ENGLISH COURSE THE VERB (TENSES AND MOODS)

It is generally accepted that the word TIME stands for the concept with which all mankind is familiar, divided into past, present and future. And, one must also underline that it is something independent from language. By TENSE we understand that correspondence between the form of the verb and our concept of time. ASPECT is the manner in which a verbal action is experienced or regarded. If the action is complete, the simple/common/indefinite aspect is used. If it is in progress at a given moment, the continuous/progressive/expanded aspect is used. It must be shown that TIME is not the only concept rendered by the tense of the verb. TENSE may also express the completeness or incompleteness of an action which is or was still on its way.

1. THE SIMPLE PRESENT

FORM:

Affirmative: Interrogative: I/you/we/they read Do I/you/we/they read? He/she/it reads Does he/she/it read?

Negative: I/you/we/they do not read/dont read He/she/it does not/doesnt read

USE:

1. to express eternal/general truths, or to make statements of general validity: e.g. The sun rises in the East and sets in the West. Wood floats on water.

2. to express repeated/habitual/permanent actions. Such actions are usually accompanied by the adverbs: every day/week/month/year, ever, never, always, often, sometimes, seldom, occasionally, usually, twice a week, etc. e.g. The solicitor always helps a person who needs the assistance of a law for a certain problem. (Avocatul nepledant intotdeauna il ajuta pe cel ce are nevoie de asistenta juridica pentru o anumita problema.) The exit polls suggest that the president faces a Congress with a narrow but hostile Republican majority in both House and Senate. (Sondajul la urne arata ca presedintele se confrunta cu un Congres republican nemajoritar, dar ostil, in Camera si in Senat.)

At every trial, the judge conducts the proceedings and points out the matters. (La fiecare proces, judecatorul conduce actiunea si puncteaza problemele.) I find it hard to believe that he does not want to appeal to the High Court of Justice. (Imi vine greu sa cred ca nu vrea sa apeleze la Inalta Curte de Justitie. What do you think of this barrister? (Ce crezi despre acest avocet pledant?)

3. in step-by-step instructions or demonstrations: e.g. First, you listen to the prosecutor, then you cross-examine the witnesses(Mai intai, il asculti pe procurer, apoi audiezi martorii)

2. THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

FORM: the verb to be+VERB +ing

Affirmative: Interrogative: I am reading Am I reading? You/we/they are reading Are you/we/they reading? He/she/it is reading Is he/she/it reading?

Negative: I am not/Im not reading You/we/they are not/arent reading He/she/it is not/isnt reading

USE:

1. to express an action started before the present moment, which is in progress at the moment of speaking and which will terminate in the future. This form of the verb indicates that the duration of the action is limited. The feeling of immediate present is often emphasized by just and now: e.g. Now, we are learning for our advanced civil law exam. (Acum, noi invatam pentru examenul de drept civil aprofundat) At this moment, The Court of Assizes is considering the facts which have been presented. (In acest moment, Curtea cu Juri analizeaza faptele ce au fost prezentate.)

2. to express temporary actions: today, this week/month/year e.g. This month she is taking legal action against two persons. (Luna aceasta ea da in judecata doua personae.) We always watch quiz games, but this week we are watching variety shows. (Noi intotdeauna privim jocuri televizate, dar saptamana aceasta privim spectacole de varietati.)

Verbs not used in their continuous aspect: 1. Verbs of feeling:. feel, hear, notice, see, smell, taste

e.g. The soup tastes delicious. I can see the plane now. This bar of soap smells wonderful.

However, the verbs to smell, to taste, to feel may be found in the continuous aspect when they imply a voluntary action on the part of the subject: e.g. I am smelling this bar of soap. She is tasting the soup now. Besides, the verb to see may also be used in the continuous aspect, but with different meanings: to meet by appointment, to visit, to have hallucinations.

2. Verbs of mental activity: to agree, distrust, doubt, find, foresee, forget, guess, imagine, know, mean, mind, remember, recognize, recollect, regard, suppose, trust, understand, etc.

3. Verbs expressing wish: to desire, intend, want, wish.

4. Verbs expressing attitudes, feelings, emotional states: to abhor, adore, detest, dislike, displease, like, love, hate, please, prefer etc.

