Microbes NotesMicrobes Notes

Microscopic Organisms and Your Microscopic Organisms and Your Body’s Immune SystemBody’s Immune System

What is a virus?What is a virus?

A strand of DNA surrounded by a protein coating.A strand of DNA surrounded by a protein coating. Viruses can only reproduce inside a living cell.Viruses can only reproduce inside a living cell. Viruses take on many shapes from rod, round, bricks, Viruses take on many shapes from rod, round, bricks,

threads, bullets, and even robot like shapes.threads, bullets, and even robot like shapes.

How do viruses multiply?How do viruses multiply?

In your notes draw a diagram that displays In your notes draw a diagram that displays how a virus multiplies. Label the stages of how a virus multiplies. Label the stages of the diagram.the diagram.

Structure of viruses are the same.Structure of viruses are the same.Viruses have two basic parts:Viruses have two basic parts:

A protein coat that protects the virusA protein coat that protects the virusAn inner core made of genetic materialAn inner core made of genetic material

How viruses and bacteria affect How viruses and bacteria affect your health?your health?

Bacteria and viruses are known as infectious Bacteria and viruses are known as infectious diseases when they enter your body and make diseases when they enter your body and make you sick. (spread by contact with an infected you sick. (spread by contact with an infected person, object, animal, or source)person, object, animal, or source)

Bacteria can be treated with antibiotics Bacteria can be treated with antibiotics (remember that it also kills the good bacteria (remember that it also kills the good bacteria inside your body).inside your body).

Viruses can’t be treated with antibiotics, rather Viruses can’t be treated with antibiotics, rather you are given a weakened strand of the virus you are given a weakened strand of the virus known as a vaccine and your body builds its known as a vaccine and your body builds its own treatment to the virus. own treatment to the virus.

How can you prevent yourself from viral How can you prevent yourself from viral and bacterial infections?and bacterial infections?

What is bacteria?What is bacteria?

Bacteria are single celled organisms. Bacteria are single celled organisms. They are prokaryotes, meaning their genetic material in They are prokaryotes, meaning their genetic material in

the cell is not contained in a nucleus. the cell is not contained in a nucleus. Bacteria take one of three shapes: spherical, rodlike, or Bacteria take one of three shapes: spherical, rodlike, or

spiral.spiral.

Bacteria continuedBacteria continued

Bacteria reproduce one of two ways; either asexually Bacteria reproduce one of two ways; either asexually (involves only one parent) by binary fission or sexually (involves only one parent) by binary fission or sexually (involves two parents) by conjugation.(involves two parents) by conjugation.

What does bacteria look like?What does bacteria look like?

Draw and label this diagram into your notes.Draw and label this diagram into your notes.

What are the bacteria kingdoms?

1. Eubacteria- Found in more common areas and are larger.

2. Archaebacteria- Found in extreme conditions (hot springs). The original bacteria that was on earth.

What are the beneficial bacteria?

Antibiotics- Produce chemical to prevent the bad bacteria. Saprophyte- Bacteria that breakdown dead material for food.

Used in sewage treatment plants. Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria- Create usable nitrogen for plants. Food Production- Milk, Yogurt, and Cheese.

What are the harmful bacteria?

Some bacteria cause disease and know as pathogens. Pathogen: Any organism that causes disease. Ex. Streptoccocus, Tetanus, Anthrax.

Pasteurization- Heating food to a temperature to kill that bacteria that lives on it.

What is a protist?What is a protist?

Protist are eukaryotes (have a nucleus) Protist are eukaryotes (have a nucleus) that can be classified as animals, plants, that can be classified as animals, plants, or fungi.or fungi.

Always found in wet places.Always found in wet places.

How are protists and cells alike?

Protists are single celled or contain multiple cells. Protists use cell division to multiply. Protists and cells are eukaryotic. Protists and cell can be both plant-like and animal-like.

How are protists and cells different?

Most protists can move themselves from one place to another.

Protists can be multi-celled. Protists can be fungus-like. Protists can reproduce sexually.

What are the types of Protists?What are the types of Protists?

Three major types of protists:Three major types of protists: Plantlike ProtistsPlantlike Protists Animal-like ProtistsAnimal-like Protists Fungus-like ProtistsFungus-like Protists

What are the characteristics of animal-like protists?

Animal-like protists are known as protozoan. Animal-like protists are known as protozoan. Animal-like protists are able to move from place to place.Animal-like protists are able to move from place to place. Animal-like protists capture other organisms for food.Animal-like protists capture other organisms for food.

Animal like protist are categorized by the way they Animal like protist are categorized by the way they move:move:

Ciliates:Move using tiny hairs.Ciliates:Move using tiny hairs. Flagellates: Move using a tail-like structure.Flagellates: Move using a tail-like structure. Move with pseudopods (an extension of cytoplasm)Move with pseudopods (an extension of cytoplasm)

What are the characteristics of plantlike protists?

Plantlike protists usually don’t move.Plantlike protists usually don’t move. Known as Algae. Known as Algae. Make their own food using photosynthesis.Make their own food using photosynthesis.

