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Micro Hydro Power : Water Tower Generator
Oct 26, 2016Team 5
Team 5
■ Darius Wright-Tippins : Project
Manager
■ Komlan Amess: Lead EE
■ Moise Zamor: Lead CE/ WebMaster
■ Olivier Perrault: Financial Manager
Introduction■ Talquin
■ Background
■ Problem
■ Solution
■ Quarterly Projections
■ Conclusion
■ Questions?
Introduction
• Project Sponsor
• Background information
Problem
Solutions
■ The aim of this project is to design a water
tower energy storage system which is
simple, less expensive and reduces cost of
storing water and supplies it to the public:
One of the main intention is to use the water
tower as energy system storage.
Hybrid Hydro-Solar Power System •Small in scale
•Minimum environmental impact
•Site specific:Talquin Plant
•Affordable
•Consistently produces energy
Project Diagram
PV Modules
● Monocrystalline
● Polycrystalline
● Thin film
Pros and ConsTypes Advantages Disadvantages
Monocrystalline Highest efficiency rate 22 to
22.5%
Space-efficiency
Long lifespan (25 years)
Tend to more efficient in warm
weather
The most expensive
Polycrystalline Less cost
Slightly lower heat tolerance
Low efficiency 14 to 16%
Lower space-efficiency
Thin film Look more appealing
Flexible
High temp and shade have less
impact
Lowe space-efficiency
Degrade faster
Solar power tracking System
■Two axis tracker
■Single axis Tracker
Components
❏PV Array -Multiple module
❏Array Disconnect Switch -To isolate if
need
❏Power Conditioning Unit (PCU) -Set the
PV to MPP and convert DC to AC
❏Grid side protection devices -Used to
isolate/Connect to the Grid
PV Design
Annual Evaluation
Controller/ PCU
■ Hybrid controller: they are designed to
integrate all three major components of
our project: the DC load from the solar
array, the AC/DC or three-phase AC from
the turbine, and the power from the
backup.
■ Inverter: AC-DC/DC-AC.
Flow chart of the ProcessSTART
Solar Status
Supply Load
Excessive Power =
Power-Load
Batteries Bank
Turbin
e
Grid
Turbine Types
● Pressure energy converted to kinetic
energy through a nozzle
● Driven by high velocity jet of water
○ Imagine kicking a soccer ball
against paddles to make wheel
turn
● No pressure change in runner
● No required casing
Pelton and Turgo
● Two examples of impulse turbines
● Only difference is the angle of which
water strikes turgo runner
Impulse Turbines
Reaction turbines
■ Fully submersed
■ Exploit the oncoming flow of water
■ Casing required
■ Driven by pressure differential
Kaplan
● Used in low head, high flow systems
○ Typically large reservoirs
● Largest types of generators
○ 200 MW generated from some dam’s
Francis
● Most commonly used in hydro
power systems
● Can be designed for a wide
range of head and flow rates
● Very efficient
● Con: Water flow is slightly
decreased when exiting to
recover pressure
Hydrokinetic Turbine
Types of Systems
Head of Talquin water tower = 33m
Francis Turbine
● Most preferred and reliable turbine
● Contributes 60% of global hydro power capacity
● Operates over the largest range for flow and head parameters
● Power ranges from a few kw to several hundred MW
Storing Renewable
Energy: Batteries
“Chemical engines used
to push electrons around”
Batteries
■ There are number of battery technologies
under consideration for energy storage
◻ Lead acid
◻ Nickel Cadmium
◻ Nickel Metal-Hydride
◻ Sodium Sulphur
◻ Lithium Ion Phosphate
Lead Acid Battery ■ First Rechargeable battery
for commercial use.
■ Dependable and inexpensive
on a cost-per-watt base.
■ Battery is cost-effective for
automobiles, golf cars,
forklifts, marine and
uninterruptible power
supplies.
■ Deep Cycle and Short Cycle
Lead Acid Battery
Deep Cycle (Marine Battery)
■ Deteriorates second
quickest rate
■ Consistent, smooth,
dependable electricity
■ Ideal for expanding low
power over long periods of
time
■ Typically two thick charge
plates; holds large quantities
of charge
Short Cycle
■ Deteriorates at the quickest
rate
■ Built to provide high bursts
of energy over short periods
of time (starting an engine)
■ Charge and discharge rates
very high, (usually split up to
6 plates)
Li-ion PO4 Battery
■ Lithium is the lightest of all
metals
■ Has the greatest
electrochemical potential and
provides the largest energy
density for weight
■ Can be dangerous as they are
highly reactive
■ Requires a charge controller
(which is additional cost)
Lead Acid vs Li-ion PO4Characteristics Lead acid Li-ion PO4
Weight Very heavy 1/3 of lead acid weight
Efficiency Inefficiency,
*Reduce the battery
capacity
About 100% Charge-Discharge
*Same amp hour in-out
Discharge 80% 100%
Cycle life 400-500 cycles in lead
acid
1-2 years
Rechargeable lithium-ion
batteries cycle 5000 times or
more
3-5 years
Voltage Voltage drops
consistently throughout
the discharge cycle
Lower voltage (2V)
Maintain their voltage throughout
the entire discharge cycle =
longer-lasting efficiency of
electrical components
Higher Voltage (3.7V)
Cost Low cost **Higher upfront cost
Environmental Impact Not environmental
friendly
much cleaner technology and
are safer for the environment.
Small scale?
Steps and Goal
Components
■ 5 to 50 gallons of water (water reservoir)
■ Head measurement (height of the tower)
■ Flow measurement ( outlet flow of the water)
■ Design and build turbine generator (or buy one)
■ LED
■ Battery (storage unit)
■ Pipe
■ Pressure gauge
■ Charger controller
■ MCU/ PCU
Equations
P = Q x g x Hnet x ηWhere:
P: power, measured in Watts (W).
Q: mass flow rate in kg/s
g: the gravitational constant, which is
9.81m/s2
Hnet: the net head.
η: the product of all of the component
efficiencies
EquationsThe power required to pump fluid into the water reservoir (tower) is
given by the following expression:
Where E is the energy, t is the time, p is fluid pressure at the base of the tower, and Q is the
volumetric flow rate of the fluid into the tower
EquationsEquation (5) expressed the energy storage capacity for the tower
(reservoir) in joules. To get the kilowatts-hour?
Given InformationQuantities Results
Height of the water tower 120 ft
Volume of the tank 250,000 gallons (US)
Flow rate of water used for generating
energy
900 gallons /min
Power required for the pump 900 kWh – 12hrs
Motor 100 HP (AC)
Require Time (hours) 12
Pressure 60 psi
Solar Panel Module 48V DC / 220 Watts
■ Computing Water Power
Theoretical Power (TH) of our water supply as
either Horsepower or Kilowatts using one of
these formulas:
TH(Horsepower) = Head(ft) X Flow (cft)
8.8
TH(Kilowatt)= Head(ft) X Flow (cft)
11.81
* Note that these are Theoretical Power equations, which do
not account for the inevitable efficiency losses that will occur at
various points within our hydro system. The actual power
output of our generator will be less, as we’ll discuss later.
Power Estimate
Flow Rate = 900 GPM
Total Head = 120 feet
Gross Power Estimate = (120 ft * 900 GPM)/11.81
= 9.14 kW
Gantt Chart
Questions?