Microsoft Office 2003 - WordPress.com · 3/02/2018 · 1 I-esckþIepþIm1>1 lMnaMedIm RbeTskm

1

I-esckþIepþIm

1>1 lMnaMedIm

RbeTskm<úCa CaRbeTsmYysßitenAPUmiPaKGasIuGaeKñy_xagt,Úg]bTVIb\NÐÚcinCaRbeTs

TI8 ebIKitBIépÞdImanTMhM 181 035 KILÚEm:Rtkaer nigCaRbeTsTI7 ebIKitCa cMnYnRbCaBlrdæ

13/810/000nak; ¬Tinñn½yqñaM2008¦. TItaMgPUmisaRsþenH)anpþl;nUvTMnak;TMngy:aggay

RsYlkñúgvis½yesdækic©eTscrN_CamYYyRbeTsCitxag nigBiPBelak. edayeyageTAelIkUG-

edaen PUmisaRsþRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCasßitenAcenøaHExSRsbTI10 nigTI15én ry³TTwgxageCIg

nigcenøaHExSbeNþayTI102 nig108énry³beNþayxagekIt. kUGedaen PUmisaRsþenHbBa¢ak;

[eXIjc,as;faRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCasßitenAtMbn;RtUBicKWekþAehIyesIm mü:ageTotsNæandI

manépÞptkNþalCaTMnabEdlB½TæCMuvijedayPñM x<g;rab nigTisnirtICatMbn; QUgsmuRT

EdlmanlkçN³GMeNaypll¥RbesIdl;karlUtlas;rukçCati nigdMNaMRKb; RbePT.

edayeyageTAelIlkçN³TaMgGs;enHehIy )aneFIVeGayRbeTseyIgmanlkçN³l¥kñúg

karGPivDÆn_elIvis½yeTscrN_Cati eRBaHCatMbn;TTYl\T§iBlekþAehIyesImesÞIreBjmYyqñaM.

skþanuBleTscrN_Edl)annigkMBugGPivDÆenHrYmmanenA PñMeBj nigCMuvijPñMeBj tMbn;

esomrab tMbn;eqñr tMbn;PUmiPaK|san TMnabkNþal tMbn;eqñrnirtI tMbn;eqñrBayBü tMbn;

PUmiPaKxageCIg nigdIsNþTenøemKgÁelI. tMbn;skþanuBleTscrN_xagelIenHbgá[manPaB

gayRsYlkñúgkarGPivDÃvis½yeTscrN_dUcCa eTscrN_vb,Fm’ nigRbvtþisaRsþ eTscrN_

vb,Fm’FmµCati eTscrN_Ekècñ ksieTscrN_ eGkUreTscrN_ nigeTscrN_FmµCati.

bNþatMbn;skþanuBleTscrN_TaMgGs;enH extþesomrabCatMbn;EdlmanskþanuBl

eTscrN_vb,Fm’ nigRbvtþisaRsþeRcInCageKenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa. TnÛwmnwgenaHesomrabk¾man

tMbn;sMrab;GPivDÆn_elIeGkUeTscrN_nigeTscrN_FmµCatipgEdr rYmmanPUmiGENþtTwkcug

eXñós kMBg;Pøúk kMBg;XøaMg PUmiFmµCatiruntaÉk ]TüanCatiPñMKUEln EdnCMrkstVéRBKUEln

RBhµeTBCaedIm. edayELkXMukMBg;XøaMgCaXuMmYyEdlsßitenAkñúgRsuksURTniKmextþesomrab

nigCatMbn;EdlmanskþanuBleTscrN_GacTak;;TajeP£oveTscreGaycUleTATsSna)andUcCa

lMenAsÜanRbCaBlrdæ vtþGaram vb,Fm’ènkarrs;enArbs;RbCaBlrdæ tMbn;GPirkSRtI ERBklVa

GUrR)aMBan; ERBkkeKa éRBtaRkja:j; éRBtaRcenog bwgecar TidæPaBbwgTenøsab nigrebob

ensaTrbs;RbCaBlrdæXuMkMBg;XøaMg.

2

edaysarktþaxagelITaMgGs;enHehIy EdlbgáeGaymanPaBgayRsYlkñúgkarGPivDÆ

eTscrN_tamEbbeGkUeTscrN_ nigCamUlehtuCMrujeGayRkumeyIg´seRmccitþeRCIserIs

ykXMukMBg;XaøMgedIm,IeFVIkarsikSaRsavRCavbBa©b;fñak;briBaØabRtCMnaj karRKb;RKgeTscrN_

nigbdisNæarkic© elIRbFanbTfa {karGPivDÆskþanuBleTscrN_enAXMukMBg;XøaMg {.

1>2 cMeNaTbBaða

tamry³karBiBN’naxagelIenH )anbgðaj[eXIjfabBaðasMxan;EdlRkumeyIg´RtUveFVI

karsikSaRsavRCavKW³

- etIXuMkMBg;XøaMgmanskþanuBleTscrN_GVIxøH? ehIyetIeTscrN_enAXuMkMBg;XøaMg

naeBlbc©úb,nñmansßanPaBdUcemþc?

- etIePJóveTscrGaceFVIdMeNIreTATsSnatammeFüa)ayGVIxøH nigTsSnaGVIxøHenAXMu

kMBg;XøaMg?

1>3 eKalbMNgénkarsikSaRsavRCav

edIm,IeqøIytbcMeBaHbBaðaxagelI RkumeyIg´RtUveFVIkarsikSaRsavRCavedayBinitüeTAelI³

- TItaMgPUmisaRsþnigkarRKb;RKgenAXMukMBg;XøaMg

- skþanuBlTak;TajeP£oveTscrenAXuMkMBg;XøaMg

- sßanPaBeTscrN_naeBlbc©úb,nñenAXuMkMBg;XøaMg

- meFüa)aynanaEdlGacCYysRmYldl;kareFVIdMeNIrePJóveTscr niglT§PaBénkar

erobcMrgVg;TsSnacr enAXMukMBg;XøaMg

1>4 TMhM nigEdnkMNt;énkarsikSa

cMeBaHTMhM nigEdnkMNt;énkarsikSaRsavRCavelIRbFanbTenH RkumeyIg´sUmepþatGarmµN_

elIEt karGPivDÆskþanuBleTscrN_enAXMukMBg;XøaMg Etb:ueNÑaH BMumanvisalPaBTUlayelI

vis½yepSg²eToteT. cMENkry³eBlénkarsikSaRsavRCavRkumeyIg´)ankMNt;cMnYn75éf¶

KWBIéf¶TI28 ExFñÚ qñaM2009 rhUtdl;éf¶TI12 ExmIna qñaM2010 EdlkñúgenaHmansmaCik

cMnYn6nak;cUlrYm.

3

1>5 Bnül;BaküKnøwH

BaküKnøwH niymn½y kareRbIR)as;

karGPivDÆ GIV²Edlmankarpøas;bþÚrBIPaBcas;

mkPaBfµIkñúgn½yrIkcMerIn

sßanPaBGPivDÆn_eTscrN_enA

XuMkMBg;XøaMg

skþanuBl

KWCaGIV²EdlGacykmkeRbIR)as;

)anb¤GIV²EdlGacTak;Taj

BinitünigsikSaEsVgyl;BIskáanu-

BleTscrN_enAXuMkMBg;XøaMg

eTscrN_ KWCaskmµPaBrbs;mhaCneFVIdMeNIr

kMsanþkñúgry³eBld¾xøImYyKWticCag

24ema:gminelIsBImYyqñaM

dMeNIrkMsanþeTscrN_kñúgXMukMBg;XøaMg

4

II. rMlwkRTwsþI

enAEpñkrMlwkRTwsþIenH RkumeyIgńwgbgðajCUnGMBIRTwsþIeTscrN_mYycMnYnedIm,ICamUl-

dæan KMnitsikSaEsVgyl;BIRbFanbT “karGPivDÆskáanuBleTscrenAXuMkMBg;XøaMg”

RTwsþIeTscrN_TaMgenH RkumeyIg´)andkRsg;mkBIRbPBÉksarepSg² dUcCa>>>.

2>1 niymn½yeTscrN_ nigeTscr

BaküeTscrN_ RtUv)aneKkMNt;fa Casm,TaesvakmµnigbNþaskmµPaBEdlTak;Tg

eTAnwgkareFVIdMeNIrrbs;eTscr nigGñkTsSnkic©GnþrCati nigkñúgRsuk . bNþasm,Ta nigesva

kmµTaMLayenH k¾GacbMerIsMrab;eKalbMNgepSg²eRkABIeTscrN_)anEdr. edayELkBakü

eTscr sMedAdl;buKÁlTaMgLayEdlmkdl;tMbn;epSgeRkABIbriyakasRbRktIrbs; eKsñak;

enATIenaH cab;BImYyyb;eLIgeTA nigminelIsBIry³eBlEdlRtUv)ankMNt;kñúgeKalbMNg

eTscrN_ nigminTak;TgeKalbMNgtaMgTIlMenA b¤eFVIskmµPaBNamYyEdlTTYl)anR)ak;kMér

enATIenaH ¬eKasuM saerOt 2008¦.

2>2 RbePTepSg²éneTscrN_

tamTsSn³rbs;elak Valene L. Smith )anEbgEckeTscrN_Ca6RbePTKW³

2>2>1 eTscrN_CnCati

KWsMedAelIkareFVIdMeNIrkMsanþkñúgeKalbMngGegátemIlvb,Fm’ skmµPaB nwgCIvitrs;enA

rbs;CnCatibreTs b¤PaKtic dUcCakareFVIdMeNIreTARbeTs Panama edIm,IsikSaGMBICnCati

PaKtic b¤k¾eTARbeTs\NÐaedIm,IEsVgyl;GMBICIvitrs;enArbs;CnCatiPaKticEdlrs;enAtMbn;PñM

dac;Rsy:al. skmµPaBrbs;GñkeTscrenAkñúgRbePT Ethnic Tourism enH CaTUeTArYmman

karedIrGegátemIlpÞHsMEbgCnCatiPaKtic karcUlTsSnar)aMviFIepSg² nigGaccUlrYmkñúgkar

R)arB§epSg².

2>2>2 eTscrN_RbvtþisaRsþ

KWCakareFVIdMeNIrkMsanþeTATsSna R)agÁR)asaT nigsar³mnÞIrnanaEdlbgðajnUvPaBd¾

rugerOgBIGtItkaldUcCa TIRkug Roma RbeTseGsIub nigRbeTsRkic. ]TahrN_ mYycMnYn

Tak;TgeTAnwgeTscrN_Rbvtþisa®sþrYmman TIkEnøgs®gÁamsIuvilmYycMnYnenAshrdæGaemrik

Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, Chancellorsville and Virginia dMeNIrkMsanþtamrebobrbbrs;

enAEdlTak;TgnwgRBwtþikarN_sMxan;²kñúgsm½yburaN.

5

2>2>3 eTscrN_vb,Fm’

KWsMedAelIkareFVIdMeNIrkMsanþedIm,IEsVgyl;GMBICIvitrs;enA nigBN’sMburrbs;RbeTs

eKaledAEdlxusBICIvitrs;enArbs;xøÜn nigedIm,IedaHdUrcMenHdwg nigKMnitrbs;xøÜn. CaTUeTAskmµ

PaBEdlTak;TgeTscrN_vb,Fm’enAkñúgRbeTseKaledArYmman karjauMmðÙbGaharkñúgGahar

dæanGñkRsukkaremIlBiFIR)arB§tamTMenomTMlab;epSg² karsMEdgr)aMRbéBNIRBmTaMgkardak;

taMgnUvrUbcMlak; nigplitplepSg² Edlmank,ac;rcnaBIburaN. ]TahrN_ mYycMnYnEdlTak;

TgRbePTèneTscrN_vb,Fm’rYmmankareFVIdMeNIreTAkMsanþenA Williamsberg, Virginia, and

Green field Village I Dearborn, Michigan, or to Mystic Seaport, Connecticut.

2>2>4 eTscrN_Ekécñ

Tak;TgeTAnwgkarcUlrYmelgkILaepSg² dUcCakargUtTwkekáAEdlGacBüa)alCMgWkar

edkhalkMedAéf¶RBmTaMgkarTak;TgEpñksgÁmdéTeTotkñúgeKalbMNglMEhkay. tMbn;TaMg

enHeRcInEteFVIkarpSBVpSay 3S Tourism ( Sea Sand and Sex ) tamry³rUbftEdlmanBN’

FmµCatiRss;s¥atEdleFVI[eyIgmancitþcg;eTAelgkEnøgTaMgenaHdUcCa kEnøgCiHsÁIeqñrsmuRT

EdlmanedImdUgduHGm nigkEnøgvayehÁal b¤kEnøgvayetnIs. karpSBVpSayEbbenH KwedIm,I

Tak;TajGñkeTscrEdlmaneKalbMNgedIm,IlMEhkayCasMxan;.

2>2>5 eTscrN_BaNiC¢kmµ

sMedAelIkareFVIdMeNIredIm,IcUlrYmkñúgmhasnñi)at kñúgGgÁRbCuM nigkñúgsikçasala epSg².

eTscrN_BaNiC¢kmµGacbUkbBa©ÚleTscrN_mYy b¤BIreTotEdl)anniyayxagelI. CaTUeTA

RbeTseKaledATaMgLayGacmanRbePTeTscrN_eRcInCagmYyRbePT. ]TahrN_ rmNIy

dæanenArdæ Hawai )anGPivDÃeTscrN_RbePTEkècñ RbePTbrisÜan nigRbePTvb,Fm’ eday

GaRs½yeTAelIRbePTénskmµPaBEdlGñkeTscrcg;)an. GñkeTscrEdleTAlMEhkayeBl

visSmkalenARbeTs\NÐaeRkABIlMEhkayTak;TgnwgeTscrN_RbePTEkécñenAeqñrsmuRT enA

kñúgRbeTsenaH Kat;man»kasedIremIlskmµPaB nigCIvitrs;enArbs;RbCaCn\NÐaRBmTaMg

GaceFVIdMeNIrtamPUmiedIm,IGegátemIlskmµPaB nigCIvitrs;enArbs;RbCaCnEdlrs;enAtamCn

bTenaHeTotpg.

2>2>6 eTscrN_brisßan

eTscrN_brisßanmanlkçN³Rsedognwg Ethnic Tourism EdlTajGñkeTscr[eTA

elgtMbn;dac;RsyalmYycMnYn b:uEnþsgát;F¶n;eTAelIFnFanEdlTak;TajGarmµN_EbbFmµCati

6

EdlGñkeTscrTaMgenaHRsLaj;FmµCati nigbrisßan. skmµPaBEdlTak;TgnwgeTscrN_Rb-

ePTenHrYmman karftrUb karedIredayefµIreCIg kareLIgPñM karCiHTUk nigkare)aHCMruM.

2>2>7 eGkUeTscrN_

eGkUeTscrN_ CaeTscrN_FmµCati Edlpþl;plb:HBal;mankMritTab nigcUlrYm

cMENkkñúgkarEfTaMGMbUrstV rukçCati edaypÞal;kñúgkarGPirkS nigTaMgRbeyalkñúgkarpþl;nUv

R)ak;cMNUldl;shKmn_m©as;RsukEdlsmlµm nig[RbCaCnm©as;Rsuk[témødUecñaH ehIy

BYkeKCYykarBartMbn;ebtikPNÐ stVéRBrbs;eKCaRbPBénR)ak;cMNUl ¬eTs suFIr 2007¦.

2>2>8 eTscrN_shKmn_

eTscrN_shKmn_ KWCaskmµPaBeTscrN_ sMrab;RTRTg;dl;PUmi nigshKmn_CnCati

PaKtic CaBiesskñúgbribTkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkrbs;raCrdæaPii)alkm<úCa kñúgPaBCaédKUCamYy

sßab½nCati nigGnþrCatiEdlmankarBak;B½n§ nigRtUvpþl;dl;shRKas BaNiC¢kmµxñattUc nig

mFümnUvkarRbwkSaeyabl;xagEpñkBaNiC¢kmµ nigkareFVIEpnkaresvakmµEdlTak;Tg eTAnwgkar

sikSaBIlT§PaBénkarpÁt;pÁg;RbPBhirBaØvtßú EdlmanskáanuBl karsikSa nigkarbNþúHbNþal

¬ eKasuM saerOt 2008¦.

2>2>9 eTscrN_sgÁm

eTscrN_sgÁm CaRbePTmYyéneTscrN_ EdlbegáIteLIgedayrdæaPi)al sMrab;bgá

CalT§PaBdl;RsTab;mhaCn ³ sisS nisSit yuvv½y GñkcUlnivtþn_ CnBikar nigBlrdæ RbeTs

enHeFVIdMenIrkMsanþlMEhCaeTscrN_kñúgrdUveTscrN_tic (Low Season) ¬sYn r:anI 2002¦ .

2>3 TMrg;énGñkeTscr

kñúgvis½yeTscrN_ eKEbgEckeTscrCaBIrRbePT KW eTscrGnþrCati nigeTscrkñúg

Rsuk Edl)ankMNt;niymn½ydUcxageRkam³

2>3>1 eTscrGnþrCati

eTscrN_GnþrCatiRtUv)ankMNt;faCabuKÁlEdleFVIdMeNIrecj ecjeRkARbeTsrbs;xøÜn

elIsBI24em:ag edayRtUvsñak;enATIenaHelIsBImYyyb; b:uEnþminelIsBIry³eBlmYyqñaMeLIy.

buKÁlEdlpøas;TIkEnøgrs;enA nigeFVIkarenARbeTsepSgeTot minGaccat;TukvaCaeTscreLIy

¬eKasuM saerOt 2008¦.

7

2>3>2 eTscrkñúgRsuk

eTscrkñúgRsuk KWCabuKÁlEdleFVIdMeNIreTAq¶ayBIpÞHrbs;xøÜn enAkñúgRbeTsrbs;xøÜn

elIsBI24em:ag edayRtUvsñak;enATIenaH elIsBImYyyb;kñúgmUlehtudUcKñaeTAnwgkarerobrab;

xagelI. buKÁlEdleFVIkarpøas;bþÚrTIkEnøgrs;enAkñúgRbeTsrbs;xøÜn minGaccat;TukfaCaeTs-

creLIy¬eKasuM saerOt 2008¦.

2>4 eKalbMNgeTscrN_

sMedAdl;eKalbMNgsMxan;² dUcCa sRmak lMEh kMsanþ TsSna sasna skmµPaB

kILa Furkic© saksYrsuxTukçjatisnþan Büa)alsuxPaB sikSaRsavRCav nigeKalbMNg

eTscrN_Rsbc,ab;epSgeTot ¬eKasuM saerOt 2008¦.

2>5 lkçN³Biessrbs;rmNIydæan

2>5>1 eTscrN_vb,Fm’ RbvitþsaRsþ

sar³sMxan;ènvb,Fm’edIm nigFnFanRbvtiþsaRsþ

rkSaPaBedIm bUrNPaBrbs;rmNIydæan

kMNt;buraNvtßúEdlenAsl; tMélmnusSCati karrs;enA TMenomTMlab; kareRbI

R)as;dIFøI karrs;enAEbbRbéBNI

2>5>2 eTsscrN_Ekécñ

karEkécñeTAtamskþanuBlFmµCati

rkSaburaNvtßúEdlenAsl; tMélmnusSCati karrs;enA TMenomTMlab;

karrs;enAEbb RbéBNI

kMNt;bøg;emkñúgkarGPivDÆn_esvakmµkMsanþ

2>5>3 eTscrN_FmµCati

sar³sMxan;énRbB½næeGkULUsuI niglMenAdæanFmµCati

brisßanEdlminRtUv)anbMpøaj dUcCatMbn;dIesIm b¤tMbn;eqñ

lkçN³Biess nigPaBkRmmanepSg²enAkñúgrmNIydæan

2>5>4 eTscrN_vb,Fm’

sar³sMxan;ènvb,Fm’edIm nigFnFanFanRbvtiþsaRsþ

rkSaPaBedIm buraNPaBrbs;rmNIydæan

8

kMNt;buraNvtßúEdlenAsl; tMélmnusSCati karrs;enA TMnomTMlab; kareRbIR)as;

dIFøI karrs;enAEbbRbéBNI

FmµCatiEdlGacTak;TajePJoveTscr

sar³sMxan;énRbBn½æCIvcMruH niglMenAsßanFmµCati

brisßanEdlminRtUv)anbMpøaj dUcCa tMbn;dIesIm TIrehadæan b¤tMbn;eqñ.

2>5>5 ksieTscrN_

eTsPaBvalERs RbLayTwkEdlGaTak;TajePJóveTscr

FnFanCIvcMruH kñúgvalERsnigkarrs;enAEbbFmµCati nig RbéBNI

CatMbn;EdlminsUvmanlMenAdæan

vb,Fm’ suc¨ritènkarrs;enArbs;shKmn_kñúgtMbn;

2>5>6 eGkUeTscrN _

FmµCatiEdlGacTak;TajePJóveTscr

FnFanCIvcMruH nigkarrs;enAEbbFmµCati nigRbéBNI

brisßanEdlminRtUv)anbMpøajb¤brisßanEdlbgðajBIkarvivDÆrbs;FmµCati

¬tMbn;dIesIm TIrehadæan tMbn;eqñr smuRT ekaH Tenø TwkFøak; éRBPñM .l.¦

CatMbn;EdlminsUvmanlMenAsßan

vb,Fm’ suc¨ritènkarrs;enArbs;shKmn_kúgtMbn ;

PaBedImènFnFanvb,Fm’nigFmñCatimankñúgrmNIydæan ¬eGkUesTcrN_nwgman

sþg;daedayELkmYy¦ ¬RksYgeTscN_ 2009¦

2>6 birsßan nigeTscrN_

2>6>1 GVICabrisßan

ebIeyIgniyaydl;erOgbrisßanKWeKsMedAelIBiPBBIrKWBiPBmanCIvit nigBiPBKµanCIvitEdl

enACuMvijxøÜneyIgdUcCaedImeQI-xül; dI Twk rukçCati stV Tenø smuRT RtI stVl¥it .l. mnusS

nigGVI²EdlmnusSbegáIteLIgdUcCa³ TIRkug ksidæan lMenAdæan bnÞay R)asaT Kuh_ nigehdæa-

rcnasm<½n§epSg²eTotCaedIm k¾CaEpñkmYyénbrisßanEdr. dUcenHniymn½yrbs; brisßan

KWCaBiPBmanCivit nigBiPBKµanCIvitTaMgLayNaEdlsßitenACuMvijxøÜnrbs;eyIg ehIyvaman

9

TMnak;TMngKñaeTAvijeTAmkCamYynwgeyIg. eyIgBuMGacpþac;xøÜnBIbrisßan)aneLIy ehIyeyIgk¾

BuMGacmanGtßiPaBedayKµanbrisßanFmµCati)anpgEdr.

edaysarEtmnusSCaEpñkmYyénbrisßanenaH skmµPaBrbs;eyIgman\T§iBly:agxøaMg

kñúgkarEkERbBiPBFmµCati. CaFmµta skmµPaBrbs;eyIgman\T§iBleTAelIbrisßanbIy:ag. TI

mYy eyIgTajykFnFanBIbrisßanFmµCatidUcCa RtI Er: éRBeQI Twks¥at nigt,Úg. TIBIr eyIg

beBa©j ecalrbs;xøHeTAkñúg brisßanvijdUcCa³ EpSg db )øasÞic sMbkkMb:ug kMb:ug GaluymIj:Úm

nigfg;)øasÞicCaedIm. TIbI eyIgCMnYsbrisßanFmµCatiedayeFVIGVImYyepSgeTot. ]TahrN_ kar

kab;qáaréRBeQIehIyCMnYsmkvijedaycMkardMNaM cMkareQIsuIEpø pøÚvfñl; lMenAdæan eragcRk

nigehdæarcnasm<½n§epSg²CaedIm ¬NUEGl GUR)aEyn nig elak Tin Bnøk/2000¦.

2>6>2 bBaðaCuMvijbrisßan

enAeBl EdlmnusSrab;Ban;lannak;enAelIBiPBelakTajykFnFanBIbrisßan ehIy

beBa©jecalrbs;xøHeTAbrisßanvij nigCMnYsbrisßanFmµCatimkedayrbs;epSgeTot enaHBiPB

elaknigGacERbRbYly:agxøaMg. FnFanFmµCatiPaKeRcInmankMrit dUecñHebIeKTajykBIbrisßan

eRcIneBkenaHnwgGacbNþaleGayFnFanTaMgenaHGs;enAéf¶NamYy. ]TahrN_ ebIsinCa

eyIgensaTRtIeRcIneBkBIbwgTenøsabenaHRtInwgenAsl;tictYcbu:eNÑaH EdlGacbegáItkUnecA

ehIyeTAéf¶GnaKtnwgnwgmanRtIEttictYcb:ueNÑaHkñúgbwg.kaEstrsµIkm<úCacuHpSayqñaM18 elx

100 éf¶suRk TI15 ExmkraqñaM2010 fa éRBeQIenAtMbn;Rsyg;ekaHekr XuMRsyg; Rsuk

KUElnmankar kab;bMpøajy:agF¶n;F¶renArdUvR)aMgenH b:uEnþsmtßkic©Bak;B½n§KµankarbRgáab b¤Tb;

sßat;eLIy.

karbeBa©jsMNl;eRcIneBkenAelITIbrisßank¾bNþal[man\T§iBlGviC¢manEdr. enAkñúg

brimaNtictYcsMNl;BuMecaTCabBaðaF¶n;F¶reT eRBaHbrisßanFmµCatiRsYbyksMNl;TaMgenaH)an

xøH. k¾b:uEnþbrisßanFmµCatiGacTTYlyksMNl;EtkñúgkMritNamYyb:ueNÑaH. ebIeyIgbeBa©j

sMNl;eRcIn eBkcUleTAkñúgbrisßanFmµCatienaHTwk xül; nigdIk¾ERbkøayeTACakgVk; BuMGac

eRbIR)as;ekItEdr. mü:agvijeTotkarykGVIepSgeToteRcInhYseTACMnUs[FnFanFmµCatik¾Gac

eFVI[man\T§iBlGviC¢manpgEdr. brimaNdIFøI EdlmnusSEkERbnig eRbIR)as;RtUv mankMrit.

]TahrN_ RbsinebIéRBeQIRtUveKkab;bMpøajedIm,IykdIdaM dMNaMenaH eKRtUvkareBlevlarab;

ryqñaM edIm,I[éRBeQIenaHduHeLIgvij Canic©kalskmµPaBmnusS\teFVIeGaybrisßanERbRbYl.

10

enAGtItkalskmµPaBmanEtenAkñúgtMbn;tUc². skmµPaBmnusSGacEkERbEtEpñktUcNamYy

énEpndI b¤Tenø sÞwgb:ueNÑaH. k¾b:uEnþbc©úb,nñbec©kviTüa TMenIbGaceFVI[mnusSbMpøajRbeTsmYy

b¤BiPBelakTaMgmUl)any:agqab;rh½s. ]TahrN_bec©kviTüaTMenIbGac[mnusSkab;bMpøaj

éRBeQIy:agelOn rhUteFVI[GakasFatuénPBEpndI ERbRbYlEdlbNþal[mankarERbRbYl

rbbTwkePøóg sUm,IEtenAkEnøgEdlq¶ayBIéRBeQIk¾eday. edaysarEtskmµPaBrbs;mnusS

Gacpøas;bþÚrbrisßanFmµCatiy:agqab;rh½snigkñúgRTg;RTayFM dUecñHeyIgRtUvyl;BIbrisßan nig

RKb;RKgbBaðaTaMgenH[)ansmRsb. enHKWCa viBaØasad¾lM)akmYyeRBaHfa eKyl;dwgtictUc

Nas;BI\T§iBlTaMgGs;énskmµPaBmnusS nigbec©kviTüaTMenIb. GVI²TaMgGs;enAkñúgbrisßan

suT§EtmanTMnak;TMngKñaTaMgGs; k¾b:uEnþmnusSBuMTan;)andwgc,as;las;BITMnak;TMngTaMgGs;enaH

enAeLIyeT. enAeBlEdlmnusSEkERbbrisßany:ag qab;rh½snigkñúgRTg;RTayFMenaH Gnþr-

kmµbrisßannwgkan;EtsaMjauM ehIy\T§iBlrbs;skmµPaB mnusSk¾kan;EtR)akdRbCa nigmin

GacTayTukmun)an. ]TahrN_ GñkviTüasa®sþdwgfa cMeBaHeRbg\nÞn³enAkñúgrfynþtUcFM nig

eTacRkyanynþbNþal[mankMeNInkarbMBulxül;. karRbmUlpþúMmnusSrab;rylannak;Edl

eRbIR)as;yanynþ Gacpøas;bþÚrGakasFatuelIBiPBelak pøas;bþÚrkMritkMBs;TwksmuRTnigbNþal

[manxül;BüúHePøógjwkjab;y:agF¶n;F¶r. k¾b:uEnþGñkviTüsaRsþBuMGacdwgc,as;eTfa nwgekItman

enAeBlNanigkEnøgNa. bBaðabrisßanCaeRcInekIteLIgedaysarEt kareRbIbec©kviTüaTMenIb

RbkbedayRbsiT§iPaBx<s; rYmCamYykarmineGIeBIcg;dwgcg;lWBI\T§iBl énskmµPaBEdleyIg

eFVI ¬NUEGl GUR)aEyn nig elak Tin Bnøk/2000¦.

2>6>3 karbMBulbrisßanenAbwgTenøsab

edIm,ICa]TahrN_ [kan;Etc,as;enaH eyIgGacEsVgyl;karbMBulbrisßanenA bwgTenø-

sabEdlCakEnøgmYyEdlkMBugEtTTYlkarcab;GarmµN_y:agxøaMgBIsMNak;ePJóveTscr.

edaysarmnusSrs;enAelIépÞTwkCaRbcaM bBaðad¾FMkñúgkarbMBulbrisßanKW karRKb;RKg;enA

bNþakaksMNl;epSg² EdlmnusS)aneRbIR)as;. bc©úb,nñenHkaksMNl;TaMgLayenaHRtUv)an

eKcak;ecalkñúgépÞbwgTenøsabenaHEtmþg ehIynUvrdUvTwkeLIgedaykaksMNl;enaH manTm¶n;

F¶n; dUcenHvaRtUvliccuHeTAkñúg)atbwg luHrdUvTwksMrkvaRtUvGENþtmkEpñkekonénbwg EdlCa

ehtueFVI[épÞTwkbwgTenøsabEpñkekon²TaMgenaHmansPaBexµAkxVk;EdlmnusSminGaceRbIR)as;

11

)an CakgVl;mYyd¾FMrbs;shKmn_EdlRtUvmanviFankarmYyCacaM)ac;edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaTaMg

enaH .

CaTUeTAépÞTwkEdlRtUv)anrgkarbMBulenaH KWBuMmanrukçCatiduHenATIenaHeT rIÉRtIk¾KµanEdr

ehIy)atuPUtenHbNþaleGayRtImYycMnYnrgCMgWepSg²EdlmansPaBdUcCadMe)AenAnwgdgxøÜn.

edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaenHCabnÞan;enaHTImYy RtUvrkTItaMgNamYy[)ansmRsbsMrab;shKmn_

mnusS Edlrs;enAtMbn;cak;ecalnUvkaksMNl;. TIBIrRtUvmanmeFüa)ayRKb;RKg nigdwk

CBa¢Ún[)anTUlMTUlay nigTIbIRtUvGb;rMRbCaCn Edlrs;enAtMbn;enaH[yl;GMBIkþIGnþrayeday

sarkarbMBulbrisßanenaHnigsar³sMxan;FmµCatiEdlenACuMvijxøÜn ebIBuMenaHplvi)aknwgekItman

eLIgcMeBaHshKmn_mnusS Edlrs;enAtMbn;enaHCaBuMxan .

karbriyayxagelIenHRKan;EtbgðajCalkçN³segçb²Etb:ueNÑaH EtenAmankarbMBul

brisßantamrUbPaBEbøk²epSg²CaeRcIneTot EdlCakþIGnþraymYyKYr[)armÖ ¬lwm Rs ‘U/ k>Ehm

knñidæa 2000¦.

2>6>4 brisßaneTscrN_

brisßaneTscrN_RtUv)ankMNt;eTAtamkMrit niglkçN³epSg²Edl]sSahkmµeTscrN_

CH\T§iBleTAelImCÄdæanFmµCati dUcCabriyakas FnFanTåk dI éRBRbåkSa nigstVéRB. \Ti§Bl

eRkABIlkçN³b:HBal;edaypÞal; GacCasMelgLÚLarMxan.l. niymn½ybrisßaneTscrN_

RtUv)anbBa©ÚlrYmTaMgmeFüa)ayd¾sMxan; sMrab;karBar karEfrkSa nigbgáeGayRbesIreLIg

vijnUvmCÄdæanFmµCati.

CakarBitFnFanedIméneTscrN_ KÅCaktþad¾cMbgsMrab;bgáCalT§PaBGPivDÆn_eTscrN_

CaTUeTA\Ti§Blminl¥EdlRkumh‘un b¤shRKaseTscrN_ nigRkumhu‘nEdleFIVskmµPaB kargar

Bak;B½n§någeTscrN_ )anbgÝeLIgmanticCagskmµPaBkargarRkumh‘unvis½yepSg² rbs;

esdækic©)anbgáeGaymansMrab;bBaðabrisßan. srubesckIþeTAbrisßaneTscrN_ CakarR)aRs½y

Tak;TgCaRbcaMnågKñaénskmµPaB]sSahkmµeTscrN_ nigmCÄdæanFmµCatii¬sYn r:anI 2002¦.

2>6>5 \T§iBlbrisßanEdlTak;Tgnwgvis½yeTscrN_

vis½yeTscrN_ nigbrisßanmanTMnak;TMngy:agCitsñiT§. vis½yeTscrN_BwgEp¥kelI

brisßankñúgeKalbMNgeRcInRbePT énlkçN³Tak;TajeTscrN_ ehIykarGPivDÆn_vis½y

eTscrN_Gacman\T§iBlCaviC¢man nigGviC¢maneTAelIbrisßan. RbsinebI)anerobcMEpnkar

12

GPivDÆn_ nigRKb;RKg)anl¥enaHvis½yeTscrN_ GacbegáInnUv\T§iBld¾sMxan;elIbrisßanedayKit

bBa©ÚlTaMg³

-CYybBa¢ak; nigTTYlxusRtUvelIkarEfrkSaéntMbn;FmµCati CasMxan; ¬bNþal]Tüan nwg

karbMrugTuk¦ nigstVEdlrs;enAkñúgéRBsµsan edayKitbBa©ÚlTaMgbrisßansmuRT eRBaHTIkEnøg

TaMgenaH CakEnøTak;TajFMbputsMrab;bNþaeTscr.

-CYybBa¢ak; nigTTYlxusRtUvelIkarEfrkSatMbn;buraNviTüa nigRbvtþisa®sþ EdlCa

kEnøgTak;TajbNþaeTscr. eTaHbICatMbn;enaHCatMbn;RbvtþisaRsþenAkñúgTIRkugk¾edayk¾RtUvEt

EfrkSanigGPivDÆn_sMrab;vis½yeTscrN_.

- CYyeFVIeGayKuNPaBbrisßanéntMbn;enaH)anl¥RbesIr BIeRBaHeTscrTsSnakEnøgEdl

Tak;TajGarmµN_ s¥at nigminmankarbMBulbrisßan. vis½yeTscrN_nwgpþl;nUvkarelIkTwkcitþ

kñúgkarsMGatbrisßan.

- begáInkaryl;dwgelIbrisßanmUldæan enAeBlEdlGñkRsuk nigCaBiessBYkyuvCnRtUv

segátelIplRbeyaCn_rbs;eTscrkñúgkarEfrkSa.

RbsinebImin)anerobccMEpnkarGPivDÆn_ nigRKb;RKgeGay)anl¥eTenaH vis½yeTscrN_

GacbegáIt nUv\T§iBlbrisßanCaGviC¢manxøH edayKitbBa©ÚlTaMg ³

-eFVIeGaykxVk;dl;épÞTwkxagelI ¬Tenø bwg nigeqñr¦ épÞTwkxageRkam EdlbNþalmk

BIkarGPivDÆn_RbB½n§lUTwkmin)anRtwmRtUv nigRbB½n§kaksMNl;BIsNæaKar ePaCnIydæan nig

bNþaGaKarepSg²eTot.

-eFVI[kxVk;dl;xül;Gakas EdlbNþamkBIkareRbIR)as;elIscMnYnéncMehHyanþynþ kñúg

tMbn;eTscrN_ nigbNþamkBIkarsagsg;GaKarsMrab;eTscr.

-eFVI[kxVk;EdlbNþaBIsMelgénkarRbmUlpþúMéneTscr nigyanþynþrbs;eK nigRbePT

énbNþaGKareTscrN_mYycMnYn.

-kareFVI[kxVk;énTsSnIyPaBEdlbNþamkBIkarerobcMBuM)anl¥eTAelIsNæaKar nigGKar

eTscrN_epSg²eTot.

-erobcMKUsbøg;GaKarBuM)anl¥ TsSnIyPaBBuM)anRKb;RKan; nwgkarerobcMsg;GaKarBuM)anl¥

-bBaðaEdleTscre)aHsMrameTAelIeTsPaB nigkare)aHecalmin)anRtwmRtUv nUvkak;

sMNl;rbs;bNþaGKareTscrN_epSg².

13

-karbg¥ak;EpñkeGkUsa®sþéntMbn;FmµCatiedayeRbIeRcInelIslub b¤minRtwmRtUveday

bBaðaeTscr nwgkarGPivDÆmin)anRtwmRtUvrbs;bNþaGKareTscrN_.

-kareFVI[xUcxatdl;tMbn;buraNviTüa nigRbvtþisa®sþEdleRbIeRcInelIslub b¤minRtwm

RtUvrbs;bNþaeTscrN_.

