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Food
MicrofluidicsMicrofluidics for food safety
A. Adami, E. Morganti
13/20/2015 The Milk Day
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Food industry needs and demands
Food safety
• Fast, portable, cheap and easy to use devices
Food quality
• Continuous ad simultaneous measurements of several parameters
Food sustainability
• Water and energy consumption, cleaning operations
Authentification
• Traceability, detection of frauds, adulteration
Intelligent packaging
http://www.foodmicrosystems.eu/
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Opportunities of food microfluidics
http://www.foodmicrosystems.eu/
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Food analysis
Sample preparation, biological, spectroscopic, and separation techniques used in food analysis
and the number of citations in the FSTA database in the period 2001−2011
Garcia-Canas et al. Present and Future Challenges in food analysis: Foodomics, Analytical chemistry 84 (2012)
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Food microfluidics
•Reduced cost of the analysis
•Reduced amount of waste
Low volume of samples and
reagents
•Enhanced mass and heat transfer
• Shorter analysis time
• Increased performance of analysis
Large surface to volume ratio
•On site analysis
•Disposability
• Low cost of constructionPortability
•Automation
• Improved analytical performance
•Amenability to productive use by unskilled operators
Integration of multiple process
•Multiplexing of different assays
•Parallelization
High throughput analysis
Atalay et al. Microfluidic analytical systems for food analysis, Trends in Food Science & Technology, 22 (2011)
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Main components
http://endrikawidyastuti.lecture.ub.ac.id/
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Food microfluidics figures
17%
3%5%
5%
3%
39%
28%
Detection methods
Laser induced fluorescence Contact-less conductivity
Mass spectrometry Chemiluminescence
Photonics Electrochemical
Others
63%13%
24%
Publications 2000-2013
Clinical & health Food Environmental
Escarpa, Lights and shadows of food microfluidics, lab on a chip, 14 (2014)
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Main concepts
Laminar versus
turbulentflow
Surface and interfacial
tension
Capillaryforces
Electrokineticflow
Y.T. Atalay et al. / Trends in Food Science & Technology 22 (2011) 386-404
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Categories
Microchip separationbased systems
Microchip separationbased systems
Microchip capillary electrophoresis
Microfluidic-based Chromatography
Microfluidics cytometry devices
Microchip capillary electrophoresis
Microfluidic-based Chromatography
Microfluidics cytometry devices
Used for: toxins, chemical residues, pathogens, biogenic amines, alkaloids,
acids, organoleptic properties, unwanted additives, phenolic
compounds, aminoacids, dyes, heavymetals, fertilizers, pesticides,
antibiotics
Used for: toxins, chemical residues, pathogens, biogenic amines, alkaloids,
acids, organoleptic properties, unwanted additives, phenolic
compounds, aminoacids, dyes, heavymetals, fertilizers, pesticides,
antibiotics
Reaction based microfluidic
analytical devices
Reaction based microfluidic
analytical devices
Microfluidics based biosensors
Chemical analysis systems
Microfluidics based biosensors
Chemical analysis systems
Used for: food-borne pathognens(bacteria, viruses) antibiotics, mycotoxins, allergent, GMOs,
aminoacid, environmentalcontaminants, N-nitroso compounds,
sugars, acids, oxidation
Used for: food-borne pathognens(bacteria, viruses) antibiotics, mycotoxins, allergent, GMOs,
aminoacid, environmentalcontaminants, N-nitroso compounds,
sugars, acids, oxidation
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Microchip capillary electrophoresis
The velocity v of the analyte is:
µe is the electrophoretic mobility
µeof is the electrosmotic moblity (constant)
E is the electric field
and:
q is the charge of the molecule
η is the viscosity of the mobile phase
r is the radius of the molecule
Alberto Escarpa, Food electronalysis: sense and simplicity, the
Chemical Record 12 (2011)
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Capillary electrophoresis features
Typical features:• Channel dimensions
• Depth= 15-50 µm• Width= 50-200µm• Lenght of separation channel=1-10cm
• Injection voltage >100V• Separation voltage: 1-4kV
Advantages: High speed
4x-10x faster than conventional capillary electrophoresis 1 order of magnitude faster than slab gel electrophoresis
Lower voltage required Simplicity Potential for automation
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Microfluidics cytometer devices
Richards et al. Design and demonstration of a novel micro-Coulter
counter utilizing liquid metal electrodes Journal of Micromechanics
and Microengineering, 22-11 (2012)
Microfluidic Coulter counter
