Slide 1

Microbes Microbes like bacteria and viruses are part of our daily lives! On the following slides, the red sections identify the main points; Underlined words = vocabulary! Hyperlinks are in blue. http://img.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2007/09_04/salmonella2409_468x398.jpg

Slide 2

1. Knows the meaning of microbe. 2. Knows the difference between a virus and a cell? 3. Knows an example of a common virus. 4. Knows an example of a common bacterium. 5. Knows the meaning of pathogen. http://p4.storage.canalblog.com/46/00/400229/49620127.jpg

Slide 3

In 2009 the world was introduced to swine flu (H1N1) which is caused by new strain of virus similar to the common cold; it quickly spread around the globe. Tuberculosis, TB (shown here) hit Houston in 2013! Microscopic life is everywhere, but MOST microbes are not deadly! http://www.bcm.edu/molvir/eidbt/images/TB%20bacteria.jpg

Slide 4

A nefarious baculovirus, that only targets the gypsy moth caterpillar, infects it's host and forces it to climb to the very top of a tree, before liquefying it and showering deadly, disease-ridden goo down onto the other caterpillars below. Horror horror horror. From Sinister Virus ImageSinister VirusImage Zombie Caterpillars Video http://www.intechopen.com/source/html/45362/media/image4.png

Slide 5

Use the colored paper to create your T-chart on viruses and bacteria. There will be the following bullets to compare: Definition Shapes Cut out the example image. Reproduction

Slide 6

A virus is an infectious agent with a core of genetic material (DNA or RNA) and surrounded by a protein coat [aka capsid] and lipid envelope. They are NOT cells (no membranes or organelles) Reproduce only within a host cell Considered parasites Animation Animation http://visual.ly/node/25794

Slide 7

This diagram compares a human liver cell, a single ribosome, and a bacterium, to some common viruses. Viruses are very very small (b/w.003 ~.05 microns)!small http://www.ppdictionary.com/viruses/virus_sizes.jpg

Slide 8

Viruses come in many shapes. Viral shapes include: Helical a twisted coil Polyhedral a sphere surrounded by polygons; EX Herpes Spherical EX Influenza + others http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/introduction-to-chemistry-general-organic-and- biological/section_22/c3b305d2e544f371a8602555a5e7fab3.jpg

Slide 9

http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/65456000/jpg/_65456950_structure_2_small.jpg

Slide 10

http://learnsomescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Various-Viral-Shapes.jpg

Slide 11

Viruses are very host specific; the protein arrangement [aka coding spikes] on the exterior recognize only specific cells [like the lock and key model in enzymes]. Animation http://legacy.uspharmacist.com/ce/105382/figure1.jpg

Slide 12

A virus needs a host to reproduce; they have to use a cell! A host is an organism that shelters and nourishes something else (think hostess). Viruses reproduce in three ways: 1.Lytic 2.Lysogenic 3.Retrovirus Animation Animation http://whyfiles.org/132aids2/images/virus_movie.gif

Slide 13

The following information will not fit on your T chart add this information to your notebook.

Slide 14

Lytic Cycle viral replication that rapidly kills a host cells 1.Virus attaches to cell and injects its DNA 2.Tricks the host cell, makes viral mRNA for viral proteins 3.Enzymes cut up the cells DNA; build viral DNA 4.The cell now builds viruses 5.Cell lyses, or bursts 6.Minion viruses infect other cells EX FluFlu http://www2.bc.cc.ca.us/bio16/images/lyticcycle.jpg

Slide 15

Lysogenic Cycle the virus does not immediately kill the host cell [remains dormant] EX Herpes 1.Viral genome inserts itself into the hosts DNA [provirus] 2.Every time the cell divides, the invading virus DNA is copied 3.Eventually, the virus is eventually activated and enters the lytic cycle EX Herpes http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0e/V iral_Reproduction_Chart.png/300px- Viral_Reproduction_Chart.png

Slide 16

Retrovirus - the most complicated form of viral replication is the retrovirus; prefix retro means backwards, in this case, from RNA to DNAretrovirus 1.They produce a copy of DNA using reverse transcriptase, an enzyme 2.Then follows the steps of lysogenic replication EX HIV http://aws.labome.com/figure/te-174-1.png