-eFVI[maneRKaHfñak;dl;brisßan nigmanbBaðadl;kareRbIR)as;dIFøI EdlbNþamkBIkarerob

cM)anl¥ nigvisVkmµénkarTak;TajeTscr nigbNþaGKar.

viFankarénkarkarBarbrisßanRtUv)anGnuvtþkñúgkarGPivDÆvis½yeTscrN_ ¬nigRbePT

epSg²eToténkarGPivDÆ¦ edayKitbBa©ÚlTaMg³

-tMeLIgRbB½n§pÁt;pÁg;TwksMrab;eRbIR)as;[)anRtwmRtUv famBlGKÁisnI lUTwk nigkare)aH

kak;sMNl;RBmTaMgRbB½n§bgðÚrTwksMrab;tMbn;sm,Ta nigtMbn;kMsanþeTscrN_.

-GPivDÆpøÚvCati nigRbB½n§KmnaKmn_[)anRKb;RKan; edaysgát;F¶n;eTAelIkardwkCBa¢Ün

saFarN³ nigRbePTénkardwkCBa¢ÜnEdlBuMmanpþl;nUvPaBkxVk;.

-pþl;nUvTIkEnøgTMenr]Tüan nigeTsPaBsmRsbenAkñúgtMbn;eTscrN_.

-GnuvtþnUvkareRbIIR)as;dIFøI[smRsbeTAtambrisßan nigerobcMtMbn;tameKalkarN_ bT

bBa¢a tamtMbn;sþg;daréntMbn;GPivDÆn_ nigKMnUrsßabtükmµkñúgtMbn;eTscrN_.

-cat;EcgedayRby½tñRbEygelIkareRbIR)as;GñkTsSnkic© nignaMcUlnUvlkçN³Biess

sMrab;Tak;TajeTscr. kRmitcMnYnGñkTsSnkic©nUvtamtMbn;EdlminmanPaBrwgmaM. GñkRtYt

BinitüskmµPaBeTscrN_kñúgtMbn;FmµCati edIm,IkuM[eKbMpøajbrisßan.

-rkSasuxPaBbrisßan nigbrimaNNIysuvtßiPaBsMrab;CaplRbeyaCn_TaMgm©as;Rsuk nig

eTscr.

CabEnßmedIm,IerobbrisßanéntMbn;eTscrN_[)anRtwmRtUv sMeNIsMrab;karGPivDÆtMbn;

eTscrN_RtUvBwgEp¥keTAelInItiviFIénkarvaytémøelI\T§iBlbrisßan edIm,IFanafa eKnwgmin

begáItbBaðabrisßaneT \T§iBlbrisßanEdlTak;Tgnwgvis½yeTscrN_ RtUv)antamdanbnþ nigkar

EkERbbBaðaNamYymuneBlEdlbBaðaenaHkøayeTACabBaðaecaTd¾F¶n;F¶r)an ¬eKasuM saerOt

qñaM2008¦.

14

2>7 FnFaneTscrN_

2>7>1 karTak;Tajrbs;eTscrN_

CakmµvtßúEdleKeRbIR)as;sMrab;Tak;TajGarmµN_eTscrN_. vaCakmµvtßúd¾l¥RbesIr Edl

RtUv)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;bMeBjnUvesckþIRtUvkar nigcMNg;cMNUlcitþrbs;mnusSelak kñúgdMeNIrCa

eTscrN_. tMbn;Na RbeTsNa b¤TIRkugNaEdlKµanFnFaneTscrN_CamUldæan ¬eKal

karN_¦ minGacmaneTscrenaHeT.

karTajnUvGarmµN_ePJóv[mkTsSna KWGaRs½yelIkarerobcMcat;BRgIkeTscrN_enAkñúg

RbeTs b¤tMbn;mYy edayGaRs½ynUvFnFaneTscrN_kñúgtMbn;enaH b¤RbeTsenaH.

eTscrN_rIkduHdal KWRtUvBwgEp¥kelITMhM nigkareRbIR)as;ral;RKb;RbePTnUvFnFandUc

Ca³

lkçxNÐénFmµCati

sßanPaBPUmisa®sþrbs;RbeTs b¤tMbn;

vb,Fm’ Rbvtþisa®sþEdlCaekrþ×dMENl

kMriténkarrIkcMerInnUvmUldæansMPar³ ¬kEnøgsñak;enA ePaCnIydæan>>>>¦

sMbUrvtßúGcäriyPNÐ

karRbtibtþi nigeRbIR)as;FnFanEdlman [smRsbeTAnwgsßanPaBeTscrN_

kñúgtMbn; b¤RbeTs nigPaBTak;Tajrbs;eTAelIeTscr¬sYn r:anI 2002¦.

2>7>2 FnFanvb,Fm’ RbvtþisaRsþ nigburaNviTüa

FnFaneTscrN_ d¾sMxan;mYyEpñkeTotKÂ vb,Fm’ RbvtiþsaRsþ nigbUraNviTüa Edl

kñúgenaHman bUraNviTüa RbvtþisaRsþ nigvb,Fm’tMbn; ]TahrN_ ³ sMNg;buraNvb,Fm’ R)agÀ

R)asaT BIra:mIt Gcäriyvtßú GKarRbvtiþsaRsþ TItaMgburaNviTüa nigR)asaT sarmnÞIr

nigbUCnIydæan sßabtükmµ nigTIRkugsm½y RbéBNI tRnþI r)aM elçan sil,³ TMenomTMlab;

sasna tMbn;]sSahkmµ ksikmµ sMNg;FM²tamsm½yTMenIb BiFIbuNüTan kMNb;buraN

TItaMgsasna ¬vtþ ectiy RBHvihar TIeKarBbUCa nigskáar³ TItaMgeKarBsasnaepSg²¦ .l.

EpñkmYyeToténkmµvtßúeTscrN_ ehIyeBjniymy:agxøaMgenAelIBiPBelak KÅGcäriy

EdlenAkñúgBiPBelakeyIgenH mancMnYnd¾eRcIn nigkñúgenaHGcäriyGs©arüRtUv)aneKkMNt;fa

man 7 b:ueNÑaH (The seven Wonders of the Ancient World ) .

15

GcäriyvtßúTaMg 7 CasMNg;buraNEdlmanPaBGs©arürbs;xøÜnebIeFobnågsMNg;FM² déT

elIEpñksßabtükmµ nig EpñkcMlak; RtUv)aneKrkeXIjmuneKenAkñúgBiPBelak. GcäriyvtßúBiPB

elakcMNas;TaMg 7 man ³

BIra:mIt Giza enAeGhSúIb manGayudl; 2500 qñaMmunRKåsþskraC EdlQreCIg

dl;sBVéf¶.

]Tüan Ganging Gardens of Babylon CasMNg;EdlmanGayu 800-600 qñaMmun

RKåsþskraC sßitenAPaKxagt,ÚgRbeTs GIur:ak;.

Gcäriy Statue Zevsa in Olimpa enARbeTsRkic )ansagsg;eLIgenAqñaM 430 mun

RKåsþskraC ehIyEbk)ak;enAqñaM 426 énRKåsþskraC.

R)asaT Artemyde in Ephesus enARbeTsRkic Edlsagsg;eLIgenAqñaM 550 mun

RKåsþskraC . R)asaTenHRtUvEbk)ak;enAqñaM 262 énRKåsþskraC .

vihar Halicarnasus sMrab;kb;exµac Anatolian Mansolus enARkicRtUv)ansagsg;

RbEhsCaqñaM 353 nig 351 munRKåsþskraC. R)asaTenH RtUvEbk)ak;edaysar

karrMBa¢ÜydIenAstvtSTI X-XV énRKåsþskraC.

Colossus Rhodes sMNg;RBHGKÁI Helias enATIRkug Rhodes ¬Rkic¦ CasM Ng;enAqñaM

292-280 munRKåsþskraCBIelahFatusMritfµ nigEdk.kMBs;bdima30Em:Rtsagsg;

Gs;ry³eBl12qñaM.tamRbPBÉsarbdimaenH)anEbk)ak;enAqñaM653énRKåsþskraC.

Forossky Mayak in Heksandra enAeGhSúIb CasMNg;enAqñaM 280 munRKåsþskraC

enAekaH Pharos mankMBs; 160 Em:Rt.

edayELk R)asaTGgÁrvtþ nigRkumR)asaTtMbn;GgÁr enAextþesomrab ¬km<úCa¦ Edl

manGayuelIsmYyBan;qñaMehIyenaH RtUv)ancat;TukfaCaGcäriyvtßúd¾Gs©arümYyrbs;BiPBelak

Edr. tambNÐit sYn r:anI ¬2002¦ R)asaTGgÁrvtþsagsg;Gs;ry³eBl 350qñaM. vaCaekrþi_

dMENlrbs;dUntaExµr nigCaPaBd¾Gs©arümYy énkarrIkduHdalGriyFm’ExµrburaN. GgÀrvtþCa

R)asaT GcäriymYyrbs;BiPBelak nigRbeTskm<úCaEdlbgánUvkarTak;Tajd¾sMxan;éneTs-

crN_GnþrCati ehIyRtYv)anEtgtaMgedayGgÁkar UNESCO CaTItaMgebtikPNÐ enAkñúgqñaM

1992 bnÞab; BIsRgÁamsIuvilenAkm<úCa)anbBa©b;.

PaBBitsMNg; R)asaTGgÁrvtþ enHGs©arüCagsMNg;TaMg 7 EdlbgðajxagelIEt

edaykarrkeXIjeRkayeK eTIbeKBMu)ancat;TukCaGcäriyvtßúBiPBelakd¾Gs©arü kñúgcMeNam

16

GcäriyvtßúTaMg 7 enaH ¬R)asaTGgÁrvtþ CaGcäriyvtßúBiPBelakd¾Gs©arümYykñúgcMeNamGcäriy

vtþ rab;Ban;kñúgBiPBelakeyIgenH¦

km<úCaeRkABIR)asaTGgÁrvtþ enAmanR)asaTburaNEdlmanGayukalBI 1300 qñaM nig

Cit 2000 qµçaM enABaseBjépÞRbeTs ¬srubcMnUn 1080 R)asaT¦ nigRtUv)ancat;TukfaCaTI

taMgburaNviTüa Rbvtþi saRsþ nigvb,Fm’rbs;Exµr ¬sYn r:anI 2002¦.

2>7>3 FnFanEkécñ

FnFanEkécñRtUv)anbMEbkCaBIr KÅmUldæansmÖar³esvakmµ nigehdæarcnasm<½n§eTscrN_

mUldæansmÖar³esvakmµeTscrN_ ³ mandUcCasNæaKar ePaCnIydæan nigRbtibtþikar

dMeNIrkMsanþ esvakmµB½t’maneTscrN_ rgÁsal xar:aGUex.l. mUldæansmÖar³ eTscrN_enA

kñúgRbeTsmankarrIkduHdalKYrsm b:uEnþBuMTan;manlkçN³sm,tiþl¥RbesIr nigTamTareGay

mankarCMrujkan;EtxøaMgeLIg.

ehdæarcnasm<½n§eTscrN_ ³ rYmmankardåkCBa¢Ún nigKmnaKmn_ karpÁt;pÁg; Tåks¥at

famBlGKÁisnI karRKb;RKgkaksMMNl; TUrKmnaKmn_ nigéRbsNIy_.l. karGPivDÆRck

ecj-cUl sMrab;eTscrN_GnþrCati ¬pøÚvGakas pøÚvTåk pøÚveKak nigpøÚvEdk¦ d¾l¥mYyBIRbPB

TIpSarsMxan;² enAeBlbreTsmkkan;RbeTskm<úCaCakarcaM)ac;nigRtUvkarbMput. RKb;eKaledA

TaMgLayEdlCabMNgTak;TajeTscrN_GnþrCati RtUvEtykcitþ Tukdak;xøaMg TaMgkarBeRgIk

nigbgáeGaymansuvtßiPaB mansuxmalPaBnigKuNPaB. km<úCaenAmankarlM)akxøaMg eRBaHxVH

xatRbB½n§smÖar³ nighirBaØvtßúsMrab;begIátkarGPivDÆRckecj-cUlnigpøÚveFIVdMeNIrkñúgRbeTs Ca

BiesspøÚvcUleTAkan;TItaMgTak;TajnigrmNI-ydæaneTscrN_ .l. ¬sYn r:anI 2002¦

2>8 ktþaEdlman\TæiBleTAelIkarGPivDÆvis½yeTscrN_

karGPivDÆvis½yeTscrN_ KWmanktþaCaeRcInEdlCH\TæiBleTAelIkarrIkduHdal nigkar

GPivDÆn_vis½yeTscrN_. ktþaTaMgGs;enaHrYmman ³

bec©kviTüa ¬meFüa)ayTMnak;TMng nigkarR)aRsy½Tak;Tg.l.¦

c,ab; ¬karkMNt; nigpþl;siTæiesrIPaB .l.¦

esdækic© nig sgÁmkic© ¬mhaCn R)ak;cMNUl muxCMnaj .l.¦

sm,tþiFmµCati ¬tMbn;eTsPaB éRBRBwkSa stVéRB GakasFatul¥ rUgPñM .l.¦

FnFanvb,Fm’ nigRbvtiþsaRsþ ¬R)agÀR)asaT sMNg;bUraN vtþGaram .l.¦

17

RbCaraRsþ ¬kMeNInRbCaBlrdæ smaCikkñúgRkYsar emRKYsar .l.¦

FnFanmnusS ¬skþanuBl kMritvb,Fm’ nigkarbNþúHbNþal karsikSa.l.¦

TIpSareTscrN_ karrIkduHdaléntMrUvkarsMeNIrTMnij-lk; nigkarpÁt;pÁg;.l.¦

hirBaØvtßú ¬lT§PaBvinieyaK¦

vb,Fm’sgÀm ¬briyakas nigGakb,kiriyasgÀm¦

brisßanFmµCati ¬sßanPaBbrisßan karMBul b¤karxUcxat sßanPaBTwk .l.¦

neya)ay ¬karerobcMneya)ayeTscrN_ nigneya)ayRKb;RKgeTscrN_¦

TnÞwmenH manktþaCaeRcInEdlbg¥ak;dMeNIrkarrIkduHdal énvis½yeTscrN_rYmman³

vibtþiesdækic© vibtþineya)ay s®gÁamsuIvil CMelaHsasna kMenIntMélelIvtßú eRbIR)as;

PaBKµankargareFVIrbs;BlrdæGsnþisuxsgÁm GtiprNaTwkR)ak; ¬rUbiyb½NÑ¦ bBaðabrisßan kar

EdlTIPñak;gareTscrN_min)anbMeBjkatBVkic©rbs;xøÜn karbNþwg nigkarrwtt,itelITidæakar

Ky GenþaRbevsn_ .l.

ktþaTaMgGs;Edlerobrab;xagelIenH )anCH\TæiBlminl¥dl;dMeNIrénkarGPivDÆvis½y

eTscrN_CarYm RBmTaMgeFVIeGayesdækic©CatimandMeNIrkarminl¥ edaysareTscrN_Føak;cuH

nigdundab rIÉtMélesvakmµnigplitpleTscrN_mankMritx<s; esvakmµsNæaKarFøak;cuH bri-

maNePJóveTscrN_Føak;cuH manbBaðakñúgsgÁm nigmnusSCatiedaysarPaBGab;GYr KµanR)ak;

cMNUl kat;bnßykarcayvay .l.

ktþaminl¥TaMgenH )anCH\TæiBly:agxøaMgdl;vis½yeTscrN_enARBHraCNacRkkm<úCakñúg

ry³eBlénkarxitxMBRgIkvis½yenH. karxVHxatFnFanhirBaØvtßúsMrab;pÁt;pÁg; nigCMrujvinieyaK

saFarN³ elIehdæarcnasm<½neTscrN_ nigesdækic©CarYm karxVHxatFnFanmnusS dMeNaH

RsayelIbBaðaeTscrN_BuMmanlkçN³viTüasaRsþ BitR)akd GsnþisuxkñúgsgÁm neya)aymin

eTogTat;)annaMeGaydMeNIrGPivDÆn_eTscrN_kñúgRbeTsCYbRbTHnwgvibtþiy:agxøaMg. TnÞwmenH

eTscrN_breTsk¾min)annaMRbeyaCn_l¥dl;sgÁmCatienaH EdrpÞúyeTAvijva)aneFVIeGayman

karxUcxatCabnþbnÛab; nigb:HBal;dl;sgÀm vb,Fm’ TMenomTMlab;EdlCaRbèBNIrbs;CnCati

Exµr ¬sYn r:anI 2002¦.

18

rUbTI 1 ktþaEdlman\T§iBleTAelIkarGPivDÆvis½yeTscrN_

PUmisa®sþ

GakasFatu

sm,tþiFmµCati

vb,Fm’

Rbvtþisa®sþ

CMenOsasna

ebtikP½NÐCati

eTsPaB

vibtþineya)ay

s®gÁam nigCMelaH

vibtþiesdækic©

Gsnþisux GsuvtßiPaB

kgVHxatesaP½NÐPaB

bBaðabrisßan

bBaðaqøgkat;RBMEdn

kgVHxatKuN

neya)ay

esdækic©

sgÁm

Blrdæ

vb,Fm’sgÀm¬briyakasgÀm¦

sMPar³bec©keTs

c,ab; nigniy½tkmµ

TIpSareTscrN_

FnFanmnusS

2>9 lkçN³Biessrbs;eTscrN_ nigkargarBak;B½næ

2>9>1 lkçN³Biessrbs;eTscrN_

eTscrN_ Cavis½yesvakmµEdlmancritlkçN³EbøkBIplitplTMnijsmÖar³.

lkçN³Biessrbs;vis½yesvakmµeTscrN_man ³

min)aneXIj b¤sakl,gmun nigRtUv)aneRbIR)as;enAkEnøgEdlplit

eTscrN_ nigRbCaBlrdækñúgtMbn;manTMnak;TMngy:ags¥itrmYtnigKña

minGacpþÚrTItaMgplit)aneT nigminGacRtUvrkSasMrab;éf¶eRkay.

eyageTAtamlkçN³BiessénesvakmµeTscrN_EdlbgðajxagelI GñkRKb;RKg nigGñk

RbtibtþikargareTscrN_RtUvEtyl;fa ³

ktþasMxan;²Edlman\T§iBl

eTAelIkarGPivDÆvis½yeTscrN_

ktþaGclna ktþabg¥ak;dMeNIrkar

vivtþéneTscrN_

ktþamanclna

19

karRKb;RKgelIKuNPaBplitplnigesvakmµeTscrN_mankarlM)aky:agxøaMg eRBaH

plitpleTscrN_manlkçN³sm,tþiBiessmYy EdlTak;TgnwgkarsVaKmn_rbs;Blrdækñúg

tMbn; briyakassgÁm karERbRbYlTaMgLay rebobrbb énkarbMerIesvakmµ nigkarcg;)anrbs;

ePJóveTscr. eTscrN_ CaEpñkmYyénplitplTaMgLayEdl bEnßmn½yd¾sMxan;dl;CIvitrbs;

mnusS¬eTscrN_¦tamry³GarmµN_rIkrayrMePIbsÁal;BIPaBcMELk b¤Gs©arüEdleK)anTTYl

GMBIkareFVIdMeNIrCaeTscrN_.

tMbn;EdlsMbUreTAedayFnFanFmµCati sm,tþiebtikP½NÐnigmanGakasFatul¥ CatMbn;

EdleKGacerobcMplitpleTscrN_RkbedayeCaKC½y tamry³karTak;TajGarmµN_ nigTwk

citþePJóveTscr. sm,tþidUcbgðajxagelIenHmanPñM bwg éRBRbwkSa eqñrsmuRT GakasFatul¥

TIRkug PUmiekrþ×dMENlvb,Fm’ vb,Fm’sgÀm nigTItaMgRbvtþisaRsþ .l.

karbgáCalT§PaBTaMgLaysMrab;karrs;enAeFVIdMeNIrTTYlTanGahar TsSna nigkMsanþ

sb,ayRbkbedayKuNPaB CaktþaeCaKC½yd¾cMbgsMrab;eTscrN_. karGPivDÆplitpl

eTscrN_RbkbedayeCKC½y KWEp¥keTAelIkarplitRbkbedayKuNPaBnUvesvakmµehaHehIr

esvakmµsñak;enA esvakmµdwkCBa¢ÚntampøÚveKak esvakmµdwkCBa¢Úntam pøÜvTwk esvakmµmðÚb-

Gahar esvakmµmKÁúeTsk_ nigbkERb esvakmµkMsanþsb,ay nigkILa . l.

plitpleTscrN_ EdleK)anbegáIteLIgGacnwgxatbg; b¤)at;bg; edayvaBuMGacrkSa

TuksMrab;éf¶eRkay. RbsinebIynþehaH rfynþRkug bnÞb;sNæaKar ekAGI ePaCnIydæan eqñr

smuRT TItaMg vb,Fm’RbvtiþsaRsþ mNÐlsb,aykMsanþTaMgLay eragPaBynþ mehaRsB

sil,³ tUrütRnþI .l. KµanmnusSeRbIR)as;kñúgry³eBlNamYyéf¶NamYy vanwgGacnaMeGay

)at;bg; cMNUlnwgxatbg;TaMgRsug. vaGacRtUVv)aneKlk;kñúgéf¶eRkay)anEmn b:uEnþsMrab;éf

EdlKµanmnusSeRbIR)as;va nwgxatbg;RBmTaMg)at;RbeyaCn_.

karpÞúkePJóveTscrelIscMNuH kñúgTIkEnøgsb,ay rmNIydæaneTscrN_ TItaMgRbvtþi

sa®sþvb,Fm’ R)asaTburaN ¬kñúgkrNIePJòveTscrmanbrimaNeRcIn¦ GacnwgeFVIeGayxUcxat

brisßan b:HBal;minl¥dl;kmµvtßúTaMgLayenH nigbEnßmTaMgkat;bnßybriyakasl¥PaBsb,ay

rIkrayedaysarkarG‘UGrelIskMrit. CamYyKñaenHEdrbrimaN eRcInelIskMritrbs;ePJòveTscr

TaMgtMbn;PUmisa®sþNamYy GacnwgeFVIeGayRbCaCn manRbtikmµedaysarsm<aFelIskRmit

nigGaceFVIeGayBYkKat;manGarmµN_faman karQøanBanxagvb,Fm’ CaBiesseBlEdlCMenO

sasna ekrþ×dMENl nigTMenomTMlab;RtUv)anKMramkMEhg.

20

karBRgIkvis½yeTscrN_GacnwgnaMeGaymanbBaðaCemøaHdIFøItamry³kardeNþImTIkEnøg

sMrab;eTscrN_ nigsMrab;kartaMglMenArbs;RbCaBlrdæ. karBRgIkTItaMgeTscrN_RtUvEt)an

BicarNaelIbBaðadIFøIrbs;RbCaBlrdæ edIm,IeCosvagkarRbNaMgRbECg nwgCMelaH.

eTscrN_GacnwgTTYlkar)at;bg; b¤karxUcxatEdlbNþalmkBItMrUvkar mankarERb

RbYleTAtamrdUv . CaTUeTA karERbRbYleTAtamrdUvGacb:HBal;y:agxøaMgeTAelIvtßú nigTMnij

eTscrN_ ]TahrN_ karhUrcUlénkarpÁt;pÁg;GaCIBkargar kareRbIR)as;famBl nigesvash-

Kmn_ RtUv)ankat;bnßy sNæaKar ePaCnIydæan rmNIydæan nig bNþasm,TanTaMgLayGac

nwgbiTTVaredayKµankareRbIR)as;.

2>9>2 kargarBak;B½nænwgeTscrN _

eTscrN_ mankarBak;B½n§y:agsMxan;eTAnwgEpñkepSg²énsaxarbs;esdækic© nwgkarerob

cMeKalneya)ayedIm,ICMrujkarGPivDÆvis½yenH. EpñkEdlBak;B½n§sMxan;²RtUv)an elIkyk

mkbgðajxageRkamenH. tYnaTIrbs;rdæaPi)alkñúgkar erobcMeKalneya)ay nigEpnkarvis½y

eTscrN_man ³

karbegáItRkbx½NÐkargar EdlFana)annUvkarkMNt;BIeKaledAesdækic© sgÁm nigkar

RtYtBinitü)any:agRtwmRtUv. kargarEdlekIteLIgxagelIenH mankarerobcMEpnkar GPivDÆ

RtYtBinitüeroberogbTbBaØtþi nigc,ab;sMrab;sMrYlkargar karpþl;GaCJab½NÑ karRtYtBinitü

kMlaMgBlkmµ rYmcMENkCMrujkarGPivDÆn_ EdlmannirnþrPaB nigkargarsMrbsMrYlCamYybNþa

sßab½nBak;B½n§.

EpñkEdlBak;B½n§nwgeTscrN_edaypÞal;nigedIm,IeGayeTscrN_dMeNIrkar)an mandUc

Ca sNæaKar nigbNþaesvasm,Tansñak;enA karpÁt;pÁg;cMNIGahar esvakmµBak;B½n§ TaMgLay

dUcCaBaNiC¢kmµeTscrN_ KmnaKmn_edayKitbBa©ÜlesvakmµpøÚvGakas pøÚveKak pøÚvsmuRT

nigpøÙvEdk karTak;TajxagEpñkvb,Fm’ RbvtþisaRsþ nigeTsPaB mNÐlkMsanþ nigbNþa

sm,TanepSg².

esvaKaMRT nigkarerobcMsMrYlsMrab;eTscrN_EdlmanTaMgkñúgEpñksarFarN³ nigÉk

Cn dUcCab:UlIs Ky GenþaRbevsþn_ b:usþièRbsNIy_ RbB½n§B½t’man FnaKar BaNiC¢kmµ lk;ray

mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ saklviTül½y viTüasßan bNþúHbNþal CMnajÉkeTs mCÄ-

mNÐlRsavRCaveTscrN_ nigsmaKmn_EdlmanskmµPaBTak;Tgnwgvis½yeTscrN_. edIm,I

21

rkSa)annUvnirnþrPaBénkarGPivDÆvis½yeTscrN_enaH raCrdæaPi)alRtUvEtykcitþTukdak;erobcM

eGaymansNþab;Fñab;cMeBaHkarekIneLIgb¤Taj yknUvbrimaNGñkeTscr. eTscrN_RtUvEt

)anCMrujGPivDÆn_tammeFüa)aymYyEdl bMeBjnUvTisedArkRbeyaCn_dl;Cati mantémø ¬pþl;

GtßRbeyaCn_¦ smRsb nigCaesckþIR)afñarbs;Cati shKmn_mUldæan nigRbCaBlrdækñúg

tMbn;. eTscrN_ RtUvEt)an CMrujGPivDÆn_edayQrelITsSn³BIrKW

1- eTscrN_edIm,Iesdækic© nigsgÁmCatinig

2- eTscrN_edIm,Ikitþis½BÞRbeTsCatikñúgmuxmat;rbs;BiPBelak.

CamYyKñaenHEdr eTscrN_TamTareGaymanerobcMeKalneya)ayRtwmRtUv EdlCa

eKalkarN_d¾RbesIrsMrab;KaMRTdMeNIrkarerobcMEpnkar nigkarRKb;RKg. eKalneya)ayEbb

EpnCatieyagtamkarENnaMrbs;GgÁkareTscrN_BiPBelakman³

GPivDÆn_eTscrN_ eGay)anRsbCamYyeKaledAesdækic© nigsgÁmedIm,IbegáItGaCIB

kargarCUnRbCaBlrdæ begáItcMNUldl;tMbn;eTscrN_ nigrdæaPi)alkat;bnßykarhUrecjeTA

breTsvijnUvcMNUleTscrN_ CMrujkarGPivDÆshKmn_nigtMbn;eTscrN_.

elIkTwkcitþvinieyaKCati nigGnþrCatikñúgvis½yeTscrN_ nigvis½yBak;B½næTaMgLay

EtRtUvykcitþTukdak;dl;plRbeyaCn_CatiEdlGacTak;TajykBIkarvinieyaKTaMgenHtamry³

karbegáItkargardl;BlrdækñúgtMbn; CMrujkarbegáItkar plitplRbkbedayKuNPaBesvakmµ

nigTMnijeTscrN_ elIkTwkcitþshRKinkñúgmUldæanedIm,IbegáIn skmµPaBesdækic©Cati.

C¿rujkareRbIR)as;nUvekrþ×mrtkvb,Fm’rbs;Cati EdlCaekrþ×d¿ENlRbvtþisaRsþ ¬R)agÀ

R)asaTvb,Fm’sgÀm RbèBNI TMenomTMlab; rebobrbbrs;enArbs;mhaCn begáInkarsMEdg

skmµPaBvb,Fm’ dUcCar)aM t®nþI mehaRsB elçan sil,³ nigC¿rujeGaymankarbegáIteLIgnUv

RBwtþikarN_Biess dUcCabuNü nigskmµPaBdéTsMrab;bMerIeGaynUv esckþIRtUvkarrbs;eTscr

kñúgkarkMsanþlMEhkayGarmµN_ nigsb,ayEtRtUv)anrkSa eGay)annUvtMélBitrkSaeGay)an

PaBedImènvb,Fm’ ¬mann½yfaeRbIR)as;eGay)an RtwmRtUv¦ .

ykcitþTukdak;cMeBaHkarEbgEcgdIFøInigBRgwgsmtßPaBeTscrN_kñúgkarCYyrkSabegáIn

karykcitþTukdak; nigkarBarbrisßanRBmTaMgeFVIeGayRbesIrnUvkareRbIR)as;TItaMgvtßúsMrabTak;

TajGarmµN_.

bgálT§PaB nigerobcMeKalneya)aymYyEdleFVIeGayRbCaBlrdækñúgRbeTs nigkñúg

mUldæanmansiT§i niglT§PaBbribUN_kñúgkareRbIR)as;ehdæanrcnasm<½n§ sm,TanesvakmµeTs-

22

crN_ nigmNÐlkMsanþTaMgT,ay. meFüa)ayenH GacFanaeGaykarGPivDÆvis½yeTscrN_

pþl;viPaKTandl;RbCaBlrdækñúgmUldæan nigpþl;viPaKTandl;eTscr Edlmkdl;nUvCIvitRbkb

edayKuNPaB.

begáInkarerobcMeGaymansmtßPaBnUvkarGPivDÆeTscrN_RbkbedayKuNPaB nig

KuNPaBénRbB½n§ehdæarcnasm<½n§ esvasñak;enA KmnaKmn_ éRbsnIy_ Twks¥at GKÁisnIRBm

TaMgbNþaesvaTak;TajTaMgT,ay edIm,ITak;TajeTscrsñak;enAyUreFVIviPaKTaneRcIndl ;eTs-

crN_begáIncMNUlCatinigRbCaBlrdækñúgmUldæan. begáItRbB½n§RKb;RKgKuNPaBplitpleTs-

crN_edIm,IbegáInkitþisBÞ½tMbn;eTscrN_kñúgRkEsEPñkePJóeTscr ¬sYn r:anI 2008¦.

2>10 eKalkarN_RKwHCamUldæanénkarGPivDÆeTscrN_

2>10>1 témøCamUldæanénkarGPivDÆvis½yeTscrN_RbkbedaynirnþrPaB

karGPivDÆvis½yeTscrN_RbkbedaynirnþrPaBenAkm<úCa nwgbBa©ÚltémøCamUldæanTaMg5

Edl)ankMNt;edayKN³kmµkarsþIBI brisßannigkarGPivDÆBiPBelakrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati

enAqñaM1987 rYmman³

- edIm,IGPirkS karBar nigCYsCulkEnøgRbvtþisa®sþsmRsb FnFan vb,Fm’

nigFmµ-CatiEdlCamUldæanRKwHsMrab;vis½yeTscrN_.

- elIktemÝIgsmFm’kñúgkic¨GPivDÃn_

- edIm,IeFVIbsidækmµ ¬eFVI[RbesIreLIg¦ nUvKuNPaBénCIvPaBrbs;shKmn_EdleFVI

bdisNæarkic© nigRtUveKarBnUvtRmUvkar nigtémørbs;BYkeK.

- edIm,Ipþl;nUvbTBiesaFn_RbkbedayKuNPaBx<s;sMrab;eTscrN_ edIm,IbegáItnUv

kRmiténkareBjcitþ eBjeføImrbs;eTscrN_.

- edIm,IEfrkSanUvKuNPaB énFnFanTaMgGs;eTAtamviFIEdlGacRTRTg;plitPaByUr

GEgVg nigkarGPivDÆEdlGaceFVI[mannirnþrPaBsMrab;mnusSCMnan;eRkay.

¬eKasuM saerOt 2008¦

2>10>2 karepþatelIkic©GPivDÆn_vis½yeTscrN _

karTak;TajeTscr nigyuT§sa®sþ nigRtUvGPivDÆedayepþatelIR)agÁR)asaT nigrmNI-

ydæannana ebtikP½NÐ vb,Fm’ BiFIbuNü nigRBwtþikarN_Biess RBmTaMgPaBsMbUrEbbèneTs

PaBFmµCatid¾Rss;bMRBgenAelITwkdIkm<úCa. edayELkkarxitxMRbwgERbg d¾mansar³sMxan;

23

nwgRtUvdak;bBa©ÚlkñúgkareFVIrUbPaB[EbøkKña énRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa enAelIqakGnþrCatina

eBlbc©úb,nñ[)ansÁal;rUbbdimaEtmYy ( Single Icon) KWGgÁr tamkarKaMRTy:agskmµnUvkar

Tak;Tajd¾sMbUrEbb sMrab;karGPivDÆdUcCastVepSatTenøemKgÁ ¬eKasuM saerOt 2008¦.

2>10>3 tulüPaBesdækic© nigkarGPivDÆ ebtikPNÐvb,Fm’ nig FmµCati

TisedAcMbgsMrab;karGPivDÆvis½yeTscrN_ RbkbedaynirnþrPaBenAkm<úCa KWRtUvEt

seRmc[)annUvtulüPaBmYy EdlmanRbsiT§iPaBrvagkarGPivDÆesdækic© nigkarGPirkScMeBaH

RbCaBlrdærbs;xøÜn nigbrisßan edayQrelIkareKarB ebtikPNÐvb,Fm’ nigkarEfrkSaCIv-

sa®sþcMruH. karGPivDÆvis½yeTscrN_RbkbedaynirnþrPaBenAkm<úCa nwgRtUverobcM[manGtß

RbeyaCn_CaGtibrimaEpñkesdækic¨sgÀm vb,Fm’ nigbrisÜan TnÛwmKña nigkarkat;bnÜyplb:H

Bal;GviC¢manCaGtibrima edaymantulüPaBmYyrvagtémø nigGtßRbeyaCn_ nigtRmUvkar nig

karpÁt;pÁg; ¬eKasuM saerOt 2008¦.

2>10>4 sþg;darénKuNPaB

edIm,IFanafa karGPivDÆvis½yeTscrN_ km<úCanwgRtUv)anGnuvtþRsbtamsþg;darénkar

Gnuvtþd¾l¥bMputrbs;GnþrCati RBmTaMgGnuelameTAnwgtémø nignirnþrPaB RksYgeTscrN_ nwg

eFVIkarENnaMnUvRbB½n§viBaØabnkmµbmanIyPaB ¬eFVIkarTTYlsÁal;CapøÚvkar¦ CatimYydUcCaGgÁ

karBiPBelakébtg (Green Globe Organisation) . RbB½n§viBaØabnkmµbmaNIyPaBenH nwg

minRtUv)andak;l½kçxNÐcMeBaHshRKaseGkUeTscrN_eLIy EtvaRKbdNþb;ral;bNþaskmµ

GaCIvkmµeTscrN_TaMgGs; ehIyRBmTaMgmin)andak;kMhitelIkarvaytémøéntMbn;Rbtibtþikar

eT dUcCaRbB½n§lUTwkkxVk; RtUverobcM[RtwmRtUvtambTdæanbrisßan karRtYtBinitü karRKb;RKg

karkaksMNl; ynþkarRbqaMgkarbMBulbrisßan famBlEdlGaceRbIR)as;eLIyvij)an Rbkb

edayRbsiT§PaB kareRbIR)as;FnFanTwkedayRbugRby½tñ karkat;bnßysMelgrMxan kareFVIs-

mahrnkmµesdækic©mUldñan karpþl;karbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ dl;RbCaBlrdæeTAtammUldæan nig

karKaMRTsMrab;eKalbMNgénkarGPivDÆshKmn_mUldæan¬eKasuM saerOt 2008¦.