5. Verbs expressing possession: belong, have, hold, keep, owe, own, possess.

6. Verbs expressing a state, a condition: to appear, to be, consist of, contain, differ, deserve, equal, exist, resemble, seem, suit, etc.

7. Miscellaneous verbs: to compare, expect, matter, suffice

It is important to mention that the adverbs of frequency and indefinite time (always, often, seldom, generally, ever, never, etc.) may be used with the continuous aspect, denoting a modal charge, i.e. emotional charge (joy, admiration, irritation). Therefore, MODALITY is the attitude of the speaker towards the communication. e.g. You are always drinking and driving! ( I am angry at that person) = Intotdeauna conduci in stare de ebrietate! The Home Secretary is always buying old books and paintings! (Ministrul de Interne intotdeauna cumpara carti si tablouri vechi!)

3. THE PAST TENSE SIMPLE

According to the way in which they form the Past Tense and the Past Participle, English verbs are divided into regular and irregular. Regular verbs are all those verbs that make the Past Tense and the Past Participle by adding the suffix ed to their Short Infinitives. This ending may be pronounced either /d/ after vowels and /b/, /g/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /v/, /z/, or /t/ after /k/, /p/, /s/, or /id/ after /t/ or /d/. Irregular verbs are all those verbs that do not make the Past Tense and the Past Participle by adding the suffix ed, but have their own forms: to begin-began-begun; to give-gave-given; etc.

FORM:

Affirmative: Interrogative: I/you/he/she/it/we/they thought Did I/you/he/she/it/we/they think?

Negative: I/you/he/shoe/it/we/they did not/didnt think

USE:

1.To express an action or state wholly completed at some moment or during some period in the past. In fact, the Simple Past Tense is a narrative tense. In this case, a past tense adverbial such as when, then, yesterday, last week, last month, last year, that day, the other day, once, in 2005, ago, etc. occurs in the sentence:

e.g. Yesterday, she told us about the hereditary peerage during the course. (Ieri, la curs, ne-a povestit despre aristocratia ereditara) The mission turned out to be more difficult than expected. (Misiunea s-a dovedit a fi mai dificila decat ne asteptam) I read about this legislative body last year. (Anul trecut am citit despre acest organ legislativ.) Did you try to talk to the plaintiff? (Ai incercat sa vorbesti cu reclamantul?

It is very important to point out that, if there is a past tense in the main clause, we have to use a past tense in the main clause, too: e.g. How did you know I was here? (Cum ai stiut ca sunt aici?) The Counsel for the Prosecution tried to prove in court that the accused was lying. (Avocatul acuzarii a incercat sa dovedeasca in fata curtii ca acuzatul minte.)

2. to express a past habit or a repeated action in the past;

e.g. Groups of neighbouring states often seemed to vote the same way. (Grupuri de satate invecinate pareau adesea ca voteaza in acelasi fel.)

4. THE PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS

FORM: was/were + VERB + ing

Affirmative: Interrogative: I/he/she/it was thinking Was I/he/she/it thinking? We/you/they were thinking Were we/you/they thinking?

Negative: I/he/she/it was not/ wasnt thinking You/we/they were not/ werent thinking

USE:

1. To express an action in progress at a certain moment in the past: at this time yesterday/last year, by 5 oclock yesterday, etc e.g. The President of the House of Commons was speaking in front of the 630 members at this time yesterday. (Presedintele Camerei Comunelor vorbea in fata celor 630 de membri ieri,pe vremea aceasta) He was hoping to be the first American re-elected president since the war. (Spera sa fie primul presedinte american reales de la razboi si pana acum.)

2. to indicate that an action was going on (like a background) at a time when something else, more important or more dramatic (the foreground) took place: e.g. When I called her, she told me that she was talking to the defendant.(Cand am sunat-o, mi-a spus ca vorbea cu inculpatul.)

3. to show that two or more actions were going on at the same time in the past: e.g. The Public Prosecutor was presenting the facts while the two detectives were listening very carefully. (Procurorul Public prezenta faptele, in timp ce cei doi detectivi ascultau foarte atent.)

5. THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

FORM: have/has + Past Participle (the 3rd form of the verb)

Affirmative: Interrogative; I/you/we/they have thought Have I/you/we/they thought?

He/she/it has thought Has he/she/it thought?

