing is 5.300 GJ/year. With the existing boil-ers this heat consumption results in a gas consumption of 150.000 Nm3/year. By estab-lishing the micro gasturbine energy system the total gas consumption will increase to app 250.000 Nm3/year also resulting in a power production of 680.000 kWh /year to the grid. The installation consists of:

2 existing Danstoker boilers from 1991 with a capacity of 630 Mcal/h each a new T100 unit a gas compressor for the gas turbine a 20 m3 heat accumulator situated outside the building

In the new system the micro gasturbine will run 6.700 h/year producing most of the heat (3.500 GJ/year), but there will still be produced 1.800 GJ/year from the existing boilers running 5.500 h/year. Installation costs Turbine: 81.500 Installation costs: 122.500 (estimate) Cluster installation: 22.000 (estimate) Total installation: 226.000 (estimate) Maintenance cost is 1,5 cent/kWh up to (but not inclusive) 60.000 hours overhaul. Monitoring

Registration of electricity are made by the local power distribution company The unit is monitored, controlled and regulated by a cluster installation software

developed by Turbec, Vaasa Automation and Energi E2. The cluster installation enables remote monitoring, control and regulation from the control room in the central power plant Kyndbyvrket.

Plant Hastrupvnge Plant owner Energi E2 Installed March 2003 Fuel Natural gas Function Heating of houses and production of hot water power gross (excl. pressuration of gas) % 31% power net % 30% total gross (excl. pressuration of gas) % 78% total net % 77% Water temp. out deg. C 95 Water temp. in deg C 47-50

Table 3: Plant description, Hastrupvnge

rnesdet This unit will be placed in a group heating station supplying dwelling houses with heat and hot water. The heat consumption for the housing is 7.000 GJ/year. With the existing boil-ers this heat consumption resulted in a gas consumption of 180.000 Nm3/year. By es-tablishing the micro gas turbine energy system the total gas consumption will increase to app 290.000 Nm3/year also resulting in a power production of 730.000 kWh /year to the grid. The new system consists of:

2 existing boilers from 1991 with a capacity of 541 kW each a new micro gas turbine a gas compressor for the gas turbine a 20 m3 heat accumulator situated under ground outside the building

In the new system the micro gas turbine will run 7.300 h/year producing app half of the heat (3.700 GJ/year), and there will still be produced 3.300 GJ/year from the existing boilers running 6.000 h/year. Installation costs Turbine: 81.500 Installation costs: 130.000 (estimate) Cluster installation: 22.000 (estimate) Total installation: 233.500 (estimate) Maintenance cost is 1,5 cent/kWh up to (but not inclusive) 60.000 hours overhaul. Monitoring

Registration of electricity used and produced are made by the local power dis-tribution company

The unit is monitored, controlled and regulated by a cluster installation software developed by Turbec, Vaasa Automation and Energi E2. The cluster installation enables remote monitoring, control and regulation from the control room in the central power plant Kyndbyvrket.

Plant rnesdet Plant owner Energi E2 Installed March 2003 Fuel Natural gas Function Heating of houses and production of hot water power gross (excl. pressuration of gas) % 31% - according to preliminary test of microturbine power net % 30% - according to preliminary test of microturbine total gross (excl. pressuration of gas) % 76% - according to preliminary test of microturbine total net % 75% - according to preliminary test of microturbine Water temp. out deg. C 95 Water temp. in deg C 45

Table 4: Plant description - rnesdet Tigervej The T100 at Tigervej is placed in a heating station supplying industry/office buildings with heat and hot water. The heat consumption for the buildings is 3.200 GJ/year. With the existing boilers this heat consumption resulted in a gas consumption of 90.000 Nm3/year. By establishing the micro gas turbine energy system the total gas consumption increases to app 200.000 Nm3/year also resulting in a power production of 590.000 kWh /year to the grid. The new system consists of:

the 2 existing Veismann boilers from 2001 with a total capacity of 1625 kW a new micro gas turbine a gas compressor for the gas turbine a 20 m3 heat accumulator situated outside the building

The micro gas turbine will run 6.000 h/year producing most of the heat (2.400 GJ/year), but there will still be produced 800 GJ/year from the existing boilers running 4.800 h/year. Installation costs Turbine: 81.500 Installation costs: 122.500 (estimate) Cluster installation: 22.000 (estimate) Total installation: 226.000 (estimate) Maintenance cost is 1,5 cent/kWh up to (but not inclusive) 60.000 hours overhaul. Monitoring

Registration of electricity used and produced are made by the local power dis-tribution company

The unit is monitored, controlled and regulated by a cluster installation software developed by Turbec, Vaasa Automation and Energi E2. The cluster installation enables remote monitoring, control and regulation from the control room in the central power plant Kyndbyvrket.