2>10>5 TRmg;minsmRsbénvis½yeTscrN_

raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCaRbqaMgdac;xatcMeBaHeTscrN_pøÚvePTelIkumar nigTRmg;epSg²eTot

énkarekgRbv½Ba©eFVIGaCIvkmµelIkumar. raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCanwgGnuvtþGMNayrbs;xøÜn edIm,Ikar

BarbBaÄb;ral;TRmg;rbs;eTscrN_ EdlminsmRsb CaBiessRTg;RTayEdlGacpSBVpSay

24

BIfµaMejón b¤sarFatuepSg²eTotEdl)aneFVIkarhamXat; nigRTg;RTayEdlGacnaM[mankar

qøgCMgWeGds_. ¬eKasuM saerOt 2008 ¦

2>11 yuTæsaRsþRKb;RKg nigkarGPivDÆtMbn;eTscrN_

2>11>1 karerobcMEpnkareTscrN_kñúgtMbn ;

eyagtamkarbgðajrbs;RkumkargarGgÁkarBiPBelak sMrab;KMeragGPivDÆn_ ¬UNDP¦

GgÁkareTscrN_BiPBelak ³esckþIepþImcMeBaHkarRKb;RKgelIvis½yeTscrN_ karerobcMEpn

kareTscrN_kñúgtMbn; caM)ac;RtUvRbQmmuxCamYynågkareRCIserIs karGPivDÆn_plitpldUc

manxageRkam ³

karGPivDÆbEnßmnUvtMbn;eTscrN_Edl)anbegáItrYc

karbegáItkMrit nigviRkitükmµénbNþasm,Tan nigkartMeLIg

karGPivDÆeLIgvij nigkarCYlCul

karGPivDÆbEnßmeTAelIrmNIydæanEdlmanRsab;

viRkitükmµéntMbn;eTscrN_kñúg nigTIRbCMuCn

karGPivDÆCadMbUgtMbn;Gn;fy ¬tMbn;Edlesdækic©enAGn;fy¦ ¬sYn r:anI 2003¦

2>11>2 kareFVIEpnkarRKb;RKgtMbn;eTscrN_

kareFVIEpnkarRKb;RKgtMbn;eTscrN_ RtUvEt)aneFVIeLIgedaysMrbsMrYlykKMrYénkar

RKb;RKgmYyEdlsßitkñúglkçN³rYm. bc©úb,nñenHmankarbBa¢ak;eGayeXIjtictYcNas;nUvkar

eFIVEpnkarrYmKña EdlxitxMrYmbBa¢ÚlnUvPaBBitCak;EsþgEpñkTIpSarRBmTaMgtMrUvkarrbs;shKmn_

nigbrisßan. RbsinebImankarTTYlyknUvyuT§saRsþrYmmYy bBaðaGnþryutþaFikarEdl EtgEt

ekItmaneLIgnågRtUv)anedaHRsay.

yuT§saRsþRKb;RKgtMbn;eTscrN_ smRsbnågnaMeGaymankaryl;dågGMBItMrUvkarrbs;

eTscr nigbegIánnUvkmµviFInanaEdlFana)annUvKuNPaB nigkarbMeBjTåkcitþeTscr karBar

elIkkMBs;shKmn_ nigbrisßan. tMbn;eTscrN_RtUvEtTTYlyknUvKMrUmYyEdlRbhak;RbEhl

KñaeTAnågyuT§saRsþ .

karepþatkarykcitþTukdak;eTAelItMbn;eTscrN_ mansar³sMxan;y:agxøaMgsMrab;karGnu-

vtþviFankarN_cMeBaHmux EdlFanaplRbeyaCn_CaGtibrmasMrab;RbCaCnRkIRkenAkñúgtMbn;

kMNt;mYy. KMnitpþÜcepþImCaviC¢mancMeBaHmuxGacnaMeGayrdæaPi)al shKmn_GgÁkareRkArdæaPi-

25

)al nigshRKasBaNiC¢kmµnanashkarKña edIm,IbegáIteel,ÓnTMnak;TMngesdækic©CaédKUkñúg

tMbn;.

rUbTI2 ³ KMrURKb;RKgtMbn;eTscrN_

karGPivDÆplitplnigkarrkTIpSar ³ yuT§sa®sþdMbUgénkarRKb;RKgtMbn;eTscrN_

KÅkarCMrujGPivDÆn_plitpl nigkarrkTIpSar. smasFatudMbUgenH mansar³sMxan;y:agxøaMg

kñúgkarcab;epIþmEsVgyl;nUvTisedABitR)akdmYy mann½yfa GIVxøHEdlsmRsbbMputkñúgkar

GPivDÆplitpleTscrN_ edayEp¥kelITIpSarEdlmanCak;Esþg. krNIenHbBaðacMeBaHmux

KÅRtUvbegIátplitpleGaysmRsbeTAtamTIpSar nigkarcg;)an. Cajåkjab; karGPivDÆvis½y

eTscrN_eRcInEp¥keTAelIkþ IsgÄåm b¤B½t’manRKb;RKan;. enAeBlEdlBMumanFnFanhirBaØvtßú nig

mankarcUlrYmRKb;RKan;BIshKmn_ GñkRKb;RKgtMbn;eTscrN_RtUvEsVgyl;BIbBaða Cak;Esþg

xagTIpSar nigkarGPivDÆplitpleTscrN_ EdlnågCYybMeBjnUvtMrUvkarCak;Esþgrbs;TIpSar.

karerobcM nigkarRKb;RKg ³ enAeBlmankaryl;dågGMBIplitpl nigTIpSardMeNIrkar

eFIVEpnkarRtUvEtmankarKitKUrBIkarerobcM karRKb;RKgTMbn;eTscrN_ edIm,IFanaeGayPaKI

Bak;B½n§cUlrYmTaMgGs;man»kasesµI²Kña. kñúgenH »kassMrab;RbCaCnRkIRkkñúgbeBa©jeyabl;

nigcUlrYmkñúgkarsMerccitþmansar³sMxan;cMbgxanmin)an. kgVl;mYy kñúgcMeNamkgVl;sMxan;²

kñúgbribTénkareFIVEpnkar nigGPivDÆn_vis½yeTscrN_KÅkarxVHnUvkaryl;dågGMBItYnaTIrbs;PaKI

Bak;B½n§Cak;lak; nigynþkarsMrab;karcUlrYmkñúgmeFüa)ayEdlmanRbsiTæPaB.

kareFIVEpnkartMbn;eTscrN_ ³ ]bsKÁCak;lak;mYykñúgcMeNambBaðacMeBaHmuxCaeRcIn

EdlTak;TgnågdMeNIrkarRKb;RKgtMbn;eTscrN_ KÅkarFanaral;EpñkÉkCn nigsaFarN³Edl

mancMNab;GarmµN_ b¤\Ti§BleTAelItMbn;eTscrN_RtUvshkarKñaedIm,IerobcMeGay)annUvtMbn;

eTscrN_EdlmankarTak;Taj nigFana)annUvnirnþrPaBkñúgkarGPivDÆn_. CaTUeTA kareFVIEpn

karRKb;RKgtMbn;eTscrN_

karGPivDÆn_plitpl nigkarrkTIpSar

rcnasm<½n§karerobcM nigkarRKb;RKg

kareFIVEpnkartMbn;eTscrN_

karRbtibtþitMbn;eTscrN_ nigrmNIydæan

26

kareTscrN_RtUvEt)ansMlågeTArkktþatUcceg¥ótmYycMnYn EdlbgðajnUvral;cMnucTaMgGs;én

kareFIVEpnkar kñúgtMbn;man\Ti§BleTAelIPaBeCaKC½y nigFananirnþrPaBCarYméntMbn;eTscr-

N_enaH. krNIenHTamTarCabnÞan;nUvkarsMrbsMrYlnigkarcat;EcgeGayvis½yTaMgGs;EdlBak;

B½n§shkarKñakñúgkareFIVEpnkarsMrab;tMbn;eTscrN_.

karRbtibtiþtMbn;eTscrN_ nigrmNIydæan ³ CakarBitGñkdMeNIreTscrN_EtgEt

RBYy )armÖGMBIbBaðasnþisux suvtßiPaB nigGnam½yenAkñúgtMbn;eTscrN_. bBaðaTaMgenH Caktþa

rYmpSMy:agsMxan;EdlRtUvEtFanaerobcMeGay)an edIm,IbMeBjcitþeTscr. sar³sMxan;cMbgén

smtßPaBRTRTg;tMbn;eTscrN_ nigbNþarmNIydæanKÅkarFanaeGay)annUvnirnþrPaBehIynig

karbMeBjcitþeTscr. skmµPaBcMeBaHmux KÅkartMrg;TiskargaredIm,IbMeBjeKalbMNgénkar

karBarbrisÜan nigvb,Fm’kñúgtMbn; begÝInsuvtÜiPaBTIkEnøgsñak;enA ¬sYn r:anI 2003¦.

2>11>3 sm,Tan nigkarGPivDÆplitpleTscrN_

PaBsMbUrEbbénsm,Tan nigesvakmµ )anviPaKTaneTAelIplitpleTscrN¾dUcCa³

sNæaKar karsñak;enA kare)aHCMrMu esvakmµePaCnIydæan nigkarpÁt;pÁg;mðÚbGahardl;TIkEnøg

rmNIydæan sYnkMsanþ kasIuNU esvakmµB½t’man dMeNIreTscrN_kñúgRsuk nigkaredIrkMsanþ

karTak;TajEpñkvb,Fm’ karedIrTijTMnij BiFICb;elòg kILa nigsm,TanepSg².

enAkñúgvis½yeTscrN¾ karsñak;enA mðÚbGahar nigePsC©³ CaEpñkmYyénplitplcMbg.

CaFmµtaeTscrcaM)ac;eRbIR)as;nUvsm,TanTaMgenHeRBaHvaCatMrUvkarBitedayxanBMu)an.kareRbI

R)as;smasFatudéTeTót b¤mineRbIR)as;enaH KWCasiTiæeRCIserIsedayEp¥keTAelItMrUvkar nig

cMNg;cMNUlcitþrbl;eTscr.

Cak;EsþgtMbn;EdlmanskþanuBleTscrN_x<s; RtUvmanFnFanbEnßmsMrab;eTscrN_

¬FnFanCamUldæansmÖar³esvakmµEdlcaM)ac;-plitpleTscrN_¦ CaeRcInRbePT nigcaM)ac;.

kñúgn½yenH plitpleTscrN_ RtUv)anEbgEckCa plitplsñÚl nigplitplBak;B½n§

¬plitpleRCIserIs¦. plitplsñÚl KitbBa©ÚlRbePTepSg²énesvakmµsñak;enA ePaCnIy

dæan bNþasm,TankMsanþ rYmKñaCakEnøgTak;TajeTscrN_EdlsmRsb. plitplBak;B½næ

begáIteLIgbEnßmelIplitplsñÚl edaybEnßmnUvlT§PaBénkarTak;TajeTscrN_kñúgRTg;

RTayénTsSnIyPaB RbvtiþsaRsþ karkMsanþsb,ay kMEbøg karCb;elog karedIrTijTMnij

mNÐlkMsanþ.l.

27

tMbn;eTscrN_Edll¥ KÅtMbn;EdlmankarRbmUlpþúMénsmasFatuplitpleTscrN_

TaMgGs;xagelIenH ¬plitplsñÚÜl nigplitplBak;B½n§ TaMgehdæarcnasm<½n§ TaMgmUldæan

smÖar³esvakmµeTscrN_ TaMgrcnasm<½n§eTscrN_ TaMgFmµCati nigvb,Fm’RbvtþisaRsþ.

karsikSabgðajeGayeXIjfa karGPivDÆCarUbvnþénplitpleTscrN_tamry³sm,-

TanfµI²GaceFIV)antammeFüa)aymYycMnYndUcCa ³

erobcMyuT§saRsþsMrab;GPivDÆn_plitpleTscrN_

rkTIpSarEdlsmRsb sMrab;kareFIVdMeNIrCaeTscrN_

GPivDÆn_ nigEklMGTIRkug nigRbB½n§ehdæarcnasm<½n§l¥sMrab;TIRkug nigtMbn;eqñr

GPivDÆn_RbB½n§ehdæarcnasm<½n§ nigpøÚvcUleTAkan;rmNIydæan

begIátkarvinieyaKEpñkÉkCnnigsaFarN³sMrab;ry³eBlxøI-mFüm nigry³eBlEvg

erobcMEpnkaremsMrab;rmNIydæan nigtMbn;eTscrN_

BRgIkrmNIydæannigGPivDÆn_bEnßmenAtMbn; b¤rmNIydæaneTscrN_

begáInviRkitükmµénbNþasm,Tan nigGPivDÆtMbn;Gn;fyEtsm,ÜrFnFan

erobcMEpnkarRKb;RKgtMbn;eqñr nigTIRkug

rkSapøÚvcUl GPivDÆ nigGPirkSbrisßan

begáInsmtßPaBbU:lIs GKÁiP½y suxaPi)al nigéRbsNIy_

hameFIVdMeNIrtamyanþkñúgrmNIydæan TItaMgvb,Fm’ RbvtiþsaRsþ nigkEnøgkMsanþ

erobcMeGayRbesIr nigviRkitükmµplitplkalanuvtþn_PaBEp¥keTAelItMrUvkar

begáItbuNüTan nigRBåtiþkarN_Biess² nigcgpSarP¢ab;GIVEdlEbøk

GPivDÆKmnaKmn_kñúgtMbn;

viRkitükmµesvakmµB½t’man

begIántMbn; b¤kmµvtßúEdlRtUvTsSna nigTisedAfµI²sMrab;TsSna

begIánkarTMnak;TMngl¥rvageTscrN_ nigsarmnÞIrkñúgmUldæan

GPivDÆplitplGnusSavrIy_ vtßúsil,³ rUbcMsak; nigTMnijeRbIR)as; ¬sYn r:anI

2002¦

28

2>11>4 esvakmµeTscrN_

2>11>4>1 karEsVgyl;BIesvakmµeTscrN_

esvakmµeTscrN_ CacegáamesvakmµEdlbegáIteLIgsMedAeFIVskmµPaBkargar bMerIkñúg

vis½yesvakmµeTscrN_ sMrab;pþl; nigbMerInUvesckþIRtUvkarrbs;eTscrkñúgry³eBlEdleK

mkdl;tbn;eTscrN_RsbnwgeKalbMNgénkareFVIdMeNIr. esvakmµeTscrN_ RtUv)anTTUl

sÀal;faCalT§plènskmµPaBkargarrbs;Rkumh‘un ¬shRKas¦ eTscrN_EdleFVIeLIgedIm,I

bMeBjnUvral;tMrUvkarrbs;eTscr.

esvakmµ KÅCaTMnijBiessmYyEdlBMuGaceXIj)anCamun. esvakmµekInmaneLIgenA

kµúgdMeNIrénkarTTUl b¤eRbIR)as;va nigminGacekIteLIgedayÉkÉgenaHeT.karbgðajxag

elICaPaBxusKñarvagTMnijsmÖar³ nigesvakmµ. lkçN³BiessmYyeTot EdlesvakmµnigTMnij

manPaBxusKña KÅCanic©kalRtUv)annaMykeTApþl;eGayGñkeRbIR)as; rIÉesvakmµGñkeRbIR)as;

caM)ac;RtUvmkTTUlkñúgtMbn; b¤TIkEnøgEdleKpþl;va. ehtuenHkarplit nigkarlk; b¤edaHdUr

plitpl-esvakmµeTscrN_GaceFVIeTA)anl¥RbesIrluHRtaEtmanc,ab; b¤nItiviFIsMrab;CakMEN

TMrg;c,as;las; ¬sYn r:anI 2002¦.

2>11>4>2 rcnasm<½n§esvakmµeTscrN_

rcnasm<½n§eTscrN_ rYmman ³ esvakmµEdlTamTarCacaM)ac;nUvkarkk;Camun ¬dwkCBa¢Ún

sñak;enA nigepSg²¦ karerobcMÉksarsMrab;kareFVIdMeNIr ¬lixitqøgEdn Tidæakar ÉksarBak;B½n§

lixitFanara:b;rg¦ dwknaM nigbdisNæarkic© hUbcuk TsSnkic© nigkarkMsanþ esvakmµsuxaPi)al

nigFanara:b;rg esvakmµmKÁúeTsk_eTscrN_ esvabkERb nigesvakmµcaM)acdéT. KYrbBa¢k;

pgEdrfa esvakmµeTscrN_BMumanlkçN³dUcKñaenaHeT vaGaRs½yeTAnigkmµviFIdMeNIreTscr-

N_ EtesvakmµBiesssMrab;eTscrN_KW ³

dåkCBa¢Ún ³ CaesvakmµcMbgmYyrbs;eTscrN_ehIyRtUv)anEckCa3 dMNak;kalKW

- karepÞr dwknaMeTscrBITIkEnøgEdlRbmUlpþúMGñkeTscreTAkan;kEnøgecjdMeNIr ¬Ga-

kasyandæan cMntrfynþ sßanIyrfePøIg kMBg;EpsmuRT nigTenø nigdwkCBa¢ÚneTscrenAeBl

EdleK)aneTAdl;tMbn;eKaledAeTAkan;sNæaKar pÞHsMNak; ¬TIkEnøg sñak;enA¦.

- kardMeNIrkardwkCBa¢Únkñúgry³eBlcMgayq¶ay KÅdwknaMeTscrBITIsMNak;CaRbcaMrbs;

eKeTAkan;tMbn; b¤RbeTseKaledAeTscrN_.

29

- dwkCBa¢ÚneTscrkñúgExSTsSnkic©sMrab;kic©TsSna nigdwkCBa¢ÜneTscreTAkan;eKaledA

eTscrN_epSg enAkñúgtMbn;eKaledAeTscrN_EdleTAdl;.

Gahar nigePsC¢³ ³ bnÞab;BIesvakmµsñak;enA esvakmµd¾FMcMbgmYyeTot KWGahar

nigePsC¢³. enAeBlminTan;)anTTYlTancMNIGahar eTscrR)akdCaBuMTan;eRtkRtGal nig

rIkrayenaHeT. GaharRBwkCanic©kalRtUv)anrab;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgtMélsñak; enAkñúgsNæaKar rWpÞH

sMNak;. GaharTIBIrGacminRtUvbBa©ÚlkñúgtMélsñak;enAedaypþl;lT§PaBpÞal;dl;eTscreFVI

kareRCIserIs.

TsSna nigTsSnkic© ³ karTsSna ¬Excursion¦ CaesvakmµeTscrN_EdleFVIeLIg

sMrab;bMeBjnUvtMrUvkardl;eTscrCaB½t’man niglkçN³BiiessEdTak;TgeTAnwgkar cg;dwgcg;

eXIj cg;ecH.l. enAkñúgdMeNIrkarénkarTsSna b¤kareFVITsSnkic©GñkcUlrYmmanlT§PaByl;

dwgBImCÁdæanfµI PaBcMElkènFmµCati vb,Fm’ GriyFm’ RbeTsepSg TIRkug rmNIydæan

Tak;Taj nigEkkMsanþepSg² CIvPaBrs;enA TMenom TMlab; RbéBNI sasna vtßúEdlmantMél

nigmrtkrbs;RbeTsCatiNamYy dUcCa R)asaTburaN R)agÁR)asaT sMNg;buraN sMNg;

sm½yTMenIb RBHviharsasna vtþRBHBuTæsasna TIskÝar³bUCa TItaMgvb,Fm’ TItaMgRbvtþisaRsþ

nigburaNviTüa RBwtþikarN_Tak;Tgnwgsasna vb,Fm’ b¤RbvtþisaRsþ kmµvtÜúTak;Tajkñúg

TIRkug.l.

karkMsanþ El,g nigkILa ³ karEkkMsanþ nigEl,gmaneRcInrab;minGs;. mkTl;

sBVéf¶enH karkMsanþRtUv)anrab;famandl;eTA110RbePTEbøkBIKña ehIyEdlGaceFVIeGay

GñkeFVIskmµPaBenHTTYl)annUvkarsb,ayrIkrayepSg²Kña eTAtamcMNg;cMNUlcitþrbs;eK.

CamYyKñanwgkarrIkduHdalénbec©kviTüa PaBEkkMsanþ k¾ecHEtRtUv)aneKbegáIteLIgfµI²eTot

dUcCa esvakmµkMsanþ EdlbegáItenA]TüanTak;Taj. edayELkEl,g nigkILa manrab;

bBa©ÚlnUvskmµPaB EdlCab;Bak;B½n§ CamYysil,³ RbéBNI TMenomTMlab; kasuINU kILaepSg²

¬)al;Tat; etnIs RbNaMrfynþ)al;e)aH )al;TH GULaMBik .l.¦ ¬sYn r:anI 2002¦.

2>11>4>3 TMnijeTscrN_

TMnijeTscrN_ KWCasmÖar³ b¤vtßúTaMgLayEdlcaM)ac;sMrab;eRbIR)as;kñúgdMeNIrkarTTYl

esvakmµeTsrcN_ EdlkñúgenHrYmman vtßúGnusSavrIy_ nigplitplepSg²EdlCatMrUvkar

pÞal; b¤CaRbeyalrbs;eTscr.

30

eTscr CaFmµtaeRbIR)as;TMnij nigplitplCaeRcIn. RbePTepSg²énTMnij b¤plit

plEdleRbIR)as;enH GaRs½yelIcritlkçN³énkareFVIdMeNIr nigRbePTd¾eRcInéneTscrN_

EdleTscreRCIserIs nigkarsMrakkMsanþrbs;eK. ]TahrN_ ³ eTscr)aneRCIserIsTMnijRb

ePTNamYy EdlmanCatMrUvkarsMrab;kMsanþ ¬CiHTUkkMsanþ m:UtUTwk EhlTwkkMsanþ .l.¦

CaFmµta kareRbIR)as;TMnijeTscrN_ RtUv)aneKEckCa 4Epñk ³

enAkñúgdMeNIrCaeTscrN_ edaysarPaBsb,ayrIkray EkkMsanþ eTscrPaKeRcIn

)ancMNayelITMnijepSg² nUvTwkR)ak;eRcInelIsBIKMeragEdlBYkeKeRKag eRcIn)ancMnayelI

TMnijepSg². eyagtamsßiti WTO kñúgkareFVIdMeNIr eTscrN_)ancayR)ak; CamFümBI200-

500USD. edayELkeTscrGaCIvkmµ cMNayR)ak;eRcInCageTscrFmµta. CarYmeKcMNay

eTAelITMnij nigplitplEdleKRtUvkar nwgeTAelIvtßúGnusSavrIy_.

cMNayelIkarTijvtßúGnusSavrIy_ nigTMnijeRbIR)as;pÞal;EdlCaplitpl b¤TMnij

Biess²kñúgRbeTs b¤tMbn;eTscrN_. karcMNayvtßúGnusSavrIy_mYycMnYn dUcCa eRKOgcMlak;

vaynvtßú eRKOgGlgáar PaKeRcIneFIVeLIgedIm,IrMlwkBIdMeNIreTscrN_ mkkan;tMbn;b¤RbeTsNa

mYyenaH.

cMNayelItMrUvkarmuxTMnijNamYysMrab;dMeNIrCaeTscrN_ ]TahrN_³EpnTRbeTs

tMbn;eTscrN_ b¤EpnTIrmNIydæaneTscrN_ vcnanuRkm exaGavmuCTåk TMnijsMrab; kILa

m:asIunft m:asIunvIedGU sMelokbMBak; Es,keCIg eLIgPñM fñaMeBTü.l.

tMbn; b¤rmNIdæaneTscrN_ CaTIkEnøgEdlRbmUlpþúMeTscredIm,IbgðajBIsm,tþiFmµ-

Cati sm,tiþvb,Fm’ GriyFm’ nigsm,tþiTak;TajepSg²EdlPaK eRcInRtUv)aneKerobcMCatMbn;

EdlTak;TajeGaymantMrUvkarelIplitplb¤TMnijBIsMNak;eTscr. kñúgrmNIydæan b¤kEnøg

RbmUlpþúMeTscr tMélplitpl nigTMnijeRbIR)as;Edlefak edayeKbnßytémøBn§.

edIm,IbegIánkarlk;TMnij RbeTsmYycMnYn)anbnßyBn§elITMnijeRbIR)as;EdleTscrnaM

ecjeTARbeTsxøÜn. kñúgkrNIenH sMrab;eTscrmankarelIkTåkcitþ edaykat;bnßy tMélTMnij

b¤plitplepSg²eTAdl; 20° kñúghagBiess² nigenAkñúgtMbn;CMnYj ¬Value Added Tax-

VAT¦ kñúgry³eBlqøgkat;RBMRbTl;RbeTs. skmµPaBTaMgenH )anbgáCalT§PaB d¾RbesIr

mYydl;eTscr kñúgkarbegáItkarTijTMnijkñúgtMbn;eTscrN_ dUcCa sMelokbMBak; smÖar³

bec©kviTüa nigsmÖar³eRbIR)as;epSg².

31

enAkñúgGakasyandæan cMNtrfynþ sßanIyrfePIøg kMBg;EpneTscrN_EtgEtman

begIáthaglk;TMnijsMrab;eTscredayKµanBn§ ¬TMnijKµanBn§DutyFree¦ EdltMélTMnijPaK

eRcInefagCagenAkñúghagTMnijkµñúgRbeTsBI 30-40°.

karTijTMnij enAkñúgtMbn;EdlmaneTscrmkdl;mYyEpñkFMminGaRs½yedayPaBcaM)ac;

sMrab;eRbIR)as;enaHeT KWkareFVIdMeNIrsb,ayePøcxøÜnrbs;eTscrb:ueNÑaH ¬sYn ra:nI 2002¦.

2>12 shKmn_eTscrN_mUldæan

2>12>1 karbegáItshKmn_eTscrN_mUldæan

eyIgRtUvykcitþTukdak;erobcMshKmn_eTscrN_mUldæan edIm,IRKb;RKgkarGPivDÆn_eTs

crN_RbkbedaynirnþrPaBkarBarplRbeyaCn_RbCaBlrdæ karBarEfrkSavb,Fm’ nigbrisÜan.

karbegáItshKmn_eTscrN_mUldæanKWCaKnøwHkñúgkarRbmUlpþú¿RbPBFnFan enAtamtMbn;nImYy²

edIm,IGPivDÆn_ RbkbedaykarTTYlxusRtUvenAfñak;mUldæan EdlmankarcUlrYmya:gskmµrbs;

RbCaBlrdæ nigGaCJaFrBak;B½n§shKmn_eTscrN_KWCaPñak;garRbtibtþi nigCabNþajRKb;RKg

eTscrN_enAmUldæan. dUecñHeyIgRtUvykcitþTukdak;cMNucKnøwH ³

- erobcMbegáIt nigRKb;RKgeTscrN_shKmn_ nigpþl;nUvkarENnaMbNþúHbNþalCaRbcaM

enAtambNþatMbn;rmNIydæan edayclnaRbCaBlrdætamtMbn;TaMgenaH[cUl rYmshkarRKb;

RKg nigGPivDÆn_nwgTTYlplRbeyaCn_edaypÞal;BIvis½yeTscrN_.

- bBa¢Únm®nþIC¿najBIfñak;RksYg cuHCYyerobcMkarGPivDÆ RKb;RKgnigENnaMGb;rMbNþúH

bNþal[manCam®nþIbegÁalenAtamextþ-RkugehIym®nþIbegÁalTaMgenaHmanPar³kic© cuHeFVIkar

Gb;rMENnaMenAfñak;x½NÐ-Rsuk nigrhUtdl;XMu-sgáat; nigtamshKmn_ bnþeTotynþkarenHnwg

CYyBRgwgmUldæanshKmn_ nigCakardkRsg;bTBiesaFn_BIKñaeTAvijeTAmk.

- CYy]btßmÖKaMRT TaMgEpñksmÖar³ fvika nigbec©keTsdl;shKmn_eTscrN_enAmUl-

dæantam extþ-Rkug rhUtdl;XMu-sgáat; edIm,IFanakarGPivDÆn_RKb;RKgvis½yeTscrN_Rbkb

edayRbsiT§iPaBx<s; nigmannirnþrPaB.

- erobcMynþkarGnuvtþkargarRKb;RKg nigGPivDÆn_eTscrN_ enAtambNþaextþ-Rkug

Rsuk-x½NÐ nigQaneTAdl;XMu-sgáat; edayerobcMbegáIt[manCaKN³kmµkarGPivDÆn_eTs-

crN_ EdlmanGPi)alextþ-Rkug CaRbFan ehIyRbFanmnÞIreTscrN_CaGnuRbFanGcié®nþy_.

RksYgeTscrN_kMBugmanKMeragpgEdrkñúgkarbegáItkariya l½yeTscrN_enAtamRsuk-x½NÐ

32

ehIytMbn;EdlmanskáanuBleTscrN_FMeFg nigRtUvbegáItCaPñak;gareTscrN_enAtamfñak;

XMu-sgáat;TaMgenaH.

eyIgsgÄwm nigmanC¿enOeCOCak;fa epþImecjBIkarxitxMRbwgERbgrbs;raCrdæaPi)al

RKb;RksYgsßab½nBak;B½n§ nigkic©shkarBIEpñkÉkCnédKYrGPivDÆn_ nigRbCaBlrdæ vis½yeTs-

crN_km<úCa BitCabnþkarrIkcMerInxøaMgkøaEfmeTot nigBRgIkvisalPaBTUTaMgRbeTs.vis½yeTs-

crN_nigkøaCakMlaMgclkrd¾man\T§iBlkñúgkarCMrujkic©GPivDÆn_ nigkMeNInesdækic©rYmcMENkkñúg

karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk elIksÞÜykMritCIvPaBRbCaBlrdæ nigCaBiessrYmcMENkkarGPivDÆenA

mUldæanXMu-sgáat;.

2>12>2 karGPivDÆeTscrN_edIm,Ikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk

crnþeTscrN_kñúgRsukk¾)an nigkMBugmanninñakarrIkcMerIneLIyya:gxøaMgkøapgEdr. RbCa

BlrdæRKb;rUbEtgmantMrUvkarcM)ac;kñúgkarrs;enA kñúgenaHkarsMraklMEhkay karcUlrYmBiFI

buNüTantam RbèBNIvb,Fm’ sasna nigkareFVIdMeNIrBItMbn;mYyeTAtMbn;mYyeTot edIm,Isak

sYrsuxTukçjatisnþan KWsMNUmBrminGacxVH)an. kñúgqñaMBI2005 maneTscrkñúgRsuk RbmaN

Cag4lannak; Edl)aneFVIdMeNIrkMsanþenATUTaMgRbeTs begáItcMNUlbEnßmkñúgcrnþ esdækic©Cati

Biessesdækic©mUldæanCnbT. RBmCamYyenH clnaeTscrN_kñúgRsuk)anCYyCMrujnigbegáIn

karTak;TgKñamitþPaBsnþiPaB nigbegáInbriyakasRslaj;matuPUmi nigk¾CakarrYmcMENkd¾FM

eFgdl;karEckrMElkplRbeyaCn_ CYyelIksÞÜyCIvPaBRbCaBlrdæenAtamshKmn_mUldæan

PUmiXMupgEdr tamry³karbegáItkargar sib,kmµ esvakmµ EkécñvtßúGnusSavrIy_ GaCIvkmµtUc

nigmFüm.l.

edIm,IrYmcMENkkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk eyIgRtUvykcitþTukdak;CaGaTiPaBedayGnuvtþtam

eKalmaK’aKnøwH7ya:g dUnxageRkam ³

1- pþl;»kaskargarCUnRbCaBlrdæRkIRkkñúgRbBn½§shRKaseTscrN_³ dUcCakargarenA

tamsNæaKarpÞHsMNak; ePaCnIydæan TIPñak;gareTscrN_ kardwkCBa¢ÚneTscrN_ rmNIydæan

eTscrN_ .l.

2- pÁt;pÁg;TMnijnigesvaeTA[RbBn½§shRKaseTscrN_edayRbCaBlrdæRkIRk b¤eday

shRKasEdl)anpþl;kargarCUnRbCaBlrdæRkIRk ]TahrN_ ePaCnIydæan RtUvkarbEnø RtIsac;

33

EpøeQI EdlplitplTaMgenaHRtUv)anpþl;edayRbCaCnmUldæan b¤ tamry³shKmn_mUldæan

RbesIrCagkarnaMcUlBIxageRkA. krNIenHnwgpþl;»kaskargarCUnRbCaBlrdæ nigR)ak;cMNUl.

3- pþl;»kasedaypÞal;CUnRbCaBlrdæRkIRk kñúgkarlk;TMnij nigesvaCUnePJóveTscr³

RtUvbgálkçN³[GñkRkIRkmankEnøglk;dUrvtßúGnusSavrIy_mðÚbGahar ePsC¢³ b¤eFVICamKÁúeTsk_

eTscrenAtamtMbn;eTscrN_nana.

4- CYyKaMRT nigelIkTwkcitþdl;GñkRk[manlT§PaBbegáIt nigdMeNIrkarshRKaseTs

crN_xñattUcnigmFüm. krNIenHGñkRkRtUvkarCameFüa)aysmÖar³fvikaredIm,IbegáItnigdMeNIr

karGaCIvkmµeTscrN_tUc b¤mFüm. krNIxøHTamTarnUvkarCYytampøÚvc,ab; dUcCakarkarBar

GaCIvkmµxñattUc² .l.

5- Bn§ b¤GakréncMNUleTscrN_ RtUveRbIR)as;CaRbeyaCn_dl;GñkRk. cMnucenHsMedA

dl;cMNUlEdl)anBivis½yeTscrN_ KYrRtUv)aneRbIR)as;mYyEpñksMrab;CaRbeyaCn_dl;RbCa

BlrdæmUldæanrYmmanGñkRkIRk dUcCasþarnigsßabnapøÚvfñl; RbBn½§Twk ePøIg salaeron nigesva

suxPaBtammUldæan.

6- CYy]btßmÖKaMRT edaysµ½RKcitþcMeBaHGñkRkedayshRKaseTscrN_ nigePJóveTs-

cr dUcCaePJóveTscr b¤shRKaseTscrN_CYydl;GñkRkIRk nUvGNþÚgTwk sg;pÞH salaeron

mnÞIreBüT .l. enAtamshKmn_mUldæan.

7- vinieyaKEpñkehdæarcnsm<½n§ EdlCMruj nigbegáIteLIgedayvis½yeTscrN_ KWpþl;

plRbeyaCn_CUnGñkRkedaypÞal; b¤Rbeyaltamry³KaMRTdl;vis½yepSg²eTot. tMbn;eTs-

crN_RtUvkarGPivDÆn_ehdæarcnasm<½n§KaMRTdUcCa pøÚv RbB½n§Twks¥at GKÁisnI kMBg;Ep RBlanynþ

ehaH .l. EdlGnuBaØat[RbCaBlrdæmUldæan rYmmanGñkRkIRk )aneRbIR)as; nig)anTTYlpl

RbeyaCn_BIkarrIkcMerInenH.

34

III. viFIsa®sþénkarRsavRCav

3>1 viFIsa®sþkMNt;KMrUtag

viFIsa®sþkMNt;KRmUtagEdlRkumeyIg´)aneRbIKWviFIsa®sþNonRandom.Convenience

Non Random Sampling RtUv)aneyIgGnuvtþedIm,IeRCIserIsGñkPUmi RBHsgÇ ePJóveTscr nig

GaCIvkreTscrN_Edl)aneTATsSnaenAXuMkMBg;XøaMgedIm,IsmÖas. viFIsa®sþ Convenience

Non Random Sampling RtUv)anRkumeyIgéRbIR)as;pgEdredIm,IkMNt;smÖasGaCJaFrmUl-

dæanBak;B½n§mYycMnYneTot dUcCa emPUmi emXuM nayxN§Ðrdæ)alClplesomrab RbFansh-

Kmn_eTscrN_ RbFanshKmn_ensaTCaedIm.

cMnYnKRmUtagEdlRkumeyIg´)aneRCIserIs

taragTI 3>1 karkMNt;cMnYnKRmUtagsMrab;eFVIkarsmÖas

KRmUtag cMnYn

GñkPUmi 60nak;

RBHsgÇbYnvtþ 10GgÁ

GaCIvkreTscrN_ 10nak;

ePJóveTscr 61nak;

3>2 RbePTkRmgsMnYr

mankRmgsMnYrBIrRbePTKW kRmgsMnYrmanrcnasm<½n§ (Structure Questionnaire) nig

kRmgsMnYrminmanrcnasm<½n§ (Unstructure Questionnaire) . sMrab;kRmgsMnYrKµanrcnasm<½n§

RtUv)anerobcMeLIgedIm,IsmÖasGaCIvkr GñkPUmi RBHsgÇ nigGaCJaFrBak;B½n§Tak;Tgnig skþanu-

Bl nigsßanPaBeTscrN_enAXuMkMBg;XøaMg. CaRbePTsMnYrEdlRkumeyIgéRbIedIm,IsMPasCa

mYyGaCIvkreTscrN_ GñkPUmi nigRBHsgÇ. cMENkkRmgsMnYrmanrcnasm<½n§RtUv)anerobcM

eLIgedIm,IsmÖasePJóveTscr emPUmi emXuM RbFanshKmn_eTscrN_FmµCatikMBg;XøaMg nig

GaCJaFrBak;B½n§CaedIm.

35

3>3 viFIsa®sþRbmUlTinñn½y

3>3>1 RbePTTinñn½y

3>3>1>1 Tinñn½ycMbg

Tinñn½ycMbg CaTinñn½yEdleyIgnwgTTYl)an BIkarerobcMkRmgsMnYrsMPasCamYyemPUmi

emXuM shKmn_eTscrN_ GaCJaFrEdndI GñkPUmi nigGaCIvkreTscrN_ edayepþateTAelI

karkarGPivDÆskáanuBleTscrN_enAXuMkMBg;XøaMg.

3>3>1>2 Tinñn½ybnÞab;bnSM

Tinñn½ybnÞab;bnSM CaTinñn½yEdleyIgeFVIkarRbmUlyktamry³Éksarrbs;emXuM sh

Kmn_eTscrN_ GaCJaFrEdndI emeronrbs;elaksa®sþacarü b½NÑpSBVpSay nigÉksarkñúg

bNÑal½y.

3>3>2 bec©keTsRbmUlTinñn½y

karRbmUlTinñn½yRtUv)aneFVIeLIgtamry³kareFVIsMPasn_CamYuy emPUmi emXuM shKmn_

eTscrN_ GaCJaFrEdndI GñkPUmi GaCIvkreTscrN_ nigGñkBak;B½n§CaedIm. karRbmUlÉksar

BIbNþaGgÁPaBEdleFVIkarsMPas nigsßab½nEdlBak;B½n§epSg².