Negative: I/you/we/they have not/havent thought He/she/it has not/ hasnt thought

USE:

An action or state prior to the moment of speaking may be expressed both by the Past Tense and by the Present Perfect. But, while the Past Tense presents the action without referring to the present moment, the Present Perfect links that past action with the present. This means that when we have the Past Tense, we think of the time when something happened or we narrate a sequence of events at a given time. Therefore, the Present Perfect is used:

1. when there is a result/consequence into the present: e.g. I have not won the case and that is why I will not have too many clients from now on. (Nu am castigat cazul si de aceea nu voi avea prea multi clienti de acum inainte)

It must be mentioned that the actions expressed by Past Tense Simple generally have no any consequence into the present. e.g. I did not win the case yesterday. (Nu am castigat cazul ieri)

2. when the action continues in the present and, perhaps, it will go on in the future: e.g. Magistrates Courts in England and Wales have had limited civil jurisdiction for many years. (Curtile Magistratilor din Anglia si Tara Galilor au jurisdictie limitata de multi ani.)

3.when we are not interested in the moment of the action, but in the action proper: e.g.The two voting systems in the American presidential election have been alluded to. (S-a facut aluzie la cele doua sisteme de votare de la alegerile prezidentiale americane.) They have been at the Claims Department. (Au fost la Biroul de Reclamatii.)

Generally, when the moment is mentioned, Past Tense Simple is used: e.g. They were at the Claims Department when they worked at that company.

4. with uncompleted periods of time: today, this week/month/year: e.g.The employer has filed a claim today. (Angajatorul a depus o reclamatie astazi)

It should be noted that Past Tense Simple always expresses completed periods of time: e.g. I always read many plays when I was a student. (Intotdeauna am citit multe piese cand eram student)

The adverbs used with The Present Perfect Simple are: just, already, always, yet, lately, recently, up to now=so far=till now=until now, how long, today, this week/month etc.

6. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

FORM:

Affirmative: Interrogative: I/you/we/they have been writing Have I/you/we/they been writing? He/she/it has been writing Has he/she/it been writing?

Negative: I/you/we/they have not/havent been writing He/she/it has not/hasnt been writing

USE:

1. While the Present Perfect Simple implies that the attention is focused on the repetition or on the completion of an action, the Present Perfect Continuous emphasizes the duration, the continuity of the action in the present: e.g. The employee has been waiting for the manager since 10 oclock. (Angajatul il asteapta pe patron de la ora 10.00.) The Bosnian Muslims have been operating inside Sarajevo for a few months. (Musulmanii bosniaci opereaza in interiorul Sarajevo-ului de cateva luni.)

2. Since the Present Perfect Continuous describes an action which is apparently uninterrupted, it will not be employed when we mention the number of times a thing has been done or the number of things that have been done:

e.g. He has been talking about his creditworthiness since 2 oclock. (Vorbeste despre credibilitatea sa de la ora 2.00.)

But:

He has talked about his creditworthiness three times since 2 oclock. ( A vorbit despre credibilitatea sa de trei ori de la ora 2.00)

EXERCISES:

I. Finish each of the sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the one printed before it:

1. If he hadnt helped us, we shouldnt have been able to finish the work by now. But for

2. If you have been studying French for so long, you should speak it fluently now. it is time ..

3. Follow my advice and you wont go wrong. As long as you

4. Id like you to tell me frankly what you think. Id rather

5. Considering all the dangers that threatened his life, it is a miracle that he survived.

If one

6. She had hardly ever been to the theatre. Hardly

7. Without their financial support, the reform movement couldnt have been made wider.

If it

8. As he was asked to state his intentions, we know what to do now. If

9. It would be good if you could join us on that particular occasion. If only

10. If the weather is favourable, well travel to the lighthouse. Provided that

11. If we dont save money, well never be able to buy a car. Unless

12. Never before had they agreed upon such important matters. Such important matters

13. John failed his exam last term, so he is taking it again in June. If

14. He never throws a paper away before having read every news item. Only

II. For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the original one. Begin as suggested.

1. Please dont change your mind. I wish .

2. Its really late.We ought to be saying good-bye. Its time .

3. It would be nicer if we lived in the countryside. Id rather .

4. Id rather you did not interrupt us. Would you .

5. Id be happy if I could give you the money you need. I wish

6. Please dont tell anybody about my plans for the future. Id rather .

7. We could have done something if you had let us know about his decision. If only .

8. Wed like you to focus your camera lens on the poor people. Do you think .

9. We regret having made an unscheduled overnight stop in Madrid. We apologize

III. Use the correct tense, active or passive, of the verbs in brackets:

1. Unemployment in the biggest cities (to fall) by a third over the past four years, to around 6%. We can notice that Cleveland (to rebuild) itself as a cultural centre. The question is not whether Americas cities (to improve), but whether the improvement can (to continue). (The Economist)