Plant Tigervej Plant owner Energi E2 Installed March 2003 Fuel Natural gas Function Heating of houses and production of hot water power gross (excl. pressuration of gas) % 31% - according to preliminary test of microturbine power net % 30% - according to preliminary test of microturbine total gross (excl. pressuration of gas) % 76% - according to preliminary test of microturbine total net % 75% - according to preliminary test of microturbine Water temp. out deg. C 95 Water temp. in deg. C For outdoor temperature 5C: 55-60C

For outdoor temperature 0C: 65-70C For outdoor temperature -5C: 80C

Table5: Plant description- Tigervej

3.2 Copenhagen Airport (2 units) This OMES microturbine installation consists of two natural gas fired Turbec T-100 units. These are installed at the site Heating Station West; an existing boiler equipped heating station at Copenhagen Airport. This heating station supplies heat to offices, vehicle washing and tool shops of the building placed in this area. The heat produced is distributed through a local heating grid. The low voltage (approx. 420 V) electricity which is now produced by the Microtur-bine CHP units goes in the Airport own grid via transformers placed in connection to he heating station. Through several Voltage steps the are connection to public electricity grid. However the electricity produced by the CHP units is not expected to exceed own consumption at any time. Installation The units were installed during the autumn 2002 and early 2003 by Frichs Kraftvarmeservice A/S (www.frichs.com). The duration for the complete installations works was app 2 months.

Costs The price of the installation not yet available (February 2003). Maintenance A maintenance agreement with the Danish Turbec representative/installer Frichs Kraftvarmeservice A/S has been signed at a price level of approx. 1.5 Euro cents pr. hour of operation. Installation The units are installed in existing buildings containing boilers, pumps and a transformer station. The microturbine CHP units are floor mounted at a place obtained by moving two pumps. This placement gives easy access to the heating system as the heat production of the Turbec units simply goes in the return water for the boilers as pre-heating. Also electrical connection has been relatively easy as transformers are placed few meters away. Fresh air intake has been made through an area in the glass facade in front of the units. Exhaust is taken vertically up through the roof of the building. The gas compressors of the Turbec units are placed in separate cabinets floor few meters away from the CHP units. Noise The cabinets of the Turbec Units are the standard casings. This means (for each unit) that a noise level of some 70 dB(A) can be expected in 1 meter distance from the cabinet. The noise of the gas compressors are specified in the data sheets as 75 dB(A) at 1 meter distance. Noise is expected measured during hand-over procedure. As no people are under normal conditions in the building no extraordinary noise considerations have been taken into account. Environmental aspect No problems to fulfill Danish legislation concerning exhaust emission (NOx, CO) are expected. This is based on manufacturers data sheets (

Function The function of the Turbec T100 unit is to produce heat for preheating of natural gas before pressure reduction (from 80 bar to 30 bar). Beside that two hot water boilers are installed at the M/R station. The produced electricity is sold to the local network . The mean electricity price in 2002 was 0,32 DKK/kWh (app. 4,3 cent/kWh). Mean gas price in 2002 was: 0,17 DKK/kWh - app. 2,3 cent/kWh (excl. tax). Installation costs Turbine: 80.000 Installation costs: 100.000 Total installation: 180.000 Maintenance cost is 1,5 cent/kWh up to (but not inclusive) 60.000 hours overhaul. Monitoring

Registration of electricity sold are made by local power distribution company Heat production is registered by local installed calorimer and manually logged Gas consumption registered by local counter and manually logged One precision test has been made by Danish Gas Technology Centre

(www.dgc.dk) Remarks

The heat transportation media is a water/glycol solution, which reduce the spe-cific heat from 1 to 0.88, and due to that a reduction in heat transfer (and total efficiency) for the turbine. This is partly counteracted through the presence of the needed gas pressure of 6 - 8 bar.