3>4 viFIsa®sþviPaKTinñn½y

karviPakTinñn½yenHKWeyIgeRbITinñn½yEdleyIgTTYl)an rYmmanTinñn½ycMbg nigTinñn½y

bnÞab;bnSMmkeFVIkarviPaKtamEbbKuNvis½y edIm,IEsVgyl;BIkarGPivDÆskþanuBl nigsßanPaB

eTscrN_enAXuMkMBg;XøaMg. edayELkTinñn½yRbmUl)anBIkarsÞg;mtiePJóveTscrcMnYn61nak;

Edl)aneTATsSnaenAXuMkMBg;XøaMgRtUv)anbBa©ÚlkñúgkmµviFIviPaK SPSS edIm,IviPaKeTAelIkar

yl;eXIjrbs;ePJóveTscrcMeBaHkareTATsSnaenAkMBg;XøaMg. Statistical Tools dUcCa

Fequency nig Descriptive Mean RtUv)aneRbIenAkñúgkmµviFIenH.

36

IV. lT§plénkarRsavRCav

4>1 lkçN³TUeTAXuMkMBg;XøaMg

4>1>1 Rbvtþisegçbrbs;XuMkMBg;XøaMg

eyagtamkarCYbsmÖasrbs;RkumeyIgĆamYynig elakG‘M esog Cunèl Gayu75qñaM

GtItemXuM nigCa]eTÞsacarü¬RKUbeRgon)alI¦énsalaBuT§ikbzmsikSavtþXøaMg )anerobrab;

BIRbvtþirbs;XuMkMBg;XøaMgdUcteTA³

XøaMg KWCakEnøgsMrab;pÞúkTMnij nasm½ymYy. kalBI100qñaMmun kñúgsm½yEdl)araMg

eFVIGaNaniKmmkelIRbeTskm<úCa. eBlenaHrdæ)al)araMgess )aneFVIkarTMnak;TMngCamYy

RbeTsevotNam KWrdæ)aléRBnKredIm,IeFVICMnYjpøÚvTwkCamYyKña eBalKWBIkMBg;XøaMgeTAéRBnKr

BIéRBnKrmkkMBg;XøaMg. kareFVICMnYjrbs;GaNaniKmniym)araMgCamYyRbeTsevotNamKWeFVI

eBjsm½yEdlGaNaniKmniym)araMgess dak;GaNaniKmmkelIRbeTskm<úCa Edlman

ry³Cit100qñaM. kñúgkareFVICMnYjpøÚvTwkenH rdæ)aléRBnKr)andwkTMnijcUl mandUcCa GMbil

RkNat; dUg nigsmÖar³ensaT. cMENkRbeTskm<úCavijnaMecjnUvTMnijsMxan;KWRsUv ehIynig

TMnij nigsmÖar³epSg²eTot. enAeBlTMnijnaMcUlBIRbeTsevotNammk RtUvykmksþúkTuk

enAkEnøgmYy KWenAelITUlvtþXøaMg Rtg;kEnøgsalaXuMcas;. TMnijTaMgGs;enH RtUv)aneKdwk

ykeTAEckcaytamkEnøgepSg² dUcCa extþesomrabmYyEpñk extþkMBg;FMmYyEpñk nigextþ

)at;dMbgmYyEpñk. cMENkRbeTskm<úCaeyIgvij RtUvRbmUlTijRsUv TMnij nigsmÖar³epSg²

EdlmanenAkñúgPUmi XuM Rsuknanakñúgextþesomrab edayRbmUlykeTAsþúkenAelITYlvtþXøaMg

edIm,Irg;caMk):al;mkBIRbeTsevotNamdwkykeTAEckcayenAéRBnKr.

edaysarEteKykkEnøgenH CakEnøgsMrab;edaHdUrTMnijy:agdUecñHehIy)anCaeKehA

kEnøgenHfa XøaMg² tKñarhUtmksBVéf¶enHeTA. b:uEnþcMeNrkaleRkaymk edaysartMbn;enH

Cab;mat;bwgTenøsab eTIbGñkRsukehAtMbn;enHfakMBg;XøaMgvij edIm,I[vaBieraHsþab;Cagmun.

müa:geTot kEnøgXøaMgenH kñúgsm½yenaHmanGaKarmYyxñgkMBs;BIrCan;sMrab;dak;TMnij rhUtmk

Tl;nwgsm½yExµr\sSr³. b:uEnþkñúgsm½yenaH Tah‘an\sSr³)anykXøaMgenH eFVICaTIsñak;kar

rbs;xøÚn eRkaymkTah‘an\sSr³ k¾)anvaykMeTcecalGKarBIrCan;enHTaMgRsug esÞIrEt)at;

RTg;RTayGs;. elakG‘M )anbBa¢ak;bEnÜmeTotfa eRkaymkenAqñaM1993 bnÞab;BI)ane)aHeqñat

CatielIkTImYy GaNtþiTImYymk kEnøgenHRtUv)aneKeFVICasalaXuMkMBg;XøaMg mnÞIreBTü sala

37

eron nigpSarkMBg;XøaMgenABIelIkEnøgXøaMgcas;sm½ymun Ety:agk¾edayk¾enAmansøaksñam BI

sm½ymunbBa¢ak;fa kEnøgenHBitCakEnøgsMrab;pÞúkTMnijBitR)akdEmn edaykEnøgenHman

bnSl;TukdUcCa \dæ kMe)ar CatiGMbilEdlenACab;nigdIrhUtmkTl;sBVéf¶enH.

4>1>2 PUmisa®sþXuMkMBg;XøaMg

XuMkMBg;XøaMg sßitenAxagt,ÚgRsuksURTniKm cm¶ayRbmaN12Km nigRbmaN42Km

BIextþesomrab. XuMenHmanRBMRbTl;xagekItCab;nigXuMGnøg;sMNr¬RsukCIERkg¦ xaglicCab;

nigbwgTenøsab xageCIgCab;nigXuMdarun ¬RsuksURTniKm¦ xagt,ÚgCab;nigtMbn;LÚt_elx06.

épÞdIsrubman21/020hicta. XuMenHmanPUmicMNuHcMnYn10PUmi KWPUmiERBkRsem:ac PUmis<an

Evg PUmit¥Üsr PUmipSarXøaMg PUmicMkaryYn PUmitaRcenog PUmiGUtaBut PUmiCIkeCt PUmimuxvtþ nig

PUmirTaMg. XuMkMBg;XøaMg ¬enArdUvvsSa¦mansßanPaBPUmisaRsþCatMbn;licTwkCab;mat;RcaMgbwg

Tenøsab nig CatMbn;dIeKakenArdUvR)aMgEdlBuMmanlkçN³GnueRKaHdl;karsagsg;nUvsMNg;fµ

FM²)aneLIy. eTIbeyIgsegáteXIjfa enAtambNþaPUmikñúgXuMenH BuMeXIjmansMNg;eFVIBIfµ

\dæFM²eLIy elIkElgEtenATITYlTaMg5 KW TYlvtþXøaMg TYlvtþlVa TYlvtþTYltapøg; TYlvtþsþI

TYleBaF×Rsa nigPUmiERBkRsem:ac ¬CaPUmiminlicTwk¦ eyagtamsßanPaBPUmisaRsþ XuMkMBg;

XøaMgmanlkçN³BiessGMeNayplelIvis½yClpl nigvis½yksikmµ.

38

4>1>3 rcnasm<½n§XuMkMBg;XøaMg

):a b:Ur

RbFanRkumRbwkSaXuM

Tuy enOm tat pU Ca b‘uneLg rs; saerOn ePøÓn éN qwg GuI

):a b:Ur

emXuM

qm saMg

CMTb;TI1

m:n Nn

CMTb;TI2

qm saMg

GnuRbFan

):a b:Ur

KNkmµaFikar

qwg GuI

TTYlbnÞúkkic©karnarI

nigkuhar

):a b:Ur

lT§kmµ

nYn r:a

esµónXuM

kug h‘t

emPUmiERBkRsem:ac

mwug DYg

emPUmis<anEvg

Lac cn

emPUmitaGYrs

vI vNÑDI

emPUmipSarXøaMg

Fn; efg

emPUmicMkaryYn

swum eGOm

emPUmitaRcenog

Ej:m sug

emPUmiGUrtaBuF

Xwm yIv

emPUmiC½yeCt

r:ay cy

emPUmimuxvtþ

h‘ag yaT

emPUmirTaMg

rcnasm<½n§rdæ)alrbs;XuMkMBg;XøaMg

39

4>1>4 RbCaCn nigmuxrbr

4>1>4>1 RbCaCn

XuMkMBg;XøaMgmanRbCaCnrs;enAcMnYn1/861RKYsar esµI10/346nak; kñúgenaHRbus

5/041nak; ehIyRbCaCncMNUlRsukmkrs;enAmancMnYn105RKYsar ¬2010¦. ebIKitBIRb-

CaBlrdæ Gay18qñaMmancMnYn6/506nak;kñúgenaHRsI3/149. eyageTAtamsßitibgðajxag

elIeyIgsegáteXIjfa RbCaCnrs;enAXuMkMBg;XøaMgPaKeRcInCaGñkRsukEdlmanedImkMeNItenA

TIenaHpÞal;Etmþg. b:uEnþenAkñúgenaHk¾manCnCatiyYnmkrs;enAcMnYn73RKYsar esµI460nak;

Rbus 229nak; pgEdr. rIÉGñkcMNUlRsukepSgeTotenaH KWCaGñkmksuIQñÜleFVIkar RKUbeRgon

RBmTaMgman RBHsgÄnigkUnsisSelakxøH²Edl)anmksñak;edIm,IsikSaRBHbriytþiFm’.

taragTI 4>1 sßitiRbCaBlrdætamPUmikñúgXuMkMBg;XøaMg ¬ExkumÖ³ qñaM2010¦

l>r eQµaHPUmi cMnYnRbCaCn

srub

Rbus RsI

1 ERBkRsem:ac 935 944 1879

2 s<anEvg 414 429 843

3 taGYrs 287 265 552

4 pSarXøaMg 649 701 1350

5 cMkaryYn 442 376 818

6 éCeCt 836 714 1550

7 taRcenog 614 548 1162

8 GUrtaBut 259 224 483

9 muxvtþ 407 449 856

10 rTaMg 463 394 857

4>1>4>2 muxrbr

RbCaCn Edlrs;enAkñúgkMBg;XøaMg RbkbmuxrbrdUcxageRkam ³

40

-ensaT³ edaysarXuMkMBg;XøaMgmanlkçN³GMeNayply:agxøaMgkñúgkarensaT nigtam

karbBa¢ak;rbs;elakemXuMfa 80° énRbCaCnsrubCaRKYsarGñkensaT. RbCaCnXuMkMBg;XøaMg

eFVIkarensaTTaMgBIrrdUvKW rdUvTwktemøIg nigrdUvTwksRmk. sMrab;RbCaCnTUeTA BYkKat;ensaT

kñúgEdnensaTsaFarN³énbwgTenøsab. cMENkGñkmanvijBYkeKTijeCIgQUgrbs;degçALÚt_

eFVIkarensaT. enAXuMenHmanLÚt_ensaTmYy KWLÚt_elx06 Edl)anedjéfø pþac;muxBIClpl

extþ edIm,IrksuIkñúgEdnkMNt;rbs;xøÜn. tamkarsaksYrGñkensaT)an[dwgfa GñkensaTxøH

)anecjensaT kñúgEdnsaFarN³énbwgTenørhUtdl;tMbn;cugeXñós tMbn;kMBg;Pøúk CYnkaldl;

EdldIénextþ)at;dMbgk¾manEdr.

cMeBaHkarensaTGñkxøHeTAensaTedayvill¶ac GñkxøHeTAensaTedayedkenAbwgTenø

sab mYyyb;eTAR)aMyb; BIR)aMyb;eTAdb;yb; BIdb;yb;eTAdb;R)aMyb; eTIbvilRtLb;cUlmk

kñúgRsukvij. karecjensaTyUrEbbenHGñkRsukXøaMgehAfa “ecjmat” .

-lk;dUr³ enAXuMkMBg;XøaMgmanpSarFMmYyyeKehAfa pSarXøaMg. pSarCacMnucsMxan;kñúg

karedaHdUrTMnijepSg²rvagGñkRsukeRkam nigGñkRsukeRkam GñkRsukeRkam nigRsukelI

GñkRsukeRkam nigGñkCMnYj. Gñklk;dUrenApSarXøaMgman2RbePT KWGñkrs;enAkñúgRsuk nig

GñkRsukelI. eRkABIpSarenHRbCaCnxøHyklMenAdæanxøÜnÉgCakEnøglk;dUr nigxøHeToteFVIeRtom

lk;dUrenAxagmuxpÞH. b:uEnþenArdUvvsSavij pSarXøaMgKWbþÚrTItaMgeTAenAelITYlvtþXøaMg. rdUvenH

KWmanGñklk;edayTUk BYkKat;G‘MTUkBIPUmimYyeTAPUmimYy ecjBIpÛHmYyeTApÛHmYyeTot. kar

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tamsßitirbs;XuM)anbgðaj[eXIjfa Gñklk;dUrenAXuMkMBg;XøaMgmanRbmaNCa 5°b:ueNþaH.

-rt;TUkd ³ enArdUvvsSaeyIgminGaceFVIdMeNIrtampøÚveKakeTAdl;XøaMg)aneT KWRtUvCiHTUk

bnþenAkMBg;drERBRsem:acmancMgayRbmaNCa3Km BIpSarXøaMg. rbrrt;TUkdCarbrbnÞab;bnSM

rbs;GñkXøaMgEdlRbkbenArdUvvsSab:ueNþaH. b:uEnþenABIbIqñaMenH eKsegáteXIjfa muxrbrenH

mansar³sMxan;Nas;kñúgkarrkTTYlTanRTRTg;RKYsar EdlenAeBlfµI²enH eyIgeXIjfaman

RbCaCnEbrmkrksuICamYymuxrbrrt;TUkdenH. CaBiess cab;BIqñaM2006 KWCaqñaMEdlmanGñk

eTscrcUleTATsSnaenAXuMkMBg;XøaMg.

-ERscmáar ³ nardUvTwksRmkeRkayeBlEdlRbmUlplBIkarensaTrYcral;Gs;ehIy

GñkPUmi)ancab;epþImrbrfµImYyeTotKWkareFVIcMkarenAtMbn;Cab;mat;bwgTenøsab. cMeBaHrbrERs

41

cmáar nigensaTenAXuMkMBg;XøaMgKWEjkdac;BIKña GñkERscmáarKWeFVIEtERscmáarenArdUvR)aMg

cMENkGñkensaT KWensaTeBjmYyqñaM b:uEnþGñkcMkarenArdUvvsSaKWBYkKat;ecjensaTCa

lkçN³RKYsaredIm,IRTRTg;CIvPaBenArdUvvsSa nigCakarrg;caMdl;rdUvR)aMgedIm,eFVIcMkar.

pldMNaMEdldaMenAtMbn;licTwkCab;mat;bwgTenøsabenaHrYmmandUcCasENþk l¶ «Lwk

eBat el<A Rtsk;nwgRsUv. dMNaMTaMgGs;enHeRkayBIRbmUlplrYcBYkeKlk;eGayQµÜjRsuk

elI ¬dMEdk ¦ edayTukEtBUCsMrab;daMenAqñaMeRkayEtb:ueNþaH b:uEnþebItamkarbBa¢ak;rbs;elak

qn quM GñkcMkar fa QµÜjTaMgGs;enHKWnaMnUvsENþg l¶TaMgenHeTARbeTsevotNm ehIyplit

epSgeTotKWlk;enAkñúgRsuk.

eRkABIenaH manRbCaCnxøHRbkbmuxrbrdUcCaCagCYlCulnaLika viTüú TUrTsSn_epSg²

GñksuIQñÜlRkgRBYl CYssac;éd eFVIsWyWun eFVITUkkaNUt ePøÓyRbhuk kat;k,alRtI nigkmµkr.

3>1>5 brisßan nigFnFanFmµCati

XuMkMBg;XøaMgmanlkçN³PUmisa®sþh‘umB½T§edayèRBlic nigTwkTenøenArdUvvsSa. XuMenH

sm,ÚreTAedayERBk bwg RtBaMg mcäCati nigstVéRBCaeRcIn. BiessdImanCIvCatil¥ EdlCa

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bc©úb,nñedaykMenInRbCaBlrdæekIneLIg 0/78° Caerogral;qñaM tMrUvkarrbs;RbCaBlrdækan;Et

FMeFg karRbkbrbs;ensaTBuMsmRsb KYbpSMnwgkarxVHxatkaryl;dwgBIkareRbIR)as;FnFan

FmµCatipgenaH. Caerogral;qñaM FnFanxagelIenH )an)at;CabnþbnÞab;EdlCabBaðaRbQmKYr

[RBYy)armÖy:agxøaMg.

épÞdIksikmµsMrab;bgábegáInplsrubmancMnYn 2>059hicta RtUvricrilexSaHCIvCatiGs;

eTAehIy ehIyknøgmkTinñplsENþk)ay CameFüa)ayRtwmEt 0/85t¼hicta. RKYsardaM

duHeRbIR)as;CIKImImancMnYn54RKYsar nigeRbIfñaMsMrab;stVl¥itpgEdr kareRbIR)as;CIKImITaMgenH

)anCH\T§iBlminl¥dl;suxPaBGñkeRbI nigeFVI[sßanPaBCIvitmankarfycuHCalMdab; eRBaHEt

karyl;minc,as;BIlkçN³bec©keTskñúgkareRbIR)as;RtwmRtUv. BiesscMeBaHCIvcMruHenAkñúgTwk

k¾RtUvrg;enAkarbMpøajy:agF¶n;FrpgEdr.

4>1>6 CMenO nigRbéBNIepSg²

kñúgXuMkMBg;XøaMg GñkRsukmanCMenOeTAelIRBHBuT§sasna nigeRkARBHBuT§sasna. cMeBaH

vis½yRBHBuT§sasna XMuenHmanvtþcMnYnbYnsMrab;eKarBbUCa. karRbtibtþirbs;BuT§sasnikCn

42

kñúgXuMenHk¾minxusBItMbn;epSg²eTotEdr CaTUeTAGñkPUmiEtgEtR)arB§eFVIBiFIbuNüRbéBNIRBHBuT§

sasna enAtampÞHrbs;BYkeK b¤enATIvtþGaram dUcCabuNüktþBaØÚ buNübc©½ybYn buuNücMerInRBH

CnµCaedIm. b:uEnþcMeBaHbuNüFMkñúgRBHBuT§sasna KWGñkRsukEtgeTAcUlrYmR)arB§eFVIenATIvtþ

GaramdUcCabuNüvisaxbUCa maXbUCa P¢úMbiNÐ cUlqñaM kzinCaedIm. XuMenHmanvtþeRcIn

CageKebIeFobnigtMbn;Cab;bwgTenøsabKWtMbn;kMBg;Pøúk¬vtþmYy¦ tMbn;cugeXñós ¬vtþBIr¦énextþ

esomrab.

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EdlBYkeKecjensaT b¤ecjeTAeFVIcMkarKWEtgEteFVIkarbn;Rsn;cMeBaHGñktaenAkñúgPUmib¤ Gñkta

EdlFMCageKenAkñúgtMbn; b¤mYyeKeFVIkarbn;Rsn;enAtampÞHrbs;eKEtmþgedIm,IR)afña[CYbRbTH

esckþIsux nigTTYl)anplensaT nigePaKplcMkareRcIn.

rIÉCMenOmYyeTotrbs;GñkRsukXøaMgKWCMenOcUlrUb¬Can;GarkS¦ EtgEtR)arB§eLIgCaerog

ral;qñaM KWeFVImuneBlR)arB§BIFIbuNücUlqñaMRbmaNCa15-20éf¶. GñkPUmiCaeRcInmkCYbCuMenA

cugRsuk ¬tMbn;ERBkeRCLayPUmitaRcenog¦ Rtg;kEnøgxÞmGñktaedIm,IR)arB§eFVIBIFIenHkñúgeKal

bMNgedIm,IbeNþj]bRTuBcéRg CMgWeraKa GBVmgÁlEdlmankñúgPUmi b¤GñkPUmi[vinasx©at;x©ay

nigsUmykesrIsYsþIkñúgqñaMfµIekItmandl; nigGñkRsuk nigrksuIman)an.

enAvalcMkareyIgk¾RbTHeXIjxÞmGñktapgEdr ebItamkarsaksYrGñkcMkar )an[dwgfa

muneBlcab;epþImRtYsRtaydIeFVIcMkarGñkcMkarxøH)aneFVIxÞmGñktatUc² GñkxøHeFVIxÞmGñktadak;

tamdIcMkarrbs;xøÜnehIybn;Rsn;bYgsYgsuM[GñktaCYyEfrkSaePaKpldMNaM karBarstVl¥itCa

edIm. ÉGñkcMkarxøHeTotBuM)aneFVIxÞmeT b:uEnþBYkeKk¾eFVIkarbn;Rsn;pgEdr edayykGñkta

Rkjaj; ¬GñktaEfrkSakñúgtMbn;Cab;mat;bwgTenøsab¦CaeKal. eRkABIenaHenAmanCMenOepSg

eTot dUcCa CMenOelIGñkta exµacRBaybisac GarkSTwk>>> CaedIm.

4>1>7 karGb;rM

enAkñúgXuMkMBg;XøaMgBuMmankMritmetyüsikSardæ ÉkCn b¤shKmn_eLIy dUecñHkumarGayu

cab;BI3-5qñaM KWsßitenAkñúgbnÞúk«BukmþayRKb;RKg100°. kMritbzmsikSasrub4sala esµI

23bnÞb; Edlmanfñak;eronrhUteTAdl;34fñak; EdltRmUv[bnÞb;eronBak;kNþal)an2eBl.

RKUbeRgonman21nak; salaTaMgenHmancMgayBIPUmiCuMvijCamFüm600Em:Rt. kumarcab;BI

Gayu6-11qñaMsrubmancMnYn 1/684nak; RsI 866nak; kñúgcMnYnenHkumar 3/000nak; RsI

43

156nak; esµInwg18°min)aneTAeron. cMeBaHGRtakumarEdle)aHecalkarsikSamantictUc

Nas;. kMritGnuviTüal½yman1sal esµI3bnÞb; manfñak;rhUtdl;5bnÞb; EdlCaehtueFVI[

bnÞb;esÞIrEtTaMgGs;)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;karbeRgon2eBl RKUbeRgonman5nak;. kumarGayuBI

12-14qñaM)ancUleroncMnYn 629nak; RsI330nak; esµInwg 83° kñúgenaHkumarcMnYn 153nak;

RsI70nak; esñI18°min)ancUlsala. salamancMgayCamFümBIBak;kNþalPUmi190Em:Rt

GRtakumare)aHecalkarsikSaKµanGVIKYr[kt;sMKal;eLIy. kMritviTüal½yKµanenAXuMeT manenA

fñak;RsukEdlmancMgayCamFüm12KIEm:Rt kñúgcMeNamyuvCn yuvtI BIGayu15-17qñaMcMnYn

378nak; esµInwg50°min)aneron. GñkminecHGkSrcab;BIGayu15-60 cMnYn924nak; esµInig

13° kñúgenaH®sþImancMnYn541nak; esµInig8°. eRkABIenaH ebIniyayBIvis½yGb;rMEpñkÉkCn

eTAelIPasabreTs b¤cMeNHdwgepSg²eTot KWBuMTan;manenAXuMeLIy.

4>1>8 esvakmµsuxaPi)al

enAXuMkMBg;XøaMg manmNÐlsuxPaBmYysMrab;bMerIkareGayRbCaCnenAkñúgXuMBüa)al CMgW

BieRKaHCMgW nigbBaðasuxPaBepSg². ebItamsßanPaBCak;EsþgmNÐlsuxPaBmYyenH

BuMGacbMeBjesckþIRtUvkarrbs;RbCaBlrdækñúgXuM)aneLIy mNÐlsuxPaBGac TTYl)anEtCMgW

Rsal² cMeBaHCMgWF¶n;F¶rRtUv)anbBa¢ÚneTAmnÞIreBTüFM²enATIrYmRsukb¤TIrYmextþ. cMENkkarqøg

Tenørbs;RsþI GñkxøHeKmkqøgenAmNÐlsuxPaBXuM GñkxøHykeBTüeTAqøgenAnigpÞH GñkxøHqøg

enAmnIÞreBTüRsuk GñkxøHeTotqøgenAmnÞIreBTüextþ b¤mnÞIreBTüÉkCnedayeyageTAtamsßan

PaBCak;Esþgrbs;RKYsar. cMeBaHRbCaBlrdæxøHKat;Büa)alCMgWedayeRbI»sfburaN xøHehA

RKUeBTüÉkCnmkBüa)alnwgpÞH. elIsBIenaHXuMk¾man»sfsßansMrab;CYysMrYldl;bBaðasux-

PaBrbs;RbCaCnpgEdr.

4>2 skáanuBlTak;TajeTscrN_

etIXuMkMBg;XøaMgmanskþanuBleTscrN_GVIxøH?

XuMkMBg;XøaMgCarmNIydæaneTscrN_FmµCati EdleBareBjeTAedayskáanuBleTscr-

N_ nigCaktþaGMeNaypldl;karGPivDÆn_eTscrN_ CaBiessKWeTscrN_shKmn_ nigeTs-

crN_mUldæantamPUmi EdleTscrN_TaMgBIrRbePTenH CaEpñkd¾sMxan;mYykarelIksÞÜyesdækic©

RKYsar elIkkMBs;CIvPaBRbCaCnkñúgmUldæan nigvb,Fm’RbèBNIGñkRsuk. skÝanuBleTscrN_

XuMkMBg;XøaMg mandUcCa ERBkCIburaN ¬ERBkkMBg;XøaMg¦ bwgTenø sab shKmn_GENþtTwk

44

lMenAdæanbeNþaHGasnñelIépÞTwkbwgTenøsab karTsSnastVsøab nigbkSI eTscrPaBéf¶lic

nigéf¶rH rebobrbbrs;enA sMNg;lMenAdæanrbs;GñkRsuk vtþ rebob ensaT ]bkrN_ensaT

rebobciBa©wmRtI cMkar éRBlicTwk nigRBWtþikarN_epSg².

4>2>1 ERBkCIburaN

nrNak¾dwgEdrfa ExµrburaNmaneTBekaslü RBm

TaMg[témøxøaMgNas;eTAelIkarbt;EbnFarasa®sþFmµCati.

TIenH´mineBalBI)aray nigERBkCIIknanarab;minGs;enA

sm½ymunGgÁr nigsm½yGgÁreT elIkElgEtERBkCIkmYy

EdlFMCageK.KYrcEmøkEdrfamkdl;eBlenHminTan;mankar

sikSaGVITaMgGs; TaMgEpñkburaNviTüa TaMgEpñkvisVkmµ TaMg

EpñkFarasa®sþ. manEtkarsikSamYyEdlepþImeLIgBIsh

Kmn_mnusSmYyRkumEdlenAtambeNþayERBkCIkenaH.

rUbelx1 sMeNrenaHeQµaHfa shKmn_enAtamERBkCIburaBIkMBgXøaMg

eTAPñMKUEln EdlCaniekçbbTbBa©b;karsikSaenA mhaviTüa-

l½yburaNviTüaqñaM2000-2001.

KYr[q¶l;Nas;fa TTwgERBkCIkenaHmanRbEvgdl;

eTA300Em:RtÉeNaH. etIeKeRbIedIm,IRKan;EtTajykTwk

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sarsMxan;GVImYy? ebIeTaHCay:agenHkþIehtuGVIk¾TTwgFMdl;

emøH? y:agNak¾edayERBkCIkenaHcuHmkBIPñMKUEln

fVIt,itEtsBV éf¶enH)at;dankalNaeyIgxiteTACitPñMenH.

ebIeyIgcuHmk eRkamvijeBalKWmkxagt,Úgdankan;Etc,as;

eTA²rhUtenA mYykMNat;xageRkam EdlmanTwkeRbIR)as;

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kMBg;XøaMgCab; nwgmat;bwgTenøsabEtmþg¬rUbelx2¦ .

\LÚvcUreyIgedj emIleTAxagelIeBalKWxageCIgvij.

rUbelx 3

rUbelx 2

45

fVIt,itEtdandac;eFVI[ EPñkTeTemIlBuMyl;kþI EtedayehtufaeLIgputBITenøsab)anbnþic

eTAsMNl;EdlenAemIleXIjmanragRtg;esÞIr dUcExSbnÞat;enaH ¬rUbelx3¦ eyIgGacsnñidæan

faedImTIenAxagelIKWmþúMehAfa fñl;eRmc sBVéf¶enH. etIenHKWCaGVI? eKeXIjfa fñl;eRmcEdl

sßitenAPUmiGnøg;FMmanLburaNrab;sib. LTaMgenaHelIkeLIgBIsm½yGgÁr ehIyedaysarcMnYn

eRcInbgðajfa minEmnCaTIplitEdlenAray):ayeTKWCatMbn;]sSahkmµkulal PaCn_d¾FMmYy.

mü:ageTotrhUtmkTl;sBVéf¶sßanIy_L buraNGnøg;FMenHFMeFgCageK ebIeFobeTAsßanIy_L

TaMgGs;enAtMbn;GgÁr¬CaGkuslLTaMgGs;enAGnøg;FMsuT§EtrgkarbMpøitbMpøajBImnusSkñúgb:unµan

stvtSr_knøgmkenH¦.

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ERBkCIkenHehIyEdldwkcank,anBIkEnøgplitcuHmkkEnøgTenøsab. rIÉTIEckcayCMnan;bura-

NenaHRbEhlCakMBg;XøaMgenHÉg.

cMeBaHsm½ykalEdlsagsg;enaHvij eyIgBuMGacdwgCMnan;NaR)akdeT Ety:agehac

Nas;k¾c,as;famunraCüRBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI7Edr ehIyRbEhlCamunenaHyUrpg. )anCaeBal

dUecñHmkBIeBlEdlpøÚvburaNRbkbedays<anburaNmYycMnYnEdlsBVéf¶enHkøaymkCa pøÚvCati

elx6 mkkat;ERBkCIk[dac;CaBIrenARtg;cMNucfñl;Eck RbmaN2Km xagekItpSardMEdk.

eyIgGacsµanfaebIeKelIkpøÚvmkkat;dac;TMnb;ERBkCIkd¾FMenaHehIymann½yfa enAeBlenaH

ERBkCIkenHk¾cab;epþImmandMeNIrkarrGak;rGYl b¤xUcxatedayGenøIeTAehIyEdr.

eRkABIenH mancMnucmYyeTotEdlbgðajkan;Etc,as;BItYnaTIKmnaKmn_pøÚvenH KWburaNviTU

TaMgGs;dwgfa GUrfµdab; enHCakEnøgEdlExµrburaNdab;ykfµeTAeRbIR)as;kñúgkarksagR)asaT

enAGgÁr. RbkarenHeFVI[eyIgyl;Pøamfa fµEdleKykBImþúMenHKWeKdwktamk,Ún b¤tamnava

RbePTGVIepSgeToteTATenøsabsintamERBkenHÉg eTIbbt;EbntamsÞwgeTAGgÁrvij. ebIBuM

dUecñaHk¾eKdwkfµeTAdl;cMnucNamYyeTIbepÞrmktamdIeKakedaymeFüa)aydwkCBa¢ÚnNamYy

eq<aHRtg;mkGgÁr¬bNÐit GaMg CUlan¦.

4>2>2 bwgTenøsab nigRckeTscrN_kMBg;XøaMg

bwgTenøsab KWCaGagmYyy:agFMEdlsßitenAEpñkBayBüénRbeTs. enArdUvR)aMgbwg

enHmanRbEvgbeNþay140Km nigTTwg42Km enArdUvvsSaépÞTwkGaceLIgdl;10/000Km2

EdlmansPaBdUcCakUnsmuRTtUcmYy bwgTenøsabKWTTYlrbbTwkBITenøsab sÞwg ERBk nigGUr

46

nana enArdUvvsSaEdlsuT§swgEtCaédrbs;va EdlbNþal[kMBs;TwkekInrhUtdl;14m kñúg

rdUvvsSacab;BIExFñÚdl;Ex]sPakMBs;TwkkñúgbwgmanCamFüm 0/8-1/2m.

bwgTenøsabCaGagFM EdlGacTajRsUbykTwkBITenøemKgÁtamry³dgTenøsabmYy

PaKFMCaehtueFVI[TMnabkNþalTTYlrgnUvGMeBIliclg;CaxøaMgkñúgrdUvTwktemøIg. BiessbwgenH

GacRsUbykRtIBIdgTenøsab TenøemKgÁ ¬tamry³Tenøsab¦ sÞwg ERBk GUrmYycMnYn[cUlmk

kñúgbwgTenøsab ehtuenHehIy)anCabwgTenøsabsMbUrRtI. tamsßitimunqñaM 1970 eKGac

cab;RtI)an10etan kñúgépÞ1Km@ enaHCaTidæPaBkñúgBiPBelak.

bwgTenøsab KWCatMbn;dIesImTwksabd¾sMxan;enAkñúgTVIbGasIuGeKñy_. kñúgExtula 1997

bwgTenøsabRtUv)anEtgtaMgCa zbnIyCIvmNÐl sßiteRkamkmµviFI MAB rbs;GgÁkar

UNESCO . zbnIyCIvmNÐlbwgTenøsab RtUv)anbegáIteLIgCapøÚvkaredayraCüRkwtcuHéf¶TI

10 emsa 2001. karTTYlsÁal;kñúglkçN³GnþrCati CazbnIyCIvmNÐl maneKalbMNg

sMruHsMrYlkargarGPirkSCIvcMruH RbkbedaykarGPivDÆ EdlmanlkçN³nirnþrPaB ¬PYg lINa

2009¦.

edayELk XMukMBg;XøaMgCaXMumYysßitCab;nigbwgTenøsab nigCaRckeTscrN_d¾sMxan;

mYy sMrab;Tak;TajePJovmkTsSna. tamkarsikSaRsavRCavknøgmk bgðaj[eXIjfa

enAeRtIybwgTenøsab EdlCab;nigkMBg;XøaMg KWmanlkçN³BiessTak;TajePJoveTscrya:g

eRcIn¬2008-2009¦ CaBiesssRms;FmµCatirbs;b wgTenøsabnigvb,Fm’rs;enArbs;RbCa-

CnEtmþg.

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rMlg nigtMbn;bwgTenøsab eyIgGacemIleXIjTidæPaBd¾Rss;s¥aténépÞTwkEdlrMelceTAeday

]bkrN_ensaTCaeRcInRbePT.

etIePJoveTAeFVIGVIxøHenAbwgTenøsab?

tamkarcuHsegátedaypÞal;rbs;RkumeyIg´ ePJoveTscr EdlCiHkaNUteTAdl;bwg

TenøsabenaH KWBYkKat;Qb;TUksMctbENþtelIépÞTwk ehIyKyKn;TidæPaBbwgTenøsab RbePT

]bkrN_ensaT rebobensaT éRBrnammat;bwg RkuméRBlicTwk nigbkSabkSI karlk;dUrRtI nig

PUmiGENþtTwk. tamsMdIrbs;GñkensaTmñak;eQµaH pat; dUg ¬rs;enAPUmirTaMg¦ )anbBa¢ak;

47

bEnßmfa knøgmkenH Kat;eXIjmanePJóveTscrmkTsSnaéf¶lic nigkarlk;dUrRtIrbs;Gñk

ensaTpgEdr.

ebIenArdUvR)aMgvij KWmanlkçN³xusEbøkBIrdUvvsSa KWePJóvGacTsSnabEnßmeTAGVIEdl

)anbriyayxagelI dUcCa shKmn_beNþaHGasnñelIépÞTwkrbs;GñkRsukXøaMg Edlsg;elIépÞ

énbwgTenøsabedIm,I sñak;GaRs½ykñúgkarRbkbrbrrksIu.

etIePJovGaceFVIGVIxøHenAmat;bwgTenøsab?

dUceyIgdwgRsab;ehIyfa enAmat;bwgTenøsab nardUvR)aMgKWsuT§EtvalcMkar EdlrMlic

enAkñúgéRBrnam. dUecñHePJóveTscreRkABITsSnabwgTenøsab BYkeKGacQb;sMctenAmat;bwg

edIm,ITsSnanUv ³

-valcMkar mandUcCa cMkarsENþk cMkarl¶ cMkarel<A cMkarRtsk;>>>>>

-kareFVIERsR)aMgrbs;RbCaCn

-rebobrbbrs;enArbs;GñkcMkar

-tMbn;éRBrlg

-rebobeFVIcMkar

-kEnøgedaHdUrRtI

-kEnøgeq¥IRtI

eRkABIenaHePJovGacQrenAmat;bwgTenøsab edIm,ITsSnaCIvitGñkensaTEdlvilRtLb;

BIbwgTenøsab nigQb;sMctpþúMKñaedIm,IeFVIkaredaHdURtI nigkMBwsEdleKRbmUl)an CamYyGñk

CMnYjEdlebIkkaNUtTijedaypÞal;enAtammat;bwg.

tamRbsasn_rbs;elak qum ¬GñkcMkar¦ )anbBa¢ak;fa ePJóvxøHQb;kaNUtehIyedIr

eLIgemIltamdgERBk ehIyePJóvxøHcUlmkGgÁúyBisarePsC¢³enAtametom ePJóvxøHeTotTij

sárRKab;[ekµg².

4>2>2>1 shKmn_GENþtTwk

enAXuMkMBg;XøaMgmanshKmn_GENþtTwkmYy EdlRtUv)aneKehAfa PUmiGENþtTwkEdl

manlkçN³Rbhak;RbEhlKñanigPUmiGENþtTwkPUmicugeXñósEdr.PUmienHTTYlkarcab;GarmµN_

nigeBjcitþBIsMNak;ePJoveTscr.

PUmiGENþtTwkenHBuMEmnCaeQµaHpøÚvkarEdl)ancuHbBa¢IenAkñúgXuMkMBg;XøaMgeT.