Slide 17

Vaccines - stimulate the bodys immune system with a harmless (weakened) form of a virus to create antibodies to prevent disease EX Flu shot, chicken pox vaccine Animation Animation http://www.thelibertybeacon.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/child_vaccine_blue.jpg

Slide 18

http://floydmiddle.typepad.com/.a/6a00d83452932669e2017c32859dd2970b-pi

Slide 19

Prokaryotes (lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles) Unicellular (one cell) Circular DNA plasmids Some w/ pili [attachment] Some w/ flagella [movement] "Typical blue-green alga and bacterial cells." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 4th ed. Detroit: Gale, 2008. Science in Context. Web. 14 Mar. 2014.

Slide 20

Electron micrograph of Martian meteorite ALH84001 showing structures that some scientists think could be fossilized bacteria like life forms. ImageImage

Slide 21

Bacteria comes in many shapes [the colors match the images]: Spheres (or cocci) Rods (or bacilli) Spirals (or spirilla) Chains (or strepto) Clusters/Groups (or staphlyo) http://biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/bio106/bacteria.jpg

Slide 22

Colored scanning, electron micrograph (SEM) of anthrax bacteria (Bacillus anthracis), the cause of the disease anthrax in humans and livestock. Anthrax is used as in bioterrorism. http://srs.dl.ac.uk/Annual_Reports/AnRep01_02/anthrax-bacteria.jpg

Slide 23

Bacteria reproduce in three ways: 1.Binary fission - asexual reproduction, cell divides producing 2 identical daughter cells Video Video http://media.web.britannica.com/eb-media/12/104312-004-2E12350D.jpg

Slide 24

2.Conjugation - sexual reproduction that exchanges genetic material between 2 cells Moves DNA between cells, allows for genetic diversity Bacterial cells can mutate to create new strains Animation Animation http://www.wiley.com/college/pratt/0471393878/student/activities/bacterial_drug_resista nce/conjugation_web.jpg

Slide 25

3.Spores some bacteria delayed reproduction, thick walls around their DNA called an endospore during unfavorable conditions; they can resist drought, heat, even radiation. When conditions improve, the germinates endospore and the bacteria grows again. An endospore. Bacillus anthracis, the bacterium that causes anthrax, produces persistent endospores. The thick, protective coat helps it survive in the soil for years. ImageImage

Slide 26

Foods! EX cheese, yogurt, soy sauce, etc. Some bacteria can remove waste products from water and sewage; bacteria has been modified to consume oil in oil spills. Bioremediation process of using microorganisms to help restore natural environmental conditions. http:// www.capetownskies.com/1058/25_oilspill_workers_closee.jpg

Slide 27

Some bacteria are producers and create oxygen and/or nitrogen used by some plants and animals. As decomposers, they recycle nutrients into raw elements. http://weedeco.msu.montana.edu/class/LRES443/Lectures/Lecture20/FoodWeb.JPG

Slide 28

Viroids cause disease in plants Just a single strand of RNA molecule w/ no capsid Prions cause disease in animals Just particles of protein EX Mad cow disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease may be caused by prions. Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) in tomatoe plants. ImageImage

Slide 29

Vaccines - stimulate the bodys immune system with antigens to prevent disease EX Tuberculosis vaccine Antibiotics - block the growth of bacteria They can be used to cure and treat many diseases caused by bacteria that, in the past, have been deadly. http:// www.biotechnologyonline.gov.au/images/contentpages/antibiotics.jpg

Slide 30

Modern bacteria are evolving! Modern disinfectants, antiseptics, hand sanitizers, etc. and anti-bacterial soaps are designed to kill microbes. Remember, however, the overuse of these products and antibiotics can cause the bacteria to mutate and become resistant and more dangerous and difficult to kill. Super Germs Video Super Germs Video http://www.chiropracticresearch.org/washhands.jpg

Slide 31

Some bacteria and viruses [and other types of life] can be pathogens; some pathogens are deadly, some are not. Epidemiologists are scientists who study the cause and spread of diseases [aka pathogens] through populations. Video Video