Burning chamber changed after 3000 hours due to erosion. Recuperator changed after 1300 hours due thermal tensions.

Problems with oil filter. Oil consumption >> 5 l/1000 running hours. New type of filter installed, oil consumption now 1 l/1000 hours.

Leakages between recuperator and compressor at 7400 hours. New sprigs in-stalled at compressor back plate.

Problems with power electronic unit. Problems declining. Plant Lynge M/R station Plant owner Dansk Olie og Naturgas A/S Installed April 2000 Running hours by Dec. 31, 2002 13500 Fuel Natural gas Function Preheating of Natural gas before pressure reduction Power production, kWh 1,1 GWh Heat production, kWh 1,7 GWh power gross (no need for pressuration of gas) 31,1 % total gross (no need for pressuration of gas) 72,1 % Water temp. out deg. C 77 Water temp. in deg C 67

Table 6: Plant description - Lynge M/R station Load 30 kW 60 kW 100 kW O2 (actual) % vol 19,0 18,5 18,0 CO ppm 1458 543 6 NO + NO2 (NOx) ppm 36 24 17 NO ppm 18 14 16 UHC ppm 801 156 0

Table 7: Emission data at 15 vol% O2 - Lynge

Power load 30 kW 60 kW 100 kW Gas consump-tion

m3n/h 12,7 19,0 29,6

Heating Value kWh/m3 11,2 11,2 11,2 Firing ratio kW 142 213 332 Power produc-tion

kW 28,8 61,1 103,1

Power efficiency % - gross 20,3 28,7 31,1 Heat production kW 51,9 85,4 135,4 Heating effi-ciency

% - gross 36,6 40,1 40,8

Total Efficiency % - gross 56,9 68,8 71,9

Table 8: System efficiency - Lynge 3.4 Statoil Main office - Forus Stavanger/Norway This unit is installed in the central energy central for Statoil main office in Sta-vanger. Function The function of the Turbec T100 unit is to produce power to the office complex, to produce heat to the hot water system, and cooling during summer season. The tur-bine is fueled by methanol. Installation: Turbine: 100 kW Turbec Absorption chiller: Broad, China. Storage tank for methanol. Cost: Installation not completed January 2003 Monitoring

The standard data collection will be partly in the T100 and partly in the central control system.

Registration of electricity sold will be made by a power meter connected to the central control system.

Heat production will be registered by local installed calorimer and automatically logged

Fuel consumption will be registered by level reader and automatically logged Remarks

Noise attenuation required for air intake, air discharge and for exhaust channels. Design of methanol fuel system ready very late in the project. Combustion chamber needs to be changed before start up. Methanol pump to be installed to give required fuel pressure. System not yet

accepted due to uncertainties with regards to hazardous area required.

Plant Fjell Apartment compex

Plant owner Statoil ASA Installed February 2003 Fuel Methanol Function Power, heat and cooling for the office complex power gross (excl. pressuration of gas) % not known yet - February 2003 power net % not known yet - February 2003 total gross (excl. pressuration of gas) % not known yet - February 2003 total net % not known yet - February 2003 Water temp. out deg. C not known yet - February 2003 Water temp. in deg C not known yet - February 2003 Cooling Capacity Expected 95 kW, still not measured

Table 9: Plant description - Statoil main office 3.5 Fjell Drammen/Norway This unit is installed in the central energy central for a building complex. Function The function of the Turbec T100 unit is to produce power to the grid connected to the complex, and to produce heat to the hot water system. The turbine is fueled by methanol. Installation: Cost: Installation is not completed Turbine: 100 kW Turbec Storage tank for methanol. Cost: Installation not completed January 2003 Monitoring

The standard data collection will be partly in the T100 and partly to a dedicated data logger

Registration of electricity sold will be made by local power distribution company Heat production registered by installed calorimer and automatically logged Fuel consumption will be registered by level reader and automatically logged