48

PUmienHKWRKan;EtehAeTAtamkarrs;enACak;Esþgrbs;RbCaCnEdlBYkKat;ykTUknigEpCalMenA-

dæanehIycl½teTAtamTwknardUvR)aMgnigrdUvvsSa.

enArdUvR)aMgPUmienH)anrMkilTItaMgeTAenAkñúgépÞTwkénbwgTenøsab cMENkrdUvvsSaPUmi

GENþtTwk)anbþÚmkekaHenACab;tMbn;ERBkRbLayénPUmitaRcenog.

RbCaBlrdæEdlrs;enAkñúgPUmiGENþtTwkenHmancMnYnRbmaNCa73RKYsar460nak;

EdlPaKeRcInKWsuT§EtCaCnCatiyYn. BYkeKrs;enACashKmn_edayRbkbrbrensaTlk;dUrelI

EpEdlCalMenAdæan nwgGMuTUklk; nigGñkxøHeTotKWCaGñkCMnYjEdlebIkkaNUtTijRtI.

4>2>2>2 lMenAdæanbeNþaHGasnñelIbwgTenøsab

tamkarcuHRsavRCavnigsegátCak;EsþgenAelIépÞbwgTenøsab KWmanshKmn_rs;enA

edayEjkdac;BIrBIKña KWGñkrs;enAelIEpTUkdUc)anbriyayxagedIm nigGñkPUmiEdlmke)aH

TItaMgpÞal;elIépÞbwgEtmþg. shKmn_enHkekIteLIenArdUvExR)aMg ¬kMLúgExemsadl;sIha¦

enArdUvTwksRmkRbCaBlrdæenAXuMkMBg;XøaMgmYycMnYn )aneTAtaMglMenAbeNþaHGasnñ

enAépÞbwgTenøsabedIm,IRkbrbrciBa©wmCIvit. PaKeRcInénRbCaBlrdæTaMgGs;enaHmkBIPUmi

taRcenog PUmiGUtaBut>>>>>. ktþapøas;bþÚrTIlMenAenHmkBI ³ karciBa©wmRtI nigkarensaT eRBaHfa

enArdUvTwksRmk tambeNþaydgERBkKWrIgs¶ÜtedayenATwktictUcNas; BuMGacnwgciBa©wmRtI)an

eLIy. mü:ageTot pøÚveTAkan;bwgTenøsabmancMgayq¶ay ebIeFobeTAnwgrdUvvsSaenaH KWkar

ebIkkaNUtxusKñarhUtdl;eTACit1em:ag. cMENkpøÚvERBkmansNæantUcceg¥ót Bi)akkñúgkar

bt; nigeKcKñaNas;.

ebIniyayBIPaBTak;TajeTscrN_enAkñúgshKmn_enHvij KWrebobrbbrs;enA lMenA-

dæan karRbkbmuxrbr nigkarciBa©wmRtI.

4>2>2>3 karTsSnastVsøab nigRtI

ebItamkarCYbsMPasCamYyRkumRbwkSaXuM nigGñkPUmi)an[dwgfa enAkñúgXuMkMBg;XøaMgenH

BuMsUvsm,ÚrstVsøabeT KWmancMnYntictUcNas; ehIystVsøabEdlenAsl;sBVéf¶EdlmancMnYn

eRcInenACab;mat;bwgTenøsabénXuMkMBg;XøaMgenaH KWmanEtRbePTstVrMeBb:ueNÑaH Edlsegát

eXIjfa enAeBlEdlGñkeTscrCiHkaNUt eTAemIléRBlicTwkxageRkAPUmi nigbwgTenøsab

KWBYkeKnwgRbTHeXIjRbePTénstVsøabenHEdlehaHehIrenAelIépÞénbwgTenøsab xøHTMelI]b-

krN_ensaT dUcCa r:avlb begÁalmgCaedIm b:uEnþstVsøabenAXuMkMBg;XøaMgKWmancMnYneRcIn ebI

49

eFobnigstVsøabenAtMbn;kMBg;Pøúkvij. eRkABIenaH GñkeTscrGacTsSnaRtI EdlGñkPUmiciBa©wm

enAtamEbr tambeNþayERBkCab;mat;bwg nigenAkñúgbwgTenøsab sYgciBa©wmRtICaedIm .

4>2>2>4 eTsPaBéf¶lic nigrH

bnÞab;BIGñkeTscrCati nigGnþrCati)aneFVVIkarTsSnaéf¶eroblic nigrHenAtMbn;GgÁrman

PaBRss;s¥atRtCak;EPñk nigCk;citþditGarmµN_k¾BitEmn k¾b:uEnþenAXuMkMBg;XøaMgvijk¾man

kEnøgsMrab;ePJóvCati nigGnþrCatieFVIkarTsSnaenAéf¶lic nigrHpgEdr KWfaePJóvGeBa¢IjeTA

TsSnaenAtMbn;Cab;mat;bwgTenøsab b:uEnþebIenArdUvR)aMg KWePJóvGacTsSnaTidæPaBéf¶lic nigrH

enAkñúgshKmn_RbCaCnkñúgbwgTenøsab CaBiessBYkKat;GacemIleXIj nUveTsPaBEbb

FmµCati èRBlicTwk èpÛènbwgTenøsabEdlmanBN’dUcCaBN’ènmas.

bBa¢ak;³ TidæPaBéf¶lic nigrHenAXuMkMBg;XøaMgKWmanePJóveTscrmkTsSnatictUcNas;

eRBaHfatMbn;enH BuMTan;manesvakmµbMerI[vis½yeTscrN_eBjeljenAeLIy CaBiessKWesva

kmµsñak;enAEdlCaktþabgá[manPaBBi)akdl;ePJóvkñúgkarsMercmkTsSnaéf¶licnigéf¶rHeday

eFobnigkEnøgsñak;rbs;ePJóv eTAnigkEnøgTsSna. ePJóvEdlmkTsSna PaKeRcInKWePJóveFVIkar

enAkñúgRsuk ePJóvs<aysak;kadU ebIcMeBaHePJòvtamRkumh‘unKWmþgmÝal.

4>2>3 rebobrbbrs;enA

tamsßanPaBCak;EsþgénktþaPUmisa®sþ GñkRsukXøaMgRtUv)anrs;enAkñúgTidæPaBBIrxusKña

KWenArdUvR)aMg nigrdUvvsSa. dUceyIgdwgRsab;ehIy enArdUvvsSakMBg;XøaMgCatMbn;licTwk dUecñH

RbCaBlrdæTaMgGs;RtUveFVIdMeNIredaykaNUt nigTUk. CaBiesskñúgkarRbkbmuxrbr dUcCakar

ensaT nigkarlk;dUrKWmanPaBmmajwkNas;. enAtambeNþaydgPUmiKWeBareBjeTAedayTUk

kaNUtcgBImuxpÞHy:ageRtobRta ehIyenArdUvenHGñkRsukXøaMgBuMsUveTANaeT KWsñak;enAEt

kñúgpÞH bnÞab;BIBYkeKRtLb;BIensaTvij. ebIeyIgsegátemIlTMnak;TMngkñúgPUmivijKWmanPaB

l¥RbesIr bgðajBIPaBsñitsñal karRsLaj;rab;GanKña CaBiessKWGñkPUmipgrbrCamYyKña enaH

KwsMNg;pÞH. edIm,IgayRsYlkñúgkarTak;TgKñaenArdUvvsSaPaKeRcInénpÞHGñkRsukXøaMg KW)aneFVI

Cas<ansMrab;edIrqøgeTAvijeTAmk edaymincaM)ac;eRbITUkeLIy. cMENkenArdUvR)aMgvij Gñk

RsukXøaMgBuMsUvsñak;enAelIpÞHeT KWBYkeKsñak;enAEteRkampÞH dUceyIgRsab;ehIyfa pÞHrbs;BYk

eKKWx<s;putBIdIRbmaNCa4-6Em:RtCamFüm. enAtampÞHnImYy²KWdaMbEnøbgáarepSg² CaBiess

pÞHxøHdaMbEnøedayykranetOnmuxpÞHeFVICaeRTIgbEnø. cMNucEdlKYr[cab;GarmµN_enaHKWkar

50

Rbbkrbreq¥IrRtI EdleyIgsegáteXIjfaenAtamPUmimYy²PaKeRcInKWmanerageq¥IrRtI. kareq¥Ir

RtIKWCaskmµPaBTak;TajePJóveTscrN_mYyy:agsMxan; dUcCa karkat;k,alRtI karedatRtI kar

dak;RtIhalmuneBlerobeq¥Ir karcgekobRtI nigkardak;eq¥IrRtI.

etIePJóveTscredIremIlGVIenAkñúgPUmi?

ebItamkarcuHGegátemIl nigkarsaksYrePJóveTscrrbs;RkumeyIg´fa PaBTak;TajnUv

GarmµN_rbs;ePJòvKW vb,Fm’ènkarrs;enArbs;RbCaBlrdæ sMNg;pÛH muxrbr ]bkrN_ensaT

CaedIm.

4>2>4 sMNg;pÞHGñkRsuk

XuMkMBg;XøaMg manpÞHsrubcMnYn1/596xñg EdlkñúgenaHPUmiERBkRsem:ac246xñg PUmi

s<anEvg163xñg PUmit¥Ürs107xñg PUmipSarXøaMg233xñg PUmicMkaryYn144xñg PUmitaRcenog

161xñg PUmiGUrtaBuF172xñg PUmiC½yeCt90xñg PUmimuxvtþ130xñg nigPUmirTaMg150xñg.

sMNg;pÞHenAXuMkMBg;XøaMgkMBugEtTTYlkareBjcitþBIsMNak;ePJóveTscry:ageRcInsBVéf¶

enH. cab;BIqñaM2006mk eKsegáteXIjfa manePJóveTscrCaeRcInmanTsSnaenAXuMkMBg;XøaMg

edayBYkeK edIremIlnUvsMNg;pÞHeQIrbs;GñkPUmi EdlmankMBs;x<s;putBIdIy:agsnøwm nigman

rcnabfxusEbøkBItMbn;epSg². pÞHGñkkMBg;XøaMg manRbePTxus²Kña edaysg;eLIgBIssr FñIm

bg)aj; rnYt édrEngEdlsuT§EtCaeRKOgeQI cak;RTExVgxVat;Kñay:ages¥ksáH nigmankMBs;BIdI

RbmaNBI4Em:Rt 5Em:Rt 6Em:Rt 7Em:Rt nig8Em:Rt ¬pÞHEdlmankMBs;8Em:RtenH mantictUc

eT PaKeRcInKWenAeKokeTAnwgbwgTenøsab¦edayRbk;s,Úv s½gásI nigek,Óg. cMENkxagCBa¢aMg

vij KW)aMgbiTedaysøwketñat nigkáarbnÞH. karsg;pÞHRbePTenHKWeFVIeLIgkñúgeKalbMNg edIm,I

karBarenArdUvTwktemøIg nigkMlaMgxül;.

lkçN³Biessrbs;pÞHGñkRsukXøaMg KWenArdUvvsSa ¬krNITwkFM¦ KWGacelIkmYyknøak;

bnþeTot edaydMrnYtkMBs;BImYyEm:Rt eTAmYyEm:RtknøHBIrnYtcas; ehIyerIkþarmkRkalBIelI

CakareRsc.

pÞHGñkRsukXøaMgmanlkçN³Rbhak;RbEhlKña nigGñkPUmiEdlenACuMvijtMbn;bwgTenøsab

pgEdr. ebIeyageTAtamÅksarrbs; elak lwm Rs‘U nig kBaØa Ehm knidæa )anerobrab;bBa¢ak;

fa pÞHEdlsg;enAmat; bwgTenøsab mat;bwg mat;Tenø mat;ERBk PaKeRcIneKeFVIenAelICnÞl;bg;

)aj;Edlcak;RTBIeRkam nigExVgKñaes¥ksáH ehIypÞHTaMgenaHeRcInx<s;BIdIRbmaN 3>50Em:Rt

51

eTA 4 Em:Rt. TegVIrenH karBarenArdUvTwktemøIg ehIyTMhMpÞHminsUvFMeT KW 3m x 4m b¤ 6m x

6m b:ueNÑaH. eKer:g rnamb¤sSIy:agjwkeFVICakRmaleRKOgdMbUl nigCBa¢aMg suT§swgEteFVIBIsøwk

etñat kNþÚbs,Úv nigEfmedImbe)asRbk;RtYtBIelIKñaeLIgeTAelI. enHsrbBa¢ak;[eXIjfa

PaBxus EbøkKñarbs;pÞHGñkRsukXøaMg nigtMbn;epSg²KWedaysarEtPaBsm,ÚrEbb nigkarrIk

cMerInrbs;RbeTskm<úCanasm½ybc©úb,nñenH.

4>2>5 vtþTaMgbYnénXuMkMBg;XøaMg

enAXuMkMBg;XøaMgmanvtþbYnsMrab;RbCaBlrdæ eKarBbUCa nigeFVIBiFIbuNüTantamEbbRBH

BuT§sasna. vtþnImYy²sg;enAelIdITYl EdlminbNþa[TwklicenArdUvvsSaeLIy. ebIeyIg

eFVIeTATsSnakMBg;XøaMgenArdUvvsSaenaH eyIgnwgeXIjTidæPaBd¾Rss;s¥atrbs;vtþnImYy² Edl

h‘MuB½T§CuMvijedayTwk nigvarICati ehIyebIeyIgemIlBIcMgay vtþTaMgGs;hak;dUcCaGENþtelIèpÛ

Twk. vtþTaMgbYnenaHman vtþXøaMg vtþlVa vtþcnÞnaram ehAvtþsþI nigvtþBuT§ÉkraCü ehAvtþTYlta

bøúg. bNþavtþTaMgbYnenHvtþXøaMgKWCavtþEdlmanGayukalcas;CageK ehIybc©úb,nñenHkMBug

TTYlkarcab;GarmµN_BIsMNak;ePJóveTscrEdlTsSnatMbn;kMBg;XøaMg. etIePJóveTAemIlGVIenA

vtþ? tamkarsaksYrmKÁúeTsk_eTscrN_ ePJóveTscr RBHsgÇ nigGacarüvtþ )an[dwgfa

ePJóvEdlcUlmkTsSnavtþ KWmkGegátemIlrebobrbbrs;enArbs;RBHsgÇ RBHvihar TUk

RbNaMg kudi sisSanusisSEdlmksikSaenAnigvtþ ehIyePJòvxøHeTotKWcg;EsVgyl;BIvb,Fm’

RbéBNIkñúgtMbn;enaH[kan;Etc,as;. edIm,IEsVgyl;BIvtþenAtMbn;kMBg;XøaMg[kan;Etc,as;enaH

RkumeyIg´sUmelIkyknUvRbvtþisegçbxøH² EdlRbmUlcg;Rkg)anBIkarsmÖascas;RBWT§acarü

mYycMnYnEdlmanRsukkMeNItenAkñúgXuMkMBg;XøaMgenHedaypÞal;.

4>2>5>1 vtþXøaMg

vtþXøaMgmanTItaMgsßitenAelITYlpSarXøaMg kñúgPUmipSarXøaMg manRBHsgÇKg;enAcMnYn

24GgÁ PikçúcMnYn7GgÁ eRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;RBHRKUecAGFikarRBHnam esk vNÑDI. vtþXøaMg

KWmanTItaMgsßitenAcMcMNuceKaledArbs;ePJóveTscrCagvtþdéTeTot eRBaHvtþenHenAsßitenACit

nigEprbs;shKmn_eTscrN_FmµCatikMBg;XøaMg. ebItamkarbBa¢ak;rbs;RBHRKUecAGFikarfa

cab;BIcugqñaM2008mk KWmanePJóveTscrqøgkat; nigcUlmkTsSnaesÞIrEterogral;éf¶.

vtþXøaMgKWCavtþmYyEdlmanGayukalcas;CageK kñúgcMeNamvtþTaMgbYn RbmaNCaCag

100qñaMmkehIy. vtþenHBuMmanRbvtþic,as;las;enaHeT edaytamkarcuHsaksYrcas;²enAtMbn;

52

enaH. b:uEnþebItamRbsasn_rbs;RBWT§acarü hu‘n Din )anelIkeLIgfa vtþkMBg;XøaMg edImeLIy KW

RtUv)aneKehAfa vtþkMBg;camdIduH edaysMGagfa kalBIsm½ymuntMbn;CuMvijvtþkMBg;XøaMgenH

RbCaCnPaKeRcInEdlrs;enA KWmkBItMbn;mYyxagelIEdlmaneQµaHfa kMBg;camdIduH ¬sBVéf¶KW

CaTYlmYyEdlsßitenAPaKxagekIténs<antamuM PUmiERBkRsem:ac¦ elakta)anbEnßmeTotfa

karERbRbYleQµaHvtþkMBg;camdIduHmkvtþkMBg;XøaMgenHBuMmannrNamñak;dwgc,as;enaHeT b:uEnþebI

eyagtamkarsaksYrelakta bUr PUmitaRcenog )anelIkeLIgmkfa vtþXøaMgenH KwehAeday

eyageTAelITYlenaHmanXøaMgsMrab;sþúkTMnijenAsm½yGaNaniKmniym)araMg EdlTITYlenaHKW

CakMBg;edaHbUrTMnijrvagExµr nigyYnsm½yenaH .

4>2>5>2 vtþlVa

vtþlVamanTItaMgsßitenAPUmimuxvtþ Cab;pøÚvcUleTAERBklVa manRBHsgÇKg;enAcMnYn7GgÁ

PikçúcMnYn3GgÁ eRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;RbFansgÇRBHnam vNÑ r½tñ. ebItamRbsasn_rbs;

elakG‘M esog Cunél Gayu75qñaM EdlFøab;bYseronsURtenAvtþlVaenH )anerobrab;bBa¢ak;fa

vtþlVaenH dMbUgeLIyCadITYldaMés<rbs;CnCaticinmñak; ¬BuMmannrNacaMeQµaHrbs;Kat;eTrhUt

mkTl;sBVéf¶enH¦. CnCaticinmñak;enH)anykdITYlenHmkRbkbmuxrbrksikmµpÞal;xøÜn eBal

KWdaMés<enHÉg. dMNaMés<TaMgGs;Kat;KWRtUv)anykeTAlk;enATIpSarxagelI manpSardMEdk

fñl;Eck nigpSarsalabwgxügCaedIm mYycMnYneTotKWlk;enAtMbn;kMBg;XøaMgEtmþg. enAsm½y

kalenaHRbCaCnxagelIecHEtcuHmkrksIuenACitTYlkan;EteRcIneTA² EdlkñúgenaHmanRBHsgÇ

mYyGgÁRBHnam RBHetCKuN man; mkBIvtþkMBg;camxagelI )anbiNÐ)atdITYlenaHsMrab;ksag

vtþRKan;)anCaTIeKarBskáar³ niggayRsYldl;RbCaBlrdæ kñúgkareFVIbuNütamEbbRBHBuT§

sasna. edayxøÜnÉgCaBuT§sasnikCn nwgmanRBHsgÇRBHBuT§sasnamksuMbiNÐ)ateday

pÞal;y:agdUecñH CnCaticinrUbenaHk¾sMerccitþRbeKndITYlenaHdl;RBHsgÇGgÁenaH Rbkbeday

sT§acitþRCHføa mingaker edIm,ICaRbeyaCn_dl;karksagvtþsMrab;RbCaCneKarBRbtibtþiTaMg

Gs;Kña.

eRkayBITTYl)andImk RBHsgÇGgÁenaHk¾)anruHerIkvtþkMcamxagelI mkksagenAelITYl

enH rhUtdl;sMercCasßaBr. vtþfµIenH RtUv)anRBHetCKuNGgÁenaHdak;eQµaHfa vtþlVa eday

eyageTAelIvtþenH manedImlVad¾FMmYyEdlduHP¢ab;taMgBIsm½ymunmk. cab;taMgBIeBlenaH

rhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶enHeKehAvtþenHfa vtþlVa.

53

4>2>5>3 vtþBuT§ÉkraCü

vtþRBHBuT§ÉkraCümanTItaMgsßitenAPUmirTaMg manRBHsgÇKg;enAcMnYn9GgÁ PikçúcMnYn 5GgÁ

eRkamkar RKb;RKgrbs;RBHRKUecAGFikarRBHnam Nat; PUn . tamRbsasn_rbs;elakta h‘uy

Din Gayu85qñaM EdlmanedImkMeNItenAnwgkMBg;XøaMg )anerobrab;bBa¢ak;fa TIkEnøgksagvtþ

enH dMbUgeLIyKWCaTYlmYyEdlGñkRsuknaMKñaehATYlenaHfa TYltapøúg edayTYlenHKWCadIkmµ

siT§rbs;tapøúg sßitenAPUmiTYltapøúg¬bc©úb,nñPUmirTaMg¦. CaxageRkaymk tapøúgk¾)aRbeKn

dIenaHRBHetCKuN Pt; EdlnimnþmkBIvtþ éRBRbs; ¬sßitenAPUmiéRBRbs; XuMsegVIy RsukCIERkg

extþesomrab¦ edIm,ICaRbeyaCn_dl;ksagvtþsMrab;CaTIeKarBRbtibtþirbs;BuT§sasnikCn.

luHeRkaymk edaymankarCYy]btßmÖKaMRTBIsMNak;BuT§sasnikCnCuMvijtMbn;enaH k¾naM

KñaksagTIenaHCavtþedIm,Ibgá[manPaBgayRsYldl;BuT§bris½TCuMvijtMbn;enaHkñúgkareFVIbuNü

Tan. eRkayBIksagrYcmk vtþenHBuMmaneQµaHehACak;lak;eT GñkxøHehA vtþTYltapøúg GñkxøH

ehAvtþxagekIt eTAtamkarniymrbs;GñkPUmi. b:uEnþkñúgkMLúgqñaM1953 RBHsgÇ Gacarü

KN³kmµkar nigBuT§bris½T sMercdak;BaküesñIeTARBHmhakSRt KW RBH)aT neratþm edIm,I

sUm[RBHGgÁRBHraCTaneQµaHdl;vtþenH [maneQµaHCak;lak;RsbtampøÚvc,ab;rbs;rdæ. kñúg

kMLúgeBlrt;karesñIsuMenaH KWman])askmñak;EdlCaGñkeFVIkargarkñúgRBHbrmraCvaMg nigCaGñk

epþImKMnitkñúgkarksagvtþRBHBuT§manbuNüenAraCFanIPñMeBj )anTUlfVaynUveQµaHmYycMeBaH

RBHraCaKW vtþRBHBuT§ÉkraCü edaybBa¢ak;BIlkçN³RTg;RTayrbs;vtþfµI CamYynigvtþRBHBuT§man

buNü EdlmanlkçN³Rbhak;RbEhlKña CaBiessKWRBHvihar. kñúgxN³RBHmhakSRtrIkray

eBjhb¤T½ycMeBaHeQµaHenHNas; k¾sMercRBHT½yRbTaneQµaHvtþfµIenHfa vtþRBHBuT§ÉkraCü

rhUtmkdl;stVéf¶enH.

4>2>5>4 vtþcnÞnaram ehAvtþsþI

vtþsþImanTItaMgsßitenAPUmiERBkRsem:ac manRBHsgÇKg;enAcMnYn16GgÁ PikçúcMnYn4GgÁ

eRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;RBHRKUecAGFikarRBHnam pU pa . tamRbsasn_rbs;])ask h‘uy Din

Gayu85qñaM ])ask Lac cn Gayu56qñaM nig])ask esog Cunél Gayu75qñaM )anerob

rab;BIdMeNIredImTgrbs;vtþsþIfa vtþsþI kalBIdMbUgKWCaTITYlsMrab;kb;exµacrbs;RbCaCnenAtMbn;

kMBg;XøaMg CaBiessRbCaCnEdlrs;enACuMvijtMbn;enaH. kñúgsm½yenaH TITYlvtþsþIenHKWeBar

eBjeTAedaypñÚrexµacEdlesssl;rhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶enH ehIyBuMmanRbCaBlrdæNamñak;eRbI

R)as;TYlenaHsMrab;eFVIksikmµeLIy. enAcMkNþalTYlkb;exµacenaH KWmanedImsþImYyedImd¾FM.

54

luHeRkaymanRBHsgÇmYyGgÁ RBHnam man; év nimnþmkBIvtþrlYs RsuksURTniKm

¬bc©úb,nñ RsukR)asaT)aKg¦ mkksags<antamuM nigsalafµenAtMbn;kMBg;XøaMg. edaycMNay

eBlsñak;enA edIm,Iksags<an nigsalafµyUr RBetCKuN man; év k¾manKMnitcg;begáItvtþ

enARtg;mþúMhñwg edIm,IgayRsYldl;RbCaCn bMeBjkuslplbuNü nigsMrab;RBHGgÁeKarBbUCa

kñúgkMLúgeBlenaHpg. RsbeBlenaHRBHGgÁenaHyl;eXIjfa TITYlEdlmanedImlVaenaH

KWlµmsmKYrnwgbegáItvtþmYy edayminmanplb:HBal;dl;RbeyaCn_rbs;RbCaBlrdæ ehIy

RBHGgÁk¾sMercRBHT½yykTITYl enaHbegáItCavtþ ehIydak;eQµaHfavtþsþI edayeyagelITITYl

enaHmanedImsþImYyedImd¾FMenHÉg. ebItamkarbBa¢ak;rbs;RBHetCKuN pU pa RBHRKUecAGFikar

fa enAqñaM1945 RBHetCKuN man; év Gacarü bU‘ emOn nigta ENm )andak;BaküesIñ suMksag

vtþfµIenH[Rsbtamc,ab;rb0s;rdæeTARksYgRBHbrmraCvaMg. vtþsþIRtUvGnuBaØatic,ab;CavtþRsb

c,ab; enAkñúgqñaM1945CapøÚvkar edaymaneQµaHfa vtþcnÞnaram EdleQµaHenHKWRtUv)anfVay

edaym©as;kSRtI kusmnarIrtþn_esrIvDÆna .

4>2>6 karensaTRtI nigkareRtomlkçN³

dUceyIgdwgRsab;ehIyfa RbeTskm<úCasm,ÚrRbB½n§pøÚvTwkNas; ehIyEfmTaMgmanrdUv

BIrKW rdUvR)aMg nigrdUvvsSa. karensaTRtIenARbeTskm<úCaGacRbRBwtþieTAenARKb;TIkEnøgdUcCa

enAtambwg Tenø sÞwg ERBk GUr RtBaMg nigtamvalERslicTwk b:uEnþebIniyayBIkarensaTEdl

lkçN³RTg;RTayFMKWenAtMbn;bwgTenøsab. karensaTKWCamuxrbrmYyEdlsMxan;Nas;sMrab;

mnusSenAkñúgBiPBelakBIeRBaHmnusSmñak;²suT§EtRtUvkarcMNIGahar.

karensaTmaneRcInRbePTdUcCa karensaTEdllkçN³Ca]sSahkmµ ensaTEdlman

lkçN³CaEbbsib,kmµ nigensaTEdlmanlkçN³CaRKYsar EdlRbePTénkarensaTnImYy²

KWeRbIR)as;nUvRbePT]bkrN_ nigbec©keTsxusKña tamlkçN³nigkarkMNt;rbs;Clpl.

bwgTenøsabKWCaRbPBensaTRtIrbs;RbCaCnkm<úCa Edlrs;enACab;nigbwgTenøsabTaMg

5extþ KWextþesomrab extþ)at;dMbg extþeBaF×sat; extþkMBg;qñaMg nigextþkMBg;FM. bNþaextþ

TaMgR)aMenH RbCaCnEdlmanTItaMgCab;nigtMbn;bwgTenøsab BYkeKykrbrensaTCamuxrbr

sMxan;sMrab;TMnukbMrugCIvPaBRKYsar.

edayELkenAkñúgextþesomrabmantMbn;ensaTbIkEnøgsMxan;² KWenAtMbn;kMBg;XøaMg tM-

bn;kMBg;Pøúk; nigtMbn;cugeXñós. fVIt,itfakarensaTCavis½yBaNiC¢kmµk¾BitEmn k¾b:uEnþenAeBl

55

bc©úb,nñ karensaTKWkøayCaplitplsMrab;Tak;TajePJóveTscry:agsMxan; CaBiessKWkar

ensaTenAelIbwgTenøsabenHEtmþg. edIm,ITajCa]TahrN_[kan;Etc,as; cUrRkeLkemIl

karensaTrbs;GñkRsukkMBg;XøaMgEdlkMBugEtTak;TajGarmµN_rbs;GñkvinieyaKEpñkeTscrN_

nigePJóveTscry:agxøaMgkøa.

4>2>6>1 karensaTRtIenAXuMkMBg;XøaMg

rebobrbbénkarensaTRtIenAXuMkMBg;XøaMgkMBugEtTTYlkareBjcitþ nigcab;GarmµN_y:ag

xøaMg BIGaCIvkmµeTscrN_ nigePJóveTscr. GaCIvkmµeTscrN_mYycMnYn )anykrebobrbbén

karensaTRtIrbs;GñkXuMkMBg;XøaMg CaplitpleTscrN_ erobcMeFVIkarpSaBVpSaylk;CakBa©b;

TsSnkic©rbs;xøÜndl;ePJóveTscr. karensaTRtIenAtMbn;enHEbgEckCabIRbePTKW ³

-karensaTRTg;RTayFM

kaensaTenH CaTUeTAcab;epþImBIExFñÚ b¤Exmkra dl;Ex]sPa rIÉExmfuna dl;ExkBaØa Ca

rdUvRtIBg ehIyCardUvEdleKhamensaT. cMENkÉExvicäika nigExFñÚ CaExEdlTwkTenøsab

eLIgxøaMg eRbobdUcCakUnsmuRTmYy. dUecñaHBYkeKminsUvha‘nRbfuyRbfannigkarensaTeT.

karensaTRTg;RTayFM eFVIeLIgedayBYkCMnYjFM nigGñkman CaBiessBYkdegçALÚt_ eRkayBI)an

edjéføBIClplextþehIyBYkeKTTYlsiT§ipþac;muxedIm,IeFVIkarensaTkñúgEdnEdl)ankMNt;.

LÚt_nImYy²KWRtUvkarCYlkmµkrCaeRcInnak;edIm,IbMerIkar b:uEnþPaKeRcInsuT§EtCamnusSRbus Edl

mkBItMbn;q¶ay² mkBIextþepSg² RBmTaMgRbCaCnRkIRkEdlrs;enAkñúgRsukPUmiedaypÞal;Et

mþg.

-karensaTRTg;RTaykNþal

karensaTRbePTenH eFVIeLIgedayRKYsarmFüm nigGñkmanmYycMnYnenAelItMbn;ensaT

saFarN³kñúgbwgTenøsab GñkensaTfñak;mFümenHeKeRbI]bkrN_éfø nigTMenIbdUcCa lbr:av

¬sMrab;dak;ykRtIFM¦ lbjwk ¬dak;ykRtItUc¦ lbkBa©úH lbqøaMg ¬dak;ykRbePTRtITwk

eRCA¦ qñúk mgRByug ¬GUsykRtIFM enArdUvR)aMg¦ mgcUk ¬sMrab;h‘uM b¤dUsRtIEdlpþúMKña¦ mgjwk

¬sMrab;h‘uMsMr:as;¦ ]bkrN_rujsib GYnh‘um GYnRsug GYgkBaúH mgRkluk knSúM èsyWun G‘uy br

m:aj; ]bkrN_GUselosex©A fñg; ce®gáógkBa©aj;Rcas nigsac;éd.

-karensaTlkçN³RKYsar

karensaTEbbenH KWeFVIeLIgedayRbCaCnRkIRk enAelItMbn;ensaTsaFarN³ eRkABI

tMbn;edjéførbs;LÚt_ BYkKat;eRbIR)as;]bkrN_samBaØFmµta Edlmantémøefak b¤]bkrN_

56

GacplitxøÜnGac)an dUcCa mg sMNaj; bégá snÞÚc sag c,Úk sñr RTU lbkMBik lYg knSúM

sMra:s; eLI Gnøúg lan;GgÁúy lan;edk nigfñs;. karensaTRbePTenH GaceFVIedayGñkcMkarpg

Edr eRBaHenArdUvvsSa GñkcMkarmanTMenreRcIndUecñaHBYkKat;GacrksIuensaTedIm,IpÁt;pÁg;CIvPaB

RKYsarenArdUvvsSa. karensaTRbePTenH BuM)ansMedAdl;karCYjdUrykR)ak;cMeNjFMduMenaH

eT.

4>2>7 ]bkrN_ensaT

]bkrN_ensaTkñúgEdnTwksabeyageTAtamÉksarrbs;elak esok KwmQun sþIGMBI

]bkrN_ensaTRKYsarExµrkñúgEdnTwksab )aneGaydwgfa cMNat;fñak;RbePT]bkrN_ensaT

EdlkMBugeRbIR)as;enAtamtMbn;ensaTsBVéf¶enHmaneRcInRbePTxus²BIKña EdlRbePT]bkr-

N_ensaTenaHmanEcgkñúgesovePAkMrgc,ab;ClplqñaM1990 b:uEnþTMhM RTgRTay nigRbEvgén

]bkrN_minb:unKña nigmindUcKñaTaMgRsugenaHeTKWGaRs½yeTAtamtMbn;nImYy².eQµaHnwgRbePT

]bkrN_TaMgGs;enHrYmman³

- ]bkrN_sRtI mandUcCa sag cRgab; c,Úk sñr

- ]bkrN_eFVIGMBIb¤sSI b¤epþA mandUCa Qñgéd Qñgruj elos GRgut GpUg snÞúH

bMBg;RtI kRBÞgUk bMBwgRtI x¢wg puc lay lan; lkRTUg RTU ésyWn palkMBws

- ]bkrN_eFVIGMBIsac;Efb nignILúg mandUcCa sMnaj; mg fñg GB©ag

- snÞÚc mandUcCa snÞÚcrenag nwgsnÞÚcEpñmYy¬snÞÚcéd snÞÚcbégá snÞÚcbbk;

snÞÚce)aH snÞÚcRtvI snÞÚcpnø¦

b:uEnþ ]bkrN_ensaTEdleRbIR)as;Cak;EsþgenAkñúgXMukMBg;XøaMg tamkarGegátemIl

eTAelIskmµPaBEdlRbCaBlrdækMBugeRbIR)as;sBVéf¶enH KWmaneRcInRbePTxus dUcCa mg

sMnaj; bégá snÞÚc sag c,Úk sñr RTU lbkMBik lYg knSMú sMra:s; eLI Gnøúg lan;GgÁúy lan;edk

qñas; lbra:v lYbjwk lbkB©úaH lbqøaMg qñúk mgRByug mgcUk mgjwk fñg ]bkrN_rujsib

GYnh‘um GYnkB¨úaH GYbRsug mgRkluk èsyWun G‘uy br ma:j; cegÝògkBäj;Rcas sac;èd

CaedIm.

4>2>8 rebobciBa©wmRtI

enAXuMkMBg;XøaMg mankarciBa©wmRtIxus²Kña GñkxøHciBa©wmRtIenAkñúgEbr xøHciBa ¨wmkñúgs‘g xøH

ciBa©wmenAkñúgRsH nigxøHeTotciBa©wmenAsMNaj;. xageRkamenHCaRbePTén]bkrN_ciBa©wmRtI³

57

-Ebr ³ Ca]bkrN_ciBa©wmRtIEdlmanragCaRbeLlURkam ehIykMBs;RbmaNCa2Em:Rt

eTA3Em:Rt eFVIeLIyedayykcMrwgmkh‘umB;½T§ nigBaseTAedayRBYl. Ebr KWeKGacrMkil

TItaMg)antamcitþ nigtamkMBs;énTwk. ]bkrN_enH KWeBjniymeRbIR)as;enArdUvvsSa KWeKGac

rMkileTAtamkMBs;énTWk b¤rMkilbþÚrTItaMgBIkEnøgmYyeTAkEnøgmYyedaygayRsYl.

-s‘g ³ Ca]bkrN_ciBa©wmRtImYyRbePTEdleBjniymenArdUvR)aMg CaBiessenAtMbn;

mat;Tenøsab. s‘gRtUveFVIeLIgedaykare)aHcMrwgCab;nwgdI ¬ragerArbs;vaKWGaRs½yelIGñkeFVI¦

ehIyh‘umB½T§ edayRBYl b:uEnþvaBuMGacrMkilbþÙrTItaMg)andUcEbreLIy. cMENksMNaj; nigRsH

KWCa]bkrN_ciBa©wmRtIfµIEdleTIbEteRbIR)as;enAXuMkMBg;XøaMg.

RbePTénRtIEdlGñkRsukciBa©wmCak;EsþgsBVéf¶ mandUCa RtIR)a RtIeBar RtIGENþg RtIr:s

nigRtIeqñar.

sil,³énkarciBa©wmRtI CacMENkmYyénkarTak;TajePJóveTscrpgEdr EdlknøgmkeK

segþteXIjePJòveTscr edIrcUleTAemIlksidæanciBa¨wmRtIrbs;elak h‘Uv savI EdlsÜitenAPUmi

t¥Úrsr. ebIenArdUvvsSavij ePJóveTscrCiHkaNUtyWt² emIlEbrciBa©wmrbs;GñkRsukEdldak;

enAeRkaypÞHtambeNþaydgERBk.