Mao et al. Single-layer planar on-chip flow cytometer using microfluidic drifting
based three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic focusing, Lab on a chip 9 (2009)
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Flow cytometry 3D focusing
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Types of Immunoassays on chip
Lateral flow assay (LFA) ELISA lab on a chip Surface plasmon resonance(SPR)
Latex immunoagglutinationAssay (LIA)
Impedance immunoassay
Yoon et al Lab-on-a-Chip Pathogen Sensors for Food Safety 12 (2012)
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PCR based assays for pathogens
Stationary chamber PCR Microchannel PCR
Droplet PCR Isothermal PCR (LAMP)
Yoon et al Lab-on-a-Chip Pathogen Sensors for Food Safety 12 (2012)
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Sample preparation
Particle separation
Split-flow lateral-transport thin (SPLITT)
Standing Surface Acoustic Wave (SSAW)
Deterministic lateral displacement (DLD)
P. Sajeesh and Ashis Kumar Sen Particle separation and sorting in microfluidic devices: a review microfluidics and Nanofluidics, 17 (2014)
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Sample preparation
Extraction and purification
• Micro/nano particles• Magnetic beads• Solid phase extraction• Liquid/Liquid extraction
Hervas et al. Electrochemical immunosensing on board microfluidic
chip platforms Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 31 (2012)
Chen et al., Microfluidic devices for sample pretreatment and applications, Microsystem Technology, 15(2009)
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Droplet and digital microfluidics
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http://www.lbc.espci.fr/spip.php?rubrique3http://microfluidics.utoronto.ca/
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Multiplexing
i) High throughput analysis with droplet based microfluidic and multiplex PCR amplification (Zeng et al. Anal. Chem. 2010)
ii) High throughput hybridization of dengue virus DNA (Huang et al. Lab chip, 2010)
iii) Parallel detection chambers , (Zhang et al., Lab chip 2011)
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Amir M. Foudeh, Microfluidic designs and techniques using lab-on-a-chip devices for pathogen detection for point-of-care diagnostics, Lab on a chip, 2012
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Lab on disk
Jose L. Garcia-Cordero et al., Microfluidic sedimentation cytometer for milk quality and bovine mastitis monitoring, Biomedical Microdevices 12 (2010)
General steps to operate point-of-care sedimentation cytometer. The process starts with a farmer milking a cow (a) and bringing the portable reader unit into the farm (b). The farmer then draws 150 μL of raw milk into a single-volume pipette (c). Next, up to 12 different milk samples can be dispensed into the microfluidicsedimentation cytometer unit (d). The disc is then loaded into the portable reader unit (e) which spins the disc for 15 min and analyses cell pellet size and cream band width (f)
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Paper based
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i) Design and fabrication of three dimensional paper based microfluidic platform (Martinez et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 105 2008)
ii) ELISA in three dimensional paper based platform (Liu et al., IEEE MEMS 2011)
iii) A three dimensional paper based microfluidic device usign origami principle (Ge et al. Biomaterials, 33, 2011)
Amir M. Foudeh, Microfluidic designs and techniques using lab-on-a-chip devices for pathogen detection for point-of-care diagnostics, Lab on a chip, 2012
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Food microfluidics - conclusions
•Reduced cost of the analysis
•Reduced amount of waste
Low volume of samples and
reagents
•Enhanced mass and heat transfer
• Shorter analysis time
• Increased performance of analysis
Large surface to volume ratio
•On site analysis
•Disposability
• Low cost of constructionPortability
•Automation
• Improved analytical performance
•Amenability to productive use by unskilled operators
Integration of multiple process
•Multiplexing of different assays
•Parallelization
High throughput analysis
Atalay et al. Microfluidic analytical systems for food analysis, Trends in Food Science & Technology, 22 (2011)
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Discussion
Can MicroSystems provide a solution for timely
identification of contaminants, and cost-effective
management of milk quality? What are the most
interesting fields of application or “unexpressed
needs”?
Milk chemistry and composition, strict regulations
for milk quality, dairy industry requirements, the
large diffusion of milk consumers and producers
pose substantial challenges.
What are the major factors that could jeopardize
the integration and automation of current analysis
techniques?
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