Remarks

Noise attenuation required for air intake, air discharge and for exhaust channels. Design of methanol fuel system ready very late in the project. Combustion chamber needs to be changed before start up. Methanol pump to be installed to give required fuel pressure. System not yet

accepted due to uncertainties with regards to hazardous area required. Plant Fjell Apartment complex Plant owner Statoil ASA Installed February 2003 Fuel Methanol Function Power and heat for apartment complex power gross (excl. pressuration of gas) % not known yet - February 2003 power net % not known yet - February 2003 total gross (excl. pressuration of gas) % not known yet - February 2003 total net % not known yet - February 2003 Water temp. out deg. C not known yet - February 2003 Water temp. in deg C not known yet - February 2003

Table 10: Plant description - Fjell Apartment complex 3.6 Mariestad sewage treatment plant

A T100 prototype was installed late 2001/beginning 2002 at the Mariestad sew-age treatment plant. It was designed to run on the raw biogas from the sewage treat-ment plant. The turbine should produce heat and electricity for internal use at the plant, replacing and older oil fired boiler. Function The turbine room is situated just next to the digestion chamber. Raw biogas is fed through pipes and dried to a dew point of about 5C (ambient pressure) and then compressed and fed to the T100. Promised gas production was initially exceeding 800 Nm3/hr but actual production is about 400 Nm3/hr. Initially, it was decided to go ahead with the 800 Nm3/hr and run the turbine on part load (50-80%). Unfortunately, the gas production didnt improve after the tuning of the digestion chamber. It was only possible to run the turbine on 20-25 kWe. The first problem was moisture in the gas, this was solved with an additional water separator. The main problem now is the low gas production. Installation costs T100: 80.000 Installation costs are still not clear since work is ongoing. Remarks Poor functionality, gas production is less than 50 % of what was initially promised. It

is only possible to run the unit at about 20 kW power. Gas compressor and combustion chamber changed late 2002. 3.7 Klitte Greenhouse Klitte & Lundh grows cucumbers: Frillestads Gurka. The total area of the green-houses is 23 000 m2, whereof the T100 supplies CO2 to 10 700 m2. Klitte & Lundh produces 4 000 000 cucumbers (1 500 000 kg) annually, corresponding to 5% of the to-tal annual Swedish cucumber production. Heat and CO2 is also supplied from natural gas fired boilers. At full load, the T100 produces 6.3 g CO2/m2. During cultivations sea-son, more than 20 g CO2/m2 is required on sunny days, and additional CO2 will be supplied from the existing boiler. A hot water accumulator allows the boiler and T100 to be run continuously and the CO2 production is optimized without having to waste heat. Function The unit was installed in an existing boiler room next to a natural gas fired boiler. A new CO2 distribution system for the flue gases from the turbine was installed. The CO2 distribution system is a standard system for greenhouses made of PVC. As PVC cannot withstand temperatures higher than 57C, a secondary heat ex-changer was installed which ensures that the flue gas temperature is kept below 57C. For next cultivation season, hoses made of polyethylene (PE) will be fitted to the exhaust from the PVC pipes to further increase the distribution of the flue gases among the crops. Currently, 16 fans fitted in the roof of the greenhouse increase the circulation of the air inside the greenhouse. Installation costs The total cost for the installed unit (including unit and modification of unit, modi-fication of the electrical system, computerized control system, CO2 distribution system and all plumbing) was 148 000 Euro, equaling a specific cost of 1 480 Euro/kW. This is a high specific cost but the unit at Klitte & Lundh is a pilot installation and the future in-stalled cost of a CHP unit including CO2 fertilization is expected to be around 1000 Euro/kW. Monitoring

The standard data collection is made by Turbec Gas consumption registered by local counter and manually logged One precision test has been made by Sycon AB

Remarks Minor problems with a pilot valve initially, corrected. Initially minor problems with power electronic unit, corrected. Minor problems with the interaction between existing boiler and T100. Electricity grid to the site is weak causing peaks and dips which trips the unit. The levels of UHC, CO NO, NO2 and CO2 inside the greenhouse are well below

hygienic limits and well below values that could affect the plants in a negative way.