4>2>9 TidæPaBénXuMkMBg;XøaMg

4>2>9>1 TidæPaBrdUvvsSa nigrdUvR)aMg

ebIeyIgniyayeTAenAXuMkMBg;XøaMgenHKWmanTidæPaBxusKñadac;edayELk KWenArdUvvsSa

nigrdUvR)aMg. TidæPaBenArdUvvsSa manPaBRss;s¥at nigTak;TajCagenArdUvR)aMg dUcCakarrs;

enAelIépÞrbs;RbCaCn lMenAdæanEdlrMlicenAkñúgTwk meFüa)aydwkCBa¢Ún éRBlicTwk karRbkb

rbr nigTidæPaBFmµCatiEdlpþitCab;nigépÞTwkTaMgmUl. cMENkenArdUvR)aMgeTsPaBCuMvijXuM

kMBg;XøaMg enAEtmansPaBRss;s¥atdEdl RKan;EtfaminsUvl¥dUcenArdUvvsSaeT CaBiess

enArdUvR)aMgePJóveTscrGaceFVIkarTsSnaedayefµIreCIg enAtambeNþayénpøÚvkñúgPUmiehIyePJóv

k¾GaceFVIdMeNIreTAdl;bwgTenøsabedaym:UtU b¤efµIrpgEdr EtcMeBaHLanKWmanlkçN³Bi)ak Ca

BiesspøÚvnigs<an. b:uEnþenHminEmnbBa¢ak;fa eyIgminGaceFVIdMeNIrtampøÚvTwkenaHeT KWeTscr

enAEtGacCiHkaNUtenAtamdgERBkEdlmanPUmisßitGmsgxagdEdl.

kñúgrdUvR)aMgKWeTscr GaceTATsSna vb,Fm’ karrs;enA karRbkbrbrrbs;RbCaBlrdæ

enAbwgTenøsab nigCab;mat;bwgTenøsab nigFmµCatiEdlhMuB½T§CuMvijXuMTaMgmUl.

58

4>2>9>2 TidæPaBvalcMkar

enArdUvR)aMg bnÞab;BITsSnaTidæPaBkñúgPUmi nigbwgTenøsabehIy ePJóveTscrGacedIr

TsSnanUvTidæPaBd¾Rss;Rtkal nigrebobeFVIcMkarrbs;GñkPUmi EdlsßitCab;nigmat;bwgTenø

sab tambeNþaysgxagéndgERBkeTAkan;bwgTenøsab. valcMkarenAXuMkMBg;XøaMgRKb

dNþb;edaydIRbmaNCa1/427hicta EdldaMduHnUvdMNaMdUcCa «Lwk Rtsk; eBat l¶ sENþk

RsUv nigbEnøbgáarepSg²eTot. eRkABIenaH ePJóvGacedIremIlrebobrbbrs;enArbs;GñkcMkar

Edle)aHTItaMgbeNþaHGasnñenAtambeNþayERBk edIm,IEfrkSanUvp;ldMNaMrbs;xøÜn.

sUmbBa¢ak;fa valcMkarenAXuMkMBg;XøaMg KwmanRbCaCncuHeTAtaMgTIlMenAbeNþaHGasnñ

EdlpþúMCashKmn_mYyy:agFM nigmanmnusSmñars;enAy:ageRcInkuHkr EdlmanlkçN³dUcCa

RsukPUmi. CaBiessenArdUvRbmUlpl valcMkarenHeBareBjeTAedaymnusSy:ageRcInkuHkr

eRBaHm©as;cMkarnImYy² )anCYlkmµkry:ageRcInmkebHdMNaM. enAtambeNþaypøÚvénvalcMkar

k¾manetomlk;dUrtUc²edIm,IcaMbMerIesvakmµePsC¢³dl;ePJóvpgEdr.

4>2>10 éRBlicTwk nigtMbn;Tak;TajepSg²

XuMenHsßitenAkñúgrdUvvsSaeyIgeXIjfa manéRBlicTwkEdllatsn§wgy:agFMehIy Gac

pþl;CaCMrksMrab;mcäCatiRKb;RbePTRCkekaN k¾dUcCaeFVIkarbnþBUC. ehIyéRBTaMgenH pþl;nUv

lT§PaBsMxan;Nas;kñúgkarTak;TajeTscr nigGPivDÆn_eTscrN_y:agxøaMgCaBiess edImraMg

nigedImeQIepSgeTotCaedIm CaBiessKWtMbn;éRBlic20>472hicta EdlsßiteRkamkarRKb;

RKgrbs;shKmn_ensaTkMBg;XøaMg edayminrab;bBa©ÚlTMhMdIrbs;LÚt_ensaTelx06eT.

eyagtamRbsasn_rbs;elak b:k; esog RbFanshKmn_ensaTXuMkMBg;XøaMg )anbBa¢ak;fa

tMbn;éRBlicTwkTaMgGs;enH rUmmandUcCa RbePTéRBeRsag éRBs,at valesµA.

-éRBeRsag CaRbePTEdlmanedImeQIFM² EdlmanépÞdIsrubcMnYn 8/982hicta Edl

kñúgenaHéRBeRsagCab;mat;bwgTenøsabmancMnYn296 hicta. éRBeRsagCab;mat;bwgTenøsab

enH CakEnøgEdlePJóveTscrQb;sMctedIm,IKyKn;emIlTidæPaBbwwgTenøsab.

-valesµA CatMbn;Tak;TajePJóveTscrmYypgEdr EdlmanépÞdIsrubcMnYn332hicta

-éRBs,at CaRbePTéRBtUc EdlCaCMrkd¾sMxan;sMrab;RtIeFVIkarbnþ.

-dIvalcMkar KWCatMbn;Tak;TajsMxan;enArdUvR)aMg KWenArdUveFVIcMkar EdlvalTaMgGs;én

tMbn;enH KWeBareBjeTAedaydMNaMrbs;RbCaCn. dIcMkarmanépÞdIsrubcMnYn 1/427hicta.

59

eRkABIenaH enAmanéRBEdlCaskáanuBleTscrN_mYycMnYneTot Ed;lXuMBuMTan;man

lT§PaBedIm,IerobcM[ePJóveTATsSna. ehIytMbn;éRBk¾CakarrMBwgTukkñúgKeRmag EdlnwgRtUv

sMrab;[ePJóvTsSna CaBiessKWenArdUvvsSaEtmþg. tMbn;éRBTaMgenaHrYmman éRBekaHRKb)ay

¬sßitenAtMbn;mat;RbLay¦ tMbn;Ecgesg ¬sßitenAxageCIgERBkRcLay¦ tMbn;Ecgsuk ¬sßit

enAxagt,ÚgERBRcLay¦.

4>2>11 BiFIbuNüepSg²

enAXMukMBg;XøaMgmanBiFIbuNüsMxan;²BIrEdlGacTajePJoveTscreTATsSna CaBiess

ePJóvCatiEtmþg. BiFIbuNüTaMgBIrenaHKW buNüGuMTUk GkGMbuk sMBHRBHEx bENþtRbTIb nig

BiFIbuNüP¢úMbiNÐ.

4>2>11>1 BiFIbuNüGMuTUk GkGMbuk sMBHRBHEx nigbENþtRbTIb

buNübENþtRbTIb GkGMbuk sMBHRBHEx KWCaBiFIbuNüRbéBNICati EdlGñkXMukMBg;XøaMg

EtgR)arB§eFVICaerogral;qñaM. BiFIbuNüenHmanry³eBlbIéf¶ KWenAéf¶ 14-15-1 ekItExkkþik

RtUvnwgéf¶ 11-12-13. karbENþtRbTIbenAXMukMBg;XøaMgKWmanlkçN³Gsa©rünigsb,ay

rIkrayKWmindUctMbn;epSg²eTotehIyvamanlkçN³Rbhak;RbEhlnigRbTIbenAPñMeBjEdrRKan;

EtkarerobcMKWminTMenIbdUcenAPñMeBjEdlCaRbTIbCatienaHeT. kalBIedImeLIy XMukMBg;XøaMg

manRbTIbEtbYnbueNÑaH edayRbTIbnImYYy²tMNag[vtþmYy² b:uEnþBIrqñaMknøgmkenHeKeXIj

manRbTIbeRcIny:agehacNas;8-9RbTIb EdlRbTIbnImYy² KWRtUv)anerobcMeLIgedaytMNag

tamPUmimYy². RbTIbTaMgGs;enaH RtUv)anerobcMrcnaeLIgnUvpÞaMgrUbPaBepSg²KñadUcCa

rUbR)asaTGgÁr vimanÉkraCü rUbRtI hnuman TnSaykñúgrgVg;RBHc½nÞ rUbRBHBuT§ RBHRt½ybidk

nigrUbRBHsgðarénRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa. karbENþtRbTIbenHeTotesat eKk¾eXIjmanRbTIb

mkBIXuMkMBg;PøúkcUlrYmpgEdr.

tamkarbBa¢ak;rbsRBHPikçú pat; dug RKUsURtsþaMvtþcnÞnaramfa³ karbENþtRbTIbenH

CYnkalbENþt)an1yb; CYnkalbENþt)an2yb; kRmdl;bIyb;Nas; KWvaGaRs½yeTAelI

GñkcUlrYmCYy]btßmÖ ebImanCMnYyeRcIneKbENþtGac2-3yb;. b:uEnþknøgmkPaKeRcInmanEt

1-2yb;b:ueNÑaH.

Cak;EsþgNas; skmµPaBénBiFIbENþtRbTIb KWmanPaB]LarikKRKwKeRKgenAtamdg

ERBkcab;BIedImPUmirhUtdl;mat;bwgTenøsab eBareBjeTAedaymnusSya:geRcInkuHkr EdlebIk

60

kaNUtnigbENþtTUktUc²GmtamRbTIbrYmpSMCamYysemøgeRcogeqøIyqøgKñanigkarniyaykMEbøg

dak;KñaeTAvijeTAmkrvagRbTIbmYyCamYyRbTIbmYyepSgeTotya:gkgrMBg . cMENkRbCaCn

Edlmin)aneFVIdMeNIrrYmtamRbTIb BYkeKRkalkenÞledkelgnUvran xageRkaypÞHedIm,IcaMemIl

RbTIbEdlbENþteTAvijeTAmk. tamCMenOrbs;XMukMBg;XøaMg karbENþtRbTIbKWeFVIeLIgedIm,I

rkSaRbéBNICati nigbgðajBIPaBrIkcMerInkñúgPUmi b:uEnþehtuplBiessmüa:geTot KWeFVIeLIg

edIm,IéføGMNrKuNdl;RBHKgÁa Edl)anpþl;nUvRbeyaCn_dl;bgb¥ÚnGñkensaT nigbYgsYgsUm[

RBHKgÁaCYy[qñaMeRkayTTYl)annUvplensaTd¾RbesIrdl;GñkensaTRKb;²Kañ. Ca]TahrN_

kñúgBiFIbENþtRbTIbenH enAeBlRbTIb)anbENþtdl;mat;bWgTenøsab eK)anerobcMBiFIGkGMbuk

sMBHRBHEx nigbYgsYgdl;RBHKgÁa tamGtßn½yEdl)anbkRsayxagelI.

4>2>11>3 BiFIbuNüP¢úMbiNÐ

P¢MúbiNÐKWCaBiFIbuNü RbéBNIRBHBuT§sasna EdlpSaP¢ab;nwgsgÁmCatiExµrtaMgBIyUryar

Nas;mkehIy

edayELkenAXuMkMBg;XøaMgvij skmµPaBénkarerobcMBiFIbuNüP¢MúbiNÐKWmanlkçN³

Rbhak;RbEhlKñaeTAnwgtMbn;déTeTotEdr. b:uEnþxusEbøkRtg;fa buNüP¢úMbiNÐenAkMBg;XøaMg KW

brimaNénGñkcUlrYmR)arB§mancMnYneRcIn CaBiessKWenAéf¶P¢úMbiNÐ GñkRsukCaeRcInEdlbþÚrTI

lMenAmkrs;enAtMbn;elI nigextþesomrab)anvilRtLb;eTAR)arB§BiFIbuNüenHenAÉRsukkMeNIt

vijedaynaMeTACamYysac;jati mitþPRky:agkuHkr. eRkABIenaHeKsegáteXIjfa enAeBlBYkeK

R)arB§nUvBiFIbuNümankarbMeBjkuslenAtamvtþrYc enARbEhlCaem:ag2-3resol bgb¥Ún

RbCaCnExµrCaBiessyuvv½yEdlrs;enAkñúgshKmn_edaypÞal; nigyuvv½yEdlrs;enAtMbn;

epSg² mandUcCa xagRsukCIERkg dMEdk TIrYmextþesomrab )annaMKñamkCiHkaNUtelgkMsanþ

enAtamdgERBkkMBg;XøaMgrhUtdl;mat;bwgTenøsab. b:uEnþcMNucmYyEdleyIgKYrkt;sMKal;

enaH KWskmµPaBebIkkaNUtecalTwk EdlRtUv)anGñkXuMkMBg;XøaMgsBVéf¶cat;TukfaCakarkMsanþ

enArdUvbuNüP¢úMbiNÐeTAvij ehIyskmµPaBenHÉgEdlTak;TajnUvyuvv½ytamPUmiXuMRsuknana

kñúgTIrYmextþelgy:ageRcInkuHkr KWesÞIrEtBaseBjtambeNþaydgERBk. pÞúkeTAvij eyIgk¾

segáteXIjfamanePJóveTscrCatimYycMnYncUlrYmTsSnapgEdr b:uEnþskmµPaBrbs;Kat;mindUc

Cayuvv½yTaMgGs;enaHeT KWBYkKat;ebIkkaNUtkMsanþtambeNþayERBk ehIyQb;sMctenAmat;

bwgTenøsabedIm,IgUtkMsanþEtb:ueNÑaH. eRkABIenaH ePJóvxøHebIkkaNUtTijRtI b¤kMBisrbs;Gñk

ensaTenAtammat;RbLay b¤tMbn;mat;rMlg. ebItamkarCYbsmÖasCamYyRBHetCKuN pat;

61

dug RKUsURtsþaMvtþcnÞnaram ehAvtþsþIfa GñkRsukXøaMgEdlbþÚrTItaMgBIkMBg;XøaMgenArs;enATIrYm

extþesomrab KWEtgEtRtLb;mkeFVIbuNübgSúkUl]TÞiskusl nigEsnbBa¢ÚndUntaenARsuk

kMeNItvij edayBYkKat;EtgnaMmkCamYynUvsac;jati mitþPRk GñkeFVIkarrYmKñay:ageRcInkuHkr

mkcUlrYmR)arB§BiFIbuNühñwg ehIybnÞab;mkGñkTaMgenaHRtUv)anKat;CUn[eTATsSnanUvbwgTenø

sab nigkarrs;enArbs;RbCaCnenAtMbn;kMBg;XøaMg.

eRkABIBiFIbuNüTaMgBIrxagelIenH k¾manBiFIbuNüepSgeTot dUcCa buNükzin buNücUl

RBHvsSa buNüecjRBHvsSa Edl)anRsUbykmnusSBImCÄdæanq¶ay²[mksÁal;tMbn;kMBg;

XøaMg CaBiessBYkeKTaMgGs;enaH nwg)anEsVgyl;BIkarrs;enArbs;GñkXuMkMBg;XøaMg nig)an

KyKn;nUvFnFanFmµCatid¾Rss;RtkaléntMbn;hñwg.

4>3 karGPivDÆvis½yeTscrN_enAXuMkMBg;XøaMg

4>3>1 RbvtþiénkarkekIteTscrN_

fVIt,itEt tMbn;kMBg;XøaMgmanTItaMgPUmisa®sþsßitenAq¶ayBITIRbCuMCnextþesomrabbnþick¾

eday k¾BuMEmnmann½yfatMbn;enHminmaneTscrenaHEdr eBalKWtMbn;enHFøab;manePJóveTscr

eFVIdMeNIrecjcUlCayUrmkehIy EtRKan;EtminmanlkçN³CaRTg;RTayFMduMdUctMbn;déTeTot

mantMbn;GgÁrCaedIm.

ebIeyagtamkarCYbsmÖasn_CamYyemXuM cas;RBwT§acarü Edlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;enHtaMgBI

kMeNItmkfa tMbn;kMBg;XøaMg KWmanGñkeTscrFøab;cUlmkTsSna nigqøgkat;CahUrEhminEdl

dac;eT RKan;EtfamancMnYntic b¤eRcInenaH KWGaRs½yelIsm½ykal b¤rdUvnImYy²Etb:ueNÑaH Et

faebI[Gt;manePJóvenaH KWBitCaminGt;eLIy. enHsrbBa¢ak;[eXIjfa tMbn;KWmanskþanuBl

sMrab;Tak;TajePJóveTscrcUlmkTsSnaR)akdEmn.

ePJóveTscrEdleFVIdMeNIrmkkan;tMbn;enH BIedImeLIyPaKeRcInCaRbePTePJóv Edls<ay

sak;kadU (Backpacker) .BYkeKcUlcitþeFVIdMeNIrpSgeRBgBItMbn;mYyeTAtMbn;mYy rhUteFVI

dMeNIrmkqøgkat;tMbn;kMBg;XøaMgenHEtmþg. CYnkalePJóvxøHeFVIdMeNIrBIPñMBjtamk)a:lTwkqøg

kat;tambwgTenøsab mkdl;kMBg;XøaMg rYceTIbbnþdMeNIreq<aHeTApøÚvCatielx06A bnÞab;mk

eTot eTIbsMedAmkkan;GgÁrvtþ. kareFVIdMeNIrkMsanþrbs;ePJóveTscrpSgeRBgenH KµanTUrelx

NamYyc,as;las;famancMnYnb:unñak; nigeFVIdMeNIrBINamkenaHeT.

62

eRkaymkkñúgTsSvtr_qñaM1993 bnÞab;BImankare)aHeqñatelIkTImYy GaNtþiTImYyrYcmk

eTIbmanePJóveTscrcUlmkTsSnaCabnþbnÞab; CahUrEhminEdldac;eLIy EtkñúgTsSvtrenH

ePJóveTscrEdlcUlmk PaKeRcInKWmktamry³GñkRsuk GñkPUmiEdlmanRsukkMeNItenAtMbn;

enHpÞal; EdlBYkeKmkrksIuenAextþesomrab. eBlBYkeKeTAelgenARsukkMeNIt BYkeKk¾naM

ePJóveTscrEdlxøÜnsÁal;eTATsSnaenAtMbn;kMBg;XøaMgenHEtmþg. ePJóveTscrEdlmkTsSna

kñúgsm½yenaH eKBuMeXIjmankaNUtdwkePJóvs¥atdUcsBVéf¶enHeT KWGñkPUmiykkaNUtrksuIrbs;

xøÜnebIkCUnePJóvTsSnaEtb:ueNÑaH. luHdl;qñaM2004-2005 eKsegáteXIjmanePJóveTscr

mkkan;EteRcIneLIg² TaMgrdUvrrR)aMg nigrdUvvsSa cUlmkTsSnaenAtMbn;kMBg;XøaMgenH.

ebItamRbsasn_rbs;elakemXuM )anbBa¢ak;fa enAqñaM2006 cab;epþImekIneLIgxus

RbRktIBIqñaMmun² ePJóvTaMgGs;enaH KWmktamry³GñkPUmi EdleFVIkarcrcarCamYyRkumh‘un

TIPñak;gareTscrN_ edIm,InaMePJóvmkTsSnanUvtMbn;skáanuBleTscrN_kñúgXuMkMBg;XøaMg.

4>3>2 karGPivDÆeTscrN_enAXuMkMBg;XøaMg

edayyl;eXIjfa vtþmanrbs;ePJóveTscrEdlcUlmkTsSnaXuMkMBg;XøaMg mankarekIn

eLIgkan;EteRcIneLIg² CaBiessKWcab;BIqñaM2006mk nigedaykaryl;eXIjrbs;KN³RKb;

RKgXuMkMBg;XøaMgeTAelIskáanuBleTscrN_kñúgtMbn;rbs;xøÜn EdlCaktþad¾sMxan;mYykñúgkar

TajykplRbeyaCn_BIePJóveTscrEdlmkTsSna nigCaktáad¾sMxan;kñúgkarCYyGPivDÆesdæ-

kic©shKmn_mUldæantamry³karGPivDÆvis½yeTscrN_enH.

tamkarCYbsMCamYyelakemXuM )anbBa¢ak;fa vis½yeTscrN_enAXuMkMBg;XøaMg RtUv)aneK

ykcitþTukdak; nwgerobcMGPivDÆn_KWenAkñúgqñaM2008 eRkamkarRbCuMrbs;RkumRbwkSaXuM shKmn_

ensaTkMBg;XøaMg nigxNÐrdæ)alClplesomrab edayeRbIR)as;fvikaKeRmagRKb;RKgbrisßan

bwgTenøsabEdl]btßmÖedayFnaKarGPivDÆGasIu¬ADB¦. kic©RbCuMenH)ansMerclT§plCaEpø

páa edaysMercbegáItnUvEpeTscrN_FmµCatikMBg;XøaMgmYyedIm,ICYysMrYldl;kardwkCBa¢ÜnePJóv

edayeCosvagPaBrej:réj: kardeNImePJóvKña karkk;sÞak; EdlCaktþaeFVI[b:HBal;dl;Gar-

mµN_ePJóv nigCakarCYysMrYldl;GaCIvkrEdlRbkbrbrdwkePJóv. kñúgqñaMdEdlenH XuM)anbegáIt

GnuKN³kmµkarRKb;RKgvis½yeTscrN_enAXuMkMBg;XøaMg eRkamkarCYyerobcMrbs;xNÐrdæ)al

Clplesomrab. GnuKN³kmµkarenH begáIteLIgKWedIm,IRKb;RKgnUvshKmn_eTscrN_Fmµ-

CatikMBg;XøaMg EdlmaneQµaHfa GnuKN³kmµkarRKb;RKgshKmn_eTscrN_FmµCatikMBg;XøaMg

63

rhUtmkdl;eBlenH KWBuMTan;eXIjesckþIsMercecjrUbragenAeLIy b:uEnþGVIEdlKYr[kt;sMKal;

enaH KWGnuKN³kmµkarRKb;RKgeTscrN_enAEtmandMeNIrkarRbtibtþikaredayshkarCamYy

KN³kmµkarkarBarsuvtßiPaBePJóvkMBg;XøaMg.

enAqñaM2009 kMeNInePJóveTscrN_)anekIneLIgKYr[kt;sMKal; EdlCaktþaeFVI[GaCIv-

krdwkePJóvenAtMbn;cugeXñós )annaMKñaeTAbMerIesvakmµdwkCBa¢ÚnePJóvenAtMbn;kMBg;XøaMg. b:uEnþ

ebItamkarbBa¢ak;rbs;elak TUc b‘uneFOn RbFanshKmn_eTscrN_FmµCatikMBg;XøaMgfa GaCI-

vkrdwkePJóvEdlmkBItMbn;cugeXñós )ancMNayfvikacMnYn1000duløa sMrab;CYyGPivDÆn_XuM

kMBg;XøaMg ehIyfvikaenHRtUv)anbgVileTAEpñkehdæarcnasm<½n§pøÚvfñl; ehIyGaCIvkrTaMgGs;

enaHGacbMerIesvakmµ)anEtmYyrdUvb:ueNÑaH KWrdUvvsSaqñaMmun bnÞab;mkk¾RtLb;eTAtMbn;cug

eXñósvij . mü:ageTotkarGnuBaØat[BYkGaCIvkrcugeXñósmkRbkbmuxrbrenH BIeRBaHfa kñúg

eBlenaH XuMkMBg;XøaMgBuMTan;mankaNUtsMrab;dwkePJóvTsSnaEdlmanlkçN³sm,tþiRtwmRtUv

tamsþg;darenAeLIy ehIyCagkaNUtenAkñúgXuM k¾BuMTan;manbTBiesaFn_enAeLIy. eTIbEt

enArdUvR)aMgqñaMmun EdleyIgeXIjfa CageFVIkaNUtenAXuMkMBg;XøaMg)anykKMrUkaNUtBItMbn;cug

eXñós ehIymkplitkaNUtdwkePJóv[GñkGaCIvkrXuMkMBg;XøaMg.

enAkñúgqñaMdEdlenHpgEdr edayeXIjfa GnuKN³kmµkarRKb;RKgvis½yeTscrN_BuM

dMeNIrkar ehIyGaCIvkrdwkePJòv)anRbkYtRbECgKñarksIu EdleFVI[manGMeBIGsIlFm’sgÀm dUc

Ca kardeNþImePJóvKñadwk kareQøaHRbEkgKña EdlCaktþanaM[CH\T§iBldl;ePJóveTscrEdl

mkTsSnakñúgtMbn;kMBg;XøaMg. KN³RKb;RKgXuMkMBg;XøaMg manelak ):a b:Ur emXuM CaRbFan

nigelak hU‘v savI tMNagGaCIvkrkñúgXuM )anRbCuMseRmceFVIkaresñIsuMbegáIt KN³kmµkarEfrkSa

suvtßiPaBePJóveTscrN_ eTAGPi)alRsuksURTniKm edIm,ICYysMrYUl nigerobcMGaCIvkrenA

tMbn;kMBg;XøaMgRbkbrbrrksIuCamYyePJóveTscr [mansNþab;Fñab; nigtmøaPaB eCosvagkar

eQøaHRbEkgKña kardeNþImePJóvKña nigFanafa ePJóveTscrEdlmkTsSnakñúgtMbn;kMBg;XøaMg

BitCaTTYlbTBiesaFn_l¥²tameKalbMNgEdlxøÜn)anb:gR)afñamk.

enAéf¶TI20 ExsIha qñaM2009 GPi)alRsuksURtniKm)anecjesckþIsMerc sþIBIkarbegáIt

KN³kmµkarEfrkSasuvtßiPaBePJóveTscrenAXuMkMBg;XøaMg CapøÚvkar edIm,ICYydl;karGPivDÆnUv

vis½yeTscrN_XuMkMBg;XøaMg[mantmøaPaBl¥RbesIreTAéf¶mux.

sBVéf¶enH eyIgsegáteXIjfa vis½yeTscrN_enAXuMkMBg;XøaMgKWmanlkçN³l¥RbesIr

TaMgGaCIvkrdwkePJóv TaMgePJóveTscr TaMgRbCaBlrdæmUldæan KWmankarR)aRs½yTak;TgKña

64

y:agl¥RbesIr. lkçN³l¥RbesIrEdlKYr[kt;sMKal;enaHKW GaCIvkrdwkePJóvTaMgGs;KWsuT§Et

CaRbCaBlrdæEdlrs;enAkñúgXuMkMBg;XøaMg ehIyenHk¾CaeKalneya)aymYyrbs;eTscrN_

shKmn_mUldñanEdlmaneKalbMNg pþl;plRbeyaCn_dl;shKmn_m©as;Rsuktamry³kar

GPivDÆvis½yeTscrN_pgEdr EdlCaeKalneya)aykñúgkarcUlrYmkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkrbs;

raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa.

etIGaCIvkrdwkePJóvenAXuMkMBg;XøaMg)aneFVIGVIxøHedIm,ITajePJóveTATsSnaenAtMbn;

kMBg;XøaMg?

tamlT§plEdlCYbsMPasCamYyGaCIvkrdwkePJóvcMnYn10nak; kñúgcMeNamm©as;TUksrub

cMnYn17nak;EdlRbkbrbrenHenAnwgEpeTscrN_FmµCatikMBg;XøaMgfa BYkKat;mñak;² )aneFVI

karTak;TgCamYyRkumh‘unTIPñak;gareTscrN_CaeRcInenATIrYmextþesomrab edayeFVIkarcuHkug

RtarksIuCamYyKña.

edayeyagelIskáanuBleTscrN_enAXuMkMBg;XøaMg nigkarTMnak;TMngrbs;GaCIvkrCa

mYyRkumh‘unTIPñak;gareTscrN_enHÅg CaktþaEdlEsþgecjnUvkarrIkcMerIn nigkarrIksayPay

skáanuBlTak;TajeTscrN_enAXuMkMBg;XøaMgdl;mCÄdæannanaTaMgkñúgRsuk nigeRkARsuk. Ca

BiesseTAeTot KWkarCYbpSBVpSayrbs;Rkumh‘unTIPñak;gareTscrN_Edl)andak;bBa¨ÙlnUvskÝa

nuBleTscrN_XuMkMBg;XøaMgcUlkñúgkBa©b;TsSnkic©rbs;xøÜn ehIyeFVIkarpSBVpSaytamRbB½n§

GiunFWENt.

4>3>3 shKmn_eTscrN_FmµCatikMBg;XøaMg

TnÞwmnigkarrIkcMerInvis½yeTscrN_ nigkarhUrcUlnUvcMnYnePJóveTscrenAXuMkMBg;XøaMg

2-3qñaMknøgmkenH EdlEsþgecjBI\T§iBlénskáanuBleTscrN_tMbn;kMBg;XøaMg. PaBrIk

cMerInénvis½yeTscrN_enH CaktþamYykñúgkarCYykat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nigelIkkMBs;CIvPaB

RbCaCn vb,Fm’ènkarrs;enArbs;GñkRsukXøaMg edIm,I[smRsbnigeKalneya)aysþIBIkar

begáItshKmeTscrN_mUldæantamPUmi. dUecñHehIy kñúgqñaM2009enHedIm,IkarBarnUvpl

RbeyaCn_rbs;shKmn_EdlTTYl)anBIvis½yeTscrN_ RkumRbwkSaXuMkMBg;XøaMg shKmn_en-

saTkMBg;XøaMg nigxNrdæ)alClplesomrab )anRbCuMKñaCaÉkcä½nÞsþIBIkarerobcMbegáItsh-

Kmn_eTscrN_FmµCatikMBg;XøaMg EdlkñúgenaHmansmaCikshKmn_ensaT Edlrs;enAkñúgPUmi

65

cMnYn9 énXuMkMBg;XøaMg cUlrYmKaMRT manPUmis<anEvg PUmit¥Üsr PUmipSarXøaMg PUmicMkaryYn

PUmitaRcenog PUmirTaMg PUmiéCeCt nigPUmimuxvtþ.

karRbCuMenH sMerclT§pl)aneday)anbegáItnUvGnuKN³kmµkarshKmn_eTscrN_

FmµCatikMBg;XøaMg edIm,IerobcM nigRKb;RKgnUvkarGPivDÆeTscrN_enAXuMkMBg;XøaMg. ebItamRb-

sasn_rbs;elak Twm savuF nayx½NÐrdæ)alClplesomrab fa GnuKN³kmµkarshKmn_

eTscrN_FmµCatikMBg;XøaMg KWsßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;KN³kmµkarshKmn_ ensaT

Edlmanelak b:k; s‘an CaRbFan.

bBa¢ak;³ bc©úb,nñenH rcnasm<½n§ nigeKalneya)ayénshKmn_eTsN_FmµCatikMBg;XøaMg

KWkMBugEtdMeNIrkarsuMesckþIsMercedayxNÐrdæ)alClplesomrabenAeLIy. b:uEnþdMeNIrkar

énkarRbtibtþiKWkMBugEtGnuvtþerogral;éf¶ dUcCaesvakmµdwkCBa¢Ún esvakmµmðÚbGahar nig

ePsC¢³.

ebItamkarCYbsMPasCamYyelak Twm savuF nayxNÐrdæ)alClplesomrab EdlCa

GñkepþImKMnitkñúgkarbegáItshKmn_eTscrN_FmµCatikMBg;XøaMg sþIBI mUlehtuGVI)anCashKmn_

eTscrN_FmµCatikMBg;XøaMgminTan;ecjesckþIsMercCapøÚvkar? elakRbFan)anbBa¢ak;fa mUl

ehtuenaH bNþamkBIktþaEbgEckplRbeyaCn_rbs;shKmn_EdlTTYl)anBIeTscrN_min

esñIKña eFVI[mankaremIlmuxKñamincM nigkarminecHRKb;RKgkñúgkarerobcM nigGPivDÆnUvvis½y

eTscrN_rbs;RbFanKN³kmµkarshKmn_ensaT CaBiessKwkarshRbtibtþirvagKN³kmµ-

karshKmn_ensaT nigGnuKN³kmµkarshKmn_eTscrN_FmµCatikMBg;XøaMgEdlmanPaBmin

sUvsIucgVak;Kña. ktþaenHÉgEdlelakRbFanminTan;dak;ÉksarenHCUneTAelakGPi)alextþ

edIm,IeFVIkarBinitüsMerc b:uEnþKat;bEnßmfa Kat;nwgerobcMshKmn_eTscrN_enH CamYynwgelak

h‘U savI efAEkLÚt×elx06 [manPaBl¥RbesIreLIgvij edayshkarCamYyGaCJaFrEdndI nig

mnÞIreTscrN_extþesomrab.

4>3>3>1 eKalbMNgrbs;hKmn_eTscrN_FmµCatikMBg;XøaMg

shKmn_eTscrN_FmµCatikMBg;XøaMg RtUv)anbegáIteLIgkñúgeKalbMNgdUcxageRkam³

-kMNt;Rkbx½NÐ énkarRKb;RKgkarGPirkS nigkarGPivDÆn_FnFanClplrbs;shKmn_

ensaTRbkbedaynirnþPaB.

-eFVIkarCaeKalkarN_RKWH nigCaynþkarsRmab;dMeNIrkarGPivDÆn_shKmn_eTscrN_

FmµCati.

66

-FanakarEbgEckplRbeyaCn_Edl)anmkBIshKmn_eTscrN_edaysmPaB nigtmøa

PaBkñúgshKmn_.

-pþl;»kas[shKmn_GacrkR)ak;cMNUl)an tamry³karpþl;esvakmµnanaEdlTak;

TgnigeTscrN_ nigrYmcMENkkñúgkarGPivDÆkEnøgensaTshKmn_[kan;EtRbesIreLIg.

67

4>3>3>2 rcnasm<½n§RKb;RKgshKmn_eTscrN_FmµCatikMBg;XøaMg

RkumRbwkSaPi)al

RbFan

elak TUc b‘un eFOn

GnuRbFan

-elak DI b‘un Esn

-elak Tuy enOm

EpñkGahardæan Epñklk;sMbuRtTUk

nigvtßúGnusSavrIy_

EpñkpÞHsñak; EpñknaMePJóv

nigsnþisux

EpñkhirBaØwk

-elak )a: b:U

-elak Gwum b:n

-elak Lag LÚ

-elak CYn sIla

-elak h‘Uv savI

-kBaØa eBA viciRt

-kBaØa v:an; lIv½n

-kBaØ ln;Lg

elak eqg sIh³ elak pn EkvLúg -elak Ekm yt

-elak R)ak; san

kBaØa Kuy kULay

rcnasm<½n§RKb;RKgshKmn_eTscrNFmµCatikMBg;XøaMgbeNÑaHGasnñ

68

4>3>3>3 tYnaTI nigParkic© ¬beNþaHGasnñ¦

xageRkamenH KWCatYnaTI nigParkic©rbs;GnuKN³kmµkarRKb;RKgshKmn_eTscrN_

FmµCatikMBg;XøaMg

k-RbFanGnuKN³kmµkar

- sRmbsRmYlRKb;skmµPaBrbs;KeRmagshKmn_eTscrN_FmµCati EdlRKb;RKg

edayshKmn_.

- elIkkMBs;karyl;dwgrbs;RbCaCnmUldæanGMBIbrisßan nigeTscrN_FmµCati.

- edaHRsaynUvral;bBaðaEdlCYbRbTHenAkñúgkarGnuvtþKeRmag.

- pþlmtieyabl;dl;smaCikGnuKN³kmµkaredIm,IFananirnþrPaBénkarGPivDÆKeRma.

- dwknaMkarerobcMEpnkarskmµPaBRcaMEx RtImas nigRbcaMqñaM.

- tamdan RtYtBinitü nigvaytémøkarGnuvtþEpnkarskmµPaB .

- RtYtBinitünUvral;R)ak;cMNUlnigcMNay.

- erobcMpøaksBaØapSBVpSay nigbNþajBt’manedIm,IGPivDÃn_KeRmageTscrN_FmµCati

- erobcMr)aykarN_vivDÆn_RbcaMEx nigepJICUnsßab½nBak;B½n§.

x-GnuRbFanKN³kmµkar

- CMnYykar nigCMnYskargar[RbFan eBlRbFanGvtþman

- Gnuvtþral;kargarEdlRbFandak;CUn

- TMnak;TMngl¥CamYyRbFan nigsmaCik

- CYyerobcMr)aykarN_nanaCamYyRbFan

- RKb;RKg nigEfrkSaral;ÉksarTaMgGs;.

K-tYnaTIrbs;hirBaØik

- erobcMbBa¢IsareBIP½NÐral;RTBüsm,tþirbs;KeRmag

- RKb;RKgfvikar nigeFVIbBa¢IcMNUl nigcMNay

- erobcMr)aykarN_fvikaRbcaMEx

- EfrkSaral;ÉksarEdlTak;TgnwgcMNUl nigcMNay

- kt;RtacMnYnePJóveTscrEdlmkTsSna-kMsanþ.

X-Epñklk;sMbuRt nigvtßúGnusSavrIy_

- RKb;RKgkarlk;sMbuRteGay)anRtwmRtUv

69

- RKb;RKg nigEfrkSatUblk;vtßúGnusSavrIy_

- RbmUlTijvtßúGnusSavrIy_kñúgtMélsmRsb

- kt;RtacMnYnGñkeTscrcUlmkkMsanþ bBa¢IsareBIP½NÐvtßúGnusSavrIy_Edl)anTij nig

lk; R)ak;lk; nigraykarN_CUnRbFanCaerogral;éf¶.

g-EpñkGahardæan

- EbgEckevnEfrkSaGnam½yenAkñúg nigTICuMvijGahardæan

- cat;EcgevnRkumerobcMmðÚbGaharCUnePJóv

- tamdankarpþl;esvakmµmðÚbGahar nigTTYlGnusasn_BIePJóveTscredIm,IeFVIkar

EklMG

- kt;Rtaral;cMNUl-cMNayRbcaMéf¶

- erobcMr)aykarN_RbcaMExsþIBIcMnYnePJóvnigfvikacMNUl-cMNay nigepJICUnRbFan.

c-EpñknaMePJóvnigsnþisux

- ENnaMdl;ePJóvBIKeRmagshKmn_eTscrN_FmµCati

- TTYlxusRtUvsnþisuxdl;karkMsanþrbs;ePJóv ¬CiHTUk kaNUt karhUbcuk Tukdak;yan

CMniH¦

- edaHRsayral;TMnas;nanaedayyfaehtu

- CYysMGat EfrkSaGnam½yenAkñúg nigTICuMvijkEnøg

- raykareTAsßab½nmansmtßkic©eBlmanbBaða.