There are six types of plantlike protists:There are six types of plantlike protists: Diatoms, dinoflagellates, euglenoids, red algae, green algae, and Diatoms, dinoflagellates, euglenoids, red algae, green algae, and

brown algaebrown algae..

What are the characteristics of funguslike protists?

Funguslike protists have cell walls, and use spores to Funguslike protists have cell walls, and use spores to reproduce.reproduce.

Retrieve food through outside source.Retrieve food through outside source. The three types of funguslike protists are slime molds, The three types of funguslike protists are slime molds, water water

moldsmolds, and downy mildews., and downy mildews.

What are fungi?What are fungi?

Fungi have both characteristics of a plant Fungi have both characteristics of a plant and animal. They are eukaryotes that and animal. They are eukaryotes that have cell walls, are heterotrophs that feed have cell walls, are heterotrophs that feed by absorbing their food, and use spores to by absorbing their food, and use spores to reproduce.reproduce.

Fungi play important roles as Fungi play important roles as decomposers and recyclers on Earth, they decomposers and recyclers on Earth, they are food, and are used to fight diseases.are food, and are used to fight diseases.

What are pathogens?What are pathogens?

Pathogens are organisms that cause a disease.Pathogens are organisms that cause a disease. Pathogens are spread through contact with an Pathogens are spread through contact with an

infected person, object, or animal; or by soil, infected person, object, or animal; or by soil, food, or water.food, or water.

Four types of pathogens areFour types of pathogens areBacteriaBacteriaVirusesVirusesFungiFungiProtistsProtists

How does the body fight off How does the body fight off pathogens?pathogens?

The body has three lines of defense against The body has three lines of defense against pathogens.pathogens.

First line of defense is the skin, breathing First line of defense is the skin, breathing passages, and stomach. They act as a barrier passages, and stomach. They act as a barrier to pathogens, keeping them out or trapping and to pathogens, keeping them out or trapping and killing the pathogen.killing the pathogen.

Second line of defense is the inflammatory Second line of defense is the inflammatory response. Here the body responds with fluid response. Here the body responds with fluid and white blood cells. White blood cells leak and white blood cells. White blood cells leak from the blood into the tissue and fight off the from the blood into the tissue and fight off the pathogens. pathogens.

Immune system continuedImmune system continued

Third line of defense is the immune Third line of defense is the immune response where the cells of the immune response where the cells of the immune system can distinguish between different system can distinguish between different types of pathogens. types of pathogens. T-cells are sent out to identify the pathogen T-cells are sent out to identify the pathogen

(take a picture)(take a picture)B-cells produce the protein to fight off the B-cells produce the protein to fight off the

pathogen (build proteins)pathogen (build proteins)

What is AIDS and HIV?What is AIDS and HIV? AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is the AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is the

disease that is caused by the virus HIV (human disease that is caused by the virus HIV (human immunodeficiency virus).immunodeficiency virus).

HIV is the only virus in the world know to directly attack HIV is the only virus in the world know to directly attack the human immune system. It destroys the T cells of the the human immune system. It destroys the T cells of the immune response, meaning the immune system can no immune response, meaning the immune system can no longer fight off a pathogen that enters the body. longer fight off a pathogen that enters the body. HIV/AIDS doesn’t actually kill the person, it is another HIV/AIDS doesn’t actually kill the person, it is another pathogen that enters the body and kills the person.pathogen that enters the body and kills the person.

HIV is an infectious disease that is spread from one HIV is an infectious disease that is spread from one person to the next through bodily fluid contact. Meaning person to the next through bodily fluid contact. Meaning an infected persons bodily fluids must come into contact an infected persons bodily fluids must come into contact with the bodily fluids of an uninfected person.with the bodily fluids of an uninfected person.

What are active and passive What are active and passive immunity?immunity?

Draw a Venn Diagram for this slide:Draw a Venn Diagram for this slide: Passive immunity occurs when the antibodies for that Passive immunity occurs when the antibodies for that

pathogen come form a source other than the person’s pathogen come form a source other than the person’s body.body. Immunity received from your mother when she is pregnant and Immunity received from your mother when she is pregnant and

through breast milk.through breast milk. Active immunity occurs when ones own immune system Active immunity occurs when ones own immune system

produces the antibodies in response to the presence of a produces the antibodies in response to the presence of a pathogen. pathogen. Immune response-when you become sick and you body Immune response-when you become sick and you body

naturally fights it off.naturally fights it off. Vaccination-a weakened strand of a virus is presented in the Vaccination-a weakened strand of a virus is presented in the

body and the body fights it off.body and the body fights it off.

What are noninfectious diseases?What are noninfectious diseases?

Noninfectious diseases are diseases that aren’t Noninfectious diseases are diseases that aren’t caused by pathogens in the body therefore they caused by pathogens in the body therefore they can’t be transmitted from one person to the next.can’t be transmitted from one person to the next.AllergiesAllergiesDiabetesDiabetesAsthmaAsthmaCancerCancerHeart diseaseHeart diseaseStroke Stroke