2. A job worth (to do) is worth (to do) well.

3. I could hear a car (to run) fast along the boulevard. Suddenly, I (to hear) the driver (to brake) hard.

4. I remember (to tell) John to leave the key with my sister in case he (to go) to the cinema.

5. He pretended (not to know) me when we (to meet) at the cinema.

6. We were hungry, so I suggested (to have) dinner earlier than usual.

7. I wish those young people (to stop) (to make) that dreadful noise. Its (to drive) me crazy.

8. I hate (to disappoint) my friends, but much as I would like (to go) fishing, I have to finish (to clean) my room first.

9. It required no expert in psychology to see that Neil never (to break) free from childhood. At twenty, he still (to live) in the same world he (to inhabit) at eight, still pursuing the same infant quests he (to pursue) at Cliffedge. (Graham Swift, Learning to Swim and Other Stories)

10. I wonder where I (to live) ten years from now.

11. It (to be) ten years since we met, but I remember it as if it (to be) yesterday.

12. The mountain path was abrupt, so we (to climb) very carefully. We were afraid (to fall) into the precipice.

13. Susan is always on the go. Two hours ago, she finished (to type) a letter. Since then, she (to do) a hundred other things. And that isnt all. Some of her friends (to persuade) her to enter politics. She has more stamina than I ever (to see). Women (to be) that way before, and they still (to be). Yes, they (to begin) to take the initiative centuries ago and they (not to stop) yet.

IV. Choose the right variant:

1. The inn-keeper suggested that each pilgrim [a. must tell; b. will tell; c. tell] two stories on the way to Canterbury and two more on the way back.

2. The [a. passers-by; b. passer-bys; c. passers-bys] had no idea a holdup was in progress only a few feet away.

3. By the time he retires, our manager [a. will visit; b. will have visited; c. has visited] every major city in which the company has an office.

4. It [a. has not rained; b. has not been raining; c. wasnt raining] here for the last three weeks.

5. Im telling you this lest you [a. shouldnt; b. should; c. will] make a mistake.

6. Hardly had he finished eating lunch, when he asked what there [a. will be; b. would be; c. was to be] for dinner.

7. His father sent him to Britain so that he [a. can get; b. might get; c. will get] a thorough knowledge of the language.

8. As she works the night shift, she is used to [a. sleep; b. having slept; c. sleeping] during the day.

9. If it hadnt been for Colin, no one [a. would know; b. would have known; c. will know] where we are.

10. Its frightfully cold outside, it must be ten degrees [a. under; b. beneath; c. below] freezing point.

11. She talks as if she [a. knows; b. knew; c. had known] all the answers.

12. By the time you return from Canada, your sweetheart [a. will marry; b. will have married; c. is going to marry] someone else.

13. I wont loan you the money unless you [a. produce; b. dont produce; c. cant produce] evidence of a good collateral.

14. He wouldnt be staying at a hotel now if he [a. had announced; b. announced; c. would announce] his visit in time.

15. We shall put the picnic [a. out; b. off; c.on] until next week, when the weather may improve.

16. I hoped that you [a. would tell; b. will tell; c. should tell] the truth and nothing but the truth.

17. All the windows of the castle had [a. gold; b. golden; c. gilded] frames.

18. Theres plenty of beer in the fridge. You [a. neednt have bought; b. didnt need to buy; c. cannot buy] another six-pack.

19. He doesnt have time for you now; he is [a. rather; b. quite; c. fairly] busy.

20. If he [a. has gone; b. will go; c. goes] on swimming in that lake for half an hour, he will have swum in it for four hours.

21. It is really unbelievable that she [a. should have acted; b. should act; c. ought to act] the way she did.

22. Since the beginning of the year, I [a. have read; b. have been reading; c. will have read] two novels and three books of poetry.