4>3>3>4 karEbgEcgplRbeyaCn_

karEbgEckplRbeyaCn_CUnbuKÁl enAkñúgdMNak;kaldMbUgénkarGnuvtþKeRmagRtUvGnu-

vtþtameKalkarN_xageRkamenH ³

- smaCikshKmn_ensaTEdl)ancuHeQµaHCasmaCikénEpñkGahardæan EpñknaMePJóv

nigEpñklk;sMbuRtnigvtßúGnusSavrIy_ nigRtUv)anTTYlR)ak;kMéreTAtameBlevla nigkmøaMgBl-

kmµ. cMeBaHR)ak;]btßmÖ nwgRtUv)ankMNt;edayRkumRbwkSaPi)al nigGnuKN³kmµkaredayEp¥k

elIsßanPaBcMNUlCak;Esþg.

- R)ak;cMNUlsuT§saFRbcaMqñaM EdlmkBIshKmn_eTscrN_FmµCati RtUvEbgEckCa

3cMENkKI³

÷ 50° sRmab;karEfrkSa nigBRgIkshKmn_eTscrN_

70

÷ 30° pþl;[KN³kmµkarshKmn_ensaT RkumRbwkSaXuMedIm,ICYysRmbsRmYldl;

dMeNIrkarskmµPaBeTscrN_FmµCati.

÷ 20° sRmab;RTRTg;sMPar³xUcxat CYsCul esvakmµepSg² dUcCa cl½tEp nigkargar

rdæ)al karEbgEckplRbeyaCn_GacERbRbYleTAtamkéRménR)ak;cMNUlrbs;shKmn_eTs-

crN_FmµCati.

4>3>4 KN³kmµkarEfrkSasuvtßiPaBePJóveTscr

KN³kmµkarEfrkSasuvtßiPaBePJóveTscr begáIteLIgenAéf¶TI20 ExsIha qñaM2009

edayelakGPi)alRsuksURTniKm extþesomrab. KN³kmµkarenHedIrtYnaTIy:agsMxan;kñúgkar

bMerIesvakmµCUnePJóveTscr edayshkarCamYyeTscrN_shKmn_FmµCatikMBg;XøaMg. Ca

BiessKWkarCYykarBarplRbeyaCn_rbs;shKmn_m©as;Rsuk erobcMsNþab;Fñab;bMerIesvakmµ

TIkEnøgctyanynþ kareFVIcracrN_CaedIm. smaCikénKN³kmµkarEfrkSasuvtßiPaBePJóv PaK

eRcInKWCasmaCikEdlmkBIGnuKN³kmµRKb;RKgvis½yeTscrN_kMBg;XøaMg ¬sBVéf¶Gskmµ¦.

4>3>4>1 karRKb;RKg

KN³kmµkarEfrkSasuvtßiPaBePJovkMBg;XøaMgEbgEckCaBIr KWKN³kmµkarkNþal nigGnu

KN³kmµkar edaybMeBjeTAtamtYnaTIerog²xøÜn. kñúgenaHKN³kmµkarkNþalmansmasPaB

cMnYn8rUb GnuKN³kmµkarsnþisuxsNþab;Fñab; nigsuvtßiPaBePJóvmancMnYn3rUb nigGnuKN³

kmµkarRKb;RKg nigerobcMsNþab;Fñab;ClyanþdwkCBa¢ÜnePJóvcMnYn7rUb.

k-KN³kmµkarkNþal ³

1-elakvr³esnIyRtI eTB can;Na GFikarnKr)alRsuk CaRbFan

2-elak )a: bU:r emXMukMBg;XøaMg CaGnuRbFan

3-elak h‘Uv savI tMNagGaCIvkr CasmaCik

4-elakGnuesnIyeTa CYn sIla naybusþi_rdæ)alXMukMBg;XøaMg CasmaCik

5-elakGnuesnIyÉk ent em:A naysñak;karsnþisux B8-1 énkgraC GavuFhtßextþ

Ca smaCik

6-elak nYn ra: esµonXMukMBg;XøaMg CahirBaØik

7-GñkRsI eQOn lan smaCikRkumRbwkSaXMukMBg;XøaMg CasmaCik

8-elak DI b‘unEsn smaCikshKmn_ensaTXMukMBg;XøaMg CasmaCik

71

x-GnuKN³kmµkarsnþisuxsNþab;Fñab; nigsuvtßiPaBePJov

1-elakGnuesnIyeTa CYn sIla naybusþi_rdæ)alXMukMBg;XøaMg CaRbFan

2-elakGnuesnIyÉk ent em:A naysñak;karsnþisux B8-1 énkgraCGavuFhtßextþ

CaGnuRbFan

3-elak TUc b‘uneFOn CMnYykarRkumRbwkSaXMukMBg;XøaMg CasmaCik

K-GnukmµkarRKb;RKg nigerobcMsNþab;Fñab;ClyandwkCBa¢ÜnePJov ³

1-elak nit Narug nKr)alcracrbu:sþi_rdæ)alXuMkMBg;XøaMg CaRbFan

2- elak DI b‘unEsn smaCikshKmn_ensaTXMukMBg;XøaMg CasmaCik

3-elak eqg sIh³ smaCikshKmn_ensaTXMukMBg;XøaMg CaGnuRbFan

4-elak vun taMlun GaCIvkr CasmaCik

5-elak sr_ b‘uncMrug naykslabzmsikSakM;Bg;XøaMg CasmaCik

6-elak kU fU GaCIvkr CasmaCik

7-elak Kuy éh GaCIvkr CasmaCik

4>3>4>2 Par³kic©rbs;KN³kmµkarEfrkSasuvtßiPaBePJóveTscr

xageRkamenH KWCatYnaTI nigParkic©KN³kmµkarEfrkSasuvtßiPaBePJóveTscr

k-Par³kic©KN³kmµkarkNþal

-TTYlxusRtUv kñúgkarEfrkSasnþisux suvtßiPaB ePJóveTsrTaMgGs; EdleTAeFVITsSn³

kic©enAkñúgEdnPUmisaRsþ XMukMBg;XøaMg.

-erobcMsNþab;Fñab; reboberobry CUnePJóvkñúgkareFVIcracr TaMgelIpøÚvfñl; nigelITwk.

-beBa¢ós[)andac;xat PaBGnaFibetyü EdlrMxandl;dMeNIrTsSn³kic©rbs;ePJóv.

-riHrkRKb;meFüa)ay edIm,IerobcMcMNtyanynþRKb;RbePT EdldwkCBa¢ÜnePJóveday

rkSa[)anreboberobry suvtßiPaB nigesaP½NPaB.

-Gb;rMRbCaCn[ecHrkSaGnam½y brisßan kñúgPUmidæanrbs;xøÜn[)anl¥ edIm,ITak;Taj

ePJóveTlcr nigedIm,IrYmcMENkelIksÞÜykitþiysCati nigmUldæanPUmi XMu rbs;xøÜn.

-clnaGaCIvkr m©as;meFüa)aydwkCBa¢ÜnePJov [cUlrYmviPaKTantamkars½µRKcitþ edIm,I

rYmcMENk EfTaMpøÚvfñl; EklMGresaP½NPaBPUmidæan erobcMsNþab;Fñab;saFarN³ nigEfrkSa

suvtßiPaBePJóv>>>>.l.

72

-RtYtBinitü nigCYybgálkçN³RKb;Ebbya:g [GnuKN³kmµkar snþisuxsNþab;Fñab;

suvtßiPaBePJóv nigGnuKN³kmµkarRKb;RKg nigerobcMsNþab;Fñab;ClyandwkCBa¢ÜnePJóv[

bMeBjParkic©rbs;xøÜn)anl¥.

x-GnuKN³kmµkar snþisuxsNþab;Fñab; nigsuvtßiPaBePJov

-TTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarEfrkSasnþisuxTUeTA kñúgPUmisaRsþ XMukMBg;XøaMgTaMgmUl beBa¢ós[

)annUv)atuPaBlYcqk;bøn;nana.

-rkSasNþab;Fñab;cracr TaMgelIpøÚvfñl;nigelITwk[)anl¥ beBa¢ós[)anPaBGnaFib-

etyü kñúgkarctyanynþ TaMgelIfñl; nigelITwk.

-erobcMsMrYlcracr yanynþdwkePJóv[)anl¥ eCosvagkarkksÞH nigkarrMxannana.

-karBarsuvtßiPaBePJóv[)anl¥ TaMgkareFVIcracr nigdMeNIrTsSn³kic©elITwk.

-erobcMsNþab;Fñab; reboberobryRbCaCn[)anl¥ eCosvagskmµPaBnana EdlrMxan

dl;ePJóv dUcCakarsMuTanCaedIm>>>>>>.

K- GnuKN³kmµkarRKb;RKg nigerobcMsNþab;Fñab;ClyandwkePJov

-TTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarRtYtBinitkñúgkarRtYtBinitüClyandwkePJóv edayeFVIya:gNa[Cl

yanEdlmkRbkbGaCIvkmµdwkePJóv Fana[)anKuNPaBl¥ man]bkrN_karBarsuvtßiPaBeBl

maneRKaHfñak;edayécdnü. GñkebIkbrRtUvmanCMnajc,as;las; nigmancitþsuPaBrabsar

éføfñÚr.

-erobcM cat;EcgkardwkCBa¢ÜnePJóv[mansNþab;Fñab;l¥ eCosvagPaBrej:réj: kñúgkar

deNþImePJov.

-Tb;sáat;[)anCadac;xatnYUvkarhUrcUlénClyanmkBIRsukdéT mkdeNþImdwkePJov enA

kMBg;XøaM EdlCamYlehtubgá[manPaBGnaFibetyü )at;sNþab;Fñab;.

-Tb;sáat; Clyan EdlminmanKuNPaB minGnuBaØat[dwkePJóv eRBaHGacbgáeRKaHfñak;

Cayfaehtu.

-clnam©as;ClyandwkePJóv [cUlrYmviPaKTantamkars½µRKcitþ edIm,ICYydl;KN³kmµ-

karkNþal bMeBjtYnaTIrbs;xøÜn)anl¥.

4>3>4>3 eKalbMNg

GnuKN³kmµkarEfrkSasuvtßiPaBePJóvkMBg;XøaMg begáIteLIgkñúgeKalbMNgmYycMnYndUc

xageRkamenH³

73

-karBarsuvtßiPaBCUnePJóv

-erobcMsNþab;Fñab; snþisuxdl;ePJóv nigGaCIvk

-edaHRsayCemøaHrbs;GaCIvkr

-karBarplRbeyaCn_[shKmn_

-rkcMNUlsMrab;GPivDÆn_mUldæan

4>3>5 shKmn_ensaTkMBg;XøaMg

4>3>5>1 sßanPaBTUeTA

shKmn_ensaTkMBg;XøaMgRtUv)anbegáIteLIg edaymhasnñi)atkMeNItdMbUg enAéf¶TI

19 ExsIha qñaM2002 edaymankarshkarerobcMBIGaCJaFrEdndI CMnajClpl RBmTaMgman

karKaMRTbec©keTsBIKeRmagkarcUlrYmRKb;RKgFnFanFmµCatitMbn;bwgTenøsabRbcaMextþesom

rab nigelIk2enAéf¶TI01 Exmkra qñaM2007 edaymankarCYy]btßmÖBIKeRmagRKb;RKgbri-

sßanbwgTenøsab-EpñkTI2 ehIyKeRmag)andMeNIrkar eFVIkic©RBmeRBogkEnøgensaTshKmn_

cuHéf¶TI01 Exvicäika qñaM2007.

shKmn_ensaTkMBg;XøaMgmanTItaMgsßitenAPUmimuxvtþ XuMkMBg;XøaMg RsuksURTniKm extþ

esomrab EdlmanRbCaBlrdæsmaCikcMnYn1/638RKYsar ehIy)ancuHeQµaHCasmaCikPaB

cMnYn2>314nak; RsIcMnYn1007nak; shKmn_ensaTmanrcnasm½n§dwknaMkargaredayKN³

kmµkarcMnYn11nak; RsþIcMnYn01nak;.

edaymankarCYyKaMRTBIKeRmagRKb;RKgbrisßanbwgTenøsab-EpñkTI2 shKmn_ensaT

)andMeNIrkarskmµPaBsMxan;²rbs;xøÜnmandUcCa³

-erobcMcgRkgrcnasm<½n§shKmn_ensaT tamry³karGb;rMbNþúHbNþaldl;KN³kmµ-

kar smaCikshKmn_ nigGñkBak;B½n§edIm,IbegáInsmtßPaByl;dwgGMBIkarRKb;RKgshKmn_

ensaT.

-karerobcMKMnit nigvaytémøTItaMgbegáItshKmn_ensaT karpSBVpSay nigcuHeQµaH

smaCikshKmn_ karerobcMlkçnþik³ nigbTbBa¢aépÞkñúg karerobcMmhasnñi)at karkMNt;RBM

RbTl;shKmn_ensaT karcuHkic©RBmeRBogkEnøgshKmn_ karcuHbBa¢ITTYlsÁal;shKmn_

ensaT nigkarerobcMEpnkarRKb;RKg.

74

-pSBVpSaylkçnþik³tambNþaPUmikñúgshKmn_ nigXuMBak;B½n§ EdlCaRbCaensaTmkBI

eRkAshKmn_ cUlrYmRbCuM bNþúHbNþalenAxNÐrdæ)alClplextþesomrab.

-karpþl;RbtiPUkmµGMeNacdl;shKmn_kñúgkarRKb;RKg niGPirkSFnFanFmµCatikñúgs-

hKmn_ EfrkSa GPirkSa GPivDÆn_ RtI éRBlicTwk nigb®gáabbTelµIsepSg².

-cUlrYmedaHRsaybBaðashKmn_ensaTCamYyGgÁkarGnþrCatidUcCa Nary Khmer,

FACT, TSSLP, Danida .l. edIm,IGPivDÆn_kñúgshKmn_.

-karKaMRTmuxrbrciBa©wmCIvitdl;smaCikshKmn_ensaT dUcCa karpþl;TunbgVilkarR)ak;

Tab karciBa©wmman; RCUk RtI daMbEnø .l. kñúgeKalbMNgelIksÞÜyesdækic© nigkat;bnßyPaB

RkIRkrbs;shKmn_.

4>3>5>2 TsSn³vis½y

RbCaBlrdækñúgshKmn_mancMeNHdwg GMBIkarRKb;RKgshKmn_ensaT nigmankMritCIv

PaBFUrFartamry³ karcUlrYmGPirkS nigeRbIR)as;FnFanFmµCati kñúgshKmn_Rbkbeday

smFm’ nigcIrPaBEdlCacMENkmYy CYykat;bnÜyPaBRkIRkrbs;RbCaBlrdækñúgshKmn_

kMBg;XøaMg.

4>3>5>3 eKalbMNg

-cUlrYmRKb;RKgClplRbkbedaycIrPaB nigFanakarEbgEckplRbeyaCn_FnFan

ClplCUnRbCaBlrdæRbkbedaysmFm’.

-eFVI[RbesIreLIgnUvCIvPaBsmaCikshKmn_ensaT tamry³karGPivDÆcMruH edayman

karcUlrYm.

-edIm,IeFVI[RbCaBlrdæ)anyl;c,as;GMBIc,ab; niglkçniþk³rbs;shKmn_ ehIycUlrYmeFVI

Cam©as;elIFnFanFmµCatikñúgshKmn_.

-pþl;RbtiPUkmµGMNacdl;RbCaensaT kñúgkarcUlrYmRKb;RKg nigeRbIR)as;FnFanCl

plRbkbedaynirnþrPaBCaBiesskarRKb;RKgépÞdI )ankat;bnßyBILÚt_ensaT sRmab;kareFVI

GaCIvkmµensaT[)ansmRsb nigyUrGEgVr.

4>3>5>4 EpnkarRKb;RKg;kEnøgensaTshKmn_

shKmn_ensaTkMBg;XøaMg KWCashKmn_mYyEdlmanTMhMFMCageK kñúgcMeNaysh

Kmn_ensaTCab;bwgTenøsabkñúgextþesomrab. shKmn_enHmanEpnkarCaeRcInsMrab;GPivDÆn_

erobcM RKb;RKg nUvral;FnFanTaMgGs;enAkñúgshKmn_rbs;xøÜn EdlEpnkarTaMgGs;enaH KWRtUv

75

)ancUlrYmerobedayGaCJaFrEdn RbCaBlrdæ sßab½nBak;B½n§ nigGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)almYycMnYn.

EpnkarTaMgGs;rYmman EpnkareRbIR)as;]bkrN_ensaT EpnkarEklMGEdnensaT Epnkar

kMNt; nigerobcMEdnGPirkS EpnkarRKb;RKgéRBlicTwk EpnkarfvikaRTRTg;sMrab;GPivDÆn_

sh-Kmn_ EpnkarfvikaRTRTg;sMrab;GPivDÆn_shKmn_ EpnsmahrNkmµCamYyEpnkar

GPivDÆn_PUmi-XuM ¬kñúgenaHman EpnkarpSBVpSayc,ab;sþIClpl nigGb;rMc,ab;brisßan Epnkar

Tb;sáat;karkab;T®nÞanéRBlicTwk karGPirkSéRBlicTwk nigGPirkSRtIemBUC Epnkarshkar

b®gáabbTelµIsensaT Epnkarsagsg;EpshKmn_bENþtTwk EpnkarElgkUnRtIkñúgbwgTenø

FmµCati EpnkarpÁt;pÁg;FugcMeraHTwks¥at Epnkarpþl;\NTankarR)ak;Tab EpnkarbegáItmuxrbr

ciBa©wmRtI¦.

bNþaEpnkarEdl)anerobrab;xagelIenH eyIgsegþteXIjfa manEpnkarmYyEdlCab;

Bak;B½n§nigvis½yeTscrN_ enaHKWEpnkarsag;sg;EpshKmn_bENþtTwk.

EpbENþtTwkenHsag;sg;eLIgkñúgeKalbMNgCYysMrYldl;karGPivDÆ kaerobcM karcat;

EcgEpñkeTscrN_ CaBiesskarTMnak;EpñkGnþrCati nigkarsMrYldl;ePJóveTscr. EpbENþtTwk

enH )anbMBak;nUv]bkrN_sMPar³brikçarsMrab;bMerIkargardUcCa m:asIun ePøIg Éksar GMBUlePøIg

TUk kaNUt sMPar³l,at .l. edIm,IgayRsYlbMerIkargardUcCa karRbCuM karCYbePJóvCati nig

GnþrCati EdlEpenHsßiteRkamKeRmagCYsCulrbs;EpnkarRKb;RKgkEnøgensaTshKmn_ry³

eBl3qñaM ¬2008-2010¦ edaymaneQµaHfa KeRmagEpshKmn_eTscrN_ EdlmanTwk

srubcMnYn 10/000/000erol EdlGnuvtþedayGnu KN³kmµkareTscrN_ nigRkumRbwkSaXuM.

4>3>5>5 kEnøgensaT nigFnFanClpl

kEnøgensaTshKmn_kMBg;XøaMgmanTMhM 19>796hicta nigmankMNt;niyamka dUc

manEckkñúgkic©RBmeRBog.

k-GMBIRBMRbTl;

xageCIgTl;nigcMnucs<an;tamuM ¬shKmn_ensaTfñl;dac;¦

xagt,ÚgTl;nigcMnucbwgTenøsab

xagekItTl;nigcMnucbwgkMEpg

xaglicTl;nigcMnucekaHkug

76

x-GMBIEdnensaT

kEnøgensaTshKmn_kMBg;XøaMgmanbwgcMnYn6 ERBkcMnYn8 RtBaMgcMnYn5 RsHcMnYn2

nigekABIenaHenAéRBlic valTMnab niglMhTenøsabmYycMnYneTot.

bwg 6

-bwgCIBr TMhM 0>771hicta ensaTBIExmkra dl; Ex]sPa

-bwgecar TMhM1/295hicta ensaTBIExmkra dl; Ex]sPa

-bwgkMEpn TMhM 9/148hicta ensaTBIExmkra dl; Ex]sPa

-bwgRbvwk TMhM 2/874hicta ensaTBIExmkra dl; Ex]sPa

-bwgTTwgéf¶ TMhM 3/537hicta ensaTBIExmkra dl; Ex]sPa

-bwgTenøsab TMhM 8/332>236hicta ensaTBIExmkra dl; ExFñÚ

ERBk 8

-ERBkelos TMhM 5/654hicta ensaTBIExkBaØa dl; ExkumÖ³

-ERBkk,alexµac RbEvg 2/393hicta ensaTBIExkBaØa dl; ExkumÖ³

-ERBkkeKa RbEvg 0/327hicta ensaTBIExkBaØa dl; ExkumÖ³

-ERBkkMBg;XøaMg RbEvg 98/012hicta ensaTBIExmkra dl; ExFñÚ

-ERBklVa RbEvg 6/804hicta ensaTBIExmkra dl; ExFñÚ

-ERBkRclay 18/132hicta ensaTBIExmkra dl; ExFñÚ

-ERBkelos RbEvg 11/660hicta ensaTBIExkBaØa dl; ExkumÖ³

-ExVgtaEkv RbEvg 12/712hicta ensaTBIExmkra dl; ExFñÚ

RtBaMg 5

-RtBaMgBg;erog 9>914hicta ensaTBIExkBaØa dl; Ex]sPa

-RtBaMgesñaFM 13/568hicta ensaTBIExkBaØa dl; ExkumÖ³

-RtBaMgGacm_RkbI 20/412hicta ensaTBIExkBaØa dl; Ex]sPa

-RtBaMgKg;xVak; 20/749hicta ensaTBIExkBaØa dl; Ex]sPa

-RtBaMgtaLkCYk 12/803hicta ensaTBIExkBaØa dl; Ex]sPa

RsH 2

-RsHPUmimuxvtþcMnYn2 ¬1000m2¦

-RsHvtþkMBg;XøaMgTMhM600m2 rkSaTwksRmab;eRbIR)as;kñúgPUmieBj1qñaM

77

¬RsHTwkelak h‘U savI manTMhM manTMhM1/800m2 ciBa©wmRtIR)a nigrkSaTwkeRbIR)as;¦

éRBlicTwk valTMnab niglMhTenøsab

-éRBlicTwkmanTMhMsrub 8/982hicta

-éRBraMgTMhM 4/316hicta

-éRBepÞalTMhM 4/316hicta

eRkABIenH KWenAmantMbn;EdlmanlT§PaBGacbegáItkEnøgGPirkSbEnßmeTot dUcCa

-bwgecarTMhM 7 hicta ¬beNþay 350m TTwg200m¦

-ERBklVa 1hicta ¬beNþay300m TTwg 30m¦

-éRBtaRkj:aj;TMhM 147hicta

-éRBtaRcenog TMhM99hicta

K-FnFanClpl

÷RbePTRtI

RtIEdlRbCaensaTrk)anenaHrYmman³

-RtIerol -RtIkBa©úH -RtIRBYl -RtIk®Ba¢Úk

-RtIk®Ba©aj;Rcas -RtIbNþÚleBat -RtIEk¥k -RtIkMPøajR)ak;

-RtIkMPøajPøúk -RtIsgát;R)ak; -RtIRbm:a -RtIr:s;

-RtIpÞk; -RtIkBa¢n -RtIxµan; -RtIGENþg

-RtIbnÞs;Pøúk -RtIRKuM -RtIsNþay -RtIGMBilTuM

-RtIEks -RtItaeGan -RtIdMrI -RtIkMePøóv

-RtIRBlUg -RtIRskakþam -RtIKl;raMg -RtIraC

-RtIq<in -RtIRkuH -RtIRkaj; -RtIlij

-RtIk®nþgeRbg -RtIqøaMg -RtIedob -RtIeqþar

-RtIkMRBam -RtIGNþatEqá -RtIRkm:m -RtIx¢wg

-RtIqøÚj -RtIcgVamUl -RtIcgVaePøóg -RtIkøaMghay

-RtItaenl -RtIQVat -RtIRcEkg -RtIeqáak

-RtIeqáakTITuy -RtIxñgEvg -RtIR)aeGov -RtIR)a

-RtIeBa -RtIRtsk; -RtIk®nþb;xøa

78

÷RbePTvarIstV

-GeNþIkskl -GeNþIkERs -Bs;EvkRsEg: -Bs;Evkrnam

-Bs;føan; -Bs;RBlit -Bs;p¥k -Bs;ExSeKa

-Bs;tutEk -Bs;sMlab;kEgáb -Bs;Rskacas; -GnÞg;

-kEgáb -hIug -KIgÁb; -kþamTUk

-kenþHLg; -xüg -ex©A -elos

-kn§ay -sáa -RkeBIRtI -GnSg

-eP -xøaRtI -stVsVaeRkH -sMeBac

-stVeKol -stVeTam -stVTug -stVTaéRB

-stVRbvwk -stVkuk -stVRksa -stVesµaj

-stVEk¥k -stVGaGUt -stVman;Twk -stVman;eTa

-stVkMBIgdUg -stVGjeda -stVRtdk; -stVrenolxüg

÷RbePTrukçCatiTwk

-edImraMg -edImtaGYr -edImGBa©aj -edImRts;

-edImf¶an; -edImbbYy -edImepÞal -edImpÁaM

-edImkEnSg -edImPñMEPñn -edImkBa©úH -edImxñayman;

-edImbnøaeXø -edImq¥wgBs; -edImCla -edImeTonéRB

-vlø×RteGIk -edImknþk; -edImb¤sSI -edImjéRB

-edImbnøayYn -edImsøk -edImsñacTwk -edImkNþab;ceg¥r

-edImbnøas¥it -edImRcEkg -edImBgRkeBI -edImsMrk

-edImesña -kMe)øak -RtkYt -RBlit

-edImjejó -edImeFµjRtI -edImEPñkRBab -edImRTnuMGaGUt

-edImrMedj -edImGUjm:Uj

4>3>5>6 yuT§sa®sþ

edIm,IeqøIytbnigkarGnuvtþEpnkar[TTYl)aneCaKC½yCaEpøpáakñúgry³eBl3qñaM Edl

)anerobcMmkenH tamnamKN³kmµkarshKmn_ensaTkMBg;XøaMg manyuT§sa®sþmYycMnYn dUc

xageRkam³

79

-begáItKN³kmµkarsRmab;GnuvtþtamdanBinitü nigvaytémøkarGnuvtþEpnkarrYmman ³

smaCikKN³kmµkarshKmn_ensaT cas;RBwT§acarü nigsmaCikshKmn_ensaT EdlmanbT

BiesaFn_ nigcMeNHdwgl¥ kñúgkardwknaM nigRKb;RKgkargar.

-suMCMnYybec©keTsBIsmtßkic©CMnaj nigsßab½nBak;B½n§edIm,ICYypþl;eyabl;cMeBaHEpn

karNaEdlTak;Tg nigbec©keTsdUcCa kareFVIEpnkarkEnøgGPirkSRtIemBUC karerobcMkEnøg

GPirkSkEnøgéRBlicTwk kEnøgGPirkSCIv³cMruH karsþaERBk karkMNt;]bkrN_ensaT karciBa©wm

RtI.

-TMnak;TMngCamYysßab½nCMnaj GgÁkarnana KeRmag nigm©as;CMnYyedIm,ITTYl)ankar

]btßmKaMRT fvikasRmab;dMeNIrkarGnuvtþEpnkar.

-erobcMkmµviFIGnuvtþEpnkartamdMNak;kalnImYy² edayCak;lak;.

-pSBVpSayEpnkarRKb;RKgkEnøgensaTshKmn_dl;smaCikshKmn_ensaT nigGñk

Bak;B½n§sMxan;²edIm,CMrujkarcUlrYm nigKaMRTdl;karGnuvtþEpnkarRKb;RKgTTYl)anRbsiT§iPaB

l¥RbesIr.

-ekobKrkarcUlrYmcMENkrbs;smaCikshKmn_ensaT.

-shkaredIm,Icat;viFankary:agtwgrwgcMeBaHGñkmkBIxageRkAshKmn_.

-BRgwgsmtßPaBbec©keTs nigbTBiesaFn_kñúgkarGPivDÆshKmn_ensaT.

-cgRkgRkumGñkensaTeTAtamRbePT]bkrN_ensaT edIm,IcUlrYmGnuvtþEpnkar.

-bBa©ÚlEpnkarRKb;RKgshKmn_ensaTeTAkñúgEpnkarGPivDÆXuM.

4>4 karRKb;RKgsßitiePJóveTscr

sßitieTscrN_ KWeFVIeLIgedIm,IRKb;RKgnUvcMnYnePJóveTscr EdlmkTsSnaenAXuMkMBg;

XøaMg etImancMnYnePJóvb:unµannak;kñúgmYyEx b¤qñaM? ExNa qñaMNaePJómkeRcInCageK? ExNa qñaM

NaePJóvmkticCageK? etIkaNUtdwkePJóvGaceFVIcracrN_RKb;RKan;b¤eT? kareFVIsßitienH KWCa

ktþamYykñúgkarbgá[manlkçN³gayRsYlkñúgkarGPivDÆeTscrN_dUcCa karerobcMesvakmµ

dwkCBa¢Ün karpÁt;pÁg;esvakmµGahar nigePsC¢³CaedIm. müa:geTotsßitieTscrN_enH KWCakar

cg¥úlbgðajeKaledAkñúg karerobcMEpnkarGPivDÆn_eTscrN_enAXuMkMBg;XøaMg nigedIm,Ivas;sÞg;

nUvbrimaNePJóveTscrekInb¤fycuH.

80

sßitieTscrN_enAtMbn;kMBg;XøaMgcab;epþImGnuvtþn_eLIgenAcugqñaM2009 kñúgExvicäika. xag

eRkamenH CaTinñn½ycMnYnePJóvEdl)anRbmUltamry³ karcuHsßitirbs;buKÁlikénKN³kmµkar

EfrkSasuvtßiPaBePJóveTscr

taragTI 4>2 sßitiePJóveTscrmkTsSnakMBg;XøaMgkñúgExvicäika qñaM2009 dl;

ExmIna qñaM2010

l>r CnCati cMnYnePJóvmkdl;

Exvicäika ExFñÚ Exmkra ExkumÖ³ ExmIna

1 )araMg 561 482 339 599 615

2 GaemrikkaMg 621 356 431 365 308

3 Gg;eKøs 371 177 261 377 392

4 GaløWm:g 438 207 293 354 262

5 GU®sþalI 249 151 198 90 82

6 cin 68 45 71 67 34

7 hULg; 16 15 62 63 28

8 GIutalI 15 13 123 55 28

9 kaNada 23 29 24 46 49

10 sVIs 33 10 5 25 17

11 Cb:un 4 11 11 12 15

12 GURTIs 23 2 2 10 20

13 rusSI 3 10 15 9 13

14 Eb‘lhSúIk 52 13 28 7 29

15 eGs,:aj 17 2 17 9 20

16 \NÐa 14 8 49 8 28

17 saMghÁaBYr 18 62 13 0 9

18 kUer: 7 0 47 30 16

19 hVagLg; 8 37 27 3 0

20 GIu®sþaEG‘l 6 11 0 2 14

81

21 hVagLg; 8 37 27 3 0

22 eGokLg; 2 0 5 8 0

23 m:aeLsIu 13 48 0 5 9

24 éf 34 0 0 8 0

25 s‘uuyEGt 4 0 0 0 5

26 GaRhiVk 4 2 0 0

27 evotNam 3 0 9 0 8

28 eRbsIul 7 0 0 0 0

29 Gasg;Tin 23 0 0 0 0

30 PUma 3 0 0 0 0

31 søÚv:aeNor 16 0 0 0 0

32 daNWm:ak; 0 4 6 7 4

33 hVIlIBIn 0 2 6 7 0

34 Rkic 0 8 0 3 0

35 eqkU 0 4 2 0 0

36 Kuy)a 0 11 0 0 0

37 micsIuckU 0 10 0 0 0

38 esrIlgáa 0 3 0 0 0

39 GUsþÚnI 0 1 0 0 0

40 Nkev: 0 0 5 12 0

41 rUm:anI 0 0 11 0 24

42 hugRKI 0 0 2 0 13

43 sVIdin 0 0 2 0 2

44 j:ÚesELn 0 0 8 0 0

45 sÁÚtELn 0 0 2 0 0

46 RKIm 0 0 2 0 0

47 TUKW 0 0 2 0 0

82

48 b:kTuykal; 0 0 0 3 2

49 G‘uyERkn 0 0 0 2 0

50 \NÐÚensIu 0 0 0 14 0

51 b:ULÚj 0 0 0 9 38

52 enorLin 0 0 0 0 2

srub 2670 1735 2080 2109 2086

4>5 esvakmµeTscrN_ nigTMnijeTscrN_

esvakmµeTscrN_ Caktþad¾sMxan;kñúgkarGPivDÆnUvvis½yeTscrN_ CaBiesskarGPi-

vDÆn_enAtMbn;rmNIydæanskþanuBleTscrN_. PaBrIkcMerIn nigkarsMbUrEbbkñúgkarGPivDÆ

enaHKWBwgEp¥kelIkesvakmµeTscrN_enHTaMgRsugEtmþg ebIKµanesvakmµsMrab;CYysMrYldl;

ePJóveTscreT etItMbn;rmNIydæanskþanuBleTscrN_enaH nwgmanPaBl¥RbesIremþcekIt?

eFVIdUcemþcmanePJóveTscr? ePJóveTscrGaceTAedayviFINa? etIeTAdl;TIenaHGaceFVIGVI)an

xøH? ehIymanGVIxøHEdlRtUvbMeBjdl;tMrUvkarrbs;BYkeK? tYy:agdUcCaenAtMbn;skþanuBleTs-

crN_kMBg;XøaMgEdlkMBugEtTTYlkarcab;GarmµN_BIsMNak;ePJóveTscr nigGaCIvkreTscrN_ .

edaysarkMBg;XøaMgCatMbn;skþanuBleTscrN_EdleTIbEtcab;epþImGPivDÆn_fµIefµag

eyIgBuMTan;eXIjmanesvakmµeTscrN_RKb;RKan; edIm,IbMerInUvtMrUvePJóveTscrenAeLIyeT dUcCa

esvakmµmðÙbGahar esvakmµePsC¢³ esvakmµBt’man esvakmµsñak;enACaedIm. GVIEdleyIg

segþteXIjmaneRcInKWesvakmµdwkCBa¢ÜnEtb:ueNÑaH.

4>5>1 esvakmµsñak;enA

enAXuMkMBg;XøaMgBuMTan;manesvakmµsñak;enAsRmab;bMerICUnePJoveTscrenAeLIyeT b:uEnþ

enHminePJovminGacmksñak;enAenaHeT. ebItamkarbMPøWrbs;elakemXuMfa enAqñaM2009 KWman

ePJovmksñak;enAnwgpÞHRbCaCnkñúgPUmieRcInpgEdr. pÞHTaMgGs;enaHmanpÞHelak Qun Fi PUmi

muxvtþnwgpÞHGñknag RBM hug sßitkñúgPUmiCIECt EdlmanePJóvmksñak;enAjwkjab;CageKeRkABI

enaHmanpÞHxøHeTotb:uEnþmkmþgmáal.

ebIeyagtamkarsaksYrGñknag RBM hug m©as;pÞHePJóvsñak;enAfa ePJóvEdlmksñak;enA

pÛHKat;KWePJòvrbs;Rkumh‘unTIPñak;gareTscrN_. cMeBaHEbbbTsñak;enAenaHRkumh‘unTIPñak;gar

eTscrN_)anesñIsuMeTAsalaextþedIm,IsuMkarGnuBaØatidak;ePJóvsñak;enApÞHrbs;Gñknag RBM hug

83

edaypÞal;ehIyeTIbbBa¢ÚnlixitenaHeTAsñak;karnKr)alkMBg;XøaMg edIm,ICYykarBarsuvtßiPaB

rbs;ePJov.

cMeBaHtMélénkarsñak;enAtamkarbBa¢ak;rbs;GñknagfaebIePJóvsñak;enAcMnYn 2 eTA 3

tMél 15 duløa b:uEnþebIePJóveRcInCagbInak;KWePJóvmñak;²RtUvbg;3duløa.

4>5>2 esvakmµdwkCBa¢Ún

edIm,ICYysMrYldl;ePJóveTscrEdleTATsSnaXuMkMBg;XøaMg [)ansÁal;RKb;Rcklðkén

tMbn;skþanuBlTak;TajeTscrN_FmµCatikMBg;XøaMg. XuMkMBg;XøaMg)anshkarCamYyx½NÐrdæ

)alClplesomraberobcMbegáItCaEpeTscrN_FmµCatiCYyedIm,ICacMNtdl;kaNUtdwkePJóv-

eTscrEdlEpenHmankaNUtdwkePJóvcMNuHcMnYn18kaNUt. m©as;kaNUtTaMgGs;KWsuTæEtCa

RbCaBlrdærs;enAkñúgXuMkMBg;XøaMg.

cMeBaHkaNUtEdldwkePJóveTATsSnatMbn;bwgTenøsabkñúgmYyeCIgKWRtUvbg;fvika2duløa

[mkEpshKmn_eTscrN_ b:uEnþbc©úb,nñenHedaysarshKmn_BuMTan;manc,ab;CapøÚvkar dMeNIr

karRbtibtþikarmankarrGak;rGYlkarRKb;RKgfvika KWRtUvRbKl;eGayGnuKN³kmµkarEfrkSa

suvtßiPaBePJóveTscrkMBg;XøaMgeTAvij.

dUecñHcMeBaHePJóveTsc EdlmanbMNgeTATsSnatMbn;skþanuBleTscrN_kMBg;XøaMgKW

RtUveFVIdMeNIrtammeFüa)ayBIrKWtampøÚveKak nigpøÚvTwk.