Load 50 kW 75 kW 100 kW O2 (actual) % vol 19,1 18,7 18,4 CO ppm 1446 666 No detected NO + NO2 (NOx) ppm 22 18 14 NO ppm 16 13 12 UHC ppm 272 71 No detected

Table 11: Emission data - Greenhouse

3.8 Kvlinge A T100 prototype was installed late 1999 and was replaced by a commercial T100 unit in May 2001. Function The Kvlinge site, which is part of a complex of apartments, schools and institu-tions with district heating, proved to be particularly suitable for the installation. The T100 unit could be installed in a boiler room with easy access for air intake and an exhaust gas stack. Ambient air could be provided through an opening in the boiler room wall and there was no need for special noise reduction on the outside. The unit was installed in Kvlinge as part of a system including two boilers. The microturbine CHP unit supple-ments the heat provided by the boilers during periods when demand is high. When de-mand is low it provides all of the heat for the complex. The electricity not used at the in-stallation site is sold back to the electrical utility and supplied to the building complex through the grid. Running hours approximately 5-6.000 hrs for commercial T100, about 9.000 for T100 + prototype. Installation costs As the costs for the protoype were very high there no conclusions can be drawn from the installation. Monitoring

The standard data collection is made by Turbec Registration of electricity sold are made by local power distribution company Heat production is registered by local installed calorimer and manually logged Gas consumption registered by local counter and manually logged

Measured efficiencies for the prototype model were: el net = 29,6% el groos = 31,3%

total net = 75,4% total gross = 77,6% 3.9 VTT (Technical Research Centre of Finland) The Turbec T100 unit was installed at VTT Processes in November 2002. VTT and Gasum who is a partner in OMES project have made an agreement that VTT will do all the research work in OMES project. Function

The Turbec T100 unit is producing electricity and heat to the building of VTT Processes at Otaniemi, Espoo. The unit is connected to both electric and district heating network. Price of the produced electricity will be credited once a year according to the production. Costs Turbine investment: 86 000 Installation: 87 000 The installation costs were dubbled from the budgeted 40 150 . 3.10 Hamburg, Business Centre This unit was installed in September/October 2002. The Turbec T-100 microtur-bine is installed in a container in close connection to an office building and delivers heat and electricity to the customer. Function The function of the Turbec T-100 unit in Hamburg is to produce heat and power for an office building. The office building at Harburg Channel has a boiler room with two natural gas fired boilers. The heat from the T-100 is connected to the boiler room with two pipes. One pipe for the heated water and one pipe for water to be heated. There is a pipe from the natural gas net in the boiler room to the gas compressor in the container. The container is insulated inside to meet the demand of low noise level. The container is ventilated and equipped with a high chimney for the exhaust gases. Installation costs Turbine: 82.000 including This includes the Turbec Additional electrical relay protection system. Installation costs: not summarized yet (February 2003). Monitoring No monitoring so far. But system for data collection and communication has been developed and is ready to be installed. All data will be transferred daily to Vatten-falls office in Sweden for evaluation. Remarks Extra cost for building a new chimney. The reason was that the exhaust gases could condense and the new chimney is equipped with facilities to evaporate condensed water. Plant Hamburg CHP Plant owner HEW Contract (HEWC, a subsidiary to VAB) Installed October 2002 Running hours by Dec. 31, 2002 Only a couple of hours Fuel Natural gas Function CHP (Combined Heat and Power) power gross (excl. pressuration of gas) % No data available power net % No data available total gross (excl. pressuration of gas) % No data available total net % No data available Water temp. out deg. C No data available Water temp. in deg C No data available

Table 12: Microturbine - Hamburg Permits

The question for permits in Hamburg is still discussed with Bauprfamt. The main problems are dealing with the gas compressor. The compressor must hermetical sealed to obtain the allowance to have it in a container in close connection to the micro-turbine. Permit from neighbour The container with the microturbine was placed to close to the border of an ad-jacent house. HEWC arranged a meeting with the neighbors who now has accepted the location and given a written permit. This was clear November 20. Silencer Schwartz & Grantz has installed a silencer on the outside of the container. The noise from the air inlet system is reduced to less than 45 db. Safety stop from out side A new safety stop system has been installed. The microturbine can be stopped from outside of the container. 3.11 Steam site, Limerick, Ireland A T100 was installed in February 2003 at an industry in Limerick on Eastern Ire-land. The T100 is a part of a steam boiler/T100 system that produces heat and electric-ity to the industry. Function The T100/Boiler system produces steam and electricity to the industry during daytime when electricity and peak tariffs are high. Expected annual running hours are 4-5.000 hrs with an approximately 3-400 starts per year. Installation costs Turbine: ongoing - February 2003 Installation costs: ongoing - February 2003 Total installation: ongoing - February 2003 Monitoring

Turbec makes the standard data collection. Additional OMES specific data is logged. Additional OMES specific testing will be performed.