-kareFVIdMeNIrtampøÚveKak tamry³m:UtU rWum:k;dwkePJov nigLanedayeTAQb;enAEp

eTscrrYceTIbCiHkaNUtbnþeTAtMbn;mat;bwgTenøsab. tMélkaNUtenAkMBg;XøaMgEckCaBIrdUc

enAtMbn;kMBg;Pøúk emERC nwgcugeXñóspgEdr KWtMélsMrab;ePJóv Walk-in nigePJòvRkumh‘un

TIPñak;gareTscrN_ nigRkumh‘unepSg²eTot. cMeBaHtMèlePJòv Walk-in KWmin)ankMNt;Cak;

lak;eT b:uEnþsMrab;tMèlePJòvRkumh‘uneTscrN_KWCatMèlccarrvagmäs;kaNUtnigRkumh‘un.

tMélcuHkic©snüaenaHKW

-ePJóvcab;BI 1-10nak; tMél 15 duløa

-ePJóvcab;BI 11-25nak; tMél 25 duløa

-ePJóvcab;BI 30nak;eLIgeTA tMél30-50 duløa.

kaNUtTaMgGs;EdlbMerIesvakmµdwkCBa¢ÚnePJóveTscreTATsSna ebIKitsrubkñúgmYy

Ex² KW)aneRcIneCIg. cUemIlTinñn½yxageRkam³

84

taragTI 4>3 sßitikaNUtdwkePJóvenAkMBg;XøaMg

cMnYnkaNUt cMnYndwk

Exvicäika 18 524

ExFñÚ 18 409

Exmkra 18 502

ExkumÖ³ 18 397

Exmina 15 378

srub 87 2/210

4>5>3 esvakmµGahar nigePsC¢³

enAXMukMBg;XøaMgBMumanePaCnIydæanenaHeT KWEtmanGahardæantUc²enACMuvijpSarb:ueNÑaH

GahardæanTMagenaH BMumanesvakmµCalkçN³sþg;darsMrab;bMerIeGayePJóveTscrenaHsUm,IEtkar

lk;Gahar nigePsC¢³enAelIEpeTscrN_k¾dUcKña KWmanlkçN³samBaØbMputedaybMerIsMrab;Et

ePJóvCatib:ueNÑaH. b:uEnþenaHBMuEmnmann½yfaeyIgminlk;eGayePJóveTscrenaHeT.

edayELkenAPUmibENþtTwkk¾minmanEdr KWmanRtwmEtkarlk;ePsC¢³ nigrbs;rbr

EdlmanlkçN³Cakarlk;\va:n;cab;hYyb:ueNÑaH.

cMnucEdleyIgKYrKt;sMKal;enaH KWkarbriePaKGaharrbs;ePJóvenAtampÞHRbCaCnEdl

erobcMeLIgedayRkumh‘unTIPñak;gareTscrN_.

tamkarCYbsMPasCamYyelak QU GIulIt m©as;TIPñak;gareTscrN_ Elit Angkor

Travel & Tours fa Kat;]sSah_naMePJóveTATsSna enAkMBg;XøaMgNas;ehIyPaKeRcInénePJóv

KWerobcMeGayjauMGaharéf¶Rtg;enApÞHrbs;RbCaBlrdæenAtMbn;enaHEtmþg. EdlknøgmkKWEtg

EteFVIenApÞHrbs;bgb¥ÚnKat;. elIsBIenaHeTA eTotmandUcCa pÞHrbs;Gñknag RBM hug nigelak

Qun CI CaedIm.

4>5>4 TMnijeTscrN_

XuMkMBg;XøaMg BuMsUvmanplitpleTscrN_sm,ÚrEbbdUcenAtMbn;Tak;TajeTscrN_

epSg² eTotenaHeT. b:uEnþeyIgk¾segáteXIjmanePJóvEdleTATsSnaenAtMbn;enaH ehIyTij

85

nUvRbePTplitplbYnsMxan;² dUcCa vtßúGnusSavrIy_ ¬kabUbyUr kenÞl sµúK>>>>>¦ EpøeQI ¬sVay

RbEbk nigRkUc¦ Gahar ¬buklðúg BgTakUn mIRsuH¦ nigePsC¢³ ¬kUkakULa Fanta>>>>>>>¦

taragTI 4>4 plitplEdlePJóv)aneRbIR)as;

lr RbePTTMnijlk;CUnePJóv Ékta témø RbPB

1 vtßúGnusSavrIy_ ePJóvCati breTs

1 kabUbyYrFM 1 20000` 40000` kMBg;XøaMg

2 kabUbyYrtUc 1 12000` 20000` kMBg;XøaMg

3 kenÞlFM 1 40000` 45000` kMBg;XøaMg

4 kenÞlkNþal 1 35000` 40000` kMBg;XøaMg

5 sµúK 1 12000` 20000` kMBg;XøaMg

6 RbGb;kadU 1 12000` 20000` kMBg;XøaMg

7 FugsMram 1 20000` 28000` kMBg;XøaMg

8 mYk 1 12000` 20000` kMBg;XøaMg

2 EpøeQI

1 sVay 1Epø 1000` 1000` dMEdk

2 RtEbk 1Epø 1000` 1000¡ dMEdk

3 RkUc 1Epø 500` 500` dMEdk

3 Gahar

1 buklðúg 1can 3000` 3000` kMBg;XøaMg

2 BgTakUn 1RKab; 3000` 3000` kMBg;XøaMg

3 mIRsuH b¤mIqa 1can 3000` 3000` kMBg;XøaMg

4 ePsC¢³

1 kUkakULa 1kMb:ug 1500` 1500` dMEdk/esomrab

2 Fanta 1kMb:ug 1500` 1500` dMEdk/esomrab

3 TwksENþk 1kMb:ug 1500` 1500` dMEdk/esomrab

4 xar:a)av 1kMb:ug 2000` 2000` dMEdk/esomrab

5 TwksuT§ 1kMb:ug 500` 500` dMEdk/esomrab

86

4>6 lT§plénkarsÞg;mtiePJóveTscrN_eTATsSnakMBg;XøaMg

4>6>1 Bt’manrbs;ePJóveTscr

tamry³kRmgsMnYrEdlRbmUl)anBIePJóvcMnYn61nak; Edl)aneTATsSnaenAXMukMBg;

XøaMg)anbgðaj[eXIjfa ePJóveTscrRbmaN ° Ca®sþI ehIyePJóvTaMgGs;enaHKWmanv½yxus²

Kña EdlPaKeRcInénePJóveTATsSnaenAkMBg;XøaMg KWmanv½ycab; 20-50 qñaM RbmaN65°.

sUmBinitüemIltaragxageRkam³

taragTI 4>5 taragkMNt;GayuePJóv61nak;Edl)aneTATsSnaenAkMBg;XøaMg

Gayu cMnYn¬61¦ cMnYnCaPaKry

20-35 qñaM 15nak; 24>5°

36-50 qñaM 25nak; 40>7°

51-65 qñaM 15nak; 24>5°

66-75 qñaM 6nak; 9>7°

bNþaePJóveTscrTaMgGs;enaH KWmkBIRbeTsepSg²Kña mandUcCaGg;eKøs GaLWm:g; )a-

raMg Gaemrik GU®sþalI kaNada b:ULÚj nigrusSI. PaKeRcInénePJóveTscrEdleTATsSnaenA

kMBg;XøaMg eyIg)anviPaKeXIjfa ePJóvCnCatiGg;eKøs GaLWm:g )araMg nigGaemrik mancMnYn

eRcInCageKKWrhUtdl;eTA85>3°. sUmBinitüemIltaragxageRkam³

taragTI 4>6 taragbBa¢ak;BIsBa¢atiePJóv61nak;Edl)aneTATsSnakMBg;XøaMg

CnCati cMnYn ¬61¦ cMnYnKitCaPaKry

Gg;eKøs 22nak; 36>1°

GaLWm:g 11nak; 18°

)araMg 10nak; 16>4°

Gaemrik 9nak; 16>4°

GU®sþalI 3nak; 4>9°

kaNada 3nak; 4>9°

b:ULÚj 2nak; 3>3°

rusSI 1nak; 1>6°

87

4>6>2 dMeNIrkMsanþeTAkMBg;XøaMg

bNþaePJóveTscrcMnYn61nak;enH tamkarviPaK)anbgðaj[eXIjfa ePJóvEdl)anTTYl

Bt’mansþIBIFnFanEdlCaskþanuBleTscrN_enArmNIydæankMBg;XøaMgenaH KW)antamry³

bNþajepSg²Kña b:uEnþePJòvEdlTTYlBt’mantamry³mitþP½®kþ nigRkumh‘unTIPñak;gareTscrN_ KW

mancMnYneRcInCageK tamtYelx)anbgðajrhUtdl;72>8°. sUmBinitüemIltaragxageRkam³

taragTI 4>7 RbPBBt’manEdlePJóvTTYl)an

ePJóvmktamry³ cMnYn ¬61¦ cMnYnKitCaPaKry

mitþP½®kþ 31nak; 50>8°

Rkumh‘unTIPñak;gareTscrN_ 14nak; 22°

esovePAmKÁúeTsk_ 7nak; 11>9°

mKÁúeTsk_eTscrN_ 6nak; 10>2°

sisS nisSit 2nak; 3>4°

GñkebIkbr 1nak; 1>7°

enHsrbBa¢ak;[eXIjfa GñkTaMgGs;Edl)anerobrab;xagelIenH KWCaGñkEdl)anBaMnaM

nUvBt’mansMxan;²sþIBIskÝanuBleTscrN_kMBg;XøaMgCUndl;ePJòveTscr. b:uEnþ ebIeyIgniyay

BIkareFVIdMeNIrrbs;GñkeTscreTATsSnaenAkMBg;XøaMgvij eyIgviPaKeXIjfakñúgcMeNamePJóv

61nak;enH ePJóvEdleTATsSnaEtmñak;enaHmancMnYnRtwm11>5°b:ueNÑaH. tYelxenHbBa¢ak;[

eXIjfa PaKeRcInKWBYkeKeTACalkçN³Rkum mandUcCa ³ eTACamYyRkumRKUsar mitþP½®kþ nigCa

lkçN³RkumeRkamkarerobcMrbs;TIPñak;gareTscrN_. ehIybNþaePJóveTscrTaMg61nak;enH

KWmaneKalbMNgkñúgkarTsSnaepSg²Kña dUcsMraklMEhkay edIm,Ipøas;bþÚrbTBiesaFn_ eTsc-

rN_ EsVgyl;BIvb,Fm’ nigbrisÜanFmµCati b:uEnþCalT§plRkumeyIg´)anviPaKeXIjfa ePJòv

EdlmaneKalbMNg edIm,IsMraklMEhkay nigcg;pøas;bþÚrbTBiesaFn_énkarrs;enAmancMnYn

eRcInEdlKYr[kt;sMKal; KWrhUtdl;eTA59>7°. sUmBinitüemIltaragxageRkam³

taragTI 4>8 eKalbMNgénkarTsSnarbs;ePJóv

eKalbMNgePJóveTATsSnakMBg;XøaMg cMnYn ¬61¦ cMnYnKitCaPaKry

sMraklMEhkay 26nak; 38>6°

pøas;bþÚrbTBiesaFn_énkarrs;enA 12nak; 21>1°

88

eTscrN_ 11nak; 19>3°

EsVgyl;BIvb,Fm’ 9nak; 15>8°

brisßan nigFmµCati 3nak; 5>3°

4>6>3 Bt’mansþIBItMbn;eTscrN_kMBg;XøaMg

4>6>3>1 cMNg;cMNUlcitþePJóv nigkEnøgTak;Taj

eyagtamkarsÞg;mtiePJóvTaMg61nak; Edl)aneTATsSnaenAXuMkMBg;XøaMg eTAelI faetI

ePJóvcUlcitþGVICageKenAtMbn;kMBg;XøaMgenH? Tinñn½yenH)anbgðaj[eXIjfa GVIEdlePJóvcg;eTA

TsSnaenaHmandUcCa brisÜan vb,Fm’sþIBIrebobrbbrs;enArbs;RbCaBlrdækñúgtMbn; sMrs;èn

esaP½NPaBedIm sMNg;pÞH PUmiGENþtTwk tMbn;Tak;TajFmµCati Remoteness nigmeFüa)ay

eFVIdMeNIrrbs;GñkkMBg;XøaMg ¬TUk kaNUt sM):at>>>CaedIm¦. bNþaskþanuBlTak;TajTaMgGs;

enHGVIEdlePJòveTscrmancMNab;GarmµN_ nigcUlcitþTsSnaCageKKW vb,Fm’sþIBIkarrs;enArbs;

RbCaBlrdækñúgshKmn_ nigsMNg;pÞHEdlmancMnYnesµInig50°. sUmBinitüemIltaragxag

eRkam³

taragTI 4>9 skþanuBlEdlePJóveBjcitþ

skþanuBlEdlePJóveBjcitþCageK cMnYnKitCaPaKry

vb,Fm’enAkñúgshKmn_ 35>2°

sMNg;pÞHGñkRsuk 14>8°

sMrs;énesaP½NPaBedIm 7>4°

brisßan FmµCati 3>7°

Remoteness 1>9°

4>6>3>2 lkçNéndMeNIrkMsanþtamkaNUt

dUceyIgdwgRsab;ehIyfa ePJóveTscrEdleTATsSnaenAkMBg;XøaMg KWRtUveFVIdMeNIrBIr

dMNak;kar EdldMNak;karTImYyKWeRbIR)as;meFüa)aydUc m:UtU Lan>>>> nigTIBIrKWRtUvCiHkaNUt

minfardUvR)aMg b¤vsSaeLIy. b:uEnþTinñn½yEdl)anbgðajCUnxageRkamenH KWCakarsÞg;mtiePJóv

EdlRkumeyIg´)aneFVIenArdUvR)aMgEtb:ueNÑaH. sMrab;karsÞg;mtienH RkumeyIg´)anerobcMCa

kRmgsMnYrsMrab;CUnePJóvbMeBj faetIKat;yl;dUcemþccMeBaHlkçN³énkareFVIdMeNIrTsSnatam

kaNUt EdlmandUcCa lkçxNÐTUk eBlevlasMrab;TsSna kEnøgRtUvCiHTsSna nigtémøTUk

89

edaypþl;»kas[ePJóvbMeBjenAeBlCiHRtLb;BIbwgTenøsabmkkan;PUmivij tamBinÞúEdleyIg

)ankMNt;man elx1 l¥Nas; elx2 l¥ elx3 Fmµta elx4 Gn; elx5 Gn;Nas; EdlCa

lT§plPaKeRcInénePJóvKWsuT§EtTTYlsÁal;fa lkçN³énkareFVIdMeNIrTsSnatamkaNUtKWBit

Cal¥ nigTTYyyk)an. sUmBinitüemIltaragxageRkam³

taragTI 4>10 lkçN³énkareFVIdMeNIrTsSnatamkaNUt

lkçN³énkareFVIdMeNIrTsSnatamkaNUt ¬°¦PaKryePJóveqøIyl¥ BinÞúmFüm

lkçxNÐTUk 98>3 1>4

eBlevlasMrab;TsSna 98>3 1>4

kEnøgRtUvCiHTsSna 96>6 1>3

témøTUk 93>1 1>4

Tinñn½yenH )anbgðaj[eXIjfa ePJóveTscrEdl)aneqøIyenAkñúgkMritl¥ eTAelIlkçN³

énkareFVIdMeNIreTATsSnaenAtMbn;mat;bwgTenøsabtamkaNUt mandUcCa lkçxNÐTUk 89>3°

esµIBinÞúmFüm1>4 eBlevlasMrab;TsSna 98>3° esµInigBinÞúmFüm 1>4 kEnøgRtUvCiHeTATsSna

96>6° esµInigBinÞúmFüm 1>3 nigtémøTUk 93>1° esµInigBinÞúmFüm 1>4.

4>6>3>3 PaBeBjcitþrbs;ePJóvelIlkçN³sm,tþikñúgshKmn_

enAXuMkMBg;XøaMgKWmanskáanuBlTak;TajePJóveTscrCaeRcIn dUcEd;lRkumeyIg´)anbri-

yayBIxagedIm EdlsuT§EtCalkçN³sm,tþirYmpSMKña sMrab;Tak;TajePJóveTscrmkTsSna[

kan;EteRcIneLIg². b:uEnþeyIgBuM)andwgfaePJóveBjcitþelIlkçN³sm,tþimYyNa kñúgkMritNa

enaHeT. dUecñHedIm,ITajCa]TahrN_mkbBa¢ak; eyIgk¾)anTTYlTinñn½ytamry³karbMeBj

kRmgsMnYrrbs;ePJóvpgEdr faetIKat;eBjcitþkñúgkMritNaeTAlkçN³sm,tþiTak;TajeTscrkñúg

shKmn_?¬emIltaragxageRkam¦edayBYkeKRKan;EteRCIserIsykelxEdlkMNt;manelx1

Most Enjoyable elx2 More Enjoyable elx3 Enjoyable elx4Less Enjoyable elx5

Least Enjoyable. sMrab;karviPaKenHRkumeyIg´sUmelIkbgðajCUnEtePJóvEdleqøIyykelx

3 KW More Enjoyable Etb:ueNÑaH. sUmBinitüemIltaragxageRkam³

taragTI 4>11 lkçN³sm,tþiTak;TajeTscrkñúgshKmn_kMBg;XøaMg

lkçN³sm,tþiTak;TajeTscrkñúgshKmn_ ¬°¦PaKryénePJóv

More Enjoyable

BinÞúmFüm

plitplkñúgshKmn_ 61>5 2>23

90

]bkrN_ensaT 89>7 1>64

vtþ 60>5 2>27

rebobrbbrs;enA 96>7 1>33

sMNg;pÞH 98>3 1>33

eTsPaB 94>8 1>65

bwg ERBk RsH RBaMg 95 1>65

kEnøgTak;TajFmµCati 94>6 1>60

ksidæanciBa©wmRtI 98>1 1>47

BiFIbuNü nigRbéBNIepSg² 45>5 1>82

pSar 38>3 2>68

brisßan 87>3 1>84

Tinñn½yxagelIenH )anbgðaj[eXIjfa ePJóveTscrEdl)aneqøIykñúgkMriteBjcitþ More

Enjoyble eTAelIlkçN³sm,tþiTak;TajeTscrkñúgshKmn_mandUcCa plitplkñúgshKmn_

61>5° esµInigBinÞúmFüm 2>23 ]bkrN_ensaT 89>7° esµInigBinÞúmFüm 1>64 vtþ 60>5°

esµInigBinÞúmFüm2>27 rebobrbbrs;enA96>7° esµInigBinÞúmFüm 1>33 sMNg;pÞH 98>3°

esµInigBinÞúmFüm 1>33 eTsPaB 94>8° esµInigBinÞúmFüm 1>65 bwg ERBk RsH RBaMg 95°

esµInigBinÞúmFüm1>65 kEnøgTak;TajFmµCati94>6° esµInigBinÞúmFüm 1>60 ksidæanciBa©wmRtI

98>1° esµInigBinÞúmFüm 1>47 BiFIbuNü nigRbéBNIepSg²45>5° esµInigBinÞúmFüm1>82

pSar38>3° esµInigBinÞúmFüm2>68 brisßan87>3° esµInigBinÞúmFüm1>84.

4>6>4 karpþl;eyabl;ePJóv

edIm,IeqøIynUvesckþIRtUvkarkñúgkarGPivDÆtMbn;skþanuBleTscrN_kMBg;XøaMg[manPaBl¥

RbesIrnigeqøIynigtMrUvkarrbs;ePJóveTscrEdlmkTsSna. RkumeyIg´k¾)aneFVIkarviPaKeTAelI

mtieyabl;rbs;ePJóv Edl)ansresrBIKMnitrbs;BYkeKmkelItMbn;skþanuBlEdlBYkeKkMBug

TsSna. lT§plénkarviPaKTaMgGs;enH )anseRmcCaEpøpáaKYrCaTIKab;citþ. bNþaePJóvTaMg61

nak;enH )anpþl;nUvmtieyabl;xusKña dUcCaePJóvxøHcg;[rkSanUvrebobrbbénkarRbkbmuxrbr

rbs;RbCaCnkñúgshKmn_ xøHcg;[begÝItnUvmNÐlBt’man xøHepþateTAelIbrisÜanCaedIm.

sUmBinitüemIltaragxageRkam³

91

taragTI 4>12 karpþl;eyabl;rbs;ePJóvmkelItMbn;skþanuBlkMBg;XøaMg

eyabl;ePJóv cMnYnKitCaPaKry

rkSanUvTRmg;énkarRbkbmuxrbredIm 33>3°

begÝItkEnøgpþl;Bt’man 23>1°

pÞHePJóvsñak;enA 20>5°

brisßan nigGnam½y 12>8°

kareFVIbgÁn;tamTUk 10>3°

\

92

V. karBiPakSa

bNþaFnFanskþanuBleTscrN_ Edl)anbriyayBIxagedIm KWCaktþad¾sMxan;bMput Edl

edIrtYnaTIkñúgkarCYyCMrujnUvkarerobcMGPivDÆn_nUvtMbn;skþanuBleTscrN_kMBg;XøaMg [)anPaB

Tak;TajnUvGarmµN_rbs;ePJóveTscrCati nigGnþrCati.

edIm,IcUlrYmcMENkkñúgkarerobcMGPivDÆn_sßanPaBeTscrN_enAXuMkMBg;XøaMg RkumeyIg´

)aneFVIkarRbCuMBiPakSaeTAelIcMnucmYycMnYn EdlCasmasFatuénkarerobcMGPivDÆn_vis½yeTs-

crN_kñúgtMbn;kMBg;XøaMgenAéf¶mux KW³

5>1 lT§PaBkñúgkarerobcMvgVg;TsSnacr

dUc)anerobrab;enAkñúgCMBUkTI4 cMnuc4>2 sþIBI skþanuBlTak;TajeTscrN_ enAXuMkMBg;

XøaMgCaeRcInhUrmkehIy b:uEnþGVIEdleyIgsegþt nigGVIEdleyIgTTYl)anBIePJóveTscrenaH

KWfa bNþaskþanuBleTscrN_EdleyIgmanenAkMBg;XøaMg KWePJóvminTan;)aneTATsSnaGs;enaH

eT PaKeRcInénePJóvEdleTATsSna KWBYkKat;)anemIlRtwmEtskþanuBlEdlenACab;tampøÚveq<aH

eTAkan;bwgTenøsabEtb:ueNÑaH. etIeyIgKYreFVIdUcemþcedIm,I[ePJóveTscrcUleTAkan;kEnøg

skþanuBlEdlenAsl;TaMgGs;enaH)an? Cak;EsþgNas; karsikSaknøgmkKWCayuT§sa®sþ Edl

bgðajTisedAénkarGPivDÆ[manPaBl¥RbesIr.

qøgtamkarsÞg;mtiePJóv nigkarcuHkarGegþtedaypÞal;eTAelItMbn;skþanuBleTscrN_

kMBg;XøaMg eFVI[RkumeyIgýl;eXIjfa rgVg;TsSnacrXuMkMBg;XøaMg KYrRtUv)anbegáIteLIg

sMrab;CaTisedA nigCaplRbeyaCn_kñúgTajykePJóveTscr[cUlmkTsSnaenAkMBg;XøaMgkan;

EteRcIneLIg² CaBiessenaH vaGacpþl;plRbeyaCn_[ePJóveTscr)ansÁal;c,as;BIPUmisa®sþ

nigtMbn;skþanuBlTak;TajenAXuMkMBg;TaMgGs; dUcCakEnøgGPirkSRtIERBklVa ERBkelos bwg

nana nigtMbn;FnFandéTeTot EdlePJóvBuMTan;)aneTATsSna. sUmbBa¢ak;fa ebIeyIgemIlBI

PUmisa®sþenAXuMkMBg;XøaMg CaBiessKWEpñkehdæarcnasm<½n§ KWmanlkçN³GMeNaypldl;erobcM

begáItrgVg;TsSnacrsMrab;ePJóv.

enHsrbBa¢ak;[eXIjfa ebIeyIgmanrgVg;TsSnacr karGPivDÆeTscrN_enAXuMkMBg;XøaMg

nigmanPaBl¥RbesIr nigCaktþaEdleCosvagmin[manplb:HBal;GviC¢maneRcIn ehIyGacTb;

sáat;PaBrej:réj EdlbMrugnwgekItenAéf¶xagmux nigCaktþaCYyCMrujGñkvinieyaKEpñkeTscrN_

[mancMNab;GarmµN_kñúgkarvinieyaKGaCIkmµeTscrN_enAkMBg;XøaMg.

93

5>2 lT§PaBénkarpSBVpSay

fVIt,itfa kMBg;XøaMgeTIbEtrIkduHdalxagEpñkvis½yeTscrN_k¾BitEmn k¾b:uEnþeyIgRtUvdwg

faktþaEdlCasarnaM[ePJóveTscrsÁal;kMBg;XøaMgenaH KWkarpSBVpSay. tamry³karsikSa)an

bgðajfa kMBg;XøaMgKWBuMTan;mankarpSBVpSay)anTUlMTUlayenAeLIyeT eyIgeXIjfa manEt

karpSBVpSaytamry³mitþP½®kþ nigRkumh‘unTIPñak;gareTscrN_b:ueNÑaH EdlmanGRtaPaKry

kñúgkarpþl;Bt’mandl;ePJòveRcInCageK.

kñúgn½yenHcg;bBa¢ak;fa RbsinebIeyIgCYyCMrujdl;karpSBVpSayBIkMBg;XøaMg[manlkç-

N³TUlayCagenH dUcCatamry³ web site [)aneRcInbEnßmeTAeTotenaH nigeFVI[ePJóveTs-

crdwgkan;EtTUlMTUlay nigmanKMnitcg;mkTsSnaenATIenaHBuMxan.

5>3 lT§PaBénkarpÁt;pÁg;esvakmµbEnßm

edayeyageTAelIkarcuHeFVIkarsikSaRsavRCavknøgmkenAtMbn;Tak;TajkMBg;XøaMg Rkum

eyIg´)aneFVIkarkt;sMKal;eXIjfa tMbn;Tak;TajeTscrN_kMBg;XøaMgKYrEtbMeBjesvakmµ

bEnßmeTot edIm,IsMrYldl;ePJóveTscrcUleTATsSnaenAkEnøgenaHpÞal;dUcCa³

5>3>1 ehdæarcnasm<½n§

dUceyIgdwgRsab;ehIyfa pøÚveTAkan;tMbn;kMBg;XøaMgmanBIr KWpøÚvTwk nigpøÚveKak. edIm,I

Tak;TajePJóveTscr[cUleTAkan;tMbn;enaHkan;EteRcIn GaCJaFrmUldæan nigGgÁPaBBak;B½n§nig

TTYl)anplRbeyaCn_BIGñkeTscrRtUvEtshkarKñaeLIgvij nigcUlrYmRKb;Kña edIm,IeFVIpøÚveTA

kan;TIenaH nigpøÚvxVat;ExVgkñúgTIenaHpÞal; CaBiesspøÚveTAkan;valcMkarKYreFVI[RbesIreLIgeTIb

Tak;TajePJóveTscrmkkan;eRcIn.

5>3>2 karGb;rM

edaysartMbn;enaH CatMbn;Tak;TajfµIsMrab;ePJóvcUleTATsSna. RbCaCnenATIenaHBuMTan;

man\riyabfTn;Pøn;kñúgkarRbkbmuxrbrrksIuCamYyePJóv[)anl¥RbesIreT KWBYkeKTaMgGs;enaH

BuMTan;mancMeNHdwgxagEpñkrksIuCamYyePJóveTscreT. BYkKat;KYrEtRtUvmanvKÁbNþúHbNþal

viC¢aCIv³xøIEdlbeRgonedaymnÞIr b¤RksYgeTscrN_edaypÞal;eTIbl¥RbesIr BIeRBaHmnÞIr b¤Rk-

sYgeTscrN_KWCaGgÁPaBCMnaj. ebIBuMdUecñaHeT eyIgKYrvKÁbNþúHbNþalEpñkviC¢aCIv³eTscrN_

BIGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alNamYyedIm,ICYy k¾dUcCaEkERbCIvPaBrbs;BYkKat;BIGn§fyeTAkan;PaB

eCOnelOn. CaBiessbMputEdlminGacxVH)anenaHKW FnFanmnusSEdleFVIkarbMerI[vis½yeT-

94

scrN_enAGgÁPaB shKmn_eTscrN_FmµCatikMBg;XøaMgTaMgGs;enaHRtUvEtqøgkat;vKÁhVwkhVWn

xøI²EdlbNþúHbNþal b¤k¾cuHeTAbeRgonedaypÞal;mnÞIreTscrN_eTIbRbesIr.

5>3>3 kEnøgpþl;Bt’man

CaTUeTAkEnøgNaEdlmanPaBTak;Taj b¤skþanuBlTak;TajGVImYy eKRtUvEtbegáItkEnøg

pþl;Bt’manmYykEnøg EdlniayyR)ab;GMBITIenaH eTaHtUc b¤FMk¾eday KWdac;xatRtUvEtman eTIb

CakarRbesIr saksmCakEnøgeTscrN_. b:uEnþenAXuMkMBg;XøaMgEdlCakEnøgTak;TajeTscr-

N_fµITaMgmUlKYrEtbegÝIt[manmNÐlBt’mansMrab;R)ab;BYkePJòvGMBIcMNucTak;TajepSg² enA

TIenaH.

5>3>4 kEnøgsMrab;ePJóvQb;sMrakry³eBlxøI

eRkABIGaCJaFrmUldæan GgÁPaBBak;B½n§ TIPñak;gareTscrN_ mnÞIreTscrN_ nigGñkEdl

TTYl)anplRbeyaCn_BIeTscrN_ KYrEtshkarKñaedIm,IbegáItkEnøgsMrab;ePJóvQb;sMrakry³

eBlxøI BIeRBaHFmµtaePJóveFVIdMeNIrBIextþeTAkan;TIenaH b¤BITIenaH eTAkan;tMbn;mat;bwgTenøsab

manry³eBlyUrEdr dUcenHRtUvkarsMrakrYcehIyeTIbeFVIdMeNIrkMsanþCuMvijtMbn;enaH. eRkay

mkRtLb;BIeFVIdMeNIrkMsanþvijRtUvkarsMrakbnþiceTIbRtLb;mksNæaKarvij. dUcenHkarbegáIt

[manmNÐlsMrab;ePJóvsMraksMctry³eBlxøIBitCamansar³sMxan;EdlminGacxVH)ansMrab;

tMbn;eTscrN_kMBg;XøaMg.

5>3>5 karCMrujelIkTwkcitþshKmn_

CaeKalkarN_ c,ab;GPivDÆn_eTscrN_shKmn_ karGPivDÆn_enaHplRbeyaCn_Edl)an

mkKWCaplRbeyaCn_rbs;RbCaCnm©as;RsukedaypÞal;. dUcenHRbCaCnm©as;RsukRtUvEtCaGñk

manRbeyaCn_y:ageRcIn ehIyBYkeKRtUv)anelIkTwkcitþcUlrYmkñúgkarGPivDÆ tamry³karbegáIt

muxrbrrksIuCamYyePJóveTscredaypÞal; nigplRbeyaCn_eRkABIenaHRtUvykeTAGPivDÆn_s-

hKmn_rbs;Kat;mandUcCa pøÚv s<an nigmNÐlkMsanþfµI²eTotCaedIm. mü:agvijeTot GaCJaFr

RtUvEtFana[)anfa plRbeyaCn_EdlmkRtUvEt)ancMENkdl;BYkKat; eTIbBYkKat;mankar

sb,aycitþ niwgcUlrYmkarGPivDÃ nigkarEfrkSa GPirkSvb,Fm’cas;²rbs;BYkKat;Tuk[ePJòv

TsSnaCanirnþrPaByUrGEgVgeTA.

95

5>3>6 pøaksBaØa

edIm,IcUlrYmkat;bnßyplb:HBal;GviC¢maneTAelIXuMkMBg;XøaMgTaMgmUl nigedIm,ICYysMrYl

dl;ePJóveTscrEdlcUleTATsSna[manRbsiT§iPaBEfmeTot GaCJaFrEdndI shKmn_eTs-

crN_FmµCatikMBg;XøaMg mnÞIrbrisßan nigGgÁPaBBak;B½n§déTeTot RtUvEtbegáItBaküesøak Cak;

EsþgGb;rMedayRbeyaldl;ePJòveTscr[ecHRsLaj;vb,Fm’mäs;Rsuk nigbrisÜanenACuMvij

tMbn;enaHBiessenAtamTwkCaedIm. elIlBIenaHeTAeTot RtUvbegáIt[manpøassBaØaR)ab;Tis

sMrab;ePJóv nigsresrpøaksBaØaR)ab;eQµaHtMbn;Tak;Taj[ePJóv)ansÁal;pgEdr edIm,I[ePJóv

gaycgcaMetIBYkeK)anTsSnakMsanþGVIxøHenAeBlBYkeKmkkan;TIenH?

96

VI. esckþIsnñidæan nig Gnusasn_

6>1 esckþIsnñidæan

qøgtamkarsikSaknøgmk elIRbFanbTenH RkumeyIg´segáteXIjfa vis½yeTscrN_

enAXuMkMBg;XøaMg manskmµPaBkargarCaeRcInebIeRbobeFobeTAbNþaqñaMmun². enAkñúgkargar

RsavRCavbBa©b;sarNarbs;RkumeyIg´ EdlCanisSiteTscrN_énsaklviTüal½yebolR)ay

saxaextþesomrab CMnan;TI5 )anyl;eXIjfa enAtMbn;kMBg;XøaMgmanlT§PaBRKb;RKan;kñúgkar

erobcMGPivDÆn_nUvskþanuBleTscrN_TaMgkñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ nigéf¶GnaKt. BIeRBaHenAtMbn;enaH

manskþanuBlTak;TajCaeRcIn sMrab;cUlrYmcMENkkñúgkarGPivDÆn_eTscrN_enAtMbn;eTAéf¶

GnaKt. cMENkehdæarcnasm½<n§manlkçN³xVHxateRcInTaMgpøÚvTwk nigpøÚveKak esvakmµpÁt;pÁg;

mðÚbGahar ePsC¢³BuMTan;manlkçN³l¥RbesIrTaMgbrimaN nigKuNPaB. rIÉmeFüa)aydwk

CBa¢ÜnePJóveFVIdMeNIrTsSnaKWmanlkçN³l¥RbesIrGacTTYlyk ebIeRbobeFobeTAnigqñaMmun².

edayELkesvakmµsñak;KWBuMmanenaHeT. elIsBIenHeTAeTot cab;taMgBIvis½yeTscrN_rIklUt

las;CabeNþIr²mk eyIgsegáteXIjfa RbCaCnenATIenaHsm,ÚrkargareRcIn yl;dwgBIsar³

RbeyaCn_énvis½yeTscrN_)anmYycMnYn EdleyIgrMBwgfa ebIvis½yeTscrN_GPivDÆn_Rbkb

edaytmøaPaB enaHvis½ynwgGacCYyelIkkm<s;CIvPaBRbCaCn nigRsUbTajykRbCaCn[mk

RbkbmuxrbrrksIuCamYyePJóveTscrvij edIm,ICakarCYykat;bnßyeTAelIPaBricrilFnFanFmµ-

CatienAenaH.

6>2 Gnusasn_

edIm,I[karGPivDÆnUvskþanuBleTscrN_enAXuMkMBg;TTYl)aneCaKC½yCaviC¢man nigkat;

bnßyplb:HBal;CaGviC¢aman RkumeyIgsUmeFVIkarpþl;nUvGnusasn_mYycMnYndUcxageRkam kñúg

eKalbMNgEklMGral;cMNucxVHxatdUcteTA³

-karGPivDÆeTscrN_kñúgXuMkMBg;XøaMgKYrEtmnÞIreTscrN_CaGñkeFVIeTIbCakarRbesIr

-GñkbMerIkargarEpñkvis½yeTscrN_enATIenaHpÞal;RtUvEtCaGñkmancMeNHdwg bTBiesa-

Fn_ nigCMnajBitR)akd

-mnÞIreTscrN_KYrEtshkarCamYybrisßan Clpl LÚt_ensaT kñúgkarBRgIkFnFan

eTscrN_ nigerobcMbegáItrgVg;TsSnacr[kan;EtTUlMTUlaysMrab;ePJóveTscr

97

-GaCJaFrmUldæanRtUvEtFana[)anfaplRbeyaCn_Edl)anmkBIkarGPivDÆRtUvFøak;mk

elIédRbCaBlrdæm©as;Rsuk

-kargarenATIenaHRtUvpþl;GaTiPaBdl;RbCaBlrdæm©as;Rsuk

-karGPivDÆnskþanuBleTscrN_enATIenaH KYrEtGPivDÆRbkbedaycIrPaBtameKal

karN_TaMg12cMNuc

-]sSah_RbCuMCasaFarN³edIm,IGb;rMRbCaCn[ecHeKarBRsLajCnbreTs BIeRBaHBYk

eKCaGñknaMRbeyaCn_[BYkeyIgenATIenaHpÞal;

-GaCJaFrRtUvEtFana[)annUvsnþisux-suvtßiPaBCUncMeBaHePJóvEdlcUleTATsSna

-KYrerobcMbegÝIt[mankEnøgpþl;Bt’mansMrab;ePJòveTscr

-KYrbegáIt[mankEnøgsMrab;ePJóvQb;sMrakry³eBlxøI

-KYrmanmKÁúeTsk_eTscrN_RbcaMtMbn;kMBg;XøaMg EdlCakUnGñkRsukenaHedaypÞal;

-sMrab;ePJòvKYrEtCaePJòveTscrEdlecHeKarBRsLaj;vb,Fm’mäs;RsukeTIbCakarRbesIr

98

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Microsoft Office 2003 - WordPress.com · 3/02/2018 · 1 I-esckþIepþIm1>1 lMnaMedIm RbeTskm