3.12 St John of God Hospital (SJOG) A T100 was in October 2002 installed at St John of God Hospital in Dublin on Ireland. All of the electricity and heat is used in the hospital. In addition to the hot water supplied from the T100, a secondary heat exchanger will be installed where additional heat is produced. This heat is used for pre-heating the warm tap water. Function The T100 provides heat and electricity to the hospital during daytime when elec-tricity and peak tariffs are high. Expected annual running hours are 4-5.000 hrs with an approximately 3-400 starts per year. Installation costs Turbine: 80.000 Installation costs: 63.950 OMES metering equipment: 13.500 Total installation: 157.450 Monitoring

Turbec makes the standard data collection.

Additional OMES specific data is logged. Additional OMES specific testing will be performed.

3.13 SAS Radisson Limerick A T100 was installed February 2003 at the SAS Radisson Hotel in Limerick on Eastern Ireland. All of the electricity and heat is used at the hotel. Function The T100 will provide heat and electricity to the hotel during daytime when elec-tricity and peak tariffs are high. Expected annual running hours are 4-5.000 hrs with an approximately 2-300 starts per year. Installation costs: Turbine: 80.000 Installation costs: ongoing - February 2003 Total installation: ongoing - February 2003 Monitoring

Turbec makes the standard data collection. Additional OMES specific data is logged. Additional OMES specific testing will be performed.

Remarks

The unit will have to be placed on the top of the roof of the existing boiler room, making it a somewhat tricky installation. A shed will be built to protect the tur-bine.

4. Conclusion In the OMES demo project now (February 2003) all demo sites have been decided upon.10 plants are in operation, and the remaining plants will be in operation by end of April 2003. Most important observations that have been made through the starting of this project are: Installation costs: Costs for the T 100 unit from factory stays at original planned level of 80.000 - 86.000 . This indicates that the microturbine will be able to reach its longer-term goals, which in the OMES project is set at less than 800 per kW. Observed costs for the installation of the standard T 100 varies considerably. This varia-tion is of course to a large extent dependant on variations in site specifications. For ex-ample many installations are not made in a fully commercial way due to a good envi-ronment for the testing and measurements that has to be performed. Further to mention some installations then have to add extra costs for a methanol tank, heating accumula-tor, steam mode etc. This will be analyzed more in details when all installation costs are available. However already now can be observed that large differences exist between the installations due to rules and regulations. Both on the fuel side and on the electrical side. Still a price level of 1000 /kW (hardware + installation) seems reachable when in-stallers and advisory engineers are accustomed with this new technology and installa-tion rules are more clear. A reduction in hardware price from the turbine manufacturers seems possible when high volume production is established. Maintenance costs

The original goal for the OMES project indicated O/M costs less than 1 cent/kWh. This goal is hardly met so far. The observed O/M costs varies between 1 and 1,5 cent/kWh. Availability 90 % and reliability > 95% For the plants in operation these goals have been meet. Power Efficiency and overall efficiency The original goals to be met were 30 % power efficiency during full load op-eration and overall efficiency 80 % (ref. LCV). The measuring results show that the goals for power efficiency at full load is met, still the overall efficiency stays in the range of 72 - 78%. This is due to higher water inlet temperature than originally planned for, at the plants measured. All results at "net" con-ditions where the work to raise gas pressure has been accounted for. At part load there is a considerable drop in efficiency, so operation at part load < 50% of full load seems not recommendable. Environment The original environmental goals for the OMES project were focusing NOx. Measurements at the plants Lynge and Klitte & Lundh greenhouse shows that the Tur-bec T 100 at 100% load emits 14- and 17 ppm at 15% of O2. These results are very close to the OMES goals of 15 ppm NOx at 15% of O2.

APPENDIX C REFERENCES 1. H.J. Rasmusen, Optimised microturbine energy systems, EC ENERGY Contract NNE5/20128/1999, 2001. 2. Mini- and micro-gas turbines for combined heat and power. P.A. Palavachi, Applied Thermal Engineering (2002) p. 2003